Contents - LAC Biosafety

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Paraneoptera Psocoptera bark lice 4 400 Phthiraptera true lice 4 900 Thysanoptera thrips 5 000 Hemiptera bugs, aphids, scale insects 90 000 Holometabola (Endopterygota) Coleoptera beetles 350 000 Raphidioptera snakeflies 220 Megaloptera alderflies, dobsonflies 270 Neuroptera lacewings 6 000 Hymenoptera wasps, bees, sawflies, ants 125 000 Mecoptera scorpionflies 600 Siphonaptera fleas 2 500 Strepsiptera twisted wings 550 Diptera true flies 120 000 Trichoptera caddisflies 11 000 Lepidoptera butterflies, moths 150 000 a Based on Grimaldi and Engel (2005)
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K. S. S. NAIR Formerly Head, Divisi
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Dedication Dedicated to: Late Profe
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viii Contents Casuarina species 208
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x List of Illustrations 6.6 Stored,
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xii List of Illustrations 10.43 Dam
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xiv Preface conventional equilibriu
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xvi Preface Forestry Research Organ
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xviii Foreword global theoretical u
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2 Forestry in the tropics While tro
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4 Forestry in the tropics differenc
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6 Forestry in the tropics Fig. 1.1
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Page 62: 12 Forestry in the tropics Fig. 1.4
Page 66: 14 Forestry in the tropics value, d
Page 70: 16 Forestry in the tropics with the
Page 74: 18 Forestry in the tropics seem ine
Page 78: 20 Forestry in the tropics Ethiopia
Page 82: 22 Forestry in the tropics and the
Page 86: 24 Forestry in the tropics Acacia,
Page 90: 26 Forestry in the tropics tree whe
Page 94: 28 Forestry in the tropics Box 1.1
Page 98: 30 Forestry in the tropics forest n
Page 102: 32 Forestry in the tropics there is
Page 106: 34 An overview of tropical forest i
Page 110: Table 2.1. Classification of insect
Page 116: 2.2 The diversity of tropical fores
Page 120: on the ground, humus and soil. Ther
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Page 128: Order Isoptera (termites) Termites
Page 132: For example, out of 295 species of
Page 136: Asphondyla tectonae (Diptera: Cecid
Page 140: 2.3 The concept of pests 51 Insects
Page 144: Table 2.4. (cont.) Plant part eaten
Page 148: Table 2.4. (cont.) Plant part eaten
Page 152: 3 Ecology of insects in the forest
Page 156: 3.1 The concept and functioning of
Page 160: 3.2 Role of insects in ecosystem pr
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that while only 30 dry g/m 2 per ye
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Table 3.1. Insects and collembolans
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Table 3.2. A short list of seed/fru
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3.2 Role of insects in ecosystem pr
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(Hill, 1997). In some parts of Indo
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4.1 Introduction 79 single species
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4.2 Empirical findings 81 Fig. 4.1
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Dirzo (1982) reported that in a stu
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where the outbreak was observed. Th
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Falcataria moluccana in Indonesia (
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the infestation had affected over 8
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4.3 Discussion and conclusion 91 So
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5 Insect pests in plantations: Gene
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Fig. 5.1 Whitegrub, larva of a scar
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Several species of grasshoppers (Or
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Table 5.1. Scolytine beetles attack
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Table 5.2. Overview of the number o
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5.4 Pests of older plantations 103
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The damage caused by insects ranges
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6.2.2 Beetles Beetles consume wood
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the tunnel (e.g. Stromatium barbatu
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6.2 Categories of wood-destroying i
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Bostrichids are generally very poly
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7 Population dynamics: What makes a
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large numbers. In the simplest sens
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of the air, pollutants, electromagn
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abundant prey and recruit other mem
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7.4 Principles governing population
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7.5 Types of forest insect outbreak
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As Berryman (1999) himself observes
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7.6 Causes of forest insect outbrea
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feeding with no significant impact
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8.2 Do plantations suffer greater p
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although all three mechanisms might
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and Laos, although it does not occu
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Table 8.2. Comparison between the n
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8.3 Pest problems of indigenous vs.
