Contents - LAC Biosafety

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x List of Illustrations 6.6 Stored, dry bamboo culms showing damage caused by Dinoderus beetles. 118 7.1 Exponential growth of population. 120 7.2 Logistic growth of population. 124 7.3 Insect population growth under natural conditions. 126 7.4 Three common types of insect population growth: Sustained Gradient, Cyclical, and Eruptive. 129 9.1 Effect of protection against defoliator on volume growth of a teak stand. 170 10.1 The bagworm Cryptothelia crameri on Acacia nilotica. 192 10.2 Celosterna scabrator: adult and the larval tunnel. 193 10.3 Damage caused by Atteva fabriciella to Ailanthus triphysa shoot. 198 10.4 Seasonal incidence of Atteva fabriciella and Eligma narcissus in an Ailanthus triphysa plantation. 199 10.5 Eligma narcissus: adult and larvae. 201 10.6 The bamboo shoot weevil Cyrtotrachelus sp.: adult and larva. 206 10.7 Aristobia horridula: adult and larva. 212 10.8 Plecoptera reflexa: adult and larva. 216 10.9 Vertical section through soil, showing termite attack of the taproot of a Eucalyptus tereticornis sapling. (Reprinted from the Journal of Forest Ecology and Management, (Nair and Varma, 1985) with permission from Elsevier.) 227 10.10 Characteristic dumb-bell shaped region in the below-ground portion of a Eucalyptus tereticornis sapling, caused by termite feeding. (Reprinted from the Journal of Forest Ecology and Management, (Nair and Varma, 1985) with permission from Elsevier.) 228 10.11 Progress of incidence of termite attack in out-planted eucalypt saplings. (Adapted from the Journal of Forest Ecology and Management, (Nair and Varma, 1985) with permission from Elsevier.) 229 10.12 Xystrocera festiva: adult and larva. 239 10.13 Log of Falcataria moluccana infested by Xystrocera festiva. 241 10.14 The bagworm Pteroma plagiophleps: adult male and larva. 243 10.15 Falcataria moluccana leaf showing feeding damage by Pteroma plagiophleps. 244 10.16 Larvae of Pteroma plagiophleps feeding on the bark of the tree Falcataria moluccana. 245 10.17 Cocoons of Pteroma plagiophleps. 246 10.18 Spatial distribution of infestation by Pteroma plagiophleps in a Falcataria moluccana plantation. 247
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Page 8: K. S. S. NAIR Formerly Head, Divisi
Page 12: Dedication Dedicated to: Late Profe
Page 18: viii Contents Casuarina species 208
Page 24: List of Illustrations xi 10.19 Cras
Page 28: Preface This book has grown out of
Page 32: Preface xv information in this chap
Page 36: Foreword This book forms a comprehe
Page 40: 1 Forestry in the tropics 1.1 Intro
Page 44: 1.2 The tropics 1.2 The tropics 3 A
Page 48: Table 1.1. (cont.) Africa Asia-Paci
Page 52: genus Eucalyptus. Africa is general
Page 56: present at a density of less than o
Page 60: tropical forest canopies into disti
Page 64: Table 1.2. The major types of tropi
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which is expected to grow to maturi
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1.5 Plantation forestry For timber
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Fig. 1.5 Growth of tropical forest
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Table 1.3. Major plantation tree sp
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latex for rubber (several countries
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choice of species. Thus large-scale
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Drugs: Thousands of chemical compou
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Establishment of plantations in pla
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2 An overview of tropical forest in
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forest insect pest problems in Indo
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Paraneoptera Psocoptera bark lice 4
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2.2 The diversity of tropical fores
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on the ground, humus and soil. Ther
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ole in the ecology of tropical fore
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Order Isoptera (termites) Termites
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For example, out of 295 species of
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Asphondyla tectonae (Diptera: Cecid
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2.3 The concept of pests 51 Insects
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Table 2.4. (cont.) Plant part eaten
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Table 2.4. (cont.) Plant part eaten
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3 Ecology of insects in the forest
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3.1 The concept and functioning of
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3.2 Role of insects in ecosystem pr
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that while only 30 dry g/m 2 per ye
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Table 3.1. Insects and collembolans
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Table 3.2. A short list of seed/fru
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(Hill, 1997). In some parts of Indo
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4.1 Introduction 79 single species
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4.2 Empirical findings 81 Fig. 4.1
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Dirzo (1982) reported that in a stu
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where the outbreak was observed. Th
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Falcataria moluccana in Indonesia (
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the infestation had affected over 8
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4.3 Discussion and conclusion 91 So
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5 Insect pests in plantations: Gene
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Fig. 5.1 Whitegrub, larva of a scar
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Several species of grasshoppers (Or
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Table 5.1. Scolytine beetles attack
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Table 5.2. Overview of the number o
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5.4 Pests of older plantations 103
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The damage caused by insects ranges
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6.2.2 Beetles Beetles consume wood
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the tunnel (e.g. Stromatium barbatu
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6.2 Categories of wood-destroying i
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Bostrichids are generally very poly
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7 Population dynamics: What makes a
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large numbers. In the simplest sens
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of the air, pollutants, electromagn
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abundant prey and recruit other mem
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7.4 Principles governing population
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7.5 Types of forest insect outbreak
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As Berryman (1999) himself observes
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7.6 Causes of forest insect outbrea
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feeding with no significant impact
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8.2 Do plantations suffer greater p
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although all three mechanisms might
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and Laos, although it does not occu
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Table 8.2. Comparison between the n
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8.3 Pest problems of indigenous vs.
