Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables - National ...

Source / CourtesyIndian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Indian Institute of Horticulture Research, Bangalore, National Centrefor Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi, National Research Centre for Onion & Garlic, Rajguru Nagar, PuneContact usShailendra Kumar, Director (NHM)Phone: 011 23389346

Petiole Maggot 11Whitefly 12Mites 12Root-knot Nematodes 12Cruciferous Vegetables 12Diamond Back Moths 12Leaf Webbers 13Stem Borer 13Aphids 13Minor Pest 14Tobacco Caterpillar 14Leguminous Vegetables 14Pod Borers 14Aphids 15Bugs 15Bean Fly 15Leafhoppers 16Cucurbitaceous Vegetables 17Red Pumpkin Beetle 17Serpentine Leaf Miner 17Fruit Fly 17Red Spider Mite 17Thrips 17Leaf Eating Caterpillar 18Root-knot Nematodes 18Onion and Garlic 18Thrips 18Maggot 19Army Worms 20Bulb Mite 20Eriophyid Mite 20Red Spider Mite 21DISEASE MANAGEMENT 23Tomato 23Alternaria Blight 23Late Blight 23Collar Rot 24Pseudocercospora Leaf Blight 24White Rot 25Fruit Rots 25Grey Leaf Spot 26Bacterial Spot 26Bacterial Speck 27Leaf Curl Complex 27viIntegrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

Brinjal 28Phomopsis Blight 28Rhizoctonia Root Rot 28Sclerotinia Rot 29Collar Rot 29Pseudocercospora Leaf Blight 30Bacterial Wilt 30Little Leaf 30Chilli/Capsicum 31Dieback and Anthracnose 31Bacterial Leaf Spot 31White Rot 32Leaf Blight 32Phytophthora Leaf blight/Fruit Rot 33Leaf Curl Complex 33Sun Scald 34Okra 34Leaf Blight 35Yellow Vein Mosaic 35Enation Leaf Curl 35Root-Knot Nematode 35Leguminous Vegetables 36Root and Stem Rot 36Collar Rot 36Powdery Mildew 37Rust 37Leaf Blight 38Sclerotinia Blight 38Bacterial Blight 39Cow pea Golden Mosaic 39Cucurbits 40Anthracnose 40Downy Mildew 40Powdery Mildew 41Fruit Rots 41Gummy Stem Blight 42Leaf Spots 42Bacterial Wilt 43Mosaic and Leaf Distortion 43Cole Crops 44Downy Mildew 44Alternaria Leaf Spot 44White Rot 45Bacterial Black Rot 45Contents /vii

Onion and Garlic 46Damping Off 46Purple Blotch 46Stemphylium Leaf Blight 47Colletotrichum Blight/Anthracnose /Twister Disease 48Downy Mildew 49Fusarium Basal Rot/Basal Plate Rot 49White Rot 50Pink Root 50Black Mold 51Bacterial Rots 51Viral Diseases 52Leafy Vegetables 52Leaf Spots 52White Rot 53Radish 53Alternaria Blight 53Carrot 54White Rot 54Collar Rot 54Elephant Foot Yam 55Collar Rot 55Recommended IPM Practices for Important Vegetable Crops 57Management of Nematodes in Protected Vegetable Crops 63Procedure for Enrichment of Fym With Bio-Agents 65Some Useful Tips in Pest Mangement 67ANNEXURE I Occurrence of Fungal Diseases in Vegetable Crops 69ANNEXURE II Occurrence of Bacterial Diseases in Vegetable Crops 73ANNEXURE III Occurrence of Major Viral and Phytoplasmal Diseases of Vegetable crops 75ANNEXURE IV Fungicides/ Insecticides used for the Control of Vegetable Diseases/Pest 77ANNEXURE V Biopesticides, Pheromones used in IPM 79ANNEXURE VI Economic threshold level for some vegetable crop pests 81ANNEXURE VII List of Pesticides / Pesticides Formulations Banned in India 83viiiIntegrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

INTRODUCTIONIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) isa component of the agroecosystemmanagement technology for sustainablecrop production. It is a knowledge intensivesystem and background informationregarding the pest, abiotic and biotic factors,agroecosystem and management tacticsrequired for execution of IPM programmes.List indicating fungal diseases, Bacterialdiseases, viral and phytoplasmal diseasesin vegetable crops are given in Annexure I,Annexure II and Annexure III, respectively.Similarly, details of Fungicides/Insecticidesand Biopesticides, Phermones used inIPM of vegetables are given in AnnexureIV, and Annexure V, respectively. The Firstand foremost tool in IPM programme is todetermine the level of pest population,which is going to cause economic damage.In this context, Economic Threshold Level(ETL) and Economic Injury Level (EIL)are to be followed as index for initiatingeconomically viable control measures.ETL for some vegetable crops is given inAnnexure VI. Need based control strategynot only helps in reducing the pesticideconsumption and environmental abuse,but also helps in maintaining minimumpest population for survival of naturalenemies. Insecticides of plant origin, growthregulators, attractants/ repellants, bioagents,biopesticides, entomopathogenic bacteria,fungi and Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV),besides pheromone traps, sticky traps, andtrap crops can fit well in the IPM. Botanicals,being non-persistent and safe to mammals,possess good promise in pest management.A list of Pesticides/Pesticide Formulationswhich are banned in India is given inAnnexure VII.

INSECTMANAGEMENTTOMATOFruit Borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner)The adult is stout and medium-sized moth and hasa dark circular spot in the centre on the forewing.They lay small, single, and whitish round eggs on thetrifoliate leaves beneath the topmost flower cluster.Eggs hatch in about 3-4 days and the first instarslarvae initially feed on the leaves and migrate to thedeveloping green fruit later. The larvae bore into thefruits with the posterior end outside the hole. Fullgrowncaterpillars show characteristic whitish anddark brown longitudinal stripes.Borer damaged fruitsLarvaNPV infected larvaMarigold as a trap crop in IPM of tomato

ManagementUnder Open Conditions:Effective management can be done by adoptingmarigold as trap crop.Giving sprays of Ha NPV @ 250 LE /ha at 28,35 and42 days after transplanting.Mechanical collection and destruction of boredfruit at periodic intervals (3-4 times) brings downthe borer incidence to less than 2 per cent.Under Protected Conditions:SprayHa NPV at 250 LE/ha + 1% jaggery alongwith sticker (0.5 ml/litre) during evenings whenthe larvae are young.For grown up larvae spay Indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 0.5ml/l or Thiodicarb 75 WP @ 1g/l.Serpentine Leaf Miner (Liromyza trifoliiBurgess)The tiny, metallic fly punctures the leaf lamina andfeeds on the oozing sap. It lays eggs on the outermargin of leaves. Within 2-3 days, whitish maggotshatch out of these eggs and start mining the leavesand pupate in 6-10 days. Pupation takes place inthe soil and occasionally on the leaf surface itself.Typical serpentine shaped tunnels are formed in theleaf lamina indicating the path of feeding by themaggots.Leaf miner damage on tomato leavesManagementOften the incidence starts from nursery itself.Hence, remove infected leaves at the time ofplanting or within a week of transplanting.Apply neem cake to furrows (open)/beds(polyhouse) @ 250 kg/ha at planting and repeatafter 25 days.Spray neem seed powder extract 4% or neem soap1% at 15-20 DAPS.In open conditions, if the incidence is high, removeinfected leaves and spray Triazophos 40 EC (1ml)mixed with 7.5 g neem/l.Under protected conditions avoid frequentspraying of synthetic pesticides. At the most,one spray of Deltamethrin 2.8 EC @ 1ml/l orCypermethrin 25 EC @ 0.5 ml/l or Triazophos 40 EC@ 2ml/l may be given, if required.Whiteflies (Bemicia tabacii)Whitefly is a well-known vector, which transmits tomatoleaf curl virus. It has piercing and sucking mouthpartand both nymphs and adults feed on lower surfaceof the leaves causing deformation of young leaves.Whiteflies also excrete honeydew, causing sooty mold.Under protected conditions whiteflies become morepersistent, which require extensive managementpractices as mentioned below.ManagementUse virus resistant hybrids.Raise nurseries in seedling trays under nylon netsor polyhouses.Spray Imidacloprid 200 SL (0.3ml/l) orThiomethoxam 25 WP (0.3 g/l) in nursery at 15days after sowing.Remove the leaf curl infested plants as soon asdisease symptoms are expressed. This helps inreducing source of inoculums of the disease.Drench the base of the seedlings with Imidacloprid200 SL (0.03ml/l) or Thiomethoxam 25 WP (0.3 g/l)before transplanting. If protreys are used for raisingnursery, drench the protreys with the chemicalsone day before transplanting.After transplanting give need-based sprays ofImidacloprid 20 SL (0.3ml/l) or Thiomethoxam25 WP (0.3 g/l) at 15 days after planting and donot repeat after fruiting stage as this may leaveharmful residues in fruits.4 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

IPM package in tomato under polyhouseRaise seedlings in protreys in polyhouse15 DAS(Days after seed sowing)One day before transplantingAt transplanting15 DAP (days after planting)25 DAP (days after planting)Post flowering and fruiting stageSpray the plants with Imidacloprid or Thiomethoam.Drench the base of seedlings with Imidacloprid orThiomethoxamApply neem cake 250 kg/ha.Spray the seedlings with Imidacloprid or ThiomethoxamApply neem cake 250 kg/haMonitor for pest like fruit borer, tobacco caterpillar, leaf miner,whitefly and red spider mite.Erect yellow sticky traps to monitor whitefly.Spray NPV according to the pest.Remove leaves severely infected with leaf miner/red spider miteSpray neem seed powder/neem soap for leaf miner.Spray synthetic acaricide/botanical in rotation to control red spidermite, spray systemic insecticide/botanical to control whitefly.BRINJALShoot and Fruit Borer (Leucinodeorbonalis Guen)This pest has developed resistance against all groupsof insecticides and management is very difficult. Theadult moths lay tiny white eggs singly on flower budsand other plant parts. Eggs hatch into small lightbrown larvae. Caterpillars feed inside the tender shootsbefore flowering and cause wilting of the affectedshoots. Later, the larvae bore into flowers; flowerLarva inside the stemlarvae bore into fruit6 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

ud and the grown up larvae migrate and bore fruitcontaminating them with excreta. When the incidenceis high, unopened flower buds swell and harbour theborer. Just before pupation, the grown up larvae comeout of the fruits and flower buds to pupate in silkycocoons on plant parts or debris.ManagementUse nylon net barrier for raising nurseries toeliminate pest incidence coming from nursery tomain field.Cut and destroy wilted insect damaged shoottips during pre-flowering and flowering period atweekly intervals.Regularly destruction of larvae in swollendamaged flower buds and fruits after each harvestis compulsory.Grow all round barrier crops like maize.Practice clean cultivation.Pheromone TrapUse of water traps loaded with pheromone @ 30 /Acrecan reduce the pest incidence to minimum level.Botanical and BioagentsApply neem or pongamia cake @ 250-500 kg/hato ridges at flowering and repeat 2 more times at30-45 days interval.Spray NSPE 4% or neem oil 2% at 10 days interval.Mix Cypermethrin 25 EC (0.75 ml/l) with neemsoap @ 7.5g/ l and spray.SprayBacillus thuringiensis formulation (1%)at weekly interval followed by release ofTrichogramma chilonis @ 2,50,000 /ha (50,000 /release -5 times at weekly intervals, starting fromflowering).Leafhopper (Amrasca biguttulabiguttula Ishida)Both adults and nymphs suck the sap from leaves. Theeggs are inserted into the midrib or veins. On hatchingthe nymphs move along the veins and nymphs suckthe leaf sap. On the older leaves, the damage is seenas yellowish-green mosaic patches followed by brownnecrosis and curling along the leaf margin.ManagementSoil application of neem cake 250 kg/ha followedby sprays of NSPE 4% or neem soap 1% at 10 daysinterval.Spray of systemic insecticides like Dimethoate30 EC @ 2ml/l or Imidacloprid 200 SL @ 0.3ml/l orAcephate 75 SP (1 g/l) at pre-flowering stage.Ash Weevil (Myllocerus subfasciatusGuerin)Ash weevil is an endemic pest feed on the foliage andcause saw teeth like damage along the leaf margin.The adults lay eggs in and around base of the plantsin soil and the hatching grubs feed on roots. Affectedplants wilt and dry up. Wilting is first noticed in patchesin a plot. One can notice very few roots in such wiltingplants when uprooted. Both the roots and plantbase show scraped damage. Grubs pupate in the soilencrustation.Ash weevil damage on brinjalManagementSoil application of neem cake at the time oftransplanting (@ 250 kg/ha) and repeat the neemcake application for 1 or 2 times at 30 and 60 DAP.Epilachna Beetle (Epilachnavigintioctopunctata, Fab.)Both the grubs and the adult beetles scrape the leavesin semi-circular or half moon shaped fashion. Femaleslay torpedo shaped, 15-50 yellowish eggs on theventral surface of leaves. Heavy infestation result inleaf skeletonization. Pupation takes place on the plantitself.INSECT MANAGEMENT/BRINJAL7

Other PestsGall midge (Asphondylia sp), stem borer (Euzopheraperticella), leaf roller, (Eublemma olivacea (Walker) ), lacewing bug, (Urentius echinus) and thrips, (Sericothripssolanifolii) also attack the crop.ManagementRaise the nurseries with the nylon net barrier.Most of these pest can be managed by applicationof neem cake @ 250 kg/ha and repeating the sametreatment 2-3 times at 30 days interval for 2-3times.Adult beetleManagementCollect and destroy adult beetles.Spray any contact insecticide like Carbaryl 50 WP@ 3g/l or 40 EC @ 1.5 ml/l if required.Red Spider Mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch)Tiny mites feed mainly on the lower surface of theleaves by scrapping the epidermis causing yellowingof leaves followed by foliage drying. Practices detailedunder tomato can be adopted for its control.Reniform Nematode (Rotylenchulusreniformis)The infected plants show yellowing and reduced sizeof the leaves and fruits and thus affecting the yieldpotential.Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyneincognita, M. javanica)The root-knot nematodes cause root galls on thefeeder roots which sometimes affect the entire rootsystem showing heavy galling. This affects the uptakeof nutrition and water and the plant show wiltingduring warmer part of the day. Later, stunting ofplants with yellow foliage and reduction in yield isvery common.Red spider mites damage on brinjalManagementSpray of Dicofol 18.5 EC @ 2.5 ml or any otheracaricide like wettable sulphur 75 WP @ 3 g/l.As an alternative to the chemical acaricides, sprayof neem soap/pongamia soap 1% on the undersurface of the leaves.Root-knot infected plant8 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

ManagementSeed treatment with bio-pesticide-Pseudomonasfluorescens @ 10 g/kg seed.Nursery bed treatment with T. harzianum @ 50 g/sq.m.Apply 2 tons of farmyard manure enriched withT.harzianum and Paecilomyces lilacinus per acrebefore planting, along with 100-200 kg of neem orpongamia cake.Apply Carbofuran 1G @ 1kg ai/ha at transplanting.CHILLI AND CAPSICUMThrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis)Thrips are minute insects with fringed wings, seriousduring dry periods of high temperature. Both adultand nymphs suck the sap from young developingleaves. Affected leaves curl upwards along the marginand get crinkled and reduced in size. They also feedon floral parts and fruits. Fruit damage result in roughbrown patches affecting their quality and drasticallyreducing the market value.ManagementApply neem cake @ 250 kg/ha to plant beds whileplanting and repeat after 30 days.Spray Acephate 75 SP@ 1.0g/l or Fipronil 5 SC @1ml/l or ethofenprox 10 EC @ 1ml/l in rotation.Spray Acephate 75 SP (0.5 gm) + pongamia oil (2ml)+1 ml sticker in one litre water after emulsifying(shaking thoroughly in a bottle).White or Yellow Mites(Polyphagotarsonemus latus)These are very minute mites and cannot be seenby naked eyes. Damage is more in hot and humidconditions. Adults and nymphs scrape terminalleaves and auxiliary shoots. As a result, leaves becomenarrow, twisted with elongated petiole. The damageis characterized by downward curling of leaves andstunted growth of plants and dropping of flowers.Yellow mite damage on capsicumFruit discolourationLeaf damage due to thrips in capsicumThrips damage on capsicum fruitsManagementApply wettable sulphur 80 WP @ 3g/l or anyacaricide (directing the spray on the ventral surfaceof leaves).Spray pongamia oil (2ml/l) mixed with acaricides.Spray neem seed powder extract 4% at 10 daysinterval when the pest incidence is low. As andwhen the pest incidence increases, spray withsynthetic acaricides like Dicofol 18.5 EC @ 2.5ml/land repeat the spray after 10 days, if required.Under protected conditions spary acaricides likeAbamectin 1.9 EC @ 0.5ml/l or Dicofol 18.5 EC @2.5 ml/l or Fenazaquin 10 EC@ 1ml/l in rotationwith plant products like pongamia oil or neem oil(8-10 ml/l) or neem soap (10g/l) when the leavesstart curling down with all the precautions.INSECT MANAGEMENT/CHILLI AND CAPSICUM9