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the hypothesis under consideration
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Contrary to the general trend, abou
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plantation is an unjustified oversi
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8.4 Pest problems in monocultures v
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9.2 Historical development and pres
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interacting factors are involved in
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esurgence of secondary pests and th
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9.3 Overview of pest management opt
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insects, and laboratory trials have
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9.3 Overview of pest management opt
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development of Bt toxin resistance
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9.4 Unique features of forest pest
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in most cases, due to paucity of re
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9.5 Constraints to forest pest mana
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educe pest problems by keeping the
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past, defoliation does not usually
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although the heartwood of some tree
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9.6 Guidelines for the practice of
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10 Insect pests in plantations: Cas
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Santoso, 1990; Natawiria, 1990). Th
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Table 10.1. Important insects causi
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Rwanda and Burundi) with 30 000 ha,
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Pest profile Celosterna scabrator F
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should be restricted to localities
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A. robusta in Queensland, but is of
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10.3 Ailanthus species (Simaroubace
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Pest profile Eligma narcissus Crame
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(Varma, 1986). Other parasitoids in
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10.4 Bamboos (Poaceae) 207 C. dichr
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ornamental, this nitrogen-fixing tr
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10.5.2 Casuarina junghuhniana Tree
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it pupates. The galleries, 50-75 cm
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10.6 Dalbergia species (Fabaceae: F
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10.6 Dalbergia species (Fabaceae: F
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Overview of pests 10.7 Eucalyptus s
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10.7 Eucalyptus species (Myrtaceae)
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serious pest outbreaks are exceptio
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places in India (Table 10.8). All t
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(CABI, 2005). The bole is generally
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(Irianto et al., 1997). The bark-fe
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10.8 Falcataria moluccana (Fabaceae
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clusters of Xystrocera spp. Researc
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(Nair and Mathew, 1988). The ichneu
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Table 10.10. Important insects caus
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Myanmar and Thailand. The cerambyci
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10.9 Gmelina arborea (Lamiaceae) 25
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Pest profile Tingis beesoni Drake (
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estate crops, erosion control, nitr
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10.10 Leucaena leucocephala (Fabace
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10.11 Manglietia conifera (Magnolia
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10.12 Milicia species (Moraceae) 27
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malabaricus (see pest profile under
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(Nair, 2000). Suratmo (1996) observ
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Apart from the above groups of majo
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10.14 Pinus species (Pinaceae) 279
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Africa where these conifers had bee
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10.15 Shorea species (Dipterocarpac
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Table 10.12. Chronology of sal bore
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density above this level is reckone
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etween the three species are not cl
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10.16 Swietenia species (Meliaceae)
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indigenous or not. The natural teak
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globular, multilocular galls that c
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10.17 Tectona grandis (Lamiaceae) 3
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Table 10.14. Recorded world distrib
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Knowledge gaps Although removing th
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within the plantation, which is unc
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References 355 Andrews, W. A. (ed.)
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References 357 Bhandari, R. S. and
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References 359 Chaiglom, D. (1966).
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References 361 ed. I. Soerianegara,
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References 363 Flamm, R. O., Coulso
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References 365 Gupta, T. and Guleri
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References 367 Intari, S. E. (1975)
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References 369 Khan, M. A. and Ahma
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References 371 Mangoendihardjo, S.,
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References 373 May, R. M. (1994). P
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References 375 Nair, K. S. S. (1986
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References 377 Environments, ed. A.
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References 379 Parry, M. S. (1959).
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References 381 Rees, C. J. C. (1983
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References 383 Sankaran, K. V., Moh
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References 385 Singh, P. and Thapa,
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References 387 Sudheendrakumar, V.
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References 389 Turchin, P. (1995).
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References 391 Whitmore, T. C. (199
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Index Abbreviations: Fig ¼ Figure;
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predators/parasitoids 50, 62-3 timb
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distribution 290, 292, Fig 10.27 li
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monocultures, pest incidence 140-2,
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exotic species 25-7, 31, 32 insect
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sapling pests 99-100 tree profile 3
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