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5. Confidential contacts with S. A. Gailani with the purpose of encouraging him toreturn to Afghanistan to establish cooperation with the new regime of the DRAshould be continued through the connections of KGB operatives.”“Yes, Volodya, this document is quite interesting. However, you should work toimprove the style and logic of the narrative in certain parts,” said Orlov-Morozov. “Therecommendations that are listed in the end should probably be sent in a separate cable. Itwon’t be necessary for those reading this document to know that we have approaches toGailani.”“Fine, Alexander Victorovich, I understand,” responded Khotyaev, picking up thepapers off the desk.***Moscow was increasingly sucked into the whirlwind that was created by the AprilRevolution. Their involvement was past the point of no return. Politicians, military andintelligence officers, diplomats, economists, representatives of different civilian agencies—hundreds of organizations were engaged in the process. The Soviet Union, whereeverything was in deficit, generously supplied Afghanistan with food, fuel, ammunition,military equipment, mineral fertilizers, agricultural machinery, cars, and instructionalmaterials. It paid hundreds of specialists to work in Afghanistan. Not a week passedwithout Afghan affairs being discussed at the meetings of the Politburo or the Secretariat inthe Central Committee of the CPSU.On April 1, ten days after the suppression of the Herat uprising, Gromyko, Andropov,Ustinov, and Ponomaryov, the foursome in charge of Soviet activities in Afghanistan,412
submitted their analysis to the Central Committee. The eleven-page document was anattempt to understand current events and determine a program of action for the nearestfuture.According to the unwritten rule at the time, the document started with anideological preamble: “In the conditions of an intense class struggle, the People’sDemocratic Party of Afghanistan, which represents the interests of the working class, findsitself on one side. On the other side are the forces that represent the interests of feudallandlords, the bourgeoisie, and the most reactionary part of the clergy.” This introductionwas followed by a list of reasons that the situation had sharply deteriorated. Among themwere complex inter-ethnic and tribal controversies, religious fanaticism, extremenationalism, economic hardships, and the consolidation of all counter-revolutionary forces.The authors of the document admitted that a program of broad social and economictransformation was in the very beginning of its implementation, and that most of thepopulation had not yet sensed the advantages of the new order and therefore did notappreciate its progressive character.Because this document was classified as Top Secret, and was addressed to very fewpeople, the Politburo members who signed it did not hide the weakness of the new Afghanauthorities. Among those weaknesses were a lack of local support and unwillingness toconduct a dialogue with the clergy and opposition tribal leaders. However, havingremarked that the PDPA hadn’t yet transformed into a mass political organization, theauthors of the document noticed that “the avant-garde workers and poorest peasants arebeing admitted into its membership very slowly.” The party remained not only small, butalso seriously weakened as a result of a power struggle between the Khalq and Parcham413
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Chapter 1:VIRUS: How the invasion o
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arranged meeting point for the emer
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that Orlov-Morozov wrote to the Cen
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political situation developing in t
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as accomplices, received long-term
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World War II, Prince Daoud Khan, th
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“Can you imagine, Comrade General
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no idea that some destructive polit
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General Gorelov was particularly co
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ascent. One plane, flying low above
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would retrieve vodka along with gla
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laid down on the couch. He felt pre
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possible contingency. Any unforesee
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In July 1973, Major Qadir and his g
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the Parcham faction, also became mi
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the military transport division of
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on the morning of April 27, the off
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there were passwords. I think Amin
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commander suddenly stopped and turn
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in the lead tank, which was compris
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KGB colleagues, exiting the embassy
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married?”“I wonder whose side t
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detachments. The analyst of the Res
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front of the airport and drove back
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complained to him, “Your trade re
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“What’s wrong? Should I call a
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awaiting further instructions. My a
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well-prepared speech that touched u
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Youth”) in the 1940s. Babrak also
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eally need to act a year ago, becau
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After Daoud’s visit to Moscow, th
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that could be leveled against me or
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looming in the fields, to be handed
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“And what about Daoud?”“I don
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sent the commander of the President
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another Central Committee member, t
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forces in the country, which had be
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explosions in the night sky. Only a
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When the bodies were removed from t
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Chapter 2:“We Knocked Out Their T
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deputy resident gave Valery an indi
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trusted the deputy resident, who wa
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Alexander Victorovich puffed his pi
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As evening came, the city was shrou
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honor, religion, and property, we d
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evolution and kill the president if
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theory, thinks as if the Pashtun
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analyst’s intentions.***The morni
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Vladimir Alexandrovich was accustom
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intelligence officers, yet they wer
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“He thinks that he will recover s
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Three years ago, General Leonov was
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Politburo would be unpredictable. S
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Tomorrow? What time? I think it’s
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During the meeting, the issues of A
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institutions. Afghan special servic
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to prepare him to work in Afghanist
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favor, and inquired as to the natur
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“We will take care of all funding
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services, and to discuss the budget
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was short, without a moustache desp
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children, and myself—and for the
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“Yes guys, this list is extraordi
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This time, General Zaplatin headed
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through Reuters? Do we not have our
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much to discuss.Ulyanovsky started
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enewed force.“According to our fo
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***One evening Starostin was called
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Parcham officers were passive on th
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operative boss,” mused the deputy
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glad that the Soviet comrades had a
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wasn’t involved in any affairs of
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the April Revolution.”The ministe
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do.”“I have no doubt that we wi
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invited to meet with Minister of Fo
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thirty of them. Two of them were im
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decision. The Afghans listened to h
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coordinate recommendations with eac
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April Revolution.Then Karmal took t
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low would be delivered that would u
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“Because they are Parchamis.”
