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44 An overview of tropical forest insects a whole industry has long flourished. Tingidae include the pest Tingis beesoni which causes dieback of Gmelina arborea saplings in plantations. Psyllidae include the well-known pests Heteropsylla cubana, that attacks leucaena, and Phytolyma spp. that attack Milicia spp. Some bugs are implicated in transmission of tree diseases such as sandal spike. Recent studies have shown that the bug fauna of tropical tree canopies can be substantial. For example, Wolda (1979) recorded 332 species of bugs from the canopy of the tree Luehea seemannii in Panama, by canopy fogging collection over three seasons (Table 2.3). In a study in primary lowland rain forest in Sulawesi, Indonesia, Rees (1983) found 168 taxa of bugs in traps set at 30 m height. Table 2.3. Diversity of bugs (order Hemiptera) associated with the tree Luehea seemannii in Panama Family No. of species Membracidae 71 Derbidae 32 Deltocephalinae 23 Cicadellinae 22 Typhocybinae 21 Gyponinae 20 Issidae 19 Cixiidae 16 Coelidiinae 15 Flatidae 15 Achilidae 14 Neocoelidiinae 10 Idiocerinae 8 Psyllidae 8 Cercopidae 7 Xestocephalinae 6 Agalliinae 5 Delphacidae 3 Tropiduchidae 3 Cicadidae 2 Kinnaridae 2 Nirvaniinae 2 Fulgoridae 1 Nogodinidae 1 Total 332 Data from Wolda (1979)
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K. S. S. NAIR Formerly Head, Divisi
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Dedication Dedicated to: Late Profe
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viii Contents Casuarina species 208
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x List of Illustrations 6.6 Stored,
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xii List of Illustrations 10.43 Dam
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xiv Preface conventional equilibriu
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xvi Preface Forestry Research Organ
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xviii Foreword global theoretical u
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2 Forestry in the tropics While tro
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4 Forestry in the tropics differenc
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6 Forestry in the tropics Fig. 1.1
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14 Forestry in the tropics value, d
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16 Forestry in the tropics with the
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Page 78: 20 Forestry in the tropics Ethiopia
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Page 86: 24 Forestry in the tropics Acacia,
Page 90: 26 Forestry in the tropics tree whe
Page 94: 28 Forestry in the tropics Box 1.1
Page 98: 30 Forestry in the tropics forest n
Page 102: 32 Forestry in the tropics there is
Page 106: 34 An overview of tropical forest i
Page 110: Table 2.1. Classification of insect
Page 128: Order Isoptera (termites) Termites
Page 132: For example, out of 295 species of
Page 136: Asphondyla tectonae (Diptera: Cecid
Page 140: 2.3 The concept of pests 51 Insects
Page 144: Table 2.4. (cont.) Plant part eaten
Page 148: Table 2.4. (cont.) Plant part eaten
Page 152: 3 Ecology of insects in the forest
Page 156: 3.1 The concept and functioning of
Page 160: 3.2 Role of insects in ecosystem pr
Page 164: that while only 30 dry g/m 2 per ye
Page 168: Table 3.1. Insects and collembolans
Page 172: Table 3.2. A short list of seed/fru
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3.2 Role of insects in ecosystem pr
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(Hill, 1997). In some parts of Indo
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4.1 Introduction 79 single species
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4.2 Empirical findings 81 Fig. 4.1
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Dirzo (1982) reported that in a stu
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where the outbreak was observed. Th
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Falcataria moluccana in Indonesia (
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the infestation had affected over 8
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4.3 Discussion and conclusion 91 So
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5 Insect pests in plantations: Gene
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Fig. 5.1 Whitegrub, larva of a scar
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Several species of grasshoppers (Or
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Table 5.1. Scolytine beetles attack
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Table 5.2. Overview of the number o
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5.4 Pests of older plantations 103
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The damage caused by insects ranges
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6.2.2 Beetles Beetles consume wood
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the tunnel (e.g. Stromatium barbatu
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6.2 Categories of wood-destroying i
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Bostrichids are generally very poly
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7 Population dynamics: What makes a
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large numbers. In the simplest sens
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of the air, pollutants, electromagn
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abundant prey and recruit other mem
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7.4 Principles governing population
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7.5 Types of forest insect outbreak
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As Berryman (1999) himself observes
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7.6 Causes of forest insect outbrea
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feeding with no significant impact
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8.2 Do plantations suffer greater p
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although all three mechanisms might
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and Laos, although it does not occu
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Table 8.2. Comparison between the n
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8.3 Pest problems of indigenous vs.
