IPCC Report.pdf - Adam Curry

Changes in Impacts of Climate Extremes: Human Systems and EcosystemsChapter 4Table of ContentsExecutive Summary .................................................................................................................................2344.1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................2374.2. Climatic Extremes in Natural and Socioeconomic Systems.....................................................2374.2.1. How Do Climate Extremes Impact on Humans and Ecosystems?....................................................................................2374.2.2. Complex Interactions among Climate Events, Exposure, and Vulnerability ....................................................................2384.3. System- and Sector-Based Aspects of Vulnerability, Exposure, and Impacts...........................2394.3.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................2394.3.2. Water................................................................................................................................................................................2414.3.3. Ecosystems .......................................................................................................................................................................2444.3.3.1. Heat Waves.......................................................................................................................................................................................2444.3.3.2. Drought ............................................................................................................................................................................................2464.3.3.3. Floods ...............................................................................................................................................................................................2464.3.3.4. Other Events .....................................................................................................................................................................................2464.3.4. Food Systems and Food Security .....................................................................................................................................2464.3.5. Human Settlements, Infrastructure, and Tourism.............................................................................................................2474.3.5.1. Human Settlements ..........................................................................................................................................................................2474.3.5.2. Infrastructure ....................................................................................................................................................................................2484.3.5.3. Tourism .............................................................................................................................................................................................2504.3.6. Human Health, Well-Being, and Security..........................................................................................................................2514.4. Regionally Based Aspects of Vulnerability, Exposure, and Impacts.........................................2524.4.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................2524.4.2 Africa................................................................................................................................................................................2534.4.2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................2534.4.2.2. Droughts and Heat Waves ................................................................................................................................................................2534.4.2.3. Extreme Rainfall Events and Floods..................................................................................................................................................2534.4.2.4. Dust Storms ......................................................................................................................................................................................2544.4.3. Asia...................................................................................................................................................................................2544.4.3.1. Tropical Cyclones (Typhoons or Hurricanes)......................................................................................................................................2544.4.3.2. Flooding............................................................................................................................................................................................2544.4.3.3. Temperature Extremes ......................................................................................................................................................................2554.4.3.4. Droughts...........................................................................................................................................................................................2554.4.3.5. Wildfires ...........................................................................................................................................................................................2554.4.4. Central and South America ..............................................................................................................................................2554.4.4.1. Extreme Rainfalls in South America..................................................................................................................................................2554.4.4.2. Wildfires ...........................................................................................................................................................................................2554.4.4.3. Regional Costs..................................................................................................................................................................................2564.4.5. Europe ..............................................................................................................................................................................2564.4.5.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................................2564.4.5.2. Heat Waves.......................................................................................................................................................................................2564.4.5.3. Droughts and Wildfires .....................................................................................................................................................................2564.4.5.4. Coastal Flooding...............................................................................................................................................................................2564.4.5.5. Gale Winds .......................................................................................................................................................................................2574.4.5.6. Flooding............................................................................................................................................................................................258232