Aphids (Aphis gossypi andMyzus persicae)These are small green insects and suck the sap fromtender leaves and flower buds. Excretion of honeydewby aphids promotes sooty mould growth, therebyreducing photosynthesis and fruit quality. Aphids alsoact as vectors for transmitting mosaic virus disease.ManagementSpray Acephate 75 SP @ 1g/l or Dimethoate 30 EC@ 2 ml/l in rotation when required.Remove all the virus affected plants and destroy.BorersTobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura and tomato fruitborer, H. armigera are also serious pest in chilli andcapsicum. These affect the market value of the chillicrop to a great extent, if proper care is not taken.Tobacco caterpillar damage on capsicumManagementSpray specific NPV of the borer species.Inundative release of Trichogramma sp.Use marigold as trap crop (one row of marigold forevery 18 rows of chilli) for managing H. armigera.Collect and destroy eggs masses and immaturelarvae of S. litura.Use poison baiting (10 kg rice flour + 1kg of jaggery+ 250 g of Methomyl 40 SP) for S. litura and repeatthe baiting 2-3 times if necessary.ForS. exigua, spray Indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 0.75 ml/l orSpinosad @ 0.75 ml/l or Thiodicarb 75 WP@ 0.75 g/l.Sometimes tomato fruit borer and tobaccocaterpillar may also attack capsicum underpolyhouse. Follow the management practicesgiven under tomato.Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyneincognita)Root-knot nematodes cause root galls on the feederroots which sometimes affect the entire root systemshowing heavy galling. This affects the uptake ofnutrition and water and the plants also show wiltingduring warmer part of the day. Later, stunting of plantswith yellow foliage and reduction in yield is verycommon.ManagementManagement practices given under tomato andbrinjal are also effective on chillies.IPM package in capsicum under polyhouseRaise seedlings in protreys in polyhouseAt transplantingApply neem cake 250 kg/ha.15 DAP30 DAPPost flowering and fruiting stageSpray Acephate for thripsApply neem cake 250 kg/haPost flowering and fruiting stage monitor for pest like fruit borer,tobacco caterpillar, thrips and yellow mite.Spray NPV according to the pest.Spray Acephate / Fipronil / Ethofenprox / Acephate + pongamia oilin rotation for thrips control.Spray synthetic acaricide / botanical in rotation to control yellow mite.10 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

OKRALeafhoppers (Amrasca biguttula biguttula)Hoppers lay pear shaped, elongated and yellowishwhite eggs in the veins on the under surface of leaves.Both the adults and nymphs suck the cell sap. Nymphsmove diagonally when disturbed. There are 10 to12 overlapping generations in a year. Plants loosetheir vitality and affected leaves turn yellow and curlupwards. When the infestation is high during summer,leaves turn brick red and show large necrotic spots,which is often confused with fungal infection.ManagementApply neem cake @ 250 Kg/ha to soil immediatelyafter germination and repeat after 30 days.In the initial stages of crop before flowering spraysystemic insecticide like Acephate 75 SP (1ml/l)or Imidacloprid (0.3 ml/l). Once the fruit harveststarts avoid systemic insecticides.Spray neem or pongamia soaps @ 0.5% orpulverized neem seed powder extract (NSPE) 4%at the lower surface of the leaves.Shoot and fruit borer (Earias vittella andE. insulana)Spotted bollworms are active throughout the yearreaching peaks during March-May and August-October. Female lays green coloured eggs withlongitudinal ridges on buds, flowers and fruits. Likebrinjal shoot and fruit borer, the infestation is seen onshoots before and after flowering, feed exclusively onfruits. Infested shoots wither and wilt.ManagementCollect and destroy the affected fruits and stems.Apply neem cake @ 250 kg/ha after germinationand repeat two more times at 30 days interval andspray neem soap 1% or NSPE 4%. Spray at 10 daysinterval.During rainy season, spray effective contactinsecticides like Indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 0.75 ml/l.A waiting period of minimum one week to bemaintained.Avoid staggered planting.Aphids (Aphis gossypii)This is a polyphagous pest, feeding in colonies andcompletely covers the shoot tips, buds and lowersurface of leaves. Both nymphs and adults suck thesap. They also excrete honeydew on which sootymould develops.ManagementClip and destroy infested shootsThoroughly spray neem or pongamia soap (1%)or pulverized neem seed powder extract (NSPE)4%. During pre-flowering period spray systemicinsecticides like Dimethoate 30 EC (2ml/l) orAcephate 75 SP or Acetamiprid.Petiole Maggot (Melanagromyzahibisci Spencer)This is a dipteran fly and attacks the crop throughoutthe growth period. Generally drying of leaves is noticed.If petioles of such leaves are opened, yellow maggotand pupae can be noticed. Pest attacks immediatelyafter germination and may cause mortality, or crackingof main stem.Fruit borer damage on okraManagementApply neem cake @ 250 kg/ha immediately aftergermination and repeat after 30 days followed bysprays of NSPE 4% or neem soap 1% at 10 daysinterval after flowering.INSECT MANAGEMENT/OKRA11

Whitefly (Bemesia tabaci)It is a polyphagous vector transmitting yellow veinmosaic disease (YVM). It lays eggs on the lowersurface of leaves. Both the adult and the nymph feedby sucking leaf sap. They excrete honeydew, whichresults in sooty mould. At present many varieties andhybrids resistant to YVM are available in market andhence, disease management is very easy.ManagementGrow YVM resistant varieties/hybridsApply neem cake @ 250 kg/ha at germination andagain at 30 DAP followed by sprays of pulverizedneem seed powder extract 4% or neem oil 1%.Spray Imidacloprid 200 SL @ 0.3ml/l orThiomethoxam 0.3 gm/l (should not be sprayedafter flowering stage)Mites (Tetranychus cinnobarinus,Oligonychus coffeae)The infestation of mites is mostly observed duringthe warm and dry periods of the season. Nymphs andadults lacerate the leaves resulting in whitish greypatches and affected leaves become mottled, turnbrown and fall.ManagementSpray Dicofol 18.5 EC @ 2.5 ml or any other acaricidelike wettable sulphur 50 WP @ 3g/l.As an alternative to synthetic acaricides, sprayneem soap/pongamia soap 1%.Thoroughly spray on the under surface of theleaves for good control.Apply 2 tons of farmyard manure enriched withPochonia chlamydosporia and Paecilomyceslilacinus per acre before sowing, along with 100-200 kg of neem or pongamia cake.In case of severe incidence, apply Carbofuran 1.5kg ai/ha.CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES(Cabbage, Cauliflower, etc.)Diamond Back Moths (DBM)(Plutella xylostella L.)Diamond back moths are small grayish brown insectsbearing whitish triangular spots on posterior marginsof the forewings and while resting the wings cometogether and form a diamond pattern. This is a majorpest of cruciferous crops, particularly cabbage andcauliflower during January-June and also during dryperiods in monsoon. Eggs are yellowish white, andare laid singly on tender leaves. A single female maylay about 40-60 eggs. Incubation period is 3-6 days.The first instar larvae mine the epidermal surface ofthe leaves. Second instars onwards the larvae feedexternally by making holes in the leaves. Pupationoccurs inside silken cocoon on the plants, which lastfor 4-6 days. The complete life cycle from egg to eggtakes place in about 20-25 days.Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyneincognita, M. javanica)The root-knot nematodes typically cause root gallson the feeder roots, affecting the uptake of nutritionand water. The above ground symptoms are, stuntingof the plant with yellow foliage often mistaken fornutrient deficiency symptoms. The reduction in size offruits is often accompanied by fresh flower drop.Damage on cabbageLarvaeManagementSeed treatment with bio-pesticidefluorescens @ 10g/kg seed.PseudomonasMustard as a trap crop in cauliflower and cabbages12 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

ManagementSow Indian mustard as a trap crop.Spray neem seed powder extract @ 4% or neemsoap 1% or pongamia soap 1% thoroughlycoverage to the crop canopy.Install light traps (3-4 with 60 or 100 Watt bulbs /acre) to control adults. For one acre plot use 3-4light traps (60 or 100 Watt bulbs) by hangingabove a bucket half filled with water. Alternatively,hang the bulb above a gunny bag (slating below)smeared with grease or oil. Illuminate the bulbs forfull night. Adults of DBM will get attracted to lightand get trapped in the water/oil. Use the light trapsfor 3-4 days for effective control of DBM adults.As this pest has developed resistance against manyinsecticides, use of effective insecticide currentlyavailable in market is essential.Follow the detailed IPM package as given at the endof the section of pests of cruciferous vegetables.The adults migrating from neighbouring plots areto be controlled by using light traps spraying anaffective insecticide.Leaf Webbers (Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller)The moths lays eggs in clusters of 40-100 on leafsurface, which hatch in 5-7 days. Young larvae feedgregariously and later web the leaves together andfeed within. This results in rotting of cabbage headand cauliflower curds. The larval period lasts for 25-20days while pupation occurs in soil, which varies from15-40 days.ManagementCollect and destroy egg masses and gregariouslarvae.Spray any contact insecticide on the foliage whenthe larvae are observed.Spray neem seed kernel extract 4% or pulverizedneem seed powder extract (NSPE) 4%.Stem Borer (Hellula undalis Zeller)The adult moths lays eggs singly on leaves, the hatchedlarvae mine the leaves along side veins. The grownup larvae bore into stems preventing head initiation,which results in multiple shoots and multiple headformation.ManagementSpray the seedlings with an effective contactinsecticide before planting followed by one morespray at 10 DAP, particulary for summer and kharifcrop (March-July).Spray pulverized Neem Seed Powder Extract(NSPE) 4%.Aphids (Brevicoryne brassicaeLinn,Myzus persicae Sulzer )Aphids suck the sap, devitalize the plants affectingthe quality of head or curds and become severe whencontract insecticides are sprayed regularly. Directfeeding on young growth leads to wilting of plants.Early attack may lead to stunted growth. Symptomsof viruses transmitted by B. brassicae include mosaic,chlorotic and necrotic lesion on leaves. M. persicae isthe most important aphid virus vector.Leaf webber damage on cabbageMyzus persicaeBrevicoryne brassicaeINSECT MANAGEMENT/CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES (Cabbage, Cauliflower, etc.)13

ManagementSpray any systemic insecticide like Dimethoate 3EC @ 2ml/l when the aphids are observed.Spray pulverized neem seed powder extract(NSPE) 4%.Follow mustard trap crop IPM as mustard willattract all aphids after flowering and main cropwill be spared of the pest incidence.MINOR PESTTobacco Caterpillar (Spodopteralituara Fab.)The moths lay eggs in groups and young larvae uptothird instar feed gregariously and skeletonises theleaves. Grown up larvae completely devour the leavesand other plant parts in case of severe incidence.During high incidence, attain cutworm status, hideduring daytime, come out during night and devastatethe crop.Tobacco caterpillar damage on cabbage headManagementCollect and destroy egg masses and gregariousfeeding larvae.Scouting regularly helps to locate egg masses andskelietonised leaves.Poison baiting (10 kg rice/wheat flour + 1 kg ofjaggery + 500 g of Methomyl formulation peracre)- Mix the flour with jaggery, leave for 6-8 hrs,in the morning. In the evening add insecticideand mix carefully by wearing gloves with a stick.Sprinkle the mixture in furrows. The fermentingjaggery attracts the caterpillars and will be killeddue to poison baiting. Repeat the baiting 2-3 daysfor total control.Other Minor PestsGram caterpillar, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner),Mustard saw fly Athalia lugens proxima (Klug) are someof the minor pests of cruciferous vegetables whichfeed on the foliage deteriorating the market quality ofheads and curds.ManagementMechanical control is very effective for gramcaterpillar as the grown up caterpillars hide insidethe hole and insecticide spray is not useful.Spray Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5 ml/l for mustardsaw fly.LEGUMINOUS VEGETABLESPod BorersA complex of pod borers viz., Lampides boeticusL., Maruca testulalis Geyer, Adisura atkinsoni (Lethierry),L. boeticus, Helicoverpa armigera affects the leguminouscrops by feeding floral parts and pods resulting inreducing their marketable quality.Lycaenid Borer (Lampides boeticus L.)This is a butterfly pest and commonly known as peablue. The eggs are laid singly in flowers and flowersbuds. In peas, the larvae bore into young pods. Theentry hole gets blocked after sometime. However, inlablab, the larvae bore into flower buds. The pest canbe monitored by the presence of the bored holes.When the larvae attains fourth instars, they migrateand cause extensive damage to flower buds and pods.Hence, control measures need attention in the earlystages of pest incidence.ManagementIn peas, spray at flowering as soon as eggs arenoticed with Cypermethrin 25 EC@ 2.5 ml/l orIndoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 0.5 ml/l.In lablab, spray at flower bud stage, when onan average about 1 flower bud is damaged perinflorescence.14 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

serious during dry periods of Kharif (June- August) andafter January-February when temperature increasesabove 30 0 C and can cause more than 70% mortalityof the plants. The adults are small flies and lay eggsin the unifoliate leaves that come immediately aftergermination. It punctures the leaf, lays eggs underthe leaf epidermis which turn into white spots, oftenconfused with disease. These dried ovipositionalcavities are observed within 2-3 days of germinationof seeds. The larvae mine the leaf lamina, veins, midrib,and petiole and enter the stem resulting in mortality.The incidence is high during prolonged dry spellsbetween rains, particularly in June-July months. Whenthe incidence is early and high, plants invariably die.This mortality is noticed only after 25-30 days, whenthe plants are about to flower. Any control measurestaken at that time is not useful.ManagementApply neem cake 250 kg/ha immediately aftergermination. Do not delay, particularly duringkharif period.Monitor the plants for adult activities, puncturemarks and petiole mining soon after germination.As soon as a few adults are noticed hovering overthe crop, spray Acephate 75 WP @ 0.75 g/l or PNSPE4% or neem soap 1% or neem formulation with10000 ppm Azadirachtin 2 ml/l. The botanicals getwashed away by rain and become ineffective if itrains within 1-2 days of spray.Give second spray after 12-20 days of sowing if5 leaves show petiole mining symptoms per 10leaves.neem soap 1% or neem formulation with morethan 10000 ppm Azadirachtin 2-3 ml/l at 20 and30 DAP.Spray Acephate 0.75 ml/l or Dimethoate 30 EC @2ml per litre at 20 and 30 DAP.Leafhoppers (Empoasca kerri Pruthi)The greenish yellow nymphs and adults suck the sap.During September-October after onset of north-eastmonsoon, the pest becomes very serious causingwithering of the foliage and plants.ManagementIt can easily be controlled by any systemic insecticideor neem soap sprays as given under okra and brinjal.Beetle feeding on cucurbit leafBean Fly (O. centrocematis)This species is specific to peas and lays eggs in thebase of the stem resulting in drying of the leaves, fromthe base. Hence, the first symptom is drying of the firstprimitive leaf at the base, which occurs after about 20days of sowing.ManagementApply neem cake 250 kg per hectare to the ridgesimmediately after germination followed by spraysof pulverized neem seed powder extract 4% orRed pumpkin beetle16 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

CUCURBITACEOUSVEGETABLESRed Pumpkin Beetle (Aulacophorafoveicollis Lucas & A. lewisii Baly)The adults are small, elongated yellow and defoliatethe leaves immediately after germination. The larvaefeed on roots and plant parts.ManagementMechanically collect and destroy the pest ifincidence is low.If the pest incidence is very severe, spray Indoxacarb14.5 SC @ 0.5 ml/l or Cabaryl 50 WP 4g/l or 25 EC @2ml/l or Chlorpyriphos 20 EC2.5ml/l.Serpentine Leaf Miner (Liriomyza trifoliiBurgess)This is an introduced pest occurring on many cucurbitvegetables. Heavy incidence is noticed in watermelon,pumpkin, cucumber, etc. However, bitter gourd seemsto be resistant. A native larval parasitoid, Hemiptarsenusvericornis is the major parasitoid on this pest.ManagementSoil application of neem cake @ 250 kg/haimmediately after germination.Destroy cotyledon leaves with leaf mining at 7days after germination.Spray PNSPE @ 4% or neem soap 1% or neemformulation with 10000 ppm or more (2ml/l)after 15 days sowing and repeat after 15 days, ifnecessary.If the incidence is high first remove all severelyinfected leaves and destroy. Then mix neem soap5 gm and hostothion 1 ml/l and spray. After oneweek, spray neem soap 1% or PNSPE or neemformulation with 10000 ppm or more (2ml/l).Never spray the same insecticide repeatedly.Fruit Fly (Bactocera cucurbitae Coquillett).This is the major pest of cucurbits. The damage bymaggots results in rotting of young and ripened fruitsor drying and shriveling of fruits before maturity.Sometimes even the base of the plant gets attackedand plant start wilting. The incidence is more in wetclimate.ManagementUse resistant varieties.Soil application of neem cake @ 250 kg/haimmediately after germination and repeat atflowering followed by sprays of neem soap 1% orPNSPE 4% at 10 days interval after flowering.Crush pumpkin 1 kg and add 100 gm jaggery and10 ml Malathion and keep in the plot (4-6 placesper acre). Adults are attracted to the fermentingpumpkin and lay eggs and get killed. Repeat theprocess 2-3 times in the cropping season.Erect cuelure (para pheromone trap) 3 per acre toattract and trap male fruit flies.Spray Carbaryl 50 WP @ 3 gm/l or Indoxacarb0.5 ml/l.Red Spider Mite (Tetranychusneocaledonicus Andre)This pest is serious on cucurbits during warmer climate.Colonies of mites with in silk web can be observed onventral leaf surface when incidence is high.ManagementSpray neem or pongamia soap at 1% on lowersurface thoroughly.Alternately, spray Dimethoate 30 EC @ 2ml/l orEthion 50 EC @ 1ml/l or Wettable Sulphur 80 WP@ 3g/l.Thrips (Thrips palmi Karny)Both nymphs and adults feed on the young shoot tipsand floral parts and is suspected vector of Tospo virus.They are serious during summer months.ManagementSoil application of neem cake (once immediatelyafter germination and again at flowering) followedby NSPE @ 4% and neem soap 1% alternately at10-15 days interval.INSECT MANAGEMENT/CUCURBITACEOUS VEGETABLES17

