HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE MIDDLE AGES - Julian Emperor
HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE MIDDLE AGES - Julian Emperor HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE MIDDLE AGES - Julian Emperor
ETHNIC AND NATIONAL HISTORY CA. 500‒1000 69“overkings” who have had power over many nations of the Englishsouth of the Humber (II,5). Taken over from Bede by MS. A (Parker)of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, this office is attributed there to a“Bretwalda” or “brytenwalda” (‘ruler of the British,’ or ‘wide ruler’).Recent studies, however, show convincingly that Bede’s list of rulersincludes widely different sorts of overlordship and that his use of theword imperium for power over various English groups indicates thathe did not see the English as forming one nation or gens. 79 The ideologyof national unity found in this passage and elsewhere in theHE can be traced more plausibly to Canterbury and the ecclesiasticalauthorities, given that the English church had been one fromthe time of Archbishop Theodore. 80Of late, more attention has been paid to Bede’s Northumbrianbias. A good half of the HE is exclusively dedicated to the affairsof the historian’s native kingdom, and it has been pointed out thathe often identifies the Northumbrians with the English. 81 This privilegingof the country he knew best may be explained by the unavailabilityof sources and information for the other Anglo-Saxon realms. 82Bede’s sustained effort to tell the history not only of East Saxons,East Angles, West Saxons, Mercians, and men of Kent but also ofsuch elusive groups as the Middle Angles, Hwiccas, Gyrwas, andGewissae becomes even more significant and deserving of study inlight of his struggle to obtain reliable information on the kingdomsto the south.A recent and much debated study has added to the new pictureof Bede as rooted Northumbrian historian, aloof neither from hisown narrower ethnicity nor from the church politics of his time, byproviding considerable evidence that the HE follows a precise agenda:it is intended to contradict on every point of substance the accountof Northumbrian church history in the vita of Wilfrid of York attributedto Eddius Stephanus. 83 Even Bede’s unwavering Romanism canbe read as a response to the Wilfridians: since they claimed the triumphof Roman ways in Northumbria as an achievement of theirleader, Bede had to argue from the same premises, but only in order79Fanning (1991).80Wormald (1983).81Fanning (1991), 21.82Kirby (1965–66).83Goffart (1988), 235–328.
70 JOAQUÍN MARTÍNEZ PIZARROto attribute the final victory of the Roman cause to every ecclesiasticof note except for Wilfrid and his disciples. 84Paul the Deacon and the LombardsThe author of the Historia Langobardorum (HL) 85 was a noted andmany-sided literary figure before he—late in life—came to write hismost famous book. A poet, grammarian, and lexicographer, Paulhad already published a Historia Romana based on the Breviarium ofEutropius and dedicated to Adalperga, duchess of Benevento, a briefHistory of the Bishops of Metz written at the request of Bishop Angilramof Metz, and a vita of Gregory the Great. Of these earlier historiographicworks, the Historia Romana is of particular importance for thestudy of the HL, as Paul’s own continuation of Eutropius (BooksXI–XVI) brings Roman history to the reign of Justinian, which isprecisely where the HL takes up the history of Italy. Although morethan two decades separate the composition of the Romana from thatof the HL, there is every appearance that the latter was conceivedas a continuation of the former.The circumstances of Paul’s life have played a significant role inthe interpretation of HL. Born at some time between 720 and 730,Paul belonged to a noble Lombard family of Friuli and had spenthis youth at the court of Pavia. After the suppression of the Lombardkingdom by Charlemagne in 774, a brother of his, involved in arebellion against the Franks, was arrested and sent captive into theFrankish kingdom. In 782 Paul visited the Frankish court to moveits ruler to clemency. He stayed until 787 as a member of Charlemagne’scourt circle, and the commission to him of the short Metzhistory suggests that he was highly regarded, as this text touches ondynastic issues of importance to the Carolingians. 86 Paul had beena monk at Monte Cassino before his stay in Aachen, and on hisreturn to Italy he went back to the great monastery in the still-Lombard duchy of Benevento. It is there that he wrote Books I–VI84See Mayr-Harting (1994) for a rejoinder in favor of the aloof Bede.85Paul the Deacon, Historia Langobardorum, ed. L. Bethmann and G. Waitz. MGHSs. Rer. Lang. et Ital. (Hanover, 1878; repr. 1966), 265–391.86Goffart (1986).
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70 JOAQUÍN MARTÍNEZ PIZARROto attribute the final victory of the Roman cause to every ecclesiasticof note except for Wilfrid and his disciples. 84Paul the Deacon and the LombardsThe author of the Historia Langobardorum (HL) 85 was a noted andmany-sided literary figure before he—late in life—came to write hismost famous book. A poet, grammarian, and lexicographer, Paulhad already published a Historia Romana based on the Breviarium ofEutropius and dedicated to Adalperga, duchess of Benevento, a briefHistory of the Bishops of Metz written at the request of Bishop Angilramof Metz, and a vita of Gregory the Great. Of these earlier historiographicworks, the Historia Romana is of particular importance for thestudy of the HL, as Paul’s own continuation of Eutropius (BooksXI–XVI) brings Roman history to the reign of Justinian, which isprecisely where the HL takes up the history of Italy. Although morethan two decades separate the composition of the Romana from thatof the HL, there is every appearance that the latter was conceivedas a continuation of the former.The circumstances of Paul’s life have played a significant role inthe interpretation of HL. Born at some time between 720 and 730,Paul belonged to a noble Lombard family of Friuli and had spenthis youth at the court of Pavia. After the suppression of the Lombardkingdom by Charlemagne in 774, a brother of his, involved in arebellion against the Franks, was arrested and sent captive into theFrankish kingdom. In 782 Paul visited the Frankish court to moveits ruler to clemency. He stayed until 787 as a member of Charlemagne’scourt circle, and the commission to him of the short Metzhistory suggests that he was highly regarded, as this text touches ondynastic issues of importance to the Carolingians. 86 Paul had beena monk at Monte Cassino before his stay in Aachen, and on hisreturn to Italy he went back to the great monastery in the still-Lombard duchy of Benevento. It is there that he wrote Books I–VI84See Mayr-Harting (1994) for a rejoinder in favor of the aloof Bede.85Paul the Deacon, Historia Langobardorum, ed. L. Bethmann and G. Waitz. MGHSs. Rer. Lang. et Ital. (Hanover, 1878; repr. 1966), 265–391.86Goffart (1986).
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