A | B | C | D | E - Early American Industries Association

IndexA | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | ZAAbbeyhorn Co., 54:3 112–113Abel, William H., 55:1 8"Abe L. Adams Art Auger, The" (Price), 45:1 3–4Abel and Byvanck, 46:1 27"Abel Sampson: Maine Privateer Turned Planemaker" (Butterworth and Blumenberg),45:2 35–37Aber, James (Jim), 45:2 45, 56:4 173Aber, Jim, 37:4 68"Abercrombie & Fitch Axe" (Klenman), 52:1 38Abercrombie & Fitch promotional axe, 52:1 38Aberdeen, Scotlandgranite industry, 60:1 16, 60:1 23immigrants from, 60:1 23Aberdeen Gin Factory and Machine Shop, 52:1 16Abishai Way & Co., 43:3 80"About Our Back Cover." See "Our Back Cover""About Our Front Cover." See "Our Front Cover""About the Picture Puzzle," 39:2 31Abraham, Peter, 49:3 74Abrams, Georgescrewdriver patent, 45:4 109Abrasive Products Co., 53:1 32abrasivesfor granite, 59:4 130, 59:4 135, 59:4 147ground flint, 48:1 33abrasive sheetsinventory lists, 39:3 44abutmentsfor covered bridges, 46:4 114Académie Royale des Sciences, 58:1 37Academy of Armory, The, or A Storehouse of Armory and Blazon (Holme), 37:4 61, 52:3110–111, 53:3 96"Accident on Lombard Street" (Peale), 61:3 94, 61:3 96account booksblacksmiths, 42:2 47–49, 44:1 26–27, 44:4 122–123, 45:2 52Blake, Josiah, 55:1 27–30boat equipment, 43:4 101–102Burton, Silas, 56:1 11chairmaking, 44:4 114–115Columbia (bark), 42:1 22–24, 42:4 101–102coopers, 42:1 19–21

Danner, Daniel, 47:1 15–26distribution of raw materials and manufactured goods, 46:2 49–50Doggett, Simeon, 48:3 40–41Fitch, Jabez, 45:2 48–50Hewitt, Daniel Tyler, 46:1 29–30Honeyman, Robert, 43:2 43house construction, 43:1 19–20, 46:1 29–30Maine, Jonas C., 45:4 110–111Metcalf, Isaac, 43:1 19–20planemakers, 45:1 8–10, 45:2 42–43, 45:3 80–83Plant, Solomon, 56:1 9–15Reed, Elbridge Gerry, 45:2 61–62Rice, Alfred, 46:2 49–50Rider, Nathaniel, 41:3 78scrapers, 44:2 57–58screw manufacture, 44:3 77–78Shaker fulling mills, 52:4 127, 52:4 128, 52:4 133n7Stevens, John, Shop, stonecutters, 58:4 141–144, 58:4 153n.1tinsmith, 43:4 101Tracy, Terence T., 42:1 19–21Washington, George, Fort Loudoun inventory, 43:2 44–45Wells, Chester R., 45:1 8–10Winterthur Library collection, 58:1 39Woodward, W. W., 45:1 9accountinginterlocking ledger system, 61:4 135Account of the Newly Invented Fireplaces, 61:2 45, 61:2 46"Account of Whiskey Barrel Making Before the Civil War" (Kosmerl), 40:4 71–72acetone, 39:1 12Achard, M. M. d'Aspine, 59:4 137Acheson, Edward G., 60:1 41Ackerman, Cornelius J., 41:1 6, 41:1 7Ackermann, Emma Elizabeth, 61:1 20Ackley, Anthony, 44:1 31Acme Button-Hole Attachment Co., 42:2 36Acme screw thread, 55:3 113Acorn frame press, 53:3 108–113Act to Incorporate the Carpenters' Company of the City and County of Philadelphia, An,41:3 49–50Adair, James B. M., 58:2 56, 58:2 57, 58:2 61Adam, Josiah, 61:2 51Adam Bede (Elliot), 52:2 66Adamczyk, Alois, 61:1 33"Adam Kersh, A Virginia Cabinetmaker" (Lott), 42:3 66Adamowicz, Laurent, 60:1 facing p. 1Adams (pilot schooner), 53:1 3, 53:1 8n11

