User Modeling human-computer interaction

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2.2 The human factor In the interaction of humans and computers we normally have two different views. On the one hand we have the user with his so called ”mental model” of the computer system. On the other hand we have the computer system with the ”user model” and its view of the user. Mental Model The so called ”mental model” of a user is the knowledge about the components of a system and the experience of how to use the computer system properly (see [CO88]). User Model If we want an personalized computer system we need to build a ”user model” so that the system knows the preferences, capabilities and skills of the user. If we put this two views together, we get a system that reacts in two different ways. The user can interact with the system and use it to perform his tasks, because of his knowledge about the computer system. The system ”knows” the intention and goals of the user and can adapt to the needs of him, because of the information in the user model. 2.3 Information about a user As we have seen, if we want a personalized computer system that adapt to the needs of a user, we must collect some information about the user. We can divide these information into three types (see [Kob04] and [Fis01]). user data First we have the user data which is the information about the user himself, e.g. his knowledge, skills and capabilities. The interesting thing with this type of information is the intention and goal of the user when he uses a computer system. I would like to show the importance of this information by an example. If a user selects a new document in a word processor from a template to gererate a new letter, the system should infer the intention and possible goals (in this case the tasks a user wants to perform). Because normally the generation of a letter includes the lookup of an address in a personal addressbook or a public one to fill in the destination information. Another task is to print out the finished letter to put it in a cover and send it to its destination. usage data The example leads us to the second type of information that must be collected from a user – the usage data. In the example we observe the user and recognizes that he wants to write a letter. Now we can look up his usage regularities to infer that after he has looked up the destination address he wants to print out the document. environment data The last type of information that can be captured is what kind of software the user normally use, and what type of hardware is available for a user. 4
3 UM-Shellsystems ”A UM-Shell is a generic domain independent system whose purpose is to allow the development of user modeling systems.” (p. 24 in [Bla96]) 3.1 Overview of UM-Shellsystems To introduce UM-Shellsystems here is a short overview of some shell systems. • User modeling toolkit (UMT) – Brajnik 1992 The UMT is a highly flexible and generic system to provide the development of user models. • General user modeling shell (GUMS) – Finin 1989 Is based on a platform-independent architecture to develop individual, long-term user models. • Belief, Goal, Plan Management System (BGP-MS) – Kobsa 1993 (see subsection 3.2). • PROlog based tool for user modeling (PROTUM) – Eydner 1992 PROTUM is based on the GUMS from Finin and the BGP-MS from Kobsa. • General user model akquisition component (GUMAC) – Kass 1988 The focus of this shell system is the akquisition of the information about a user. • Doppelgänger – Orwant 1995 The Doppelgänger shell system was primarly build to provide a personal newspaper to each individual user. It is a server based system, so that it stores the user model in a distributed way. 3.2 The UM-Shell BGP-MS The believe, goal, plan - management system (BGP-MS) is an integrated toolkit for user modeling. It builds up a schematic user model with stereotypes and stores it in a hierarchical partition system. system overview As we can see in figure 1 there are four main components in the shell system which communicate over the functional interface. The individual user model and the stereotypes are build upon the representation system which is based on the SB-ONE knowledge-representation tool. The user model developer can manipulate the knowledge of the representation system with a graphical interface. 5
Page 1 and 2: University of Paderborn AG Computer
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Page 9: References [Bla96] Karlheinz Blank.

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