Contents - LAC Biosafety

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Table 3.1. Insects and collembolans a associated with tropical forest litter in India COLLEMBOLA HEMIPTERA DERMAPTERA Brachystomella terrefolia Anthocoridae Dicrana kallipyga Callyntura ceylonica Amphiareus constrictus Eparchus insignis Callyntra sp. Anthocoris sp. Euborellia annulipes Cryptophygus sp. Buchananiella carayoni Forcipula lurida C. thermophylus Cardiastethus sp. F. quadrispinosa Cyphoderus sp. C. nagadiraja Forminalabis sisera Entomobrya sp. C. pygmaeus pauliani Gonolabidura nathani Folsomia sp. Orius maxidentax Labia minor Folsomides sp. Physopleurella anathakrishnani Labidura riparia pallas Hypogastrura communis Scoloposcelis sp. Metisolabis bifoviolate Hypogastrura sp. S. asiaticus Psalis castetsi Isotomodes sp. S. parallelus Pygidicrana eximia Lepidocyrtus sp. Xylocoris (Proxylocoris) distanti P. picta Lobella sp. X. clarus carayon P. valida Onychiurus sp. Lygaeidae ORTHOPTERA Paratulbergia indica Geocoris sp. Blattidae Salina indica G. ochropterus Blatella sp. S. quatturofasciata Graptostethus servus B. germanica S. tricolour Lygaeus sp. Theria sp. Sinella sp. Metochus uniguttatus Gryllidae Sminthurinus sp. Naphilus dilutus Gryllus sp. Sphaeridia sp. Reduviidae COLEOPTERA Tulbergia sp. Acanthaspis coprolagus (families) Xenylla sp. A. quinquespinosa Anthicidae THYSANOPTERA A. pedestris Bostrichidae Apelaunothrips madrasensis Catamiarus brevipennis Carabidae Azaleothrips amabilis Ectomocoris ochropterus Coccinellidae Boumieria indica E. tibialis Cucujidae Dinothrips sumatrensis Echtrechotes pilicornis Hydrophilide Ecacanthothrips tibialis Haematorhophus nigro-violaceous Hydroscaphidae Elaphrothrips denticollis Lisarda annulosa Nitidulidae Gastrothrips falcatus Lophocephala guerinii Scarabaeidae Hoplandrothrips flavipes Piratus affinis Staphylinidae Hoplothrips fungosus P. mundulus Tenebrionidae Nesothrips acuticornis Rhaphidosoma atkinsoni Neurothrips indicus Priesneriana kabandha Stictothrips fimbriata Stigmothrips limpidus Rhinocoris marginatus a Class Entognatha Data from Ananthakrishnan (1996) 3.2 Role of insects in ecosystem processes 65
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K. S. S. NAIR Formerly Head, Divisi
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Dedication Dedicated to: Late Profe
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viii Contents Casuarina species 208
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x List of Illustrations 6.6 Stored,
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xii List of Illustrations 10.43 Dam
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xiv Preface conventional equilibriu
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xvi Preface Forestry Research Organ
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xviii Foreword global theoretical u
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2 Forestry in the tropics While tro
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4 Forestry in the tropics differenc
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6 Forestry in the tropics Fig. 1.1
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14 Forestry in the tropics value, d
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16 Forestry in the tropics with the
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18 Forestry in the tropics seem ine
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20 Forestry in the tropics Ethiopia
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22 Forestry in the tropics and the
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24 Forestry in the tropics Acacia,
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26 Forestry in the tropics tree whe
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28 Forestry in the tropics Box 1.1
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30 Forestry in the tropics forest n
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32 Forestry in the tropics there is
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34 An overview of tropical forest i
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Table 2.1. Classification of insect
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38 An overview of tropical forest i
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Page 154: 58 Ecology of insects in the forest
Page 172: Table 3.2. A short list of seed/fru
Page 176: 3.2 Role of insects in ecosystem pr
Page 180: (Hill, 1997). In some parts of Indo
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Page 200: 4.2 Empirical findings 81 Fig. 4.1
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Page 208: where the outbreak was observed. Th
Page 212: Falcataria moluccana in Indonesia (
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4.3 Discussion and conclusion 91 So
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5 Insect pests in plantations: Gene
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Fig. 5.1 Whitegrub, larva of a scar
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Several species of grasshoppers (Or
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Table 5.1. Scolytine beetles attack
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Table 5.2. Overview of the number o
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5.4 Pests of older plantations 103
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The damage caused by insects ranges
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6.2.2 Beetles Beetles consume wood
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the tunnel (e.g. Stromatium barbatu
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6.2 Categories of wood-destroying i
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Bostrichids are generally very poly
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7 Population dynamics: What makes a
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large numbers. In the simplest sens
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of the air, pollutants, electromagn
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abundant prey and recruit other mem
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7.4 Principles governing population
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7.5 Types of forest insect outbreak
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As Berryman (1999) himself observes
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7.6 Causes of forest insect outbrea
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feeding with no significant impact
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8.2 Do plantations suffer greater p
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although all three mechanisms might
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and Laos, although it does not occu
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Table 8.2. Comparison between the n
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8.3 Pest problems of indigenous vs.