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the hypothesis under consideration
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Contrary to the general trend, abou
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plantation is an unjustified oversi
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8.4 Pest problems in monocultures v
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9.2 Historical development and pres
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interacting factors are involved in
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esurgence of secondary pests and th
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9.3 Overview of pest management opt
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insects, and laboratory trials have
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9.3 Overview of pest management opt
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development of Bt toxin resistance
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9.4 Unique features of forest pest
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in most cases, due to paucity of re
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9.5 Constraints to forest pest mana
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educe pest problems by keeping the
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past, defoliation does not usually
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although the heartwood of some tree
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9.6 Guidelines for the practice of
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10 Insect pests in plantations: Cas
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Santoso, 1990; Natawiria, 1990). Th
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Table 10.1. Important insects causi
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Rwanda and Burundi) with 30 000 ha,
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Pest profile Celosterna scabrator F
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should be restricted to localities
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A. robusta in Queensland, but is of
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10.3 Ailanthus species (Simaroubace
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Pest profile Eligma narcissus Crame
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(Varma, 1986). Other parasitoids in
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10.4 Bamboos (Poaceae) 207 C. dichr
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ornamental, this nitrogen-fixing tr
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10.5.2 Casuarina junghuhniana Tree
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it pupates. The galleries, 50-75 cm
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10.6 Dalbergia species (Fabaceae: F
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10.6 Dalbergia species (Fabaceae: F
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Overview of pests 10.7 Eucalyptus s
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10.7 Eucalyptus species (Myrtaceae)
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serious pest outbreaks are exceptio
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places in India (Table 10.8). All t
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(CABI, 2005). The bole is generally
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(Irianto et al., 1997). The bark-fe
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10.8 Falcataria moluccana (Fabaceae
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clusters of Xystrocera spp. Researc
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(Nair and Mathew, 1988). The ichneu
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Table 10.10. Important insects caus
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Myanmar and Thailand. The cerambyci
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10.9 Gmelina arborea (Lamiaceae) 25
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Pest profile Tingis beesoni Drake (
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estate crops, erosion control, nitr
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10.10 Leucaena leucocephala (Fabace
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10.11 Manglietia conifera (Magnolia
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10.12 Milicia species (Moraceae) 27
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malabaricus (see pest profile under
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(Nair, 2000). Suratmo (1996) observ
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Apart from the above groups of majo
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10.14 Pinus species (Pinaceae) 279
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Africa where these conifers had bee
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10.15 Shorea species (Dipterocarpac
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Table 10.12. Chronology of sal bore
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density above this level is reckone
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etween the three species are not cl
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10.16 Swietenia species (Meliaceae)
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indigenous or not. The natural teak
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globular, multilocular galls that c
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10.17 Tectona grandis (Lamiaceae) 3
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Table 10.14. Recorded world distrib
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Knowledge gaps Although removing th
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within the plantation, which is unc
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References 355 Andrews, W. A. (ed.)
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References 357 Bhandari, R. S. and
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References 359 Chaiglom, D. (1966).
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References 361 ed. I. Soerianegara,
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References 363 Flamm, R. O., Coulso
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References 365 Gupta, T. and Guleri
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References 367 Intari, S. E. (1975)
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References 369 Khan, M. A. and Ahma
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References 371 Mangoendihardjo, S.,
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References 373 May, R. M. (1994). P
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References 375 Nair, K. S. S. (1986
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References 377 Environments, ed. A.
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References 379 Parry, M. S. (1959).
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References 381 Rees, C. J. C. (1983
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References 383 Sankaran, K. V., Moh
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References 385 Singh, P. and Thapa,
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References 387 Sudheendrakumar, V.
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References 389 Turchin, P. (1995).
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References 391 Whitmore, T. C. (199
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Index Abbreviations: Fig ¼ Figure;
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predators/parasitoids 50, 62-3 timb
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distribution 290, 292, Fig 10.27 li
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monocultures, pest incidence 140-2,
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exotic species 25-7, 31, 32 insect
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sapling pests 99-100 tree profile 3
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