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the hypothesis under consideration
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Contrary to the general trend, abou
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plantation is an unjustified oversi
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8.4 Pest problems in monocultures v
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9.2 Historical development and pres
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interacting factors are involved in
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esurgence of secondary pests and th
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9.3 Overview of pest management opt
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insects, and laboratory trials have
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9.3 Overview of pest management opt
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development of Bt toxin resistance
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9.4 Unique features of forest pest
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in most cases, due to paucity of re
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9.5 Constraints to forest pest mana
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educe pest problems by keeping the
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past, defoliation does not usually
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although the heartwood of some tree
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9.6 Guidelines for the practice of
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10 Insect pests in plantations: Cas
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Santoso, 1990; Natawiria, 1990). Th
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Table 10.1. Important insects causi
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Rwanda and Burundi) with 30 000 ha,
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Pest profile Celosterna scabrator F
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should be restricted to localities
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A. robusta in Queensland, but is of
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10.3 Ailanthus species (Simaroubace
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Pest profile Eligma narcissus Crame
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(Varma, 1986). Other parasitoids in
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10.4 Bamboos (Poaceae) 207 C. dichr
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ornamental, this nitrogen-fixing tr
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10.5.2 Casuarina junghuhniana Tree
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it pupates. The galleries, 50-75 cm
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10.6 Dalbergia species (Fabaceae: F
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10.6 Dalbergia species (Fabaceae: F
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Overview of pests 10.7 Eucalyptus s
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10.7 Eucalyptus species (Myrtaceae)
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serious pest outbreaks are exceptio
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places in India (Table 10.8). All t
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(CABI, 2005). The bole is generally
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(Irianto et al., 1997). The bark-fe
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10.8 Falcataria moluccana (Fabaceae
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clusters of Xystrocera spp. Researc
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(Nair and Mathew, 1988). The ichneu
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Table 10.10. Important insects caus
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Myanmar and Thailand. The cerambyci
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10.9 Gmelina arborea (Lamiaceae) 25
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Pest profile Tingis beesoni Drake (
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estate crops, erosion control, nitr
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10.10 Leucaena leucocephala (Fabace
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10.11 Manglietia conifera (Magnolia
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10.12 Milicia species (Moraceae) 27
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malabaricus (see pest profile under
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(Nair, 2000). Suratmo (1996) observ
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Apart from the above groups of majo
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10.14 Pinus species (Pinaceae) 279
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Africa where these conifers had bee
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10.15 Shorea species (Dipterocarpac
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Table 10.12. Chronology of sal bore
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density above this level is reckone
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etween the three species are not cl
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10.16 Swietenia species (Meliaceae)
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indigenous or not. The natural teak
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globular, multilocular galls that c
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10.17 Tectona grandis (Lamiaceae) 3
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Table 10.14. Recorded world distrib
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Knowledge gaps Although removing th
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within the plantation, which is unc
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References 355 Andrews, W. A. (ed.)
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References 357 Bhandari, R. S. and
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References 359 Chaiglom, D. (1966).
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References 361 ed. I. Soerianegara,
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References 363 Flamm, R. O., Coulso
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References 365 Gupta, T. and Guleri
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References 367 Intari, S. E. (1975)
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References 369 Khan, M. A. and Ahma
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References 371 Mangoendihardjo, S.,
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References 373 May, R. M. (1994). P
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References 375 Nair, K. S. S. (1986
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References 377 Environments, ed. A.
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References 379 Parry, M. S. (1959).
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References 381 Rees, C. J. C. (1983
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References 383 Sankaran, K. V., Moh
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References 385 Singh, P. and Thapa,
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References 387 Sudheendrakumar, V.
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References 389 Turchin, P. (1995).
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References 391 Whitmore, T. C. (199
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Index Abbreviations: Fig ¼ Figure;
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predators/parasitoids 50, 62-3 timb
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distribution 290, 292, Fig 10.27 li
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monocultures, pest incidence 140-2,
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exotic species 25-7, 31, 32 insect
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sapling pests 99-100 tree profile 3
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