Spray any systemic insecticides like Acephate 75SP @ lg/l or Dimethoate 30 EC @ 2ml/l.Leaf Eating Caterpillar (Dipahania(=Margaronia) indica Saund)Long shining caterpillars feed on leaves and fruits.Apply neem cake to soil immediately after germination.Spray any contact insecticides like Carbaryl 50 WP @3g/l. Neem or pongamia soap @ 0.75% also effectivelymanages this pest.Soil application of neem cake (once immediatelyafter germination and again at flowering) followedby NSPE @ 4% and neem soap 1% alternately at10-15 days interval.Spray Carbaryl 50 WP @ 3g/l or Indoxacarb 0.5ml/l.Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyneincognita)The root-knot nematodes cause root galls from theinitial stages of the crop growth. The larvae feed onthe roots, which show typical galls, and later the entireroot system shows heavy galling. The foliage becomeslight yellowish; the plants become stunted and resultsin flower and fruit drop. In spite of irrigation the plantsappear sick and drooping during daytime.ManagementSeed treatment with bio-pesticide Pseudomonasfluorescens @ 10g/kg seed.Apply Carbofuran 3 G @ 1kg ai/ha at sowing andrepeat after 45 days.Apply 2 tons of FYM enriched with Pochoniachlamydosporia and Paecilomyces lilacinus per acrebefore sowing, along with 100-200 kg of neem orpongamia cake.ONION AND GARLICThrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman)Thrips feed on a wide range of cultivated plantsand weeds. Some of the principal alternate hostsinclude cabbage, cotton, tomato, cucumber, melons,pumpkins, strawberries and many flowering plants.Thrips are pestiferous in diverse ways. They causedirect damage to leaves and bulbs, aggravate fungaldiseases and even vector virus.Thrip damages onionDamage of bulb leavesThrips hide deep inside flowersThrip damageduring bulb intender leavesCongregationof thripsdevelopmentManagementMonitoring: Sticky traps are commonly used fordetecting thrips population. Various colours werefound attracting different species of thrips in variousgeographical areas; widely used ones are yellow andbright blue traps.CulturalGood crop management practices can be readilymanipulated to the disadvantage of thrips.Field sanitation techniques such as removingalternate weed host on bunds and destruction ofculls of onion and garlic are helpful to some extentin bringing down thrips population.Avoid successive planting of onion and garlic orother preferred host. Therefore, planting in upwinddirection could be helpful in escaping infestationfrom old planting to some extent in the initialstages.Planting DateBy making adjustments in transplanting dates, onionscan be made tolerant to early thrips attack andsatisfactory yields can be obtained with minimumchemical intervention.18 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

MulchingThrips being colour-sensitive, coloured mulchesmay be employed for their control.Reflective plastic silver colour and aluminiumpainted black mulches were effective in repellingthe thrips in seed crop.IrrigationSprinkler irrigation reduces thrips populationconsiderably compared to drip and surface irrigation.Insects would be washed off or drowned in the wateraccumulated in the leaf bases. Due to continuousretention of moisture in the soil, the pupae get rotten.In case of garlic, sprinklers are not that effective asin case of onion mainly due to the closer inner leafalignment that protects the thrips from splashes ofwater.BarriersTwo rows of maize or inner row of wheat and outerrow of maize surrounding the onion plots.Biological ControlThese include lady beetles, minute pirate bugs,ground beetles, big-eyed bugs, lacewings, hoverflies, predatory mites and spiders. So far limitedsuccess has been achieved in biological control ofT. tabaci in many parts of the world.A predator, minute pirate bug, Orius tantillus andanthocorid bug, found effectively feeding onthrips on garlic.Metarhizium ansopliae, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus,Verticillium lecani and Frankliniella also killed T.tabaci sp. Mortality of thrips was highest with B.bassiana at 26 0 C and 75% RH.Plant ResistanceCommercial varieties, N-2-4-1 and Pusa Ratnar werefound resistant to T. tabaci in Punjab but the formerwas susceptible to thrips in Maharashtra. The varietyB-780 is moderately resistant to thrips. In Bihar, PusaRed and N-53 had lowest thrips population while ArkaNiketan had highest infestations.BotanicalsNeem was found effective when mixed with insecticides.ChemicalMany insecticides like dimethoate (0.06%) and MethylDemeton (0.05%) are recommended for thrips control.Cypermethrin at 60 g ai/ ha offers good control of thispest. Carbosulfan (0.05%) and Lambda cyhalothrinalso effectively suppress thrips population.The secret of thrips control in onion lies in theplacement of the insecticide. It is necessary forthe product to reach the base of the leaves wherethe majority of the thrips area is located. Unlikeother crops, onion and garlic require higherpressure and spray volume for good coverage offoliage. Addition of a spreader or sticker (0.05-1.0%)is useful for retention and spread of spray fluid onerect leaves of onion. Avoid repeated use of thesame insecticide to minimise development ofinsecticide resistance.In seed crop, control of thrips is often difficult. Theumbels will provide excellent hiding site and it isdifficult to reach them with insecticide.From the beginning, seed crop should bemonitored regularly for thrips and should becontrolled well before flowers open.Avoid sprays after flower opening.If necessary, safer insecticide should be used latein the evening when no bees are foraging.Maggot (Delia antique)Symptoms: Onion maggot is more restricted to coolercoastal climates where onions are grown on organicand muck soils. Maggot is primarily a pest of onionsand do not cause economic damage to garlic. Thispest occurs in some parts of north India.Pest ManagementCulturalAvoid planting in soils that are high inundecomposed organic matter.Avoid close spacing while planting.Control of D. antique is exceptional in areas wherecrop rotation was followed in the previous year.Host Plant Resistance: No resistant varieties areavailable against maggot.INSECT MANAGEMENT/ONION AND GARLIC19

Biological: Ground beetle is a good predator andestablishing grassy refuse strips in onion crop willenhance the beetle population and reduce the maggotpopulation.they can cut off the radical before the plants becomeestablished.Chemical controlApplication of Pirimiphos Methyl or Deltamethrinat 2ml/lit.Fipronil 80WG (@25 g ai/kg) and Cyromazine (75WP @ 50 g ai/kg), an insect growth regulator asseed treatment were recommended.Army Worms (Spodoptera exigua, S.litura)and Helicoverpa armigera HubnerThis pest occurs sporadically on onion grown for seed.Larvae feed inside the stem and move upward to reachthe base of the umbel at early stages of flowering.Subsequently it invades the umbel and feeds onseeds. Arka Niketan was least attached.Infestation of pest on umbelClose up of pestPest ManagementPheromone traps can be placed at 125 cm heightand dispenser should be regularly replaced foreffective trapping.NPV and Bt can also be employed for control ofthe pest.Insecticides like Cypermethrin, Quinolphos,Acephate, etc. can be used if infestation is more.Bulb Mite (Rhizoglyphus robini Claparede)This pest infests the bulbs by penetrating the outerlayer of tissue. The plants wilt and rot as opportunisticfungi and bacteria gain entry inside the bulbs. Bulbmites can reduce plant stands, stunt plant growth, andpromote rot of bulbs in storage. On seeded onions,Mite infested bulbManagementDecaying cole crops, especially cauliflower, mayharbour very high bulb mite populations in thefield.Avoid planting successive onion or garlic crops.Flood irrigation or heavy rains may reduce mitelevels in the soil.In garlic, sow clean seed cloves.Hot water treatment of seed garlic before plantingmay reduce mite infestationSoil drenching with Dicofol at 2 ml/1 or soilapplication of powdered sulfur effectively reducethe mite population considerably. Fumigation withMethyl Bromide @16 g/m 3 for 3 h or 10 g/m 3 for 6 his recommended for control of mobile phases ofthe mite in stored garlic.Eriophyid Mite (Aceria tulipae Keifer)Garlic plants infested with mite show symptoms likestunting, twisting, curling and yellow mottling andreduce the plant stand as well as yield. Mites alsoattack the stored garlic bulbs. Most of the mites arelocated at the basal portion of cloves and make themdry and desiccated.Mite is capable of transmitting viruses such as wheatyellow streak mosaic virus in wheat, garlic mosaic virusand onion mosaic caused by Allium 1 virus.20 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

Hot water treatment of seed garlic at 55 and 60 0 Cfor 10 minutes was also effective but affects clovesprouting capacity.Fumigation with Methyl Bromide at 32 g/m 3 for 2h at 80 0 F or 3 g/m 3 Aluminium Phosphide for 72 hin airtight plastic box has been recommended forthe control of mite in stored garlic.Red Spider Mite (Tetranychuscinnabarinus)Symptoms: Tetranychid mites are found through outthe world on major vegetable crops. This is emergingas a regular mite pest in onion and garlic.Garlic plants infested with miteManagementFlood irrigation or heavy rains may reduce fieldpopulations.Avoid planting successive onion or garlic crops.Wettable Sulfur 0.3% + Dimethoate (0.03%)as pre-sowing and post-sowing treatment isrecommended.Seed dressing and plant stand treatments with0.5% Sulfur and 0.1% Dimethoate are also effectivein controlling mites.Red spider mitesAttack of red mite on leavesManagementSpraying miticides like Dicofol and Ethion.Even a thorough water spray also washes off themites from the plant.INSECT MANAGEMENT/ONION AND GARLIC21

DISEASEMANAGEMENTTOMATOAlternaria Blight (Alternaria solani,A. alternata f.sp. lycopersici)SymptomsIrregular leaf spots mostly appear from marginalportion of leaves. In many tomato cultivars, symptomsare V shaped and progress towards midrib. Theselesions are having prominent yellowing on their outermargin due to host specific toxin produced by thepathogen. Mostly disease appears in vegetative phaseof plant growth before flowering. Symptoms of earlyblight appear on all above ground parts of the plant.Pre and post emergence damping off in seedbeds alsooccurs.Field sanitation by plucking the lower leaves andburning of infected crop debris.Summer ploughing to increase the desiccation ofpathogen and infected plant parts.Minimize relative humidity in plant canopy forpreventing the infection.Two spray of Chlorothalonil @0.2% at 8 daysinterval is effective against the disease but spraymust be started soon after infection on floral part.Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans)SymptomsBlight appears on foliage as light-pale green watersoaked dead area. The lesions are wet in morning anddried, shriveled in daylight. It enlarges rapidly untilentire leaves are killed and exposing all the fruits forinfection. In moist and cloudy weather a downy whitefungus develops near the outer margin of lesion onunderside of the leaves. Green and ripe fruit affectedby the blight appear as greenish brown and internaltissues become spongy with bad odour.Elongated & concentric on stem/fruit lesions/ foliage due to alternariaManagementCrop rotation with non-solanaceous host isessential for effective reduction of inoculum.Healthy seeds should be collected only fromdisease-free fruits.Phytophthora blight on green fruits

ManagementAlways use healthy and certified seeds collectedfrom disease-free area.Infected crop debris and fruits must be collectedfrom the field and burnt.Preventive sprays of Mancozeb@ 0.25% providegood control in cloudy, cold and drizzling weatherbut spray interval should be 5 to 7 days.One spray of Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb@0.2% is veryeffective when applied within two days of infectionbut repetitive sprays should not be given.Staking of plant reduces all phytophthora diseasesof tomato.Collar Rot (Sclerotium rolfsii)SymptomsThe first symptom of disease is observed as soft tissuenecrosis of bark of the stem near soil line. White,cottony and silvery mycelial growth is clearly visibleon the affected portion. Fungal growth is also foundjust below the soil surface. Later on white to lightbrown mustard like sclerotium is observed on thesame portion. Progressive dropping and yellowingfollowed by wilting of the entire plant is observed.Sometime plants collapse soon after infection. Thedisease is soil borne where pathogen survives in theform of sclerotia.It has wide host range and causes severe problem ontomato, brinjal, chilli, cowpea, French bean, bottlegourd, sponge gourd, ash gourd, ridge gourd andelephant foot yam. The incidence in tomato alone is15-20% every year with 20-25% yield loss in farmersfield.Wilting by collar rotSclerotia on fruitsManagementUse crop rotation with cereals, corn, sorghum andmillets.Remove all the weeds from field.Avoid use of infested farmyard manure, soil cropdebris and compost in the field.Irrigate the soil in summer and plough the field todestroy germinating sclerotia.Green manuring followed by applicationof Trichoderma @ 5 kg/ha within a week ofploughing.Seedlings dip in Trichoderma@ 1% for 10 minutes.Avoid dense planting and maintain proper aerationnear collar region.Use Ammonium Nitrate as a fertilizer for nitrogensource.Drench Copper Oxychloride @ 0.3% near thecollar region followed by carbendazim @ 0.1% forimmediate control.Fungicide drenching should be done preferably inevening.Pseudocercospora Leaf Blight(Pseudocercospora fuligena)Olivacious black sooty growth of fungus was observedon the lower surface of the leaves. Symptoms areonly observed on the leaves. Leaf defoliate soonafter infection. No discoloration was observed on thecorresponding upper side of the leaves.24 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

ManagementCut the infected plant parts along with somehealthy portion in morning and carefully collect inpolythene to avoid falling of sclerotia in the field.Burn all these materials away from field.Foliar spray of Carbendazim @ 0.1% at floweringstage followed by spray of mancozeb @ 0.25% incool, cloudy and humid weather.Black moldy growth on foliageManagementCollect and burn the infected leaves.One spray of hexaconazole or triademefon orbitertanol @ 0.05% at 7-10 days interval.Be careful for selecting exotic hybrids andvarieties.White Rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)SymptomsInfection starts during flowering stage. Soft, wet, watersoaked rotting of stem, leaves, fruits, and flowers areobserved followed by white fungal growth over it.This mycelium develops honeydew stage soon aftercolonization. Later on after drying, the entire portionis converted into compact mycelial mat followed byhard sclerotial body. Fruits are severely affected wheresclerotia formed inside and outside of the fruits.The disease is observed in December to Januaryduring low temperature, cloudy weather and highatmospheric humidity accompanied by soil moisture.Fruit RotsSeveral fruit rotting pathogens viz. Pythium andPhytophthora affect green fruits while Rhizoctonia,Myrothecium, Colletotrichum, Phomopsis, Alternariaand Cladosporium affect matured fruits. Average40% yield loss is recorded every year due to fruit rotpathogen.SymptomsMyrothecium fruit rot on green as well as ripe fruitappeared as water soaked rotting with prominentconcentric zonation. White to black numerous bodieswere observed on each rings of rotting. Rhizoctoniafruit rot is most serious disease of kharif tomato.Symptoms appear as rhythmic rotting of fruitscoming with the soil contact. Rotting is immediatelyfollowed by cracking and fungal growth over it.Buckeye fruit rot caused by Phytophthora parasiticawas observed mostly in green fruits. Symptoms ofripe fruit rot caused by Colletorichum coccodes werealso observed, as black, dry and corky rotting withacervuli over it. Sclerotium fruit rot is very clear dueto white fungal mycelium and mustard grain likesclerotia over fruits. Sclerotinia fruit rot is havingbigger and irregular sclerotia over it. Generally lowerportion of fruits are infected which are coming in soilcontact.Sclerotinia on fruits rotRhizoctonia fruit rotMyrothecium fruit rotDISEASE MANAGEMENT/TOMATO25

ManagementAvoid the contact of fruit from soil by staking ofplant.Provide proper drainage in the field.Green manuring followed by soil application ofTrichoderma @ 5 kg/ha in soil is very effective inchecking most of the fruit rotting.Collect affected fruit and buy them to reduceprimary inoculums.to fruit initiation stage. The disease in prevalent inwarm humid weather when RH is more than 90% andtemperature is between 25 and 35 0 C.Grey Leaf Spot (Stemphillium solani)SymptomsSmall circular dark brown necrotic, numerous spotsappear all over the leaf lamina that is uniformlydistributed on entire foliage. Sometimes clear narrowyellow halo is visible around the spots. Usually thesespots are isolated but in later stage they coalesce toeach other. Severely infected older leaves blight andfall down. Small elongated to circular lesions appearon stem after brightening of leaves.ManagementPeriodical monitoring of the crop for initiation ofdisease from last fortnight of December to firstweek of January.Foliar spray of either Mancozeb @ 0.25% orChlorothalonil @ 0.2% two to three times at 7-10days interval.Restricted used of exotic hybrids.Removal and burning of all crop debris aftersenescence of the crop.Bacterial Spot (Xanthomonas campestrispv. vesicatoria)SymptomsSmall, dark spots appear on leaflets and stems ofseedlings transplanted crop. Numerous spots coalesceand cause severe burning of the leaves. Prominentyellow halo is observed around the spot. The mostconspicuous and damaging phase is infection ofimmature fruits. Small water soaked spots appear onexposed surfaces of the green and turning red fruits.These are slightly raised and corky is appearance.Disease appear in rainy season and continued upBacterial leaf blightBacterial canker on fruits26 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

ManagementSummer ploughing to desiccate the bacteria andhost.Soil solarization in nursery bed to avoid seedlinginfection.Rotation of nursery seedbed and main field.Seed should be collected from disease free plants.Seed dipped in streptocycline solution @ 100 ppm.Adopt intercropping of urd and mung as mulchesto prevent rain splash.One spray of Streptocycline @ 150-200 ppmfollowed by one spray of Copper Oxychloride @0.2% in afternoon.Use tolerant line of tomato like LE-415.One spray of copper oxychloride @ 0.3% afterfifteen days of antibiotic application.Bacterial Speck (Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato)SymptomsIt is characterized by absence of chlorotic halo aroundspot, crusty and comparatively larger spots. Sometimeyellow halo is observed in this Pseudomonas species. Thespots are necrotic, circular to roughly circular. As the fruitapproaches the pink stage, the tissue around the spotretains its green colour longer than normal. Small blackspots appear on leaf, petiole, pedicel, and pedunclewhile irregular, elongated lesions appear on stem.Bacterial speck is favoured by cool, moist, weather andtemperature range between 15 and 25 0 C. Generally,disease is observed in winter season when fruit startsripening.ManagementSeed dipping in Streptocycline solution @ 100ppm.Summer ploughing to desiccate the bacteria andhost.Seed should be collected from disease free plants.One spray of Streptocycline @ 150-200 ppm inafternoon.One spray of Copper Oxychloride @ 0.3% after 10days of antibiotic application.Leaf Curl Complex (Virus-transmitted bywhite fly as well as by mechanical injury)SymptomsDisease appear in severe forms during the month ofSeptember to November. Leaves show downwardrolling, curling, twisting and chlorosis. Plants showstunting, shortening of internodes, bushy appearance,no flowering and fruiting at later stage of virusinfection. Sometimes leaves show light and dark mottlesymptoms. Since geminivirus and TMV both virusesare involved in most of the infection, therefore it givesmixed infection of leaf curl complex in kharif tomato.Tomato leaf curl complexBacterial speak on leavesManagementRemoval of weed host from field near surroundingareas.Root dipping in Imidacloprid solution @ 4-5 ml perlitre of water for one hour during transplanting ofthe seedlings.DISEASE MANAGEMENT/TOMATO27

