Chapter 4: Convergence and Conflict 1660-1789

Imperial Economics: MercantilismParliament demands an absolute Monopoly of colonial raw materials• 1660. Parliament creates aNavigation Act to enhancemaximum economic developmentfor England by requiring allcolonial goods to be sent directlyto London or Bristol to be taxed.• The Navigation Act is renewedand refined during the next 100years. It prohibits Dutch andFrench merchants from tradingdirectly with American colonists.• 1700 a new “Yankee Enterprise”Colonial Rhode Island scene, 1690.spirit develops in New Englandwhich includes smuggling.3Ch 4 Convergence, Conflict 1660-1763 (14)

Regulation of TradeNavigation Act41715, Boston. Rules andRequirements of Navigation Act• “(Parliament) forbids all Personswhomsoever of holding any Correspondence,Commerce, Trade and Dealings … with the Frenchof Canada, Cape Breton or other Parts…”• All goods and raw materials from everyEnglish colony around the world wererequired by British law to betransported in British ships withBritish crews-directly to England to beinventoried and taxed. Only then couldcolonial items be sold in foreigncountries.• English merchants were thus givenabsolute control over colonial goods.• Since they fixed the price for thegoods, they were assured a profit.• British middle and upper classes,become extremely wealthy,Ch 4 Convergence, Conflict 1660-1763 (14)

Colonial Politics – Dominion of New EnglandMassachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New HampshireDOMINION OF NEWENGLAND 1687-89 NewEngland-New York- New JerseyNew YorkNew Jersey• 1689, Winter. News of theGlorious Revolutionarrives to great rejoicing inthe New World.• New Englanders mistakenly assumethey are free to reject their hatedroyal governor.• Gov. Sir Edmund Andros flees hisBoston mansion dressed inwomen’s clothing.• His boots show beneath his dressand he is captured.• Thrown in jail, he is deported toEngland in the Spring of 1689• William & Mary, however,are displeased by theactions of the NewEngland colonists.6Ch 4 Convergence, Conflict 1660-1763 (14)

Colonial Politics – The South 1689-1733Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Carolina and Georgia7Delaware(1635)Chesapeake BayPiedmont TidewaterCharlestonCape Hatteras• After 1700 all colonies borderingChesapeake Bay grow slave-plantedtobacco.• Each colony is governed byassemblies that routinely bribes theroyal governor in order to maintainself-rule.• 1700. All Southern colonies aredominated by wealthy oligarchies(marriage-connected families).• 1730. Carolina, formerly a satelliteof Virginia, is split in two colonies-North and South.• 1733. King George II permits JamesEdward Oglethorpe to foundGeorgia as a buffer against theSpanish.Ch 4 Convergence, Conflict 1660-1763 (14)

First Great Awakening 1734 The first trulyAmerican religious institution, “New Light, Born-Again Christian” is created.8Cotton Mather 1662-1728An “Old Light” Puritan• 1692 Puritan Cotton Mather arguedagainst the witch trials butdefended the death sentences.• 1728 Mather and Arminian “OldLight” Calvinist religious leaderslost followers when JonathanEdwards led a series of “NewLight” revivals-now known as the“First Great Awakening.”• The fervent outpouring of religious“Born Again” excitement surprisedand shocked European andAmerican intellectuals (includingBen Franklin).• These revivals boosted the individual“Spirit of Enterprise” and selfconfidencethat was spreading throughNew England.Ch 4 Convergence, Conflict 1660-1763 (14)

Jonathan Edwards9The “New Lights” believedFirst True American Churchesthe old established Puritanchurch could not be reformed.• 1734. Northampton, Mass.Edwards preached IICorinthians 6:17 "Come outfrom among them and be yeseparate."• 1735. Separatist Baptists fromBoston claimed “Born Again”was more important for apreacher than a Harvardeducation- they spread rapidlysouth into Virginia and NorthCarolina.• 1736. John Wesley readEdward’s sermons in Londonand created the “Methodist”Jonathan Edwards1703-1758Church which jumped toGeorgia.Ch 4 Convergence, Conflict 1660-1763 (14)

10Meanwhile Out West Spanish NuevoMexico, Tejas and Alta CaliforniaUte warrior rides a horsetaken from the Spanish in1680.1540. Coronado explored through NewMexico, Texas and Kansas but returnedto Mexico disgusted by the lack of gold.It took 168 more years for the Spanishto establish a North American colony.1608. Santa Fe, Nuevo Mexico, is foundedby Juan Onate’.• Spanish ruled with an iron fist.• The Pueblos and Utes become slaves.1680. Pueblos united behind Pope’ anddrove out the Spanish, killing 400.1700. Pueblo society descends into chaosand the Spanish are asked to return.1710. The Utes; Navajos; Comanches, andKiowas obtain horses and soon raidNew Mexican settlements at will.Ch 4 Convergence, Conflict 1660-1763 (14)

11New England isseparated from Canadaby only the 4-5,000’Appalachian MountainpeaksMeanwhile Up NorthFrench Canada• 1600. France begins tradewith the Hurons.• 1608-42. Quebec, 8 othersettlements are foundedalong the St Lawrence R.• 1689. The English “GloriousRevolution” caused CatholicFrance and its Indian alliesto declare war on ProtestantNew England.• 1690-1763. French &Indians use hit and runattacks at sea and againstoutlying New Englandsettlements.Ch 4 Convergence, Conflict 1660-1763 (14)

North America73 Years of sporadic warfare asFrench Canadian Indians attackedNew England frontier towns.12In 1751, Parliamentreorganized and modernizedthe British army which servedrarely in North America.The four “official” colonial wars ofFrance and England fought in NorthAmerica are known as follows:• King William’s war 1689-97.• Treaty of Ryswick, Belgium.• Queen Anne’s war 1702-14.• Great British gains Newfoundland,Nova Scotia and Hudson Bay bythe Treaty of Utrecht.• King George’s war 1740-48.• Treaty of Aix-le-Chapell no gain.• French & Indian war 1752-63.Ch 4 Convergence, Conflict 1660-1763 (14)

French vs. British 1689-1763.“Cold War” often hot in North AmericaBy 1738 in Europe and inthe West, a continuing “cold war”between Great Britain and France ismarked by increasing hostility.The usual atrocities-murder, rape,kidnapping-are rampant along theAppalachian frontier betweenCanada and the British colonies.• Especially in upstate New York anddown the Ohio Valley, both sidesFrench allied Huron warriorsravaged upstate New Yorkand down into the OhioValleyrecruit Native American warriorsand use them as surrogate militiasoldiers.13Ch 4 Convergence, Conflict 1660-1763 (14)

French & Indian War 1752-1763Gen. Braddock and The Battle of Three ForksPennsylvania, July 9, 175514Major General Edward Braddock isshot from his horse while GeorgeWashington rallies the 44 th and 48 thRegiments.• George Washington, DanielBoone, John Finley, DanielMorgan, Charles Lee, HoratioGates, Thomas Gage; dozens offuture American Revolutionaryofficers marched with the BritishArmy to confront the French.• This battle marks the first majorfighting of the French & IndianWar which spreads to Europe andbecomes the final war for worlddomination between the twosuperpowers.• Braddock is mortally wounded,dies and is buried in the road fourdays later.• Washington is credited withsaving British soldiers from beingmassacred.Ch 4 Convergence, Conflict 1660-1763 (14)