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Having decided to marry his current
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ambassador. He, on the one hand, ca
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the state and party, which would me
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Bobrak?”This was the extent of th
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Indeed, there would be many more So
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Kharazov was tasked by the Central
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courtyard.”“Yes, of course.”
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again.”With a clear sense of reli
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counterintelligence managed to neut
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treatment. He thought that he would
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intervention. He had a very vague i
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interpretation of events. However,
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Amin interrupted him coldly: “I w
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his tormentors to kill him.“Every
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should ask your colleagues to be mo
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years earlier, he was offered a pos
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“Vladimir Alexandrovich,” begge
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he intended to play his own game. I
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was so enamored by the ideology of
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in Russian, “Do chego zhe mir tes
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Starostin often would run into Frye
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were to stay for another year or tw
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“I think that, from the U.S. pers
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leaders were convinced that the Sov
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Thinking about Americans, Valery re
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cannot, with full certainty, qualif
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As Surnin predicted, a CIA operativ
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wish was for them to make the Afgha
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Listening to Boris Nikolayevich, Bo
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until Bogdanov took the floor. He d
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doubts as to the old Communist warr
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simply didn’t have the means to o
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one hand, there was truth to this s
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auspices of the “National Pashtun
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this version of events becomes the
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Kryuchkov remained silent, digestin
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‘true communist’ and his friend
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Babrak Karmal looked extremely conc
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“Think, who could receive this Ba
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Preparations for the first state vi
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The papers also published Comrade T
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young people at the square, told th
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influential Islamist organizations.
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him as though considering their con
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Politburo superseded all protocol.
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with obvious Soviet participation w
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“I am working, Leonid Ilyich!”
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Once, the professor and the future
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As soon as they entered Dvoryankov
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Khan, Valery treated Dvoryankov to
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Sometimes, one should act extremely
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ecame a colony of Britain. Afghan t
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“Valery, do you think that we wou
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in the committee by a bureaucrat fr
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300 Afghani, according to an exchan
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The decree authorized the re-exprop
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Having said goodbye to him, Valery
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Nikolai Alexandrovich Dvoryankov di
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American intelligence services, eve
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***Sergei Bakhturin, an assistant t
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wife were staying in the room. Vese
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On February 13, a reception in hono
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to invite the archaeologist to spea
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a little over two hours to fulfill
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keep hostages in captivity. In othe
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was discovered that the gas in the
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“But how would the safety of Mr.
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“But then you should realize that
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are not as alert. People are more a
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newspaper. He settled on the name G
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“‘The security operatives, havi
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get inside his car? How can his cal
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“Wipe your tears,” he said in a
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differs from the way they think as
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“He told me to pick up my cleats
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describing what had transpired in H
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“I wonder who this person is? I h
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Starostin was not surprised by what
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Badruddin Bahes was close to Muslim
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nationalist and anti-Soviet. Howeve
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while he ruminated, then stared abs
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A: We failed to capture the terrori
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Question from a correspondent of Th
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flag on it. The U.S. ambassador was
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7. Who were the terrorists? It seem
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perceived at the Center? It would s
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Chapter 5:Rebellion in Herat - Firs
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struggle had become a historical le
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Revolution.“I understand that you
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evolutionary, anti-party, and again
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architectural monuments, and other
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een assumed that the Soviets in Afg
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“All of our leaders are waiting f
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spoke with Amin,” Gromyko added.