Adams, A., 43:2 46, 61:3 128Adams, Abe L., 45:1 3–4Adams, Benjamin, 57:3 88Adams, Daniel, 46:1 24Adams, E. G., 52:1 15Adams, Ezekiel, 46:1 27Adams, John, 61:4 146Adams, John Quincy, 52:4 151, 52:4 154, 61:4 146Adams, Josiah, 61:2 52Adams, Sanford, 41:3 83, 42:1 26, 42:2 55Adams, Seth, 53:3 113Adams, William, 58:2 56, 58:2 64n.20Adams Art Auger Bit, 45:1 3–4Adamson, Jeremy, 58:3 94additional improvements (AI) patents, 55:4 160–161Adell Brothers Manufacturing Co., 49:3 70Adelphi Terrace and Coal Wharf, The, 54:2 56adjustable planesiron block planes, 52:2 60–61sash fillisters, 54:1 5adjustable toolsbevels, whatsits, 39:2 32cabinetmakers' rabbet planes, 59:1 25–31carpenters' bevels, 42:2 35hollow augers, 45:2 60shaves, 52:3 109Adventures in Contentment, N.Y. (Grayson), 39:3 48"Advertisements of Edwin Walker's Tools" (Bopp), 40:4 73Aadvertisingcirculars, 61:2 57citrus fruit-crate labels, 42:2 33–35Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:3 114–119, 59:4 155fruit-crate labels, 42:4 111, 42:4 back covergauging rods, 61:1 24ink blotters, 61:1 25miniature anvils, 41:3 84piano tuner's bellows, 42:4 109–110pre-1900, 44:4 127, 44:4 back coverscythe stones, 42:2 30, 42:3 58Stanley Christmas promotions, 57:4 140–147Stetson Hat Co. posters, 54:1 40timber auction broadside, 38:2 36, 38:2 back covertool catalogs and, 61:1 2toys, 61:1 2watches, 37:4 67wood screws, 41:3 50

as apprentice planemakers, 52:2 77in saw gin manufacturing, 52:1 18–19timber preparation work by, 54:2 57–58African marking camwood, 59:4 144Agar, J. S., 50:2 59Agawam Woolen Co., 53:4 150Ager, C. H., 56:1 24aggregategranite, 59:2 42agricultural chemistry, 61:2 52agricultural equipment. See also farm mechanization; farm tools and implementsfarm machinery, 45:4 121harrows, 58:4 153seventeenth-century, 43:2 38–40threshing machines, 58:2 54–65for wire grass harvesting, 58:3 92–94agricultural tools. See also farm tools and implementscorn tools, 50:3 101–104Dominy family, 58:2 49–51early tools, 46:1 5–6hand farming implements, 39:3 51, 45:4 121whatsits, 43:2 51, 60:3 128agriculture. See also garden tools; livestockbuttermaking trade, 50:4 110clearing land for, 44:3 93England, history, 51:1 27–29farm buildings, 55:3 85–94farmer's diary, 38:2 22farm family photograph, 40:3 52horses and, 44:3 93, 44:3 95mechanization of, 44:1 19, 44:1 20, 44:2 53–54, 44:3 80–81minimal-cash, 55:3 86–94publications on, 61:2 52–53tool displays, 40:4 64wheat farming, 41:2 34–35women's work, 45:4 117Agrirama, Georgia, 60:4 137"Ah Yes, It's a Sprague" (Boardman), 46:3 73–75Aiken, E. L., 49:2 57Aiken, Herrick, 37:1 8, 37:1 9, 43:2 52–53, 46:2 50, 53:4 147Aiken, Jonasknitting machines, 53:4 146–147, 53:4 150, 53:4 153Aiken, Robert, 61:2 48Aiken, Walter, 55:1 8, 57:3 117knitting machines, 53:4 146–147

Aiken Knitting Machine Co., 53:4 146–147, 53:4 150, 53:4 153Aikin, Cyrus S., 52:1 16Ainslie, Albert, 56:4 171air compressorsfor granite quarrying, 59:3 95, 59:3 96aircraft gas gaugeStanley, 56:3 118–119airlinesice crushers, 61:1 32air pumps, 41:1 16Aitken, Robert, 44:1 23Akin, Bartholomew, 58:1 39Akin, James, 61:1 8A.K. Nartov, an Outstanding Machine Builder of the 18th C. (Britkin and Vidonov), 42:244, 42:2 45Alaskaaxes, 37:1 20Agold rush, 61:1 19–20make-do tools in, 44:3 86"Alaskan Make-Do's" (Underwood), 44:3 86Albemarle Agricultural Society, 58:2 62Alberghini, Jon, 38:1 9Albert, Harry, 61:1 22Albert, Mark, 44:3 93Albert, Robert, 51:4 117n5Alberti, 61:3 92Albert Skira (publisher), 53:2 83Albion Press, 48:4 100alcoholsawyers' use of, 54:2 58alcohol burners, 42:2 31Alcott, Bronson, 43:1 7Alcott, Louisa May, 43:4 91, 55:4 134aldehyde green, 53:4 157, 53:4 159Alden, Lilla, 58:4 171n.8Alden Emery Co., 53:1 28Aldinger, Henry, 51:3 94Aldinger, Henry P., 44:4 110, 51:3 94Aldrich, E. True, 49:1 15, 49:1 17Aldrich, Ezraedge tool manufactury, 37:2 21–22Aldrich, Miltonclamps, 49:1 15–17Aldrich, Nelson T., 49:1 15, 49:1 16Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, 44:4 118Aldrich, William K.

