Contents - LAC Biosafety

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4 Forestry in the tropics difference of not more than 5 °C between the mean monthly temperatures of the warmest and coolest months. This permits biological activity almost throughout the year except where seasonal drought limits the activity. The tropics encompass many continents – parts of Asia, Australia, Africa, North America and South America, and several islands in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. Conventionally, the tropical countries are grouped under three major regions, that is Asia-Pacific, Africa and Latin America. The countries that fall within the tropics are listed in Table 1.1. Together, these tropical countries cover a substantial portion of the earth’s land surface, nearly 37%, comprising about 4800 million ha. Table 1.1. List of tropical countries/areas a Africa Asia-Pacific Latin America Angola Bangladesh Central America Benin Brunei Darussalam Belize Botswana Cambodia Costa Rica Burkina Faso Fiji El Salvador Burundi India Guatemala Cameroon Indonesia Honduras Central African Rep. Lao People’s Dem. Rep. Mexico Chad Malaysia Nicaragua Comoros Myanmar Panama Congo New Caledonia Côte d’Ivoire Papua New Guinea The Caribbean Dem. Rep. Congo (Zaire) Philippines Antigua and Barbuda Equatorial Guinea Samoa Bahamas Ethiopia Singapore Barbados Gabon Solomon Islands Cuba Gambia Sri Lanka Dominica Ghana Thailand Dominican Republic Guinea Vanuatu Grenada Guinea-Bissau Vietnam Guadeloupe Kenya Haiti Liberia Jamaica Madagascar Martinique Malawi Puerto Rico Mali St. Kitts and Nevis Mauritania St. Lucia Mauritius St. Vincent and the Grenadines Mozambique Namibia Trinidad and Tobago
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Page 8: K. S. S. NAIR Formerly Head, Divisi
Page 12: Dedication Dedicated to: Late Profe
Page 18: viii Contents Casuarina species 208
Page 22: x List of Illustrations 6.6 Stored,
Page 26: xii List of Illustrations 10.43 Dam
Page 30: xiv Preface conventional equilibriu
Page 34: xvi Preface Forestry Research Organ
Page 38: xviii Foreword global theoretical u
Page 42: 2 Forestry in the tropics While tro
Page 48: Table 1.1. (cont.) Africa Asia-Paci
Page 52: genus Eucalyptus. Africa is general
Page 56: present at a density of less than o
Page 60: tropical forest canopies into disti
Page 64: Table 1.2. The major types of tropi
Page 68: many valuable species like sandal (
Page 72: which is expected to grow to maturi
Page 76: 1.5 Plantation forestry For timber
Page 80: Fig. 1.5 Growth of tropical forest
Page 84: Table 1.3. Major plantation tree sp
Page 88: latex for rubber (several countries
Page 92: choice of species. Thus large-scale
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Drugs: Thousands of chemical compou
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Establishment of plantations in pla
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2 An overview of tropical forest in
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forest insect pest problems in Indo
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Paraneoptera Psocoptera bark lice 4
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2.2 The diversity of tropical fores
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on the ground, humus and soil. Ther
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ole in the ecology of tropical fore
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Order Isoptera (termites) Termites
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For example, out of 295 species of
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Asphondyla tectonae (Diptera: Cecid
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2.3 The concept of pests 51 Insects
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Table 2.4. (cont.) Plant part eaten
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Table 2.4. (cont.) Plant part eaten
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3 Ecology of insects in the forest
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3.1 The concept and functioning of
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3.2 Role of insects in ecosystem pr
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that while only 30 dry g/m 2 per ye
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Table 3.1. Insects and collembolans
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Table 3.2. A short list of seed/fru
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(Hill, 1997). In some parts of Indo
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4.1 Introduction 79 single species
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4.2 Empirical findings 81 Fig. 4.1
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Dirzo (1982) reported that in a stu
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where the outbreak was observed. Th
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Falcataria moluccana in Indonesia (
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the infestation had affected over 8
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4.3 Discussion and conclusion 91 So
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5 Insect pests in plantations: Gene
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Fig. 5.1 Whitegrub, larva of a scar
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Several species of grasshoppers (Or
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Table 5.1. Scolytine beetles attack
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Table 5.2. Overview of the number o
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5.4 Pests of older plantations 103
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The damage caused by insects ranges
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6.2.2 Beetles Beetles consume wood
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the tunnel (e.g. Stromatium barbatu
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6.2 Categories of wood-destroying i
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Bostrichids are generally very poly
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7 Population dynamics: What makes a
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large numbers. In the simplest sens
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of the air, pollutants, electromagn
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abundant prey and recruit other mem
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7.4 Principles governing population
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7.5 Types of forest insect outbreak
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As Berryman (1999) himself observes
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7.6 Causes of forest insect outbrea
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feeding with no significant impact
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8.2 Do plantations suffer greater p
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although all three mechanisms might
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and Laos, although it does not occu
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Table 8.2. Comparison between the n
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8.3 Pest problems of indigenous vs.
