1. Stimulus for innovation — Why innovate? A question of values, vision, and professional duty.2. Stimulating innovations — What do leaders do to stimulate interest and engagement? A question oftrust, values and vision.3. Developing strategy for innovation — What is the strategy to ensure that innovation is led andimplemented effectively? A question of capacity, sustainability and evaluation.4. Implementing innovation — How is the innovation led and its leaders supported? A question ofvision into practice.5. Evaluating the impact of innovation — How will we know whether the innovation has made adifference to the outcomes we value? A question of moral purpose.A central responsibility of a curriculum leader must be to understand and be able to lead others tounderstand the essence of school subjects. This can involve a number of considerations. First, aclear understanding of the purposes of the subject will be the starting point, including the multiple andsometimes competing interests which any curriculum seeks to combine. There is also the structure orgrammar of subjects which gives them their essential intellectual value. In his discussion of sciencecurriculum, Deng (2007) illustrates the three dimensions of this which apply to any school subject:• the logical dimension which ‘entails knowing the concepts and principles that secondary-schoolstudents are supposed to know about particular topics in the school science curriculum’ (p. 521);• the psychological dimension which concerns how concepts ‘can be developed out of the interest,experience, and prior knowledge of students; and which entails the use of examples, questions,and models that are within the realm of students’ experience and knowledge’ (p. 522); and• the sociocultural dimension which ‘concerns how the subject matter of a school science subjectrelates to, and interacts with, society, culture, and technology’ (p. 525).Comprehensive and clear understandings of these dimensions will play an important role in theconstruction of engaging and intellectually challenging programs of learning, or what Hameyer (2007, p.411) calls ‘transforming domain knowledge’. As such they are central to the role of the curriculum leader.However, the Australian <strong>Curriculum</strong> is not restricted to learning from disciplines. It also recognises that‘21st century learning does not fit neatly into a curriculum solely organised by learning areas or subjectsthat reflect the disciplines’ (ACARA 2010, p. 18). Consequently, the approach to knowledge required ofcurriculum leaders goes beyond the disciplinary perspective, which is likely to be a major challenge in acurriculum context traditionally dominated by disciplinary structures. Equally, primary schools may wellbe challenged by curriculum change organised around specific subjects rather than broader learningareas, with the increased complexity of planning that is likely to result.Significant attention has been given recently to the need for curriculum and teaching to be evidenceinformed.While the use of classroom assessment for learning is a basic professional competence forteachers, the role of curriculum leader extends beyond this to take an overall perspective of assessmentacross the school and to integrate this information with data from other sources, especially largescaletesting. Leadership in the development and use of school assessment data to inform curriculuminnovation and improvement has been addressed in a number of recent research studies and guidesfor practice (Alliance for Excellent Education 2010; Boyle and Charles 2010; Brookhart 2011; NationalComprehensive Center for Teacher Quality 2010.While large-scale testing is controversial by virtue of the high stakes accountability often attached toit, there remains potential in such data to improve learning if the necessary interpretation, planningand application abilities are applied to it, a role for leadership (Dougherty 2008; Hamilton et al. 2009;Ikemoto and Marsh 2007; Knapp, Copland and Swinnerton2007). The use of data goes beyond theassessment of classroom learning. For instance, Sanders (2008) illustrates the use of data to informlinks between schools and their communities. There is also an important role for curriculum leaders toevaluate and apply the findings of educational research (General Teaching Council for England 2006;Levin 2010).29 <strong>Professional</strong> <strong>Learning</strong> <strong>Flagship</strong> <strong>Program</strong>: <strong>Leading</strong> <strong>Curriculum</strong> <strong>Change</strong>: Literature Review
The curriculum leader will also need expertise in guiding professional learning. The earlier discussion onPL is relevant here, but for curriculum leaders within the school, additional considerations arise. The UKDepartment of Education and Skills (2005, p. 1) identifies aspects of this role as follows:• creating time for PL• encouraging people to take responsibility for their own professional learning• becoming a professional learning community• setting up teaching and learning groups• coaching and mentoring• using video to encourage reflective practice• developing subject knowledge• classroom research as PL• supporting teachers at different stages in their careers• making the best use of leading professionals• evaluating the impact of PL• linking PL with performance management(Department for Education and Skills, 2005).<strong>Curriculum</strong> leaders need to master the range of components listed in Table 3 and elaborated throughoutthis review. However, at the heart of their role is expertise in curriculum work itself, which this sectionhas sought to unpack. A summary of what is involved here is presented in Table 4, which combines thecore elements of curriculum work with a planning and evaluation process to construct a matrix throughwhich the nature of curriculum leadership could be mapped.<strong>Professional</strong> <strong>Learning</strong> <strong>Flagship</strong> <strong>Program</strong>: <strong>Leading</strong> <strong>Curriculum</strong> <strong>Change</strong>: Literature Review 30
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- Page 38 and 39: ReferencesAinscow, M. (2005). Devel
- Page 40 and 41: Daly, A. J. (2009). Rigid Response
- Page 42 and 43: Hall, R. (1997). Knowledge Use and
- Page 44 and 45: Meirink, J., Meijer, P., Verloop, N
- Page 46 and 47: Thorpe, R., and Gold, J. (2010). Le
- Page 48: aitsl.edu.auFurther informationTele