Contents - LAC Biosafety

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viii <strong>Contents</strong> Casuarina species 208 C. equisetifolia, C. junghuhniana 208 Dalbergia species 211 D. latifolia, D. sissoo 213 Eucalyptus species 218 Falcataria moluccana (¼ Paraserianthes falcataria) 236 Gmelina arborea 249 Leucaena leucocephala 258 Manglietia conifera 268 Milicia species 270 Neolamarckia cadamba (¼ Anthocephalus cadamba) 272 Pinus species 275 Shorea species 287 Swietenia species 300 Tectona grandis 308 References 354 Index 393
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Page 8: K. S. S. NAIR Formerly Head, Divisi
Page 12: Dedication Dedicated to: Late Profe
Page 20: Illustrations 1.1 Distribution of t
Page 24: List of Illustrations xi 10.19 Cras
Page 28: Preface This book has grown out of
Page 32: Preface xv information in this chap
Page 36: Foreword This book forms a comprehe
Page 40: 1 Forestry in the tropics 1.1 Intro
Page 44: 1.2 The tropics 1.2 The tropics 3 A
Page 48: Table 1.1. (cont.) Africa Asia-Paci
Page 52: genus Eucalyptus. Africa is general
Page 56: present at a density of less than o
Page 60: tropical forest canopies into disti
Page 64: Table 1.2. The major types of tropi
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many valuable species like sandal (
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which is expected to grow to maturi
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1.5 Plantation forestry For timber
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Fig. 1.5 Growth of tropical forest
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Table 1.3. Major plantation tree sp
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latex for rubber (several countries
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choice of species. Thus large-scale
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Drugs: Thousands of chemical compou
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Establishment of plantations in pla
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2 An overview of tropical forest in
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forest insect pest problems in Indo
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Paraneoptera Psocoptera bark lice 4
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2.2 The diversity of tropical fores
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on the ground, humus and soil. Ther
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ole in the ecology of tropical fore
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Order Isoptera (termites) Termites
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For example, out of 295 species of
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Asphondyla tectonae (Diptera: Cecid
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2.3 The concept of pests 51 Insects
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Table 2.4. (cont.) Plant part eaten
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Table 2.4. (cont.) Plant part eaten
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3 Ecology of insects in the forest
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3.1 The concept and functioning of
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3.2 Role of insects in ecosystem pr
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that while only 30 dry g/m 2 per ye
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Table 3.1. Insects and collembolans
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Table 3.2. A short list of seed/fru
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(Hill, 1997). In some parts of Indo
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4.1 Introduction 79 single species
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4.2 Empirical findings 81 Fig. 4.1
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Dirzo (1982) reported that in a stu
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where the outbreak was observed. Th
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Falcataria moluccana in Indonesia (
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the infestation had affected over 8
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4.3 Discussion and conclusion 91 So
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5 Insect pests in plantations: Gene
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Fig. 5.1 Whitegrub, larva of a scar
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Several species of grasshoppers (Or
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Table 5.1. Scolytine beetles attack
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Table 5.2. Overview of the number o
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5.4 Pests of older plantations 103
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The damage caused by insects ranges
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6.2.2 Beetles Beetles consume wood
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the tunnel (e.g. Stromatium barbatu
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6.2 Categories of wood-destroying i
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Bostrichids are generally very poly
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7 Population dynamics: What makes a
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large numbers. In the simplest sens
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of the air, pollutants, electromagn
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abundant prey and recruit other mem
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7.4 Principles governing population
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7.5 Types of forest insect outbreak
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As Berryman (1999) himself observes
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7.6 Causes of forest insect outbrea
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feeding with no significant impact
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8.2 Do plantations suffer greater p
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although all three mechanisms might
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and Laos, although it does not occu
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Table 8.2. Comparison between the n
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8.3 Pest problems of indigenous vs.