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the hypothesis under consideration
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Contrary to the general trend, abou
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plantation is an unjustified oversi
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8.4 Pest problems in monocultures v
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9.2 Historical development and pres
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interacting factors are involved in
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esurgence of secondary pests and th
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9.3 Overview of pest management opt
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insects, and laboratory trials have
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9.3 Overview of pest management opt
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development of Bt toxin resistance
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9.4 Unique features of forest pest
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in most cases, due to paucity of re
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9.5 Constraints to forest pest mana
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educe pest problems by keeping the
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past, defoliation does not usually
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although the heartwood of some tree
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9.6 Guidelines for the practice of
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10 Insect pests in plantations: Cas
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Santoso, 1990; Natawiria, 1990). Th
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Table 10.1. Important insects causi
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Rwanda and Burundi) with 30 000 ha,
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Pest profile Celosterna scabrator F
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should be restricted to localities
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A. robusta in Queensland, but is of
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10.3 Ailanthus species (Simaroubace
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Pest profile Eligma narcissus Crame
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(Varma, 1986). Other parasitoids in
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10.4 Bamboos (Poaceae) 207 C. dichr
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ornamental, this nitrogen-fixing tr
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10.5.2 Casuarina junghuhniana Tree
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it pupates. The galleries, 50-75 cm
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10.6 Dalbergia species (Fabaceae: F
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10.6 Dalbergia species (Fabaceae: F
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Overview of pests 10.7 Eucalyptus s
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10.7 Eucalyptus species (Myrtaceae)
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serious pest outbreaks are exceptio
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places in India (Table 10.8). All t
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(CABI, 2005). The bole is generally
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(Irianto et al., 1997). The bark-fe
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10.8 Falcataria moluccana (Fabaceae
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clusters of Xystrocera spp. Researc
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(Nair and Mathew, 1988). The ichneu
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Table 10.10. Important insects caus
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Myanmar and Thailand. The cerambyci
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10.9 Gmelina arborea (Lamiaceae) 25
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Pest profile Tingis beesoni Drake (
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estate crops, erosion control, nitr
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10.10 Leucaena leucocephala (Fabace
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10.11 Manglietia conifera (Magnolia
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10.12 Milicia species (Moraceae) 27
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malabaricus (see pest profile under
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(Nair, 2000). Suratmo (1996) observ
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Apart from the above groups of majo
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10.14 Pinus species (Pinaceae) 279
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Africa where these conifers had bee
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10.15 Shorea species (Dipterocarpac
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Table 10.12. Chronology of sal bore
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density above this level is reckone
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etween the three species are not cl
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10.16 Swietenia species (Meliaceae)
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indigenous or not. The natural teak
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globular, multilocular galls that c
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10.17 Tectona grandis (Lamiaceae) 3
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Table 10.14. Recorded world distrib
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Knowledge gaps Although removing th
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within the plantation, which is unc
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References 355 Andrews, W. A. (ed.)
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References 357 Bhandari, R. S. and
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References 359 Chaiglom, D. (1966).
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References 361 ed. I. Soerianegara,
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References 363 Flamm, R. O., Coulso
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References 365 Gupta, T. and Guleri
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References 367 Intari, S. E. (1975)
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References 369 Khan, M. A. and Ahma
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References 371 Mangoendihardjo, S.,
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References 373 May, R. M. (1994). P
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References 375 Nair, K. S. S. (1986
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References 377 Environments, ed. A.
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References 379 Parry, M. S. (1959).
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References 381 Rees, C. J. C. (1983
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References 383 Sankaran, K. V., Moh
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References 385 Singh, P. and Thapa,
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References 387 Sudheendrakumar, V.
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References 389 Turchin, P. (1995).
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References 391 Whitmore, T. C. (199
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Index Abbreviations: Fig ¼ Figure;
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predators/parasitoids 50, 62-3 timb
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distribution 290, 292, Fig 10.27 li
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monocultures, pest incidence 140-2,
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exotic species 25-7, 31, 32 insect
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sapling pests 99-100 tree profile 3
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