Nursery should be grown in nylone net to checkthe white fly infection.Seed treatment with hot water at 50° C or 10%trisodium phosphate solution for 25 minutes.Use barrier crop of taller non-host crops like maize,bajra and sorghum.Collect healthy seeds from disease free plants.Periodical sprays of systemic insecticides up toflower setting.Avoid mechanical injury during interculturaloperations.Use tolerant varieties.Roughing of infected plants soon after infection atinitial stage of growth.BRINJALPhomopsis Blight (Phomopsis vexans)SymptomsLeaves show clearly defined circular, light brown spotsmostly in lower leaves. Center of the spots is slightlylighter in colour. These spots are papery, often crackand some time shot hole. Sometime irregular, biglesions are also observed on leaves particularly in cooland humid weather. Stem lesions are started form basalpart near nodal region as gray dry rot with constriction.Bark partially dries but later on entire twig dries. Thisleads to drying of few twigs or partial wilting of someportions of plants. Pale to light brown sunken spotsdevelop on the old fruits. Individual spots expand andcoalesce to cover most part of the fruit.Avoid transplanting before September to checkthe twig blight phase.Crop rotation is required with cereals at leastthree-year.Use tolerant cultivars.Infected crop residue and fallend mummified fruitsshould be collected and burnt.Spray carbendazim @ 0.1% after 10 to 15 days oftransplanting and during flower setting.Rhizoctonia Root Rot (Rhizoctonia solani)SymptomsLesions start on stem near collar region at or below thesoil level and move downward into the roots. Later ondrooping and wilting of the plant is observed. Diseaseis more common in poorly drained soil and the fieldshaving prolonged excessive moisture.Rhizoctonia root rot & wiltingPhomopsis stem blightFruit rot & infected seedManagementTreatment of seed with carbendazim @ 0.25% isessential to eliminate seed inoculum.ManagementCrop rotation with sugarcane and wheat isimportant for inoculums reduction of this soilpathogen.All infected plants must be uprooted and burntalong with field sanitation by removing all theweeds.Summer ploughing followed by irrigation inbetween April to June and then again ploughingto reduce the activated soil inoculums.Green manuring in June and July followed by soilapplication of Trichoderma @ 5 kg/ha soon afterploughing of the sunhemp.28 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

Seedlings dip in Trichoderma @1% suspension for10 minutes before transplanting.Drenching of Trichoderma @ 1% suspension after15 days of transplanting and repeat at 15 daysintervals if required.Maintain proper drainage and aeration in the field.Balanced dose of fertilizers includingmicronutrients is effective for reducing thedisease.Drenching of Carbendazim @ 0.1% near collarregion is a costly control measure and moreoverensures the status of previously appliedTrichoderma during use of Carbendazim.Sclerotinia Rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)SymptomsInfection takes place on leaves, twigs, flowers andfruits. Water soaked lesions develop and the infectedtissue macerated by the pathogen. Plants start dyingfrom apical portion because primary infection alwaystakes place on flowers leading to rotting of adjoiningplant parts. Soft, wet, water soaked rotting of stem,leaves, fruits and flowers are observed followed bywhite fungal growth over it. Later on after drying ofthe entire portion of pith and fruits it is converted in tocompact mycelial mat followed by hard sclerotial body.These sclerotia become black after drying. Infection onlower portion of main stem results in complete wiltingof brinjal plant.Green manuring in June and July followed by soilapplication of Trichoderma @ 5 kg/ha soon afterploughing of the sunhemp.Crop debris and infected plant parts should becarefully cut along with some healthy part andcollected form the field in the morning. Theseshould be burnt without shattering and falling ofsclerotia in the field.Spray Carbendazim @ 0.1% soon after flowering.Alternate spray of Mancozeb @ 0.25% at 8-10 daysinterval of Carbendazim spray.Dense planting should be avoided to reduce theshade and humidity in plant canopy.Collar Rot (Sclerotium rolfsii)SymptomsThe first symptom of disease is observed as soft tissuenecrosis of bark of the stem near soil line. White,cotton like and silvery mycelium growth is clearlyvisible on the affected portion. Fungal growth wasalso found just below the soil surface. Later on whiteto light brown mustard like sclerotia is observed onthe same portion. Progressive dropping and yellowingor wilting of the entire plant is observed. Sometimeplants collapse soon after infection. The disease issoil borne where pathogen survives in the form ofsclerotia.Wilting and fungal structuresWhite rot on twig Stem rotting by sclerotiniaManagementCrop rotation with flooded rice is beneficial forreducing the soil inoculums.Summer ploughing in such a way that surface isburied deep.ManagementCarefully select crop rotation with cereals, corn,sorghum and millets because the pathogen ishaving broad host range.Remove all the weeds particularly dicot from field.Avoid use of infected farmyard manure, soil,compost, etc. in the field.DISEASE MANAGEMENT/BRINJAL29

Irrigate the soil in summer and plough the field todestroy germinating sclerotia. Green manuring followed by application ofTrichoderma @ 5 kg/ha withings a week ofploughing.Seedlings dipped in Trichoderma @ 1% for 10minutes.Avoid dense planting and maintain proper aerationnear collar region.Always use ammonium nitrate as a fertilizer fornitrogen source.Drench Copper Oxychloride @ 0.3% near thecollar region followed by Carbendazim @ 0.1% forimmediate control.Fungicide drenching should be done preferably inevening.Pseudocercospora Leaf Blight(Pseudocercospora sp.)SymptomsDuring winter olivacious black sooty growth of funguswas observed on the lower surface of the leaves.Symptoms are only observed on the correspondingupper side of the leaves.ManagementBlack moldCollect and burn the infected leaves.Spray Hexaconazole or Triademefon or Bitertanol@ 0.05% when disease appears.Restricted use of exotic susceptible hybrids andvarieties is advocated.Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum)SymptomsThe lower leaves droop before wilting occurs. Thevascular systems become light brown. Root androotlets are rotted leaving only corky portion of mainroot. Wilt and sudden death are seldom accompaniedby the chlorosis of the leaves.The pathogen is soil inhabitant, persisting for longperiod in same soils. Bacteria enters in the plantthrough inter cultural wounds, nematode injuryusually under ground surface. Relatively high soilmoisture, soil temperature and acidic soil pH favourthe disease. The disease is prevalent in warmerclimates having high humidity under tropical andsub-tropical conditions.ManagementWhen the pathogen is established in soil,satisfactory control is very difficult.Always prefer to grow tolerant varieties becausechemical control is neither feasible nor economic.Infested soil should be kept fallow for about a yearand frequently disked during the summer seasonto accelerate desiccation of plant debris and deathof bacteria.Use of antagonistic bacteria, neem cake, andorganic matter as soil application.Maintain soil pH to neutral by liming.Avoid water stagnation and anaerobic conditionsin the field.Light texture of soil and well-drained field reducesthe disease incidence.Follow long crop rotation with cereals and nonsolanaceoushost.Little Leaf (Phytoplasma)SymptomsCharacteristic symptoms are excessive shortening ofthe leaves. Numerous leaves aggregate in each branchgiving bushy appearance and shortening of internodes.Auxiliary buds enlarge but petioles and leaves remainsmall, narrow, pale green and soft. Purple colouredfruits characteristically become white after infection.Later stage of infection leads to complete sterility of30 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

the plant. The disease is caused by phytoplasma likeorganism and transmitted by leafhoppers.observed in first fruiting. Fruit rot extends to the seedcavity making it internally seed borne pathogen.Die back in chilliChoanephora on stem & leaf rotPhytoplasmal leaf deformationManagementPeriodical spray of systemic insecticides isnecessary to control vector.Uproot the severely infected plants and burn justbefore starting of spray schedule.Avoid early transplanting before third week ofAugust to escape leafhopper population.During first sign of initial infection, sprayTetracycline @ 100 ppm twice at 10-12 days intervalto check the multiplication of phytoplasma in thehost tissue.CHILLI/CAPSICUMDieback and Anthracnose (Choanephoracapsici, Colletotrichum capsici)SymptomsDisease initiate on tender twigs from the apical top ofthe plant as necrosis and withering. It progresses fromtip to downward. Choanephora capsici rotted leavesand twigs clearly show black sporangial structure overit. The twigs are water soaked, brown and dieback asthe infection spreads downward. Later on infectedtwigs developed several minute acervuli. Symptomson red fruits are more commonly observed than greenfruits. Small, irregular, sunken, light brown lesions wereobserved on mature fruit. Most often they are coalescedand become papery on green fruits. Apparently fruitslooking healthy during harvest may show the symptomsof diseases during drying. Maximum infection wasManagementAnthracnose infected chillies and close upDisease free seeds should be collected fromhealthy fruits.Screening of diseased fruits must be done afterdrying of the fruits.Seeds should be treated with Carbendazim@ 0.25% during sowing.Seedling should be sprayed by Carbendazim@ 0.1% before transplanting.Cut the rotting twigs along with healthy part andburn it.Foliar spray of Copper Oxychloride @ 0.3% followedby Carbendazim @ 0.1% at flowering stage.Avoid apical injury during transplanting and alsoat flowering stage.Collect all the green fruits of first setting andconsume it. Do not keep these fruits for seedpurpose.Bacterial Leaf SpotSymptomsThe disease is common from nursery stage tovegetative stage of plant growth. Symptoms mayappear any time up to first flowering. Very small,DISEASE MANAGEMENT/CHILLI/CAPSICUM31

circular spot surrounded by yellow halo is mostlyobserved in leaves. Affected lower leaves becomeyellow and fall down. Bacterial spots remain greenand appear as spot bending symptoms on completelyyellow leaves.Bacterial leaf spot in chilliManagementOne spray of Streptocycline @ 150 ppm alternatedwith Kasugamycin @ 0.2%.Seed dipping in Streptocycline solution @ 100ppm for 30 minutes.ManagementCut the infected plant parts along with somehealthy portion in morning and carefully collect inpolythene to avoid falling of sclerotia in the field.Burn all these materials away from field.Foliar spray of Carbendazim @ 0.1% at floweringstage followed by Mancozeb @ 0.25%.Leaf Blight (Alternaria alternata andCercospora capsici)SymptomsDisease is observed as circular to oblong spots withlight gray to white gray centers and dark brownmargins. Small spots coalesce to each other in severecase and leads to defoliation. Alternaria spots are darkbrown, irregular and covered with a grayish brown toblack spores of the pathogens. In moist conditions,sporulation of both pathogens was observed on thespots.White Rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)SymptomsSoft, wet, water soaked rotting is observed on stemfollowed by white fungal growth over it. Infectedstem turns white after drying. This mycelium developshoneydew stage soon after colonization. Later on,the entire pith of stem dried and converted intocompact mycelial mat followed by hard scleroticalbody.Cercospora leaf spotsSclerotinia rot of capsicumManagementOne foliar spray of Chlorothalonil @ 0.2% alternatedby thiophenate-methyl@ 0.1% after 8-10 days.Selection of disease free and certified seeds tocheck the primary infection.Foliar spray of Tricel @ 0.2% to maintain crop vigourat 10-12 days interval.Field sanitation by burning of infected crops debrisfollowed by summer ploughing.32 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

Phytophthora Leaf blight/Fruit RotSymptomsPhytophthora can attack leaves, roots and fruits.Sometimes sudden wilting and death of plants occurmid-season at fruiting stage. Often a number of plantsin a row show these symptoms. Commonly the diseasestrikes older plants. Stem lesions can occur at any levelon stem and an irreversible wilt of the foliage occurs.Leaves first show small dark green spots that enlarge& become bleached. Infected fruits initially developdark, water soaked patches that become coated withwhite mold and spores of the fungus and eventuallyrot. Fruits wither but remain attached to the plant.It is very difficult to manage this disease once thepathogen becomes established in a field. Pathogeninfects fruits during prolonged period of rainfall, highhumidity, over-crowded plants and high nitrogen.Staking of plant reduces the disease infection..Rotation, water management and drainage arethe cultural methods.Avoid over cropping and high nitrogen.Leaf Curl Complex (CMV and Gemini Virus)SymptomsChilli leaf curl complex is mainly due to CMV andgemini virus as well as mites and thrips. Reduction insize of leaves, shortening of veins, puckering, mottlingof the leaves, stunting and bushy appearance of theplant are symptoms of viral infection. Conspicuousoutgrowth and prominent veins are visible on lowerside of the leaves. Downward rolling, narrowing andshortening of leaves due to mite infestation wereobserved.Phytophthora leaf blight and fruit rotManagementAlways use healthy and certified seeds collectedfrom disease-free area.Infected crop debris and fruits must be collectedfrom the field and burnt.Preventive sprays of Mancozeb@ 0.25% providegood control in cloudy, cold and drizzlingweather.One spray of Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb @ 0.2% is veryeffective when applied within two days of infectionbut repetitive sprays should not be given.Leaf curl symptomsManagementRoot dipping of the seedlings in Imidaclopridsolution @ 4-5 ml per litre of water for one hourduring transplanting.Nursery should be grown in nylon net to check thevector infestation.Seed treatment with hot water at 50 0 C or 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 25 minutes.Barrier crop of taller non-host crops like maize,bajra and sorghum.Collect healthy seeds from disease-free plants.DISEASE MANAGEMENT/CHILLI/CAPSICUM33

Periodical alternate spray of Dicofal @ 0.25% withwettable sulpher @ 0.2% and one to two spray ofsystemic insecticide.Use tolerant varietiesInitial rouging of infected plants soon afterinfection and burn it.Sun ScaldSymptomsIt is a common physiological disorder and fruits facingdirect sun rays are affected by sun scald. Symptomsinclude a whitish necrotic area on the side of the fruitexposed to a fierce, usually afternoon, sun. The fleshbecomes light, dry and papery on areas that haddirect sunlight on them and can cover up to one-thirdof the fruit.OKRALeaf Blight (Cercospora abelmoschiand C. hibisina)SymptomsThe fungus causes no definite leaf spot but grow assooty to dark olivaceous, ectoparasite covering entireleaf lamina. Disease initiated as small isolated fungalgrowth on lower side of leaf but very soon it spreadson both sides. Infected leaves fall down very quicklyafter drooping and rolling. It causes severe loss in seedproduction crop as well as the late sown crop grownfor green fruits. Sometimes light brown lesions areobserved after washing out of spores from leaves dueto rainfall.Black mould fungus on leavesSun scaldManagementAdequate fertility and proper water managementwill help to develop the canopy of leaves andfoliage required to protect the fruit from sunscald.Shade crop like Dhaincha can also be grown onborder to protect the crop from hot winds duringsummer.Poor foliage cover allows the defect to occur.Variety selection may play a role; compact plantsmay not provide cover as well as more vigorousplants.ManagementTwo to three foliar spray of Bitertanol @ 0.05%or Difenconazole @ 0.025% or Hexaconazole orTriadimefon @ 0.05% at 6 days interval.Spray should be started immediately afterdisease initiation; delay in spray schedule will notgive proper control due to very fast secondaryinfection rate.Okra sowing should be completed latest by firstweek of July.Collect the defoliated leaves and burn in field itselfto reduce the inoculums at source.34 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

Yellow Vein Mosaic (YVMV- Gemini virus)SymptomsThe viral disease is transmitted by whitefly. Earlyinfection causes 20-30% yield loss. Characteristicsymptoms appears as prominent yellow vein andvein lets having green tissue interveinal area. Severelyinfected leaves some-time become completely goldenyellow. Fruits develop green to yellow colour andbecome hard in early stage of growth.then seeds are unfertile and aborted. Characteristicallysmall, green, outgrowths are observed on vein andvein-lets of the lower side of leaves.Apical leaf curlingYellow vein mosaicManagementSeed treatment with Imidacloprid @ 5 ml per kgof seed.Use resistant varietyEarly sowing in last month of June to first week ofJuly.Once or twice rouging of infected plants at initialstage of plant growth.Periodical spray of any safe systemic insecticide upto flowering stage.Removal of malvaceous hosts around the field.Enation Leaf Curl (ELCV)SymptomsThe disease is second most destructive viral disease ofokra after YVMV in kharif season. The disease is causedby geminivirus and transmitted by whitefly. The plantbecomes unable to bear its weight after viral infection.The stem and leaf petiole are bent. Apical portion ofplant develop into full of small, curl and aggregatedleaves. Floral part does not set the fruit. Fruit if setsTwig bending by ELCVManagementSeed treatment with Imidacloprid @ 5 ml per kgof seed.Once or twice rouging of infected plants at initialstage.Use tolerant cultivars.One to two sprays of Abamectin @ 0.05% uptoflowering stage.Root-Knot Nematode(Meloidogyne incognita)SymptomsDiesease appears as stunting of the plants, yellowishgreen of the plant and some-times drooping of theDISEASE MANAGEMENT/OKRA35

leaves. Plant shows hunger sign. Clear symptoms areobserved after uprooting of the plant where roots arefull of knots. Main and lateral root bears spherical toelongated galls of variable size.ManagementApply neem cake @ 25 q/ha or saw dust @ 28 q/haalong with 120 kg nitrogen before transplanting.Phorate or Aldicarb @ 25 kg/ha should be appliedif neem cake is not available.Crop rotation with cereals and low land paddy forat least 2 years.Summer ploughing for desiccation of nematode.Sowing of marigold is very effective for reductionin larval population.LEGUMINOUS & VEGETABLES(PEA AND BEANS)Root and Stem Rot (Fusarium solani,Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi andRhizoctonia solani)SymptomsInfection leads to drooping and wilting of plantsat early stage of plant growth. In pea, symptomsappear as vascular discoloration of stem and reddishappearance in the pith extending towards roots.This is a characteristic symptom of Fusarium solaniin pea. Sometimes general yellowing of entire plantsis observed in cowpea due to Fusarium infection.Rhizoctonia infection in peas results droppingfollowed by wilting of the entire plants. The bark ofcollar region and root portion develops complete rotsand degenerate. This is easily peeled off with slightpressure on bark leaving only pith portion. Symptomsappear on stem near the soil level and extenddownward into the roots and upward also. Lesionsare somewhat sunken and reddish brown. Later on asthe lesions enlarge, they turn gray to ash colour at thecentre and numerous minute, black dot like fruitingbody developed from the centre. The inner portion ofstem pith becomes hollow. Dull white mycelial growthis observed near soil line at initial stage of infection inhumid weather.ManagementLong crop rotation with wheat and bajra.Field sanitation by uprooting and burning of allinfected plants.Summer fallowing, ploughing accompanied withirrigation followed by again ploughing in summerto reduce the soil inoculum.Green manuring in June and July followed by soilapplication of Trichoderma @ 5 kg/ha soon afterploughing of the sunhemp.Seed treatment with Trichoderma @ 0.6 to 1%depending upon soil and pathogen status.Drenching of Trichoderma @ 1% suspension after20 days of sowing in beans only.Maintain proper drainage and aeration in thefield.Balanced dose of fertilizers includingmicronutrients.Drenching of Carbendazim @ 0.1% for immediatecontrol.Collar Rot (Sclerotium rolfsii)SymptomsThe disease become ubiquitous with broad host range.Initially wet rotting of bark is observed. Rot coversentire bark of the plant near collar region. Characteristicsymptoms are observed as white, fungus growth onaffected portion as well as on contact soil. Graduallythe hyphal mat is converted into small, mustard likesclerotia that survives in the soil.ManagementCrop rotation with low land paddy and othercereals.Field sanitation by uprooting and burning of allinfected plants.Summer fallowing, ploughing accompanied withirrigation followed by again ploughing in summerto reduce the soil inoculums.Green manuring in June and July followed by soilapplication of Trichoderma @ 5 kg/ha soon afterploughing of the sunhemp.36 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