clamps, 49:1 15–17Aldrich, William K., Co., 49:1 15–18clamps, 49:1 15–17pianoforte clamps, 49:1 7–8Aldringer, Henry, 44:4 116ale barrels, 52:4 152"Alexander Stuart Coffman 1842-1910," 48:4 69–73Alford, Alfred, 58:2 67Alford, Arba, 58:2 67Alford Plane Co., 58:2 67Alfred & James Walker Account Book, 40:4 69–70Alfrey, Henry, 40:4 71Alger, Edward, 50:1 5Alger, John, 54:4 148Algier, Susanna, 49:3 91Algonquin Confederationshusking pegs and, 59:3 98Alheizer, John, 48:4 70Alinari, 47:2 61"'A Little Matter': Jefferson's Moldboard of Least Resistance" (Stanton), 58:1 3–11alizarine, 53:4 157Allard, Isaac, 49:1 1, 49:1 2, 56:4 137Allason, Williammetal-pad braces, 53:3 103Allcraft Tool & Supply Co., 45:4 115Allegheny County, North Carolinafarm buildings, 55:3 85–94Allegheny Mountainsplanemakers, 50:3 88–92Allegheny Town, Pennsylvania, 50:3 89, 50:3 92Allen, Dorsey, & Tenney, 46:3 58–60Allen, Ebeneezer "Indian," 47:4 119Allen, Ethan, 44:2 63Allen, George, 50:2 62Allen, Hank, 46:1 18, 56:3 127Allen, John, 48:3 40Allen, Joseph Chase, 48:2 45Allen, Levi O. (L. O.)hay knives, 39:1 17, 57:2 66Allen, Rhodes, 47:2 59Allen, Warren, 45:2 42Allen, William, 42:2 31Allen, W. P., 46:1 14Allen & Dial, 45:4 125–126Allendorf, William L., 46:3 63Allis-Chalmers combine, 39:4 61

Alloy Machining, 61:2 71Almy & Brown weaving mill, 42:2 42–43alphabet stones, 58:4 147Alpi, Victor, 45:1 11altarpieces, 46:4 98–107Altass, Alan H., 42:3 60alternating current (AC), 44:2 44–45, 44:2 62motors, 57:1 15aluminum oxidein needle sharpeners, 47:1 14alundum (artificial carborundum), 60:1 41amadou, 38:2 32amateur saws, 45:4 back coveramateur scroll sawsfoot-powered, 48:4 77, 48:4 79, 48:4 87Ambidextrous Universe, The (Gardner), 56:2 63American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 61:2 45American Agriculturist, 61:1 17American Agriculturist, The, 40:4 72, 42:1 2, 44:3 73American Antiquarian Society, 41:1 4American Artist's Manual, The (Evans), 61:2 48American Artists' Materials, Vol. II, 46:2 53American Artists' Materials Suppliers Directory, 46:2 53American axes, 38:2 34–35American Axes (Kaufman), 41:1 3American Axe & Tool Co., 37:2 23, 39:3 52A, 40:4 60, 45:3 71, 51:1 23, 51:4 130"American Barbison and the Dominy House, The" (O'Connor), 44:3 84–85American Bit Brace Co., 45:4 101American Blacksmith Auto and Tractor Shop magazine, 54:1 23, 54:1 24American Braces in the 19th Century (Klingler), 42:1 16"American Braces in the 19th Century" (Klingler)Part II, 41:3 42–44Part III, 41:4 64–65American Brewing Co., 50:1 19American Brownstone Co., 56:3 91"American Bucksaws" (Stubbs), 59:2 59–69American Builder, 45:3 90American Cabinetmaker's Plow Plan, The