HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE MIDDLE AGES - Julian Emperor
HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE MIDDLE AGES - Julian Emperor HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE MIDDLE AGES - Julian Emperor
WORLD HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES 177facetedness and variability of historical thought in this period. Weare focusing our considerations on world history in the more narrowsense. Papal histories, which belong to the clearly different butrelated category of church history, are bracketed in the same wayas those imperial histories which do not claim to be an actual part,much less center, of a world history but, rather, wish to give prominenceto personalities in the manner of a herald. Alternatively, theyare approaches to dynastic history or are comparable to official gestapromulgated in the sphere of the Church.Even the world histories in a more narrow and actual sense offera plethora of conceptions. As expected, each chronicler views himselfmost frequently in the role of a writer continuing previous workand, especially in the first category, as a writer continuing one orseveral world histories of the High Middle Ages. With the laterchroniclers, there is the question of links. Thomas Ebendorfer usesJohann of Viktring, and also the other chronicles presented here asexemplary come up again and again elsewhere, for example: Mathiasof Neuenburg appears in Twinger of Königshofen and once againis used directly in Nauclerus. The Flores Temporum and the Saxonworld chronicle (Upper German translation) have their own seriesof continuations that follow them.Among chroniclers of the second category, Closener should bementioned before Twinger, for whom Closener is the most importantsource. Closener demonstrates the growing ability of the chroniclersto combine several sources. He bridges the period between thechronicles of the High Middle Ages and his own time with materialfrom Strasbourg as well as with a Saxon world chronicle continuation.Closener thus belongs to those who add material from other formsof chronicling into a conception of world history. The situation issimilar with Heinrich of Herford, who utilizes Landes-historical aswell as western European chronicles, and Andreas of Regensburg,who connects the Flores Temporum with Bavarian material.It continues in the same way in the next category: Platterbergerand Truchseß link up several of the world chronicles mentioned herewith Nuremberg material. The monk Albert describes himself expresslyas a writer continuing the Cologne world chronicle, which in turnis based on a Cologne continuation of Martin of Troppau. At thesame time, Albert utilizes (without expressing it) Heinrich of Herfordand Gobelinus Person. Gobelinus Person himself finds in DietrichEngelhus yet another continuator. Johannes Rothe belongs to the
178 ROLF SPRANDELfew who do not fit in the role of a continuator, even when he iswriting out sources. However, he does not annex Landesgeschichte toworld history as the others do. Rather, he expands Landesgeschichteinto world history. Konrad Stolle, in turn, continues him. ThomasEbendorfer, in contrast, is similar to the continuator type. In hisimperial history, he combines Austrian material with world-historicalmaterial from Andreas of Regensburg, with the Flores Temporum andothers.The treasury of sources is greatest at the end of the Middle Agesand is utilized by the educated chroniclers such as Rolevinck, HartmannSchedel, and Nauclerus. Through their work they testify to the livelycirculation of handwritten chronicles. At the same time, one doesnot wish to place them at the side of the older authors as writersof continuations or sequels. Along with the Italian sources, they consciouslybring a new element into world chronicling, some more soand others less so. Despite the continuation of the pope-emperorscheme by two of them, the organization is altered according to geographicalsections (in Schedel) and biographical sections (in all three).The most important conception of world history in the MiddleAges is certainly Heilsgeschichte with a view to the end of the world.This conception does not come to the fore in all the chronicles dealtwith here, but it remains alive in the field investigated by us andeven stays intact after passing over the threshold of humanisticchanges, as we see in Hartmann Schedel especially. One must differentiatebetween those world histories which produce the link toHeilsgeschichte only by means of the formal organization of worldepochal or world imperial history and those which, in the end, revealan individual occupation with the question of apocalypse. The FloresTemporum and the Saxon world chronicle with its continuations,Johannes Rothe, Platterberger and Trucheß, Thomas Ebendorfer,Rolevinck, and Nauclerus belong to the former, while Heinrich ofHerford, Konrad of Halberstadt, Gobelinus Person, Dietrich Engelhus,and finally Hartmann Schedel belong to the latter type of world history.For Gobelinus Person, the occupation with apocalypse is embeddedin a portrayal of history from the perspective of the individual,which reflects his going back and forth between Rome and Westphalia.It also follows from that which has been presented that numerouschronicles connect world history with Landesgeschichte. Related tothat, we can mention only briefly another question posed in theintroduction, namely to what extent chronological interests allowed
- Page 135 and 136: 126 THOMAS J. HEFFERNANChristian Ep
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- Page 167 and 168: 158 ROLF SPRANDELepochs of the worl
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- Page 181 and 182: 172 ROLF SPRANDELit is a chronicle
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- Page 191 and 192: 182 NORBERT KERSKENformulated by Is
- Page 193 and 194: 184 NORBERT KERSKENA few years afte
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- Page 207 and 208: 198 NORBERT KERSKENand worked, duri
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- Page 227 and 228: 218 LEAH SHOPKOWAnother explanation
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178 ROLF SPRANDELfew who do not fit in the role of a continuator, even when he iswriting out sources. However, he does not annex Landesgeschichte toworld history as the others do. Rather, he expands Landesgeschichteinto world history. Konrad Stolle, in turn, continues him. ThomasEbendorfer, in contrast, is similar to the continuator type. In hisimperial history, he combines Austrian material with world-historicalmaterial from Andreas of Regensburg, with the Flores Temporum andothers.The treasury of sources is greatest at the end of the Middle Agesand is utilized by the educated chroniclers such as Rolevinck, HartmannSchedel, and Nauclerus. Through their work they testify to the livelycirculation of handwritten chronicles. At the same time, one doesnot wish to place them at the side of the older authors as writersof continuations or sequels. Along with the Italian sources, they consciouslybring a new element into world chronicling, some more soand others less so. Despite the continuation of the pope-emperorscheme by two of them, the organization is altered according to geographicalsections (in Schedel) and biographical sections (in all three).The most important conception of world history in the MiddleAges is certainly Heilsgeschichte with a view to the end of the world.This conception does not come to the fore in all the chronicles dealtwith here, but it remains alive in the field investigated by us andeven stays intact after passing over the threshold of humanisticchanges, as we see in Hartmann Schedel especially. One must differentiatebetween those world histories which produce the link toHeilsgeschichte only by means of the formal organization of worldepochal or world imperial history and those which, in the end, revealan individual occupation with the question of apocalypse. The FloresTemporum and the Saxon world chronicle with its continuations,Johannes Rothe, Platterberger and Trucheß, Thomas Ebendorfer,Rolevinck, and Nauclerus belong to the former, while Heinrich ofHerford, Konrad of Halberstadt, Gobelinus Person, Dietrich Engelhus,and finally Hartmann Schedel belong to the latter type of world history.For Gobelinus Person, the occupation with apocalypse is embeddedin a portrayal of history from the perspective of the individual,which reflects his going back and forth between Rome and Westphalia.It also follows from that which has been presented that numerouschronicles connect world history with Landesgeschichte. Related tothat, we can mention only briefly another question posed in theintroduction, namely to what extent chronological interests allowed
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