Seed treatment with Trichoderma @ 0.6 to 1%depending upon soil and pathogen status.Remove all weeds from field.DrenchTrichoderma @ 1% suspension after20 days of sowing to reduce early infection inbeans.Drench Copper Oxychloride @ 0.3% near the collarregion in evening for immediate disease control inbeans only.Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe pisi)SymptomsDiesease appears as white to light gray, powderyfungal spores on leaves, twigs, tendrils and pods aspustules. Soon these pustules coalesce and cover allfoliar part of pea. Infection of pods leads to partialfilling of the grain and pod remain smaller in size.Outer skin of infected pods becomes gray in colourand rough.Rust (Uromyces fabae, Uromyces pisi andU. phaseoli)SymptomsCharacteristic symptoms observed as minute, slightlyraised pustules on all above ground plant parts.Generally elongated pustules are seen on stem. Rustpustules are never observed on pods of pea. Thesepustules on pea are distinct, faint yellow, circularconsisting of numerous uredospores. Later on darkred coloured teleutospores are formed on the leavesand tendrils. Early bloom stage of crop to four weeksbefore harvest is most critical period for rust andmust be protected from the infection.Uredo pustules on pea stemPowdery mildew on foliageManagementAvoid delay in sowing and complete up to firstfortnight of October.Always use tolerant varieties.Foliar spray of Penconazole @ 0.025% or Tridemorph@ 0.1% or Dinocap @ 0.1% at 5-7 days interval.Infected crop debris must be burnt after harvestingof pods.Rust pustules on cowpeaDISEASE MANAGEMENT/LEGUMINOUS & VEGETABLES (PEA AND BEANS)37

ManagementBurning of infected crop debris is very effective forreduction of inoculum.Use rust tolerant variety of pea.Avoid delay in sowing of pea and complete up tofirst fortnight of October.Fungicidal sprays should be done in critical periodif an average of two pustules per leaf is observedin the field.Use Flusilazole or Hexaconazole @ 0.025 % orBitertanol @ 0.05% or Triadimephon @ 0.05% atinterval of 5-7 days for effective control.Leaf Blight (Pseudocercospora cruentaand Cercospora cruenta)SymptomsDisease appears as black, sooty and moldy growth offungus on all foliar part. Initially the spore mass areolivaceous dark brown and spread very fast in thefield. Quick defoliation is characteristic feature of thedisease, which leads to naked stem and twigs on theplant. Symptoms of Cercospora are observed as smallcircular brown spots with reddish margin. Aschochytablight is a severe disease of cowpea, French bean andpea. Aschochyta paseolorum infects cowpea producinglarge, circular to irregular brown spots with reddishmargin on leaves and all other plant parts.Spray should be started immediately after diseaseinitiation. Delay in spray schedule may not giveproper control due to very fast secondary infectionrate.Avoid delay in sowing of kharif cowpea and it mustbe completed latest by last week of June.Collect the defoliated leaves and burn in field itselfto reduce the inoculum at source.Sclerotinia Blight (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)SymptomsDisease is observed as wet, soft and white rotting ofthe tissues. Very soon white fungus growth is observedon the rotted portion. Later on embedded sclerotia inwhite mycelium is formed on the infected portion aswell as inner portion of pith and fruits. Primary infectionon pea and cow pea always starts from floral infectionfollowed by pods. Seeds converted into sclerotiabecome concomitant mixture during threshing.Sclerotina rot in French beanPseudocercospora black leaf blightManagementTwo to three foliar sprays of Hexaconazole @0.025% or Biteranol @ 0.05% or Difenconazole @0.025% at 6 days interval.ManagementAll infected part must be carefully collected andburnt before drying of the plants.Seed cleaning is essential to remove the sclerotialmixture during threshing and processing.Deep ploughing, low land paddy with continuousstagnation of water reduces the sclerotialpopulation.Close planting and dense canopy of plant shouldbe avoided.Remove all weeds particularly from the field.38 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

Fungicidal spray must be started at early bloomstage of flowering stage.Alternate spray of Cabendazim @ 0.1% andMancozeb @ 0.25% at 7-10 days interval isessential.Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas campestrispv. phaseoli (common blight); X. phaseolivar. fuscans (Fuscous blight), Pseudomonassyringae pv. phaseolicola (Halo blight),P. syringae pv. syringae (Brown spot blight).SymptomsDisease is first seen as small translucent, water soakedspots on leaves. Symptoms of common blight, fuscousblight and brown blight are difficult to differentiateon the basis of symptoms except, isolation of casualorganism. However, the infected tissue may turnyellow and die to form lesions of various sizes andshapes. Bigger blotch symptoms appear on the leavesin severe cases of common blight particularly in rainyseason. Small spots appear on pods of different ages.Vascular discoloration is evident in severe incidence.Halo blight has most of the symptoms of commonblight along with a chlorotic halo.Field sanitation by burning of all the infectedleaves and crop debris.Use of clean, disease-free seed and tolerantvarieties.Seed soaking in Streptocycline solution @ 100ppm for 30 minutes.Proper drainage should be maintained in the fieldto avoid water stagnation.Sowing time should be adjusted in such a way thatfruiting stage should not coincide with heavy rainperiod.Cow pea Golden Mosaic (Viral disease)SymptomsThis is an aphid borne viral disease caused by potyvirus while white fly transmitted mosaic is geminivirus. Symptoms appear as yellow and green mosaicpatches on the apical leaves. Lateron most of theleaves become complete yellow. Infected pods turn toyellow from normal green colour. Fruit setting is alsoreduced in infected plants.Yellow mosaic of cowpeaBacterial blight in cowpeaManagementCrop rotation of about 2-3 years is sufficient todispose off over wintering bacteria.ManagementSoil application of Carbofuran @ 1.5 kg ai/ha duringseed sowing.Use resistant lines like Arka Garima, Cowpea-263and KS-10.Rouging of infected plants at initial stage.Foliar sprays of Abamectin @ 0.05% at 10 daysinterval up to flowering stage.DISEASE MANAGEMENT/LEGUMINOUS & VEGETABLES (PEA AND BEANS)39

CUCURBITSAnthracnose (Colletotrichum orbiculare &C. lagenarium)SymptomsDisease on leaves is observed as water soaked smallyellow spots that enlarge and turn to brown. Thenecrotic portion dries and shatters. Elongated watersoaked, sunken lesions appear on stem. Light yellowto brown discoloration of these stem lesions is dueto abundant sporulation. Severe incidence resultinginfection in juvenile fruits as small, sunken, light brown,cracked spots are observed. Two species are involvedin cucurbits because the size of spots is distinct andappear in different weather condition.ManagementAlways seed should be collected from healthyfruits and disease-free area.Seeds must be treated with Carbendazim @ 0.25%.Field sanitation by burning of crop debris.Grow crop on bower system to avoid soil contact.Maintain proper drainage in the field.Seed production should be preferably carried outin summer season because summer crop is oftenfree from pathogen.Foliar sprays of Carbendazim @ 0.1% orChlorothalonil @ 0.2% but spray must be startedsoon after infection.Downy Mildew(Pseudoperonospora cubensis)SymptomsDisease appears as irregular, numerous, small, yellowareas surrounded by green tissues scattered all overthe leaf lamina. It appears just like in definite mosaicpattern particularly in cucumber. The yellow areas areangular and bounded by veins. Symptoms on bittergourd are light brown while grayish brown on pointedgourd without prominent yellowing on these hosts.In high humid weather, faint white downy growth offungus is observed.Anthracnose on leavesAnthracnose on fruitsYellow lesions on cucumber leaf40 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

Powdery mildew on bottle gourdBrown lesions on bottle gourdManagementCrop should be grown with wide spacing inwell-drained soil.Air movement and sunlight exposure helps inchecking the disease initiation and development.Bower system of cropping reduces the diseaseincidence.Field sanitation by burning crop debris to reducethe inoculums.Seed production should be preferably carried outin summer season because summer crop is oftenfree from disease.Use tolerant cucumber lines like Summer Prolific.Protective spray of Mancozeb @ 0.25% at sevendays interval gives good control.In severe case one spray of Metalaxyl + Mancozeb@ 0.2% may be given but it should not berepeated.ManagementFoliar sprays of Penconazole @ 0.05% orTridemorph @ 0.1% or Carbendazim @ 0.1%, givevery good control of the disease.Use tolerant line.Fruit Rots (Phytophthora cinnamomi,Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Phomopsiscucurbitae)SymptomsDisease is mostly observed on matured fruits ascomparatively dry rotting with characteristic pycnidiaover it. Generally lower portion of fruits touching soilsurface are affected. P. cinnamomi is causing rotting ofvines, leaves and fruits of pointed gourd, Rhizoctoniafruit rot is most severe in muskmelon, while Phomopsisfruit rot on ash gourd.Powdery Mildew (Sphaerotheca fuligenaand Erysiphe cichoracearum)SymptomsDisease appears on all foliar part as white to dull white,powdery growth. This white growth quickly coversmost of the leaf surface and leads to heavy reductionin photosynthesis area. Plants may wither and die.Growth of plant and fruits seized. Transpiration rate isvery fast from infected leaves.Pythium & phytophthora rot on bottle & pointed gourdsDISEASE MANAGEMENT/CUCURBITS41

it. Black dot like pycnidia is also observed on theaffected bark.Sclerotium rot & sclerotinia rot of bottle gourd vineGummy stem lesions on muskmelonPhomopsis rot inash gourdSclerotium rot in ash gourdManagementAvoid soil contact of fruit by using bower systemof cultivation and staking of plant.Provide proper drainage in the field.Green manuring followed by soil application ofTrichoderma @ 5 kg/ha in soil is very effective inchecking most of the fruit rotting.Collect affected fruits and burn them to reduceprimary inoculum.Gummy Stem Blight (Didymella bryoniaeteleomorphand Phoma cucurbitacearumanamorph)SymptomsThis disease is now becoming severe in muskmelon,bottle gourd and sponge gourd. Most of the hybridsare susceptible to the disease. Introduction of hybridsintroduced this disease in all cucurbits growing area.Initially water soaked area are observed on the stemnear soil line. Later on translucent gum like exudatesreleased from the affected portion is deposited overManagementAvoid exotic hybrids and varieties due to highdegree of susceptibility.Summer ploughing and green manuring followedby Trichoderma application.Maintain proper drainage and aeration in the field.Seed treatment with Carbendazim @ 0.25%.One drenching of Carbendazim @ 0.1% near collarregion.Avoid injury near collar region.Leaf Spots (Cercospora citrullina, Alternariacucumerina and Corynespora melonis,Didymella bryoniae (teleomorph) andPhoma cucurbitacearum anamorph)SymptomsSeverity of the disease is increasing every year andengulfing ridge gourd, bottle gourd, pointed gourd,pumpkin and sponge gourd. Hybrids and exoticmaterials of bottle gourd and ridge gourd are highlysusceptible to Didymella leaf blight. It is spreadingthroughout the cucurbits growing area. Paperywith rhythmic large spots followed by shot hole isobserved in Didymella. Black small dot like fruitingstructures are also observed on the old spots. Whitefungus growth is clearly visible on outer margins ofthe spots in morning periods. Several other types ofleaf spots occur on different cucurbits. Often these leafspot diseases are more pronounced at maturity stage.42 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

Circular spots with variable size are observed on theleaf lamina. They are light brown to dark brown withwhite centre in Cercospora.As the disease progresses, more leaves wilt andeventually an entire plant is wilted. When wilted stemsare cross-sectioned, viscid and sticky bacterial matrixexudates from the vascular bundles is observes. Thisfeature is used as a means of diagnosis. This is vascularpathogen and differs from other Erwinia spp. unableto degrade middle lamella.The bacteria lives in the bodies of adult cucumberbeetles particularly red striped and spotted beetle.Primary infection is produced when beetles feed uponyoung leaves or cotyledons. The bacteria present inthe vessels of infected plants die within 1 or 2 monthsafter the dead plants dry up.Cercospora spot on bottle gourdSudden wilting in cucumberDidymella blight on ash gourdManagementField sanitation, selection of healthy seeds andcrop rotation reduces disease incidence.Fungicidal sprays of Mancozeb @ 0.25% alternatedwith one spray of Hexaconazole @ 0.05%.Seed production should be preferably carried outin summer season because summer crop is oftenfree from disease.Bacterial Wilt (Erwinia tracheiphila)SymptomsBacterial wilt is a common and often destructive diseaseon cucumber, muskmelon, squash and pumpkin. Thefirst signs of wilt appear usually on individual leavesas drooping, which become flaccid in sunny weather.ManagementControl of cucumber beetles at initial stage fromthe soil with neem cake or systemic granularinsecticides.Tolerant varieties with restricted use of exoticcucumber lines should be grown.Summer polughing of soil to expose all the stagesof beetles.Mosaic and Leaf DistortionSymptomsMost of the cucurbits grown in rainy season areaffected by virus disease like cucumber mosaic, greenmottle, leaf distortion, water mosaic etc. Generallyalternate green and yellow patches with mottlingsymptoms are observed. Sometimes leaves deformDISEASE MANAGEMENT/CUCURBITS43

and curl downwards. Smalling and narrowing of theleaves is also observed in leaf distortion virus. Plantsbecome small and excessive branching, proliferationof the leaves, twigs, petioles, bushy appearance of theplants are observed.Foliar spray of Mancozeb @ 0.25% at disease initiationstage and repeat next spray at 6-8 days interval.One spray for Metalaxyl + Mancozeb @ 0.2% insevere case may be given but do not repeat.Use sticker @ 0.1% with fungicide to avoid runoffof droplets.Yellow mosaic of pumpkinStem proliferation in bottle gourdManagementManagement of the disease involves destructionof diseased hosts and weeds.Virus free seeds must be used to check the seedtransmission.Initial rouging of the infected plants.Periodical spray of systemic insecticides up toflowering stage to control vectors.Seed production should be preferably carried outin summer season because summer crop is oftenfree from virus infection.Restricted use of exotic hybrids and varieties inbottle gourd, bitter gourd and cucumber.COLE CROPSDowny Mildew (Peronospora parasitica)SymptomsDisease is observed on the leaves. Fine hair like downygrowth of fungus is observed on the lower surface ofleaves. Corresponding of the fungal growth there isminute pinhead brown necrotic spots visible on theupper surface of leaves, which later on coalesce to eachother. It may appear from nursery to curd formationstage.ManagementField sanitation, disease-free seed and croprotation reduce pathogen inoculum.Necrosis with downy growthAlternaria Leaf Spot (Alternaria brassicaeand A brassicicola)SymptomsAlternaria leaf spot usually appears in early stageof plant growth in cauliflower while in later stage incabbage. Alternaria leaf spots are restricted to lowerleaves only and do not cause economic loss to the cropexcept when some of the hybrid varieties of cauliflowerare used. Symptoms appear as circular light brownspots on leaves. Concentric rings are clearly visibleon the spots. Black sporulation is observed in humidweather. Cabbage infections do not extend very far inthe host tissue. Inflorescence and siliqua are severelyinfected during seed crop. The curd of cauliflowerinfected as brown discoloration of individual floretsand flower clusters.Lesions on leaf44 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

