Clinical Assessment of Child and Adolescent Personality and ...

176 chapter 7 Parent and Teacher Rating ScalesTable 7.7 (continued)Psychological Discomfort (r = 0.90)Sleep Disturbance/Preoccupation withDeath(r = 0.76)My child’s sleep is calm and restful.My child thinks about ways to kill himself/herself.Social Withdrawal (r = 0.81)Social Introversion (r = 0. 78)My child is usually afraid to meet newpeople.Shyness is my child’s biggest problem.Isolation (r = 0.68)My child does not like to be close withothers.My child often stays in his/her room forhours.Social Skill Deficits (r = 0.91)Limited Peer Status (r = 0.84)My child often brings friends home.(reversed)My child is very popular with other children.(reversed)Conflict with Peers (r = 0.88)My child seems to get along with everyone.(reversed)Other children make fun of my child’sideas.Note: From Lachar & Gruber (2001).developed through rational/ theoreticalapproaches.Many changes and improvements havebeen made in the PIC-2 scales. Contentoverlap was either reduced or eliminatedbetween scales, item-total correlation hadto be high, and validity scales were added(Lachar & Gruber, 2001). Scale content wasalso better articulated with that of the PIYin order to enhance score comparisons. ASpanish translation was developed as well.The PIC-2 also includes a 96-item shortform (the first 96 items of the StandardForm) called the “Behavioral Summary.”An overview of the PIC-2 clinical scalesis provided in Table 7.7. In addition to thesescales, the PIC-2 provides three validityscales (i.e., Inconsistency, Dissimulation,and Defensiveness) and critical items.Administration and ScoringIt takes a parent about 40 min to completethe 275 true–false statements of the PIC-2. All administrations require at least twocomponents, an administration bookletand hand-scoring or computer-scoringanswer sheets. The hand-scoring processinvolves the use of four forms with a CriticalItems Summary Sheet as an option.The use of either PC or mail-in computerscoring limits the number of componentsto only two (administration booklet andanswer sheet).NormingThe norming sample included 2,306 childrenin the kindergarten through 12thgrades. The normative sample appears torepresent 1998 US Census data – whichwere the data available at the time of thePIC-2 norming – well in terms of ethnicity,parents’ education level, and geographicregion of residence.Linear transformations of T-scores wereutilized. The range of derived scores islimited to T-scores based only on withinsexcomparisons. Therefore, as alluded toin the discussions of other tests, one is notable to determine how a child’s behaviorcompares to that of children in general.Percentile ranks are also not available.ReliabilityInternal consistency coefficients for thescales are for the most part acceptable andare shown in Table 7.7. The results of one-