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decide to send them to Afghanistan?
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mistakes that they have made. Even
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It was a brilliant ploy. Everybody
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necessary to justify possible milit
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Unexpectedly, Andropov moved to sup
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this government. But can our troops
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military divisions had been deploye
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e illiterate his whole life, and to
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economic reforms as the solutions.
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conversation. “I would like to in
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look of satisfaction. He motioned,
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in connection with the additional m
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ased on the Bolshevik experience. F
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would flee to Pakistan after the de
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General Staff for his ruthless exec
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crucial decisions in complex situat
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and respectful when he met with the
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eason Ivanov did not fall prey to s
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Page 398 and 399:
Morozov, Khotyaev, and Starostin to
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Marxist-Leninist theory at the time
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Page 402 and 403:
violating their sacred duty.”Osad
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community, and the sinfulness of se
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“Unfortunately, this is not alway
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Page 408 and 409:
attempting to build socialism in su
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“In an attempt to halt anti-gover
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factions. The document mentioned th
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with their requests for direct invo
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armed opposition.Further into his m
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esidencies. Halbaiev, the commander
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Page 422 and 423:
discussed, Comrade Amin appeared to
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Page 424 and 425:
authority. They figured that the mo
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the stage of advanced capitalism on
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Safronchuk.Amin pretended to be ast
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danger to him. However, it is possi
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Page 432 and 433:
example, what was the purpose of Am
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“This is what happened,” began
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Ivanov hesitated. There was a silen
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special typewriter. He also had to
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influence. This topic was last disc
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paratroopers, disguised in aviation
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consequences of the confrontation b
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Page 446 and 447:
the organizational talents of Hafiz
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Persian Gulf.Détente was coming to
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duration of the war in Afghanistan.
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eported and objectively interpreted
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Page 454 and 455:
countries, including Iran, Pakistan
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officers took a seven-month-long co
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Glotov and Alexander Dolmatov were
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You will be assisting me in special
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Page 462 and 463:
was surprised to find out that not
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Page 464 and 465:
The taxi driver sensed that his pas
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and PGU with great attention.“It
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“Valery, you should meet with Gul
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***Major General Zaplatin was very
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Page 472 and 473:
Zaplatin sternly glanced at the int
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The Afghan understood that the Sovi
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them.“Finally, here is the most i
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Page 478 and 479:
neighboring Pakistan to become a re
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Afghanistan. Comrade Taraki is faci
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Page 482 and 483:
deal with Amin work? Where do the o
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Page 484 and 485:
“It looks like the situation with
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analysts in the International Depar
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1. Find a way to remove H. Amin fro
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water has such healing properties t
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Page 492 and 493:
the other leaders of the faction wh
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Page 494 and 495:
was burning our hearts. We simply c
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Page 496 and 497:
carry out a coup d’etat by overth
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Page 498 and 499:
indignation of Czech citizens watch
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Page 500 and 501:
global revolutionary movement. That
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Page 502 and 503:
workers, avant-garde peasants, and
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Page 504 and 505:
Council in leading the party and st
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Page 506 and 507:
that is happening behind my back.
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Page 508 and 509:
Petrov responded sternly, briefly s
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clear to him that he had to return
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statement without the support of th
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Page 514 and 515:
There were also several plain-cloth
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People’s Palace, where a joint me
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Page 518 and 519:
position within the leadership of t
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greeting, he informed me that Amin
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Alexander Mikhailovich Puzanov, Sov
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I suggested that we kick them out i
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your man or Amin’s man?”“He w
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his friends had already been arrest
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Page 530 and 531:
By some strange coincidence, all of
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party, demanding that he remove the
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Afghan school teacher, Valery decid
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path. We must do everything possibl
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Taraki called Amin and spoke in Pas
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esolution. He was now in control of
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Page 542 and 543:
in an open power struggle. Or perha
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Page 544 and 545:
the Afghans? Maybe we should just h
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Page 546 and 547:
had helped create. It was clear tha
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Page 548 and 549:
activists.After he drafted the cabl
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“No, thank you. I’d rather she
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Page 552 and 553:
ecognized leader of the democratic
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Page 554 and 555:
the couch to flip through the Sovie
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Page 556 and 557:
custody of the Armed Forces of Afgh
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Page 558 and 559:
“I don’t think that will ever h
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you over to Amin,” Starostin repl
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Taraki, his family, or his allies.