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the hypothesis under consideration
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Contrary to the general trend, abou
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plantation is an unjustified oversi
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8.4 Pest problems in monocultures v
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9.2 Historical development and pres
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interacting factors are involved in
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esurgence of secondary pests and th
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9.3 Overview of pest management opt
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insects, and laboratory trials have
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9.3 Overview of pest management opt
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development of Bt toxin resistance
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9.4 Unique features of forest pest
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in most cases, due to paucity of re
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9.5 Constraints to forest pest mana
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educe pest problems by keeping the
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past, defoliation does not usually
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although the heartwood of some tree
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9.6 Guidelines for the practice of
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10 Insect pests in plantations: Cas
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Santoso, 1990; Natawiria, 1990). Th
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Table 10.1. Important insects causi
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Rwanda and Burundi) with 30 000 ha,
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Pest profile Celosterna scabrator F
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should be restricted to localities
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A. robusta in Queensland, but is of
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10.3 Ailanthus species (Simaroubace
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Pest profile Eligma narcissus Crame
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(Varma, 1986). Other parasitoids in
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10.4 Bamboos (Poaceae) 207 C. dichr
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ornamental, this nitrogen-fixing tr
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10.5.2 Casuarina junghuhniana Tree
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it pupates. The galleries, 50-75 cm
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10.6 Dalbergia species (Fabaceae: F
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10.6 Dalbergia species (Fabaceae: F
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Overview of pests 10.7 Eucalyptus s
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10.7 Eucalyptus species (Myrtaceae)
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serious pest outbreaks are exceptio
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places in India (Table 10.8). All t
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(CABI, 2005). The bole is generally
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(Irianto et al., 1997). The bark-fe
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10.8 Falcataria moluccana (Fabaceae
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clusters of Xystrocera spp. Researc
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(Nair and Mathew, 1988). The ichneu
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Table 10.10. Important insects caus
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Myanmar and Thailand. The cerambyci
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10.9 Gmelina arborea (Lamiaceae) 25
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Pest profile Tingis beesoni Drake (
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estate crops, erosion control, nitr
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10.10 Leucaena leucocephala (Fabace
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10.11 Manglietia conifera (Magnolia
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10.12 Milicia species (Moraceae) 27
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malabaricus (see pest profile under
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(Nair, 2000). Suratmo (1996) observ
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Apart from the above groups of majo
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10.14 Pinus species (Pinaceae) 279
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Africa where these conifers had bee
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10.15 Shorea species (Dipterocarpac
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Table 10.12. Chronology of sal bore
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density above this level is reckone
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etween the three species are not cl
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10.16 Swietenia species (Meliaceae)
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indigenous or not. The natural teak
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globular, multilocular galls that c
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10.17 Tectona grandis (Lamiaceae) 3
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Table 10.14. Recorded world distrib
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Knowledge gaps Although removing th
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within the plantation, which is unc
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References 355 Andrews, W. A. (ed.)
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References 357 Bhandari, R. S. and
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References 359 Chaiglom, D. (1966).
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References 361 ed. I. Soerianegara,
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References 363 Flamm, R. O., Coulso
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References 365 Gupta, T. and Guleri
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References 367 Intari, S. E. (1975)
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References 369 Khan, M. A. and Ahma
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References 371 Mangoendihardjo, S.,
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References 373 May, R. M. (1994). P
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References 375 Nair, K. S. S. (1986
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References 377 Environments, ed. A.
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References 379 Parry, M. S. (1959).
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References 381 Rees, C. J. C. (1983
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References 383 Sankaran, K. V., Moh
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References 385 Singh, P. and Thapa,
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References 387 Sudheendrakumar, V.
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References 389 Turchin, P. (1995).
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References 391 Whitmore, T. C. (199
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Index Abbreviations: Fig ¼ Figure;
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predators/parasitoids 50, 62-3 timb
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distribution 290, 292, Fig 10.27 li
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monocultures, pest incidence 140-2,
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exotic species 25-7, 31, 32 insect
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sapling pests 99-100 tree profile 3
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