Spots on cabbage & concentric ringManagementAlternaria leaf spot of cole crops is effectivelymanaged by detaching all the infected lowerleaves in morning and then burning.Spray of Chlorothalonil @ 0.2% along with sticker@ 0.1% in evening hour.Use disease-free seeds from healthy crop.One spray of Mancozeb @ 0.25% along with stickerduring siliqua formation.White Rot (Sclerotina sclerotiorum)SymptomsDisease appears as water soaked rotting of curd,petiole, stalk and stump region of the leaves. Soonafter infection, growth of white mycelium is observedall over the infected portion. Cauliflower grown forseed production is severely affected by the disease andentire inflorescence collapses. The mycelium developshoneydew stage after colonization of the tissue. Lateron entire rotted portion is converted into compactmycelial mat followed by hard black sclerotial body. Thisis the resting structure and primary inoculum source.ManagementMain crop of cauliflower and cabbage should beperiodically observed near the stump region in cool,cloudy and moist weather for primary infection.Cut the infected curds, leaves along with somehealthy portion in morning and carefully collect inpolythene to avoid falling of sclerotia in the field.Burn all these materials away from field.White rot in cabbageFoliar spray of Carbendazim @ 0.1% at floweringstage, followed by spray of Mancozeb @ 0.25%along with sticker @ 0.1%.Spray must cover stump and lower region ofleaves.Bacterial Black Rot (Xanthomonascampestris pv. campestris)SymptomsThe disease often appears along the margins ofleaves as chlorotic lesions and chlorosis progressesin the direction of midrib usually forming V shapedarea, which is the most characteristic symptom ofthe disease. Some of the veins and veinlets withinchlorotic area turn black in severe cases. Blackvascular scar is observed on any detached infectedleaves, midribs and veins. Yellowing of leaveswas observed from lower portion of mid vein insevere infection. Disease severity increases rapidlywhenever hailstorm is taking place in croppingseason. Symptom may appear from any side andcentre of the leaves. Severe infection results incomplete burning of crop of cauliflower before thecurd formation.The bacterium is transmitted through seed whichusually enters in the cotyledons through stomata,pass to the young leaves and progress systematicallythroughout the plant system. The foliage infectionand transmission is through water pores, insectDISEASE MANAGEMENT/COLE CROPS45

injury, infested soil, storm, cultural practices andseedlings.Bacterial black rot in cabbageManagementAlways collect seeds from disease-free plants fornext year use.Seed treatment with hot water (50 0 C for 30minutes) or seed dipping in 100 ppm antibioticsolution for 30 minutes.Crop rotation with non-cruciferous crops.Use intercrop of urd and mung as mulches toreduce rain splash.Detach the lower infected leaves in afternoonwhen dew and bacterial ooze dried up from theleaves and then burn it.Nursery site should be changed frequently toavoid seedling infection.Use antagonistic bacteria in the soil.Spraying of antibiotic like Streptocycline @150-200 ppm or Kasugamycin @ 0.2% at 10-15days interval.Mixture of steptrocycline @ 100 ppm and copperoxycholoride @ 0.3% with sticker @ 0.1% shouldbe used if Alternaria infection also exists on thefoliage giving good control of both the diseases.The cauliflower variety Pusa Snowball K-1, SuperSnowball and cabbage variety Pusa Muktapossesses high degree of tolerance to black rotpathogen.ONION AND GARLICDamping Off (Phythium species,Rhizoctonia solani, F.oxysporumand F. oxysporum f.sp.cepae)SymptomsSymptoms of this disease consist of seed rotting,pre-mergence damping-off and post-emergencedamping-off.ManagementCultural MethodsSoil solarization of nursery beds with transparentpolythylene sheet for 30 days before sowingprovides good control.Agricultural practices that minimize periods ofexcessive soil moisture, crop rotation, land leveling,installing drains, sowing of clean and healthyseed on raised beds are used to reduce seedlingdiseases. Overcrowding of plants or dense sowingof onion seeds should be avoidedWell decomposed farmyard manure should beused in nursery.Biological MethodSeed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 4 g/kg seed followed by soil application of T.viride @500 g multiplied in 50 kg farmyard manure/ ha.Chemical MethodsUsing protectant fungicides such as thiram orcaptan @ 0.2% as seed dressing before sowing.Drenching the nursery beds with captan orthiram @ 0.2% or carbendazim @ 0.1% or CopperOxychloride @ 0.3% in standing crop should bedone.Purple Blotch (Alternaria porri )SymptomsInitially, small white sunken spots develop on theleaves. These spots enlarge, become eye shaped undermoist conditions, turn to purple and are surroundedby a broad chlorotic margin. Infection can cause asemi watery rot of necks of bulbs, which turn yellowred,bulb tissue eventually become papery.46 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

ii) Host Plant ResistanceOnion varieties Agri found Light Red, AgrifoundDark Red, Red Globe and VL Piyaz 3 are reportedto be moderately resistant.iii) Biological MethodsApplication of Trichoderma viride (1000 spores/ml),Difenoconazole @ 0.8 ml/Land covering crops withtransparent polythene sheets inhibited growth ofthe pathogen.Badly damaged leaves of onioniv) Chemical MethodsFour sprays of Mancozeb or Chlorothalonil and 3sprays of Iprodione @ 0.25 % at 10 days interval iseffective in reducing the disease.A combination of Mancozeb @0.25% + Abamectin@ 0.05% is effective in controlling thrips as well aspurple blotch.Heat treatment of onion bulbs at 35 0 C for 8hours before planting and prophylatctic spray ofMetalzxyl + Mancozeb @0.25% gave good controlin onion seed crop.Stemphylium Leaf Blight (Stemphyliumvesicarium (Wallr.) Simmons)The fungus causes serious damage in a complex withA. porri. The disease is more severe in rabi than inkharif season as higher temperatures prevail duringMarch-April, and the area under cultivation of onion isextensive during that season.Blotch infection on stem & umbelManagementi) Cultural MethodsCrop rotation with non-host crops; good drainageand use of recommended doses of N and fertilizersreduce the disease incidence.Hot water soaking of onion seed (50 0 C for 20minutes) prove to be the best treatment forreducing purple blotch pathogen.SymptomsThe first symptoms of the disease appear on theradical leaves at 3-4 leaf stage. The disease symptomsare developed in the middle of the leaf as small yellowto orange flecks or streaks, which soon develop intoelongated, spindle shaped to ovate elongate diffusedspots surrounded by characteristic pinkish margin.The spots coalesce into extended patches, blightingthe leaves and gradually the entire foliage.DISEASE MANAGEMENT/ONION AND GARLIC47

central portion. These structures may be arranged inconcentric rings. The affected leaves shrivel, droopdown and finally withers. Bulbs are smaller in size;some may rot before harvest while others rot in store.Stemphylium leaf blightManagementCultural MethodsSanitation of field and collecting and burning ofcrop refuse reduces the disease incidence.Cultural control methods include long rotationswith no-host crops.Good field drainage and reduced plant density.Hot water soaking of onion seed (50 0 C for 20minutes) proved to be the best treatment forreducing the disease.Anthracnose on leavesHost Plant ResistanceWelsh onion ( Allium fistulosum) lines aremoderately resistant to Stemphylium leaf blight.Chemical MethodsThree to four sprays of 0.25% Mancozeb at 20 daysinterval starting at 60 days after transplanting.However, Mancozeb offers best control with highercost benefit ratio.For seed production, fortnightly sprays of 0.025%Mancozeb or Iprodione is recommended.Colletotrichum Blight/Anthracnose /Twister Disease (Collectotrichumgloeosporioides)SymptomsThe characteristic symptoms are curling, twisting,chlorosis of the leaves, and abnormal elongation ofneck (false stem). Initially pale yellow water soaked ovalsunken lesion appears on leaf blades, which increaselengthwise covering the whole leaf. Numerous blackcoloured slightly raised structures are produced in theCurling & abnormal elongation of leavesManagementCultural MethodsSanitation and destruction and infected plantdebris helps in reducing the disease.Host Plant ResistanceVarieties like IPA 3, Belem, IPA 9, Franciscana IPA 10 andRoxinha de Belem were found resistant.Chemical MethodsApplication of Benomyl @ 0.02% as soil treatmentis recommended.Spraying of Mancozeb @ 0.25% also gives goodcontrol of disease48 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

Downy Mildew (Peronosporadestructor (Berk). Casp.)SymptomsThe fungus causes both systemic and local infections.Plants raised form infected bulbs are showing systemicinfection, which remain stunted, distorted and pale incolour. Local infection is caused by air borne conidia,which produce oval to cylindrical spots are violet topurple in colour. Affected leaves become pale green,fold over and collapse. Older leaves are attacked firstand infection spreads to the sheath.ManagementCultural MethodsBulbs used for seed production should be selectedfrom healthy field. Crop rotation for 3-4 years withno-host crop should be followed.Infected crop debris and refuse heaps of onionculled from storage should be disposed properly.Late planting, poor drainage, higher doses offertilizers and frequent irrigation should beavoided as these practices encourage high diseaseincidence.Host Plant ResistanceOnion lines IC-48045, IC-32149, IC-49371 and DOP-2have been reported resistant to downy mildew.Chemical MethodsSpraying of Mancozeb @ 0.25% and ziram @ 0.1%at 10-12 days interval is recommended.Bulb and seedling dip in Ridomil MZ @ 0.25% for12 hours followed by 2 foliar sprays of the samegives effective disease control.Fusarium Basal Rot/Basal Plate Rot(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cepaae).SymptomsInitially there is progressive yellowing and dying backfrom the tips of the leaves, the aerial part may die in1-2 weeks or decay may extend over much longerperiod. When disease appears above the ground level,decay has already taken place at the base. The rootsmay turn pink and gradually decay until the entire rootdisappears.ManagementCultural MethodsRotting of onion in fieldFusarial infection on bulbsCrop rotation for 4-5 years with non-host crop hasbeen found effective in eliminating the disease.Mixed cropping with tobacco and sorghum iseffective in reducing the disease.Good drainage, deep ploughing in hot summerand avoiding injury during cultural practicesreduces the disease incidence.Satisfactory control of basal rot can be achievedby flooding the soil in the non-growing season.Host Plant ResistanceThree lines viz. IIHR 141, IIHR 506 and Sel 13-1-1consistently resistant to Fusarium oxysporium inthe field in different growing seasons.DISEASE MANAGEMENT/ONION AND GARLIC49

Biological MethodsTrichoderma spp., Pseudomonas fluorescence andBacillus subtilis have been found effective against F.oxysporum under in vitro conditions.Combined seed treatment of T. viride +P.fluorescence reduced onion basal rot incidenceboth in pot and field conditions.Chemical MethodsDipping onion sets in Benomyl, Carbendazim,Thiram and Difolatan @ 0.2% controls pink root,basal rot and neck rot of onion.Spraying of Carbendazim @ 0.1% at 30, 20 and10 days before harvest gave the lowest loss ofyield due to delay after 5 months of storage.White Rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk)SymptomsInitial symptoms are yellowing and dying back of leaftips. Roots are normally destroyed and there is a semiwaterydecay with abundance of superficial whitefluffy mycelium. Brown or black sclerotia develop onthe surface or within tissue.ManagementCultural MethodsProduction should be confined to areas known tobe free from disease.Crop rotation should be followed.When white rot incidence is low, infected plantmay be destroyed and the soil around these plantsshould be treated.Hot water treatment of bulbs at 49 0 C gives effectivecontrol.Solarization of soil at high temperature i,e. 35 0 C for18 hours or 45 0 C for 6 hours reduces the diseaseincidence by 50-70%.Biological Methods Trichoderma viride, Glyocladium zeae, Coniothyriumminitans, Penicillium nigricans, Bacillus subtilis andT. harzianum have been reported as prominentantagonists for control of white rot.Chemical MethodsIprodione (Rovral) @ 0.25% was found effective.Benomyl @ 0.1% was also reported to be good incontrolling the diseases.Pink Root (Phoma (Pyrenochaeta) terrestris,Fusarium solani)The disease occurs in onion grown for the first timeand becomes increasingly damaging in successivecrop particularly with short rotations. It is mainly afield disease and damaging effects are mainly ongrowing plants but losses also occur during transportand storage. Pink root often occurs in association withFusarium basal rot.Sclerotial rot in onion bulbsSymptomsThe characteristic symptoms can be seen on theinfected root. The affected roots turn yellow, shrivedand die, meanwhile taking on a distinct pink colour.The new roots, which grow from the infected plants,get immediatley infected and become functionless.The disease is confirmed to the root only. The affectedplants are commonly not killed but development ofbulbs retarded.50 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

Pink rot due to PhomaDisease Cycle: The pathogen persists in soil and isdistributed on onion seedlings, sets and garlic cloves.Dissemination also results form movement of spores,infested soil and plant residue by agricultural tools,wind and surface irrigation or drainage water.ManagementHost ResistanceAllium fistulosum and some garlic lines are resistance topink root. Varieties reported to be pink root resistancemay not prove resistant in all situations.Cultural MethodsSoil solarization reduce pink root incidence. It hasbeen observed that early sowing resulted in a higherdisease incidence than late sowing. Long rotationswith non-host crop should be followed.Chemical MethodsMany workers have reported soil fumigation and useof fungicides but it is uneconomical at field level.After chemical control in field conditions pathogenpopulation reduce early in the season but laterreturned to normal.Black Mold (Aspergillus niger Van Tieghem.A. fumigatus (green mold) and A alliaceus)SymptomsThe disease occurs in the region having hightemperature ranging from 35 0 - 45 0 C. It causes postharvest blemishes and rotting of onion grown andstored in hot climate.Black mold (Aspergillus sp)ManagementCultural MethodsStorage of seed and bulb should be done afterproper drying.Bruising should be avoided when bulbs area isharvested, stored or transported.Onion should be stored at 1-15 0 C.The presence of calcium in onion tissue plays animportant role in resistance to the disease.Chemical MethodsDusting of topped onion with Calcium Carbonatereduced post harvest bulb rotting by 16 to 17%.During transit, black mold can be reduced ifthe containers are fumigated with nitrogentri chloride@430 mg / m 3Bacterial Rotsi) Brown Rot (Pseudomonas aeruginosa),ii) Soft Rot (Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora (Jones)Bergey, andiii) Slippery Skin (Pseudomonas allicola)SymptomsBacterial pathogens are known to be associatedwith various types of rots in onion, which are usuallyobserved during storage. Some are primary pathogensand others secondary, following fungal, insect ornematode attack. When the pathogen is of primarycausal agent, it may damage the crop considerably.Bacterial decay of onion is widely distributed in warmclimate and cause severe problems.DISEASE MANAGEMENT/ONION AND GARLIC51

ManagementGrow the crop under optimum condition of tilth,fertilizer, drainage, crop rotation and freedomfrom weeds.It is necessary to dry the crop quickly afterharvest.During rainy season, artificial curing is required.Chemicals like Streptocycline were foundsomewhat effective in the control of bacterialdiseases.Viral Diseases (transmitted by variousaphid species or mechanically to onion)(i) Onion Yellow Dwarf VirusSymptomsThe first symptoms appear on the youngest leaves,which turn pale and develop yellow streaks at thebase of the leaves. Leaves may crinkle and flop over.Symptoms are more pronounced on leaves thatdevelop from an infected bulb or transplant. Laterthere is more pronounced yellowing and leaves crinkle,flatten, twist and fall to the ground. Flower stalks areshortened, streaked with yellow and twisted.ManagementNo effective control measure is available.Plant virus free transplants and crop rotation of atleast three years should be followed.Rouging of diseased plants and isolation fromother susceptible crops or volunteer onions isadvised.Spraying of insecticides to control aphidsminimizes secondary spread.(ii) Iris Yellow Spot VirusSymptomsIt is caused by the tospovirus similar to Tomato SpottedWilt Virus. Iris yellow spot symptoms first appear asstraw-coloured, dry, tan, spindle or diamond-shapedlesions, with or without distinct green centers withyellow or tan borders on leaves. Symptoms vary greatlyand are not always characteristic.Diamond shaped viral lesionsManagementPlant high quality transplants free from thrips andIris yellow spot virus. Practice three year or longerrotation between onion crops.Eliminate volunteers, culls, and weeds in andaround onion field.Sprinkler irrigation can provide some suppressionof thrips and disease.Avoid thin, patchy stands and crop stress.Thrips control may provide some reduction iniris yellow spot, but thrips control alone is notsufficient to economically control the disease.LEAFY VEGETABLESLeaf Spots (Cercospora sp. andAternaria sp.)SymptomsThis is a common problem of all the leafy vegetables.Symptoms appear as light brown, circular spots,surrounded by red margin. The red circular halo isnot prominent in many vegetables except spinach.Disease is caused by Cercospora sp. Lettuce, celeryand Chinese cabbage are affected by Alternaria sp.Symptoms are light brown and circular spots can beseen all over leaf lamina.52 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

Cercospora spot in spinachManagementAvoid dense sowing of spinach.Collect lower leaves and burn it.Only one spray of Chlorothalonil @ 0.2%.White Rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiroum)SymptomsThis disease is more common in cool and humidweather. Symptoms appear as water soaked rotting ofpetioles, stump region and cover portion of the leaves.Soon after infection, white mycelium is observed allover the infected portion. This mycelium developshoneydew stage after colonization of the tissue. Lateron entire rotted lower portion and stump is convertedinto compact mycelial mat followed by hard blacksclerotial body. This is the resting structure and sourceof primary inoculums.ManagementCut the infected curds, leaves along with somehealthy portion in morning and carefully collect inpolythene to avoid falling of sclerotia in the field.Burn all these materials away from field.Main crop should be periodically observed nearthe stump region in cool, cloudy and moist weatherfor primary infection.Foliar spray of Carbendazim @ 0.1% followed byspray of Mancozeb @ 0.25% along with sticker @0.1%.Spray must cover stump and lower portion ofleaves.RADISHAlternaria Blight (Alternaria raphani)SymptomsAll foliar part is affected by the pathogen. Symptomsappear as small circular dark, black spots on the leaveswhile irregular, oval to elongated lesions on siliqua andinflorescence. Infected seeds also cause pre and postemergence seed rot after sowing. Pericarp of seed isseverely infected by the pathogen. Cotyledons of seedare also infected resulting internally seed borne natureof the pathogen. Infected seeds act as a primary sourceof infection.Sclerotinia rot on celeryLeaf spot on radishDISEASE MANAGEMENT/RADISH53

Infection on podManagementCollect disease free-seed from healthy crop.Seed treatment by captan @ 0.25%.Pluck the infected lower leaves from main rootcrops in February and burn it .One spray of Mancozeb @ 0.25% after breakingthe leaves.One spray of Mancozeb @ 0.25% during siliquaformation.CARROTWhite Rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)SymptomsDisease appears as water soaked rotting of stalk,stump and collar region engulfing lower portion of theleaves. Soon after infection, white mycelium growth isobserved all over the infected portion. This myceliumis converted into compact mycelial mat. Later onentire infected crown portion of carrot includingsome of the edible root converted into black, hard andlarge sclerotium. Sclerotia are the source of primaryinoculum and cause primary infection on flowers.Collar infection of sclerotiniaSclerotinia carrot rotManagementCrop rotation with lowland paddy and other cereals.Field sanitation by uprooting and burning of allinfected plants and weeds.Summer fallowing, ploughing accompanied withonce irrigation followed by again ploughing insummer.Green manuring in June and July followed by soilapplication of Trichoderma @ 5 kg/ha soon afterploughing of the sunhemp.Seed treatment with Trichoderma @ 0.6 to 1%depending.Collar Rot (Sclerotium rolfsii)SymptomsInitially wet and soft rotting of carrot root is observed.Rooting covers entire root along with stump andleaves of the plant near collar region. Characteristicsymptoms observed as white, cottony, fungal growthon root. Gradually this hyphal mat is converted intosmall, mustard like sclerotia that survive in the soil.ManagementCrop rotation with lowland paddy and other cereals.Field sanitation by uprooting and burning of allinfected plants and weeds.Summer fallowing, ploughing accompanied withirrigation followed by again ploughing in summer.Green manuring in June and July followed by soilapplication of Trichoderma @ 5 kg/ ha soon afterploughing of the sunhemp.Seed treatment with Trichoderma @ 0.6 to 1%depending54 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

portion of rhizome and base line stem. Rotting coversentire collar region of the rhizome that remain continueduring storage also. Characteristic symptoms observedas white, cottony, fungal growth and sclerotia onaffected portion as well as on contact soil. Graduallythis hyphal mat is converted into small, mustard likesclerotia that survive in the soil.Sclerotium carrot rotElephant Foot YamCollar Rot (Sclerotium rolfsii)SymptomsInitially yellowing of the plant was observed and lateron plant toppled down before maturity of rhizomes.Close observation revealed wet rotting of apicalManagementRemove all the sclerotia from apical portion ofrhizome during planting.Crop rotation with lowland paddy and othercereals.Field sanitation by uprooting and burning of allinfected plants.Summer fallowing, ploughing accompaniedwith irrigation followed by again ploughing togerminate and desiccate the soil borne sclerotialinoculum.Green manuring in June and July followed by soilapplication of Trichoderma @ 5 kg/ha soon afterploughing of the sunhemp.Rhizome dipping in Trichoderma @ 1% solutionfor 20 minutes.Remove all the weeds from field.Drenching of Trichoderma @ 1% suspension after25 and 40 days of sowing.Drench Copper Oxychloride @ 0.3% followed byCarbendazim @ 0.1% in evening near the collarregion for immediate control.Toppling of foliage by collar rotDISEASE MANAGEMENT/Elephant Foot Yam55

RECOMMENDED IPM PRACTICESFOR IMPORTANT VEGETABLE CROPSTomatoNurseryRaise marigold (tall African variety golden agebearing yellow and orange flower) nursery 15-20days before tomato nursery.Prepare raised nursery beds about 10 cm aboveground level for good drainage to avoid dampingoff.Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge(0.45 mm) thickness for three weeks before sowingfor soil solarisation for reducing the soil bornepests. Sufficient moisture should be present in thesoil. Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 4g/kg ofseed in nursery to prevent infection of soil borne/seed borne fungal 1 kg of FYM. Mix in 1m 2 . It canbe applied even in main field.Spray nursery with it if insect is noticed.Spray Dithane M 45 or Ridomyl against DownyMildew as this disease is generally seen innursery.Main cropShowing of resistant variety (Fruit borer-Avinash-2,Bacterial wilt- Arka Abha, Arka Alok, Shakti, ArkaAbhijit, Arka Shreshta, Leaf Curl-Parbhani, Yeshree,H.24; Root-knot Nematodes, Hissar Anmol, SL 120,Pusa Hybrid 2; Powdery Mildew- Arka Ashish, EarlyBlight-Devgiri, Fusarium wilt-Pant Bahar).Before transplanting dip the roots of seedlingsfor 15 minutes in Imidacloprid @ 0.3 ml/litre formanagement of aphids, white fly & leaf miner.Transplant a row of marigold after every 16 rowsof tomato as a trap crop. Marigold should be 15days older than tomato plants so that they flowerat the same time. Maximum egg laying by borer isobserved on marigold flowers. First and last row ofplots should be marigold and it should be sprayedwith HaNPV.Adopt wide spacing of 60 x 45 cm (for varieties)and 90x 60 cm (for hybrids) to reduce the chanceof spread of diseases.Apply neem cake @ 250 kg/ha at 20 DAP to reducefruit borer, leaf miner and nematode.Bird perches @ 10/ acre should be erected forfacilitating field visits of predatory birds.Spray of 5% NSKE at 15 DAP has also been foundto be effective against leaf-miner & white fly. SprayImidacloprid or Thiomethoxam at 15 DAP for leafminer & white fly control, if needed.Pheromone traps @ 5/ ha be installed formonitoring fruit borer activity. Replace the lureswith fresh lures after every 20-25 day interval. ETLfor fruit borer is 8 to10 moths /day/trap.Monitor top three leaves for Helicoverpa eggs.Release of T. chilonis, T. braziliensis and T. pretiosum@ 1.0 lakh/ha 4-5 times from flower initiation stageat weekly intervals for fruit borer.

SprayHaNPV 250 LE/ha (2 x 10 9 POB) + 1%jaggery along with sticker 0.5 ml/ liter 3 timesat 28, 35 and 42 DAP during evening to reduceborer damage.Regular collection & destruction of damaged fruitsi.e. clean cultivation helps in management of borereffectively.If the borer incidence crosses ETL (5% damage),apply Emmamectin Benzoate (proclaim) orIndoxacarb.Rouge out and destroy leaf-curl and wilt affectedplants.Spray 0.02% Chlorothalonil/Mancozeb/Captan @1.25-1.5 kg a.i./ha in 700 L of water for the controlof early and late blight. Repeat after 10 days ifnecessary.If red spider mite is noticed, spray neem soap orneem oil (0.1%) or any acaricide like Dicofol 18.5EC (1.5 ml/l) or Ethion EC (1.5 ml/l) or Sulphur 80WP (3g/l).BrinjalNurseryAlways prepare raised nursery beds about 10 cmsabove ground level for good drainage to avoiddamping off, etc.Cover the nursery beds with polythene sheet of45 gauge (0.45 mm) thicknesses for three weeksduring June for soil solarisation which will helpin reducing the soil borne insects, diseases likebacterial wilt and nematodes. However, careshould be taken that sufficient moisture is presentin the soil for its solarisation.Mix 250 gm of fungal antagonist Trichoderma viridein 3.00 kg of FYM and leave for about seven daysfor enrichment of culture. After seven days mix inthe nursery soil in a bed of 3 sq. meters.Seed of popular high yielding hybrid like F1- 321be sown in beds in the first week of July andproperly mixed in soil for healthy nursery raising.Before sowing, seed be treated with T. viride @ 4gm/ kg seed. Weeding should be done from timeto time and infected seedlings should be roguedout from the nursery.Main cropBird perches @ 10/ acre should be erected forfacilitating field visits of predatory birds.Delta traps @ 2-3/ acre should be installed forhoppers, aphids and white fly, etc.Give two to three sprays of 5 % NSKE against leafhoppers, aphids and mites. Sprays of NSKE alsobrings down the borer incidence significantly.Neem oil (2%) application is also helpful inreducing borer infestation, though marginally. Ifincidence of leaf hopper and other sucking insectpests is still above ETL, then apply Imidacloprid17.8 SL @ 150 ml/ha.Pheromone traps @ 5/ acre should be installedfor monitoring and mass trapping of shoot & fruitborer Leucinodes orbonalis. Replace the lures withfresh lures after every 15-20 days.Release egg parasitoid T. chilonis @ 1.0 – 1.5 lakh/ha for shoot & fruit borer, 4-5 times at weeklyinterval.Apply neem cake @ 250 kg/ ha (in two splits) insoil along the plant rows at 25 and 60 days aftertransplanting and give light covering with soil.This will be highly helpful in reducing nematodesand borer damage. Don’t apply neem cake whenthere is heavy wind velocity or temperature isabove 30 0 C.Clipping of borer damaged shoots and collection &destruction of damaged fruits i.e. clean cultivationhelps in management of borer and phomosisdisease effectively.If the borer incidence crosses ETL (5% fruitinfestation), then apply Cypermethrin 25 EC @ 200g a.i/ha (0.005%) or Carbaryl 50 WP @ 3 g/litre ofwater.Continuous cropping of brinjal leads to more borerand wilt infestation. Therefore, crop rotation withnon-solanaceous crops should be followed.Periodically collect and destroy the egg masses,larvae and adults of beetle.Rogue out the little leaf affected plants from timeto time. Use of green manure, mulching withpolythene, soil application with bleaching powderwill reduce the infection of bacterial wilt disease.58 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

Cabbage/CauliflowerNurseryPrepare raised nursery beds about 10 cm aboveground level for good drainage to avoid dampingoff or raise seedlings in protrays in nursery undernet house conditions wherever such facility isavailable.Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge(0.45 mm) thickness for three weeks before sowingfor soil solarisation for reducing the soil bornepests. Sufficient moisture should be present in thesoil. Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 4g/kg ofseed in nursery to prevent infection of soil borne/seed borne fungal 1 kg of FYM. Mix in 1m 2. It can beapplied even in main field.Spray nursery with Bt formulation (1ml or 1gm/l)at 10 days after sowing.Spray Dithane M 45 or Ridomyl against DownyMildew as this disease is generally seen innursery.Spray Indoxacarb 14.55 SC (0.5 ml/l) or Novbaluron(0.75 gm/l) or Quinalphos (1.5 ml/l) a day beforetransplanting seedling to control stem borer andearly infestation of DMB.Main cropSowing of resistant varieties (Downy Mildew-StoneHead, Black rot-Puksa Drum Head, Pusa Mukta, K-1,Aphids-All season, Red Drum Head).Growing of two rows of mustard after every 25 rowsof cabbage as a trap crop at the time of planting.This traps 80-90% of DBM population and otherpests. Mustard be sprayed with Dichlorovos 0.1%as soon as it germinates. (One row of mustard issown 15 days before cabbage planting and second25 days after planting of cabbage. Ensure that firstand last row of plot are also mustard.Adopt wide spacing of 60 x 45 cm to reduce thechance of spread of diseases.Use light traps for adult DBM @3 traps/acre. Hanga bulb over a bucket of water. Within 3-4 days mostof the adults get killed.SprayBt (1 g/litre) if DBM 1.0/plant is noticed earlyor Spray NSKE 5% at primordia formation (18-25DAP- head initiation stage - most critical stage).Repeat if DBM is > 1/plant at 10-15 days interval.Maximum of 3-4 NSKE sprays in one crop seasonare required. When NSKE are sprayed, thoroughcoverage of the entire plant surface is a must.Release egg parasitoid Trichogrammatoideabactrae at 0.5-0.75 lack/ha 3-4 times at weeklyinterval. (optional)For controlling Spodoptera mechanically collectand destroy gregarious young larvae and setup traps for mass trapping. However, to controlgrown up caterpillar, do baiting with Methomyl inrice grain / wheat grain (10 kg), jaggery (2 kg) andinsecticide formulation 250gm/ acre.Periodically remove and destroy disease affectedleaves.If required, spray Chlorothalonil/Mancozeb forAlternaria and Blitox + Streptomycin for black rot.Wider spacing (60 x 50 cm) will almost eliminateany disease spread.Okra (Lady’s finger)Deep summer ploughing to expose resting stagesof the pestsSowing of YVMV resistant hybrids viz. Makhmali,Tulsi, Anupama-1 and Sun-40, etc. especiallyduring kharif season of the crop.Grow maize/sorghum on borders as a barrier/trapcrop for the entry of shoot & fruit borer adults.Set up yellow sticky and delta traps for white fly,etc.Erection of bird perches @ 10/acre in the field forfacilitating bird predation.Give two to three sprays of NSKE @ 5% alternatingwith sprays of pesticides, if needed, for leaf hopper,white fly, mites and aphids, etc. Leaf hopper, ifcrosses ETL (5 hoppers/plant), spray Imidacloprid17.8 SL @ 150 ml/ha. This will be effective incontrolling other sucking pests as well.Install pheromone traps @ 2/ acre for monitoringof Earias vittella moth emergence. Replace thelures after every 15-20 day interval.RECOMMENDED IPM PRACTICES FOR IMPORTANT VEGETABLE CROPS /Cabbage/Cauliflower59

Release egg parasitoid like, Trichogramma chilonis@ 1-1.5 lakh/ ha starting from 30-35 days aftersowing, 4-5 times at weekly interval for shoot &fruit borer.Rogue out the YVMV affected plants, if any, fromtime to time.Periodically remove and destroy the borer affectedshoots and fruitsNeed based application of chemical pesticides viz.Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 150 ml/ha or Propargiteetc. 57EC @ 0.1 % for control of leaf hoppers,aphids, white flies, borers and mites. Shoot & fruitborer, if crosses ETL (5.3 per cent damaged fruits),spray cypermethrin 25 EC @ 200 g a.i/ha (0.005%)or Quinalphos 25 EC @ 0.05% or EmmamectinBenzoate (proclaim) 5% (WDG) @ 0.25 g/litre orindoxacarb 14.5 SL @ 500 ml/haChilli and CapsicumNurseryPrepare raised nursery beds about 10 cm aboveground level for good drainage to avoid dampingoff, etc.Cover the beds with polythene sheet of 45 gauge(0.45 mm) thickness for three weeks before sowingfor soil solarisation which will help in reducing thesoil borne pests. Sufficient moisture should bepresent in the soil for solarisation.Mix 150 gm of fungal antagonist T. harzianum(c.f.u. 2 x 10 9 /gm) in 3 kg of FYM and leave forabout seven days for enrichment. After 7 days mixin the soil in a bed of 3 sq. m.Treat the seeds of popular hybrids with T. viride @4 gm/ kg.To avoid fungal diseases like damping off innursery, drench soil with any copper fungicide likecopper oxy Chloride (Blue copper) @ 3 g/litre ofwater during 2 nd or third week after sowing.Erect khaskhas shading/support on one side ofnursery beds to avoid the exposure to cold/frostduring winter (December-January). Cover thebeds with polythene sheets at night to avoid frostinjury. However, remove the sheets during daytime to expose them to sun.Main cropAt the time of planting, dip the seedlings inPseudomonas fluorescens solution @ 5 ml/litre fortwo minutes.Erect bird perches @ 10/ acre for facilitating fieldvisits of predatory birds.Install delta sticky traps @ 2/acre for hoppers,aphids and white fly, etc.Need based spray of commercial neem product/NSKE 5% against aphids, thrips, hoppers and whitefly etc. Spray NSKE 5% 2-3 times against thrips at15-20 days after transplanting (DAT) when ratingis between 1-2. This will reduce the populationsubstantially. If the population of thrips & whitefly is still high, then spray Spinosad or Fipronil orImidacloprid @ 0.5 ml/l or Acephate @ 2ml/l.Spray vertimec for mites occurrenceErection of pheromone traps @ 5/ ha for Helicoverpasp/ Spodoptera litura for monitoring of adults foregg laying.Periodic releases of egg parasitoid, Trichogrammasp @ 1.5 lakh/ ha for fruit borer (Helicoverpa sp.)Spray of HaNPV 250 LE/ha 2-3 times at 60 DAP orin initial stages or as and when needed.Spray of biopesticide like proclaim 5% (WDG) @0.25 gm/litre or Spinosad @ 0.6 ml/L when larvaeare small. Apply these biopesticides preferablyduring evenings.Spray of chemical insecticides like indoxacarb 14.5SP @ 500 ml/ha or Fenvalerate @ 100 a.i /ha duringinitiation of flowering to podding stage for fruitborer, Helicoverpa sp is effective.Periodic removal and destruction of damagedfruits due to borer or fruit rot. Destruction of cropresidues/debris will reduce the carry over loadof many insect pests. After harvest crop will beimmediately ploughed in the field.Rouging out and destroying of leaf-curl disease/mosaic complex affected plants periodically.Spray 0.02% Mancozeb/Captan for managing theleaf blight & fruit rot. Proper water management &drainage reduce the incidence effectively.Adequate fertility & proper water managementwill help develop the canopy of leaves & foliage60 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

equired to protect the fruit from sun scald.Sometimes a shade crop like Dhaincha can also begrown as a border line.Cucurbitaceous CropsCollection and distruction of infected fruits/vinesDeep ploughing of field after the crop harvest towill the pupae.Earthing up of the soil around the vine to exposethe pupae for desiccations and predation bybirds.Soil application of neem cake @ 250 kg/ha aftergermination and repeat once at flowering.Plant maize as a border crop seven days beforesowing.Management of leaf miner by i) removal ofcotyledon leaves infected with leaf miner oneweek after germination ii) followed by spraying ofneem seed powder extract @ 4% or neem soap @1% reduces the incidence of leaf miner.Spray neem seed powder extract 4% or neem soapor pomgamia soap @ 1% or carbaryl @ 3gm/l orIndoxacarb 0.5 ml/l or Dimethoate 30 EC Sulphur@ 30 g/l after flowering at 10 days interval.Crush pumpkin 1 kg and add 100 gm jaggery and10 ml malathion and keep in the plot (4-6 placesper acre). Adults are attracted to the fermentingpumpkin and lay eggs and get killed. Repeat theprocess 2-3 times in a cropping season.Erect pheromone traps cuelure @ 3 traps / ac andchange after 60 days.Pheromone application technique for themanagement of fruit fly in cucurbitsMale Annihilation Technique (MAT)5 x 5 cm 2 wooden blocks soaked in solution of 6:4:1ethanol : methyl eugenol : malathion for 48 hourshung @ 10/haBait Application technique (BAT)Spray liquid of 0.1% insecticide and 10% jaggery or10% ripe banana at 200 spots/haOnion/GarlicDo seed treatment with thiram (2g/kg seed) tocontrol seed and soil borne diseases in nursery.ApplyTrichoderma viridae@5 kg/ha mixed withFYM to main field as well as in nursery.Surround the onion plots (at least 250 sq. m.) withtwo rows of maize planted 30 days before plantingonion to block the thrips to enter onion plants.Avoid planting onion during peak incidence ofthrips.Seedling root dip with Carbosulfan for 2 ha shouldbe done before planting to protect the plantsduring initial stages whenever late planting isdone.Grow the crop on raised beds and provide properdrainage during kharif season to minimize diseaseincidence.Thrips and foliar disease can effectively controlledby spraying Carbosulfan (2ml/l) +Carbendazim(2.5 g/l) + sticker (0.7 ml/l); Profenofos (1ml/l)+Mancozeb (2.5 g/l) +sticker (0.7 ml/l);Cypermethrin (60 g ai/ha) + Chlorthaloni (2.5 g/l)+ sticker (0.7 ml/l) in rotation.Bulbing stage (45-75 days) is crucial for thripsmanagement and needs chemical intervention.Never use same pesticide repeatedly.RECOMMENDED IPM PRACTICES FOR IMPORTANT VEGETABLE CROPS /Cucurbitaceous Crops61

MANAGEMENT OF NEMATODES INPROTECTED VEGETABLE CROPSNature of damage due to different nematodes underpolyhouse conditions is similar to the crops grownunder open conditions. Root-knot nematodes,Meloidogyne incognita, reniform nematodes,Rotylenchulus reniformis and lesion nematodes,Pratylenchus sp. are the major nematodes attackinghorticultural corps under protected conditions. Theyfeed on the roots devitalizing the plants ultimatelyaffecting both qualitative and quantitative production.All of them may be managed by following theintegrated management as follows.ManagementIf the beds are highly infested with the nematodesbring down the population of nematodes byapplying neem/pongamia cake @ 500 g +Carbofuran @ 50 g/ sq. m.Treat the seeds with bio –pesticide-Pseudomonasfluorescens @ 10 g/kg seed.Raise the seedling in the coco-peat or any substrateby treating it P. fluorescens @ 1kg+ T. harzianum @1kg + neem or pongamia cake @ 50 kg/ton.Treat the bed with neem or pongamia cake @ 50gT. harzianum @ 25 g or Pochonia chlamydosporia +Paecilomyces lilacinus @ 25 g/sq. m at an intervalof 2 months.Apply 2 tons of farmyard manure enriched withbio-pesticide-Trichodrma harzianum per acrebefore planting, along with 100-200 kg of neem orpongamia cake.Apply Carbofuran 3 G @ 1kg ai/ha at planting andrepeat after 45 days.