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the hypothesis under consideration
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Contrary to the general trend, abou
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plantation is an unjustified oversi
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8.4 Pest problems in monocultures v
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9.2 Historical development and pres
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interacting factors are involved in
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esurgence of secondary pests and th
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9.3 Overview of pest management opt
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insects, and laboratory trials have
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9.3 Overview of pest management opt
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development of Bt toxin resistance
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9.4 Unique features of forest pest
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in most cases, due to paucity of re
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9.5 Constraints to forest pest mana
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educe pest problems by keeping the
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past, defoliation does not usually
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although the heartwood of some tree
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9.6 Guidelines for the practice of
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10 Insect pests in plantations: Cas
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Santoso, 1990; Natawiria, 1990). Th
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Table 10.1. Important insects causi
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Rwanda and Burundi) with 30 000 ha,
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Pest profile Celosterna scabrator F
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should be restricted to localities
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A. robusta in Queensland, but is of
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10.3 Ailanthus species (Simaroubace
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Pest profile Eligma narcissus Crame
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(Varma, 1986). Other parasitoids in
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10.4 Bamboos (Poaceae) 207 C. dichr
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ornamental, this nitrogen-fixing tr
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10.5.2 Casuarina junghuhniana Tree
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it pupates. The galleries, 50-75 cm
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10.6 Dalbergia species (Fabaceae: F
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10.6 Dalbergia species (Fabaceae: F
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Overview of pests 10.7 Eucalyptus s
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10.7 Eucalyptus species (Myrtaceae)
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serious pest outbreaks are exceptio
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places in India (Table 10.8). All t
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(CABI, 2005). The bole is generally
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(Irianto et al., 1997). The bark-fe
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10.8 Falcataria moluccana (Fabaceae
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clusters of Xystrocera spp. Researc
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(Nair and Mathew, 1988). The ichneu
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Table 10.10. Important insects caus
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Myanmar and Thailand. The cerambyci
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10.9 Gmelina arborea (Lamiaceae) 25
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Pest profile Tingis beesoni Drake (
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estate crops, erosion control, nitr
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10.10 Leucaena leucocephala (Fabace
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10.11 Manglietia conifera (Magnolia
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10.12 Milicia species (Moraceae) 27
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malabaricus (see pest profile under
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(Nair, 2000). Suratmo (1996) observ
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Apart from the above groups of majo
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10.14 Pinus species (Pinaceae) 279
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Africa where these conifers had bee
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10.15 Shorea species (Dipterocarpac
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Table 10.12. Chronology of sal bore
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density above this level is reckone
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etween the three species are not cl
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10.16 Swietenia species (Meliaceae)
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indigenous or not. The natural teak
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globular, multilocular galls that c
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10.17 Tectona grandis (Lamiaceae) 3
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Table 10.14. Recorded world distrib
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Knowledge gaps Although removing th
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within the plantation, which is unc
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References 355 Andrews, W. A. (ed.)
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References 357 Bhandari, R. S. and
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References 359 Chaiglom, D. (1966).
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References 361 ed. I. Soerianegara,
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References 363 Flamm, R. O., Coulso
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References 365 Gupta, T. and Guleri
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References 367 Intari, S. E. (1975)
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References 369 Khan, M. A. and Ahma
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References 371 Mangoendihardjo, S.,
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References 373 May, R. M. (1994). P
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References 375 Nair, K. S. S. (1986
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References 377 Environments, ed. A.
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References 379 Parry, M. S. (1959).
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References 381 Rees, C. J. C. (1983
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References 383 Sankaran, K. V., Moh
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References 385 Singh, P. and Thapa,
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References 387 Sudheendrakumar, V.
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References 389 Turchin, P. (1995).
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References 391 Whitmore, T. C. (199
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Index Abbreviations: Fig ¼ Figure;
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predators/parasitoids 50, 62-3 timb
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distribution 290, 292, Fig 10.27 li
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monocultures, pest incidence 140-2,
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exotic species 25-7, 31, 32 insect
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sapling pests 99-100 tree profile 3
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