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second truck would monitor the inte
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currency. Boris Semyonovich ordered
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Page 568 and 569:
session so that we might hear his e
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disappearance of Sarwari and the fo
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eplacing him, why did you shelter a
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Page 574 and 575:
interlocutor, ignoring Kurilov’s
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Page 576 and 577:
issued cargo boxes.These preparatio
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Page 578 and 579:
compact, they faced less difficulty
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Page 580 and 581:
and the convoy continued its drive
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Page 582 and 583:
suggested that he thoroughly clean
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Page 584 and 585:
opposition figures was an obvious e
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Page 586 and 587:
“So Taraki’s time is over?” a
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said Zaplatin emphatically. Ustinov
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“This is good. Please tell me, wh
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military intervention.” But it al
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expressed.“It is now clear that w
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We were left untouched for the next
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Chapter 8:Death Sentence“The city
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living. They knew that the armed fo
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Page 602 and 603:
were expelled from local authoritie
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Page 604 and 605:
soon considered to be equivalent to
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Page 606 and 607:
In the middle of October, military
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Page 608 and 609:
The next morning, Bogdanov’s peop
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Page 610 and 611:
“We ought to serve,” the ambass
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Page 612 and 613:
the translation, was shocked. It wa
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Page 614 and 615:
“May I speak to you not according
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Page 616 and 617:
In concluding his speech, Amin said
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contribution to this transformation
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Page 620 and 621:
It was clear that the Center had to
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circumstances. All conversations of
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attaché reported, “Amin managed
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doctors, he continued to smoke his
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Page 628 and 629:
services, which we are currently in
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“We’ve heard this before, Andre
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Page 632 and 633:
and hydrogen bombs. He was the mini
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The results of the discussion were
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Page 636 and 637:
If facts indicating a change in Ami
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minister understood the difficultie
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“We can bring in some of our troo
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Page 642 and 643:
Having returned to Kabul, Gorelov s
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The helicopter brought Zaplatin to
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Page 646 and 647:
intervention in Afghanistan. Ustino
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Soviet Union. The first secretary o
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Page 650 and 651:
Collectively, all of those factors
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state. They would be informed as to
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additional specific instructions ha
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a hill, and was comparatively vulne
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performed culinary miracles, partic
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consulted about ways to install pow
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you are constantly engaged in intri
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possible only under the condition o
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To make a long story short, by the
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doubt flickered across his face. So
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Karmal’s faith in popular support
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Babrak Karmal was an educated and i
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Page 674 and 675:
thanks to the pilot’s skill and p
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head of state. He wanted to be rece
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The final decision that day was not
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“Well, Volodya, it is time to act
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Aligned Movement, of which Afghanis
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Page 684 and 685:
Kryuchkov had to issue the signal t
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“At this point, you should stop s
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Page 688 and 689:
The “cook” Mikhail T. poisoned
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The poison worked, but strangely, o
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“Everybody is here,” Kurilov as
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“Is it possible to see a floor pl
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Page 696 and 697:
Fear of potential failure played a
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Page 698 and 699:
training the special forces units a
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Page 700 and 701:
“It would be good for you to send
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Page 702 and 703:
Amin was happy to hear that. He see
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Page 704 and 705:
Akhromeev, the deputy head of the G
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Page 706 and 707:
spectacularly into the mountains su
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Page 708 and 709:
pancakes, veal, and traditional bak
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Page 710 and 711:
A week later, Osadchiy summoned Sta
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Page 712 and 713:
“What do you think of me, Vilior
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Page 714 and 715:
“The leadership of the Central Co
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Page 716 and 717:
the remaining food and drink to be
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Page 718 and 719:
In total, twenty-five Afghans, incl
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Page 720 and 721:
more decisive action in Afghanistan
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Page 722 and 723:
But even the “special people,”
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Page 724 and 725:
about their sources of information
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Page 726 and 727:
care of. What happened to the famil
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Page 728 and 729:
Naturally, Soviet military interven
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However, not only did Taraki not cr
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BibliographyBooksAblazov, V. I. Afg
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Page 734 and 735:
Internal Affairs Advisers about the
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Page 736 and 737:
[Afghanistan: Opposition and the Au
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from 1977-1983.Biryukov, L. I. —
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Shah Wali — A prominent member of
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