PROCEDURE FOR ENRICHMENTOF FYM WITH BIO-AGENTSUse one kg of bio-pesticide-Trichoderma harzianum +Paecilomyces lilacinus / Pochonia chlamydosporia /Pseudomonas fluorescens + 50 kg of neem or pongamiacake to enrich 1 ton of farmyard manure and leave itunder shade for 15 days. Once in 5 days, mix the FYMthoroughly by maintaining optimum moisture.Preparation of Biopesticidesat farmers’ levelNeem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE 4%)Method of preparationDried neem seed kernels (400g) are grinded tocoarse powder.Take 40 g of this powder and tie it in a fine muslincloth, soak overnight in 400-500 ml of water in acontainer.Shake and filter the suspension with water to make1000 ml volume.Add 2 g of soap to this solution (NSKE 4%) and usefor spray.NSKE helps in the management of Spodoptera,Helicoverpa, semiloopers, leaf folders and suckingpests including mites.Tobacco DecoctionMethod of preparationBoil 1 kg tobacco dust in 10 liters of water for 30minutes to attain coffee red colour.Add water to the boiling solution to make 10 litresvolume.Cool and filter the decoction using a thin muslincloth.Add soap @ 2 g/l and dilute to 80 to 100 litres forspray.This preparation is effective against whitefly,aphids, and leafhoppers.Note: Tobacco decoction should not be used for morethan once, as it is toxic to natural enemies.Cattle-dung and Urine ExtractMethod of preparationMix Cattle-dung (5 kg) and urine (5 liters)thoroughly in 5 liters of water in a container andallow this mixture for 4 days by keeping a lid overthe container.After 4 days, filter and add 100 grams of lime tothis solution.Dilute the solution in 80 liters of water, which issufficient for spraying an acre.Spraying cow dung urine solution prevents eggslaying by the moth, e.g. Helivoerpa and Spodoptera,etc.It is found to give protection against some diseasesand the sprayed crop looks green and healthy.

Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV)Method of preparationCollect 400 NPV infected Helicoverpa or 200Spodoptera larvae from field.Grind the collected larvae. Filter the solutionobtained using a thin cloth.Dilute the NPV solution to 100 litres and add 100 gof Robin Blue to protect from UV light in the field.Spray this solution during evening hours.Insects Controlled: Helicoverpa, SpodopteraVirus of one insect species does not kill the otherinsect species.Virus infected dead larvae are observed hanginghead down from top branches 2-5 days afterspraying the solution in the case of Helicoverpaand split body in case of Spodoptera66 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

SOME USEFUL TIPS INPEST MANGEMENTAlways use protective clothing while spraying.Avoid spraying insecticides repeatedly. Alternatethem with botanicals, wherever possible to preventdevelopment of resistance and pest resurgence.Add 0.5 ml of any sticking agent to the spraysolution.Oil should be made into an emulsion before sprayby shaking thoroughly in a bottle before dilutionand sprayed immediately without any delay.Botanicals may cause phytoxicity when thetemperature is more than 32 0 C in polyhouse.Hence, it should be done with caution and onlyafter pre-checking. It is always better to spraybotanicals in the evening.After spraying any insecticide keep appropriatewaiting period before harvesting fruits.Do’sTimely sowingField sanitationAlways use freshly prepared neem seed kernelextract (NSKE).Apply pesticides only when required.Wash okra & brinjal fruits before consumption.Don’tsDon’t apply more than the recommended dose ofthe pesticide.Don’t repeat the same pesticide consecutively.Don’t apply mixture of pesticides.Don’t apply highly hazardous insecticides likemonocrotophos in vegetables.Don’t apply pesticides just before harvesting.Don’t consume produce till 3-4 days afterapplication of pesticide.

ANNEXURE-IOccurrence of Fungal Diseases in Vegetable CropsCrop Disease Pathogen Severity (%) Average incidence(%)Brinjal Phomopsis blight Phomopsis vexans 10-70 32.5White rot Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 5-22 8.7Collar rot Sclerotium rolfsii 10-30 15.3Leaf blight Alternaria alternata 5-35 25.2Root rot Rhizoctonia solani 10-40 21.8Rhizopus fruit rot Rhizopus stolonifer 2-12 5.2Leaf spot Corynespora cassiicola 4-10 6.5Wilt Fusarium solani 2-7 3.1Myrothecium leaf Myrothecium roridum 2-16 2.4spotTomato Alternaria blight Alternaria solani, A. alternataf.sp. lycopersiciChilli/Capsicum15-905-3040.0015.2Septoria leaf spot Septoria lycopersici 3-10 4.6Late blight Phytophthora infestans 5-80 12.5White rot Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 5-15 7.3Collar rot Sclerotium rolfsii 10-40 19.6Grey leaf spot Stemphillium solani 10-30 15.7Fruit rotRhizoctonia,Cladosporium,5-20 15.2PythiumBlack leaf mold Pseudocercospora fuligena 0-3 1.4Wilt F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici 2-8 3.2Leaf spot Myrothecium roridum 5-12 6.5Die-backChoanephora capsici,15-60 35.4Colletotrichum capsici,

Crop Disease Pathogen Severity (%) Average incidence(%)Anthracnose Colletotrichum capsici 10-40 15.2Phytophthora blight Phytophthora capsici 5-20 6.9Leaf blight & fruit rot Alternaria alternata, Alternaria5-20 13.7solaniLeaf spot Cercospora capsici 10-35 20.4Collar rot Sclerotium rolfsii 2-5 3.4White rot Rhizoctonia solani 1-4 2.2Root rot Rhizoctonia solani 5-12 6.9Myrothecium leaf Myrothecium roridum 0-3 1.4spotCucurbits Downy mildew Pseudoperonospora cubensis 10-80 35.8Anthracnose Colletotrichum lagenarium 35-90 55.3Cercospora leaf spot Cercospora citrullina 20-50 32-60Gummy stem/leaf Didymella bryoniae 5-20 12.5blightVine & Fruit rot Sclerotium, Rhizoctonia,10-25 15.7Phythium, Sclerotinia,Powdery mildew Sphaerotheca fuliginea,15-45 18.7Erysiphe cichoracearumPhytophthora blight Phytophthora25-60 35.5cruentainnamomiLegumevegetablesLeaf blightPseudocercospora cruenta,cruenta20-90 60.9Ascochyta blightAscochyta phaseolorunRhizoctonia solani5-1510-25Ashy stem blight Macrophomina bataticola 5-30 15.3Root rot Sclerotium rolfsii 5-15 9.2Phoma leaf blight Phoma phaseolina 3-12 9.7Rust Uromyces phaseoli 10-30 12.5Powdery mildew Peronospora pisi 5-60 15.3Downy mildew Peronospora pisi 5-60 15.3White rot Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 10-35 25.1Wilt F. solani f.sp. pisi 8-10 7.6Leaf spot Myrothecium roridum 2-8 4.3Cole crops Leaf spot Alternaria brassicae, A.5-30 16.9brassicicolaDowny mildew Peronospora parasitica 5-25 10White rot Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 5-15 8.7Root rot/wire stem Rhizoctonia solani 10-25 12.58.512.770 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

Crop Disease Pathogen Severity (%) Average incidence(%)Black leg Phoma lingam 2-5 2.2Root crops Leaf spot Alternaria raphani 15-60 30.8Collar rot Sclerotium rolfsii 2-8 4.9White rot Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 1-3 2.5Leaf spot Cercospora dauci 2-5 2.1Okra Leaf blight Cercospora abelmoschi, C.25-85 60.4hibisinaCharcoal rot Macrophomina phaseolina 5-20 11.5Leaf spot Myrothecium roridum 3-7 3.5Onion/Garlic Purple blotch Alternaria porri 15-70 43.8Leaf blight Stemphyllium vesicarium 10-40 22.3Downy mildew Peronospora destructor 5-25 8.6Elephant Collar rot Sclerotium rolfsii 15-55 24.6foot yamLeafy Leaf spot Cercospora sp. 10-25 14.9vegetablesNurserycropsDamping offRhizoctonia, Phythium,Phytophthora, Colletotrichum,Sclerotium, Phomopsis,Alternaria, Fusarium30-85 47.6ANNEXURE-I/71

ANNEXURE-IIOccurrence of Bacterial Diseases in Vegetable CropsCrop Disease Pathogen Severity (%) Averageincidence (%)Brinjal Wilt Ralstonia solanacearum 2-5 2.4Tomato Leaf spot Xanthomonas campestris pv.25-80 45.7vesicatoriaLeaf speckPseudomonas syringae pv15-70 25.3syringaeWilt R. solanacearum 1-3 1.7Soft rot Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora 2-18 8.4Chilli/Capsicum Leaf spot X. campestris pv. vesicatoria 5-38 18.8Soft rot E. carotovora pv. carotovora 2-10 4.9Wilt R. solanacearum 3-8 3.6Cowpea Common blight X. campestris pv. campestris 10-45 25.6Halo blight P. syringae pv. phaseolicola 5-12 7.3Cole crops Black rot X. campestris pv. campestris 10-60 21.7Soft rot E. carotovora pv. carotovora 5-15 8.2Cururbits Wilt E. tracheiphila 0-2 1.2Root crops Soft rot E. carotovora pv. carotovora 5-10 5.5LeafyvegetablesSoft rot E. carotovora pv. carotovora 7-16 8.9

ANNEXURE-IIIOccurrence of Major Viral and Phytoplasmal Diseases of Vegetable cropsCrop Disease Pathogen Severity (%) Average incidence(%)Brinjal Little leaf Phytoplasma 10-60 15.2Mild mosaic Poty virus 4-10 8.6Chilli Mottle mosaic Poty virus / CMV 5-20 8.3Leaf curl Gemini 3-12 6.5Little leaf Phytoplasma 1-2

ANNEXURE-IVFungicides/ Insecticides used for the Control of Vegetable Diseases/PestCommon name Trade name DoseCaptan Captaf, Dhanutan 0.2-0.25Thirum Hexathir, Thiride 0.2-0.25Carbendazim Bavistin, Derosal, Dhanustin, 0.05-0.1Thiophanate Methyl Topsin-M, Cercobi-M, Cover 0.05-0.1Dinocap Karathane 0.1MancozebDithane M-45, Indofil M-45,0.2-0.25Dhanuka M-45Zineb Dithane Z-78 0.2-0.25Ziram Cuman-L 0.2-0.25Copper OxychlorideBlitox-50, Fytolon, Blue copper,0.3DhanucopWettable Sulphur Sulfex, Dhanuksal, Kumulus 0.25-0.3Tridemorph Calixin 0.05-0.1Triademephon Baycor 0.05Penconazole Topas 0.025-0.05Propineb Antracol 0.2Tebuconazole Folicur 0.05Difenconazole Score 0.025-0.05Bitertanol Bayleton 0.05Hexaconazole Contaf 0.025-0.05Flusilazole Punch 0.05Triforine Saprol 0.05-0.1Pencycuron Monceren 0.05-0.1Copper Hydroxide Kocide 0.2-0.25Propiconazole Tilt 0.025-0.05

New insecticidesCommon name Trade name(s) Formulation Recommended conc. Target pests(%) (ml or g/l)Abamectin Vertimec 1.8 EC 0.0009 0.5 Mites/thripsAcetamiprid Pride (for seed treatment) 20 SP 0.004 0.2 Sucking pestsBeta Cyfluthrin Bulldock 2.5 EC 0.0035 1.5 BoresBtHalt(WP), Dipel(8L),0.5 to 1.0 DBMFormulations Biobit (WP), Delfin (WG)Fenpropathrin Danitol,10 & 30 EC 0.045 1.5 BorersMeothrinFipronil Regent 5 SC 0.01 2.0 BorersImidacloprid Confidor, Sensor 17.8 SL 0.0045 0.25 Sucking pestsImidacloprid Stalone, Atom 200 SL 0.4 Sucking pestsIndoxacarb Avaunt 14.5 SC 0.0145 1.0 BorersMethomyl Lannnate, Dunnet, Astra 40 SP 0.06 1.5 BorersPropargite Omite 57 EC 3.5 Chilli mitesSpinosad Tracer 45 SC 0.018 0.4 DBM/borersThiamethoxam Actara 25 WG 0.0025 0.2 Seed treatment(for suckingpests)78 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables

ANNEXURE-VBiopesticides, Pheromones used in IPMS. No. Biopesticides/Pheromone Trade name Target pest1. Azadirachtin (Neem based) Neemarin, Azadirachtin,Multineem, Neemguard,Neemzol, margocide2. Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Bacteria) Halt, Biolep, Delfin, Dipel,Biovit, ThuricideCaterpillars, leafhoppers,whiteflies, aphidsCaterpillars3. verticillium lecanii (Fungus) Dispel, Boverin, Biotrol, Caterpillars, white grubs4. Beauveria bassiana (Fungus) Vertalec, Mycotal, Verticel Aphids, thrips, whiteflies,scale insects5. Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (H-NPV) H-NPV Helicoverpa armigera6. Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (S-NPV) S-NPV Spodoptera litura7. (Z) 11 Heaxadecanal & (Z) Hexadecanal Heli-lureHelicoverpa armigera(97:3) (Sex pheromone)8. (Z, E), 911 Tetradecanyl Acetate & Spodo-lureSpodoptera litura(Z, E) 9,12-Dienyl Acetate (19:1) (Sexpheromone)9. (E)-11 hexadecenyl Acetate & (E)-11-Hexadecen-1-o1 (100:1) (Sexpheromone)Nomate, Leucilure Leucinodes orbonalis10. (Z)- Heaxadecanal -11-enal & (Z)-hexzadec-11-enyl Acetate (SexPheromone)11. 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-ButanoneAcetate (Sex pheromone)Nomate-DBM, CheckmateDBMCuelurePlutella xylostellaBactrocera cucurbitae

ANNEXURE-VIEconomic threshold level for some vegetable crop pestsCrop Pest Economic Threshold Level (ETL)Cabbage Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella) 10 larvae (3rd & 4th instar) per plant inseedling stageCauliflower Aphid 30 aphids/plantChilli Mites (Poloyphagotarsonemus latus) Single mite per leafChilli Thrips (Thrips tabaci) 2 thrips per leafBrinjal Whitefly (B. tabaci) 5-10 flies / leafBrinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer (L. orbonalis) 0.5% shoot and fruit damageTomato Fruit Borer (Helicoverpa armigera) 8 eggs in 15 plants or single larva perplant or 2% fruit infestation.Okra Fruit Borer (Earias vittella) 5.3 % of fruit infesttionOkra Leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula) 4-5 nymphs per plantPea Aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) 3-4 aphids / stem tipOnion Thrips (Thrips tabaci) 13-14 thrips/ plant 15 days aftertransplanting.

ANNEXURE- VIIList of Pesticides / Pesticides Formulations Banned in IndiaA. Pesticides Banned for Manufacture, Import and Use (28 Nos.)`1. Aldrin2. Benzene Hexachloride3. Calcium Cyanide4. Chlordane5. Copper Acetoarsenite6. CIbromochloropropane7. Endrin8. Ethyl Mercury Chloride9. Ethyl Parathion10. Heptachlor11. Menazone12. Nitrofen13. Paraquat Dimethyl Sulphate14. Pentachloro Nitrobenzene15. Pentachlorophenol16. Phenyl Mercury Acetate17. Sodium Methane Arsonate18. Tetradifon19. Toxafen20. Aldicarb21. Chlorobenzilate

22. Dieldrine23. Maleic Hydrazide24. Ethylene Dibromide25. TCA (Trichloro acetic acid)26. Metoxuron27. Chlorofenvinphos28. Lindane (Banned vide Gazette Notification No S.O. 637(E) Dated 25/03/2011)-Banned for Manufacture,Import or Formulate w.e.f. 25th March, 2011 and banned for use w.e.f. 25th March, 2013.B. Pesticides / Pesticide Formulations banned for Use but their manufacture is allowed for Export (2 Nos.)29. Nicotin Sulfate30. Captafol 80% PowderC. Pesticides formulations banned for Import, Manufacture and Use (4 Nos)1. Methomyl 24% L2. Methomyl 12.5% L3. Phosphamidon 85% SL4. Carbofuron 50% SP1. Dalapon2. Ferbam3. Formothion4. Nickel Chloride5. Paradichlorobenzene (PDCB)6. Simazine7. WarfarinD. Pesticides Withdrawn (7 Nos)84 Integrated Pest Management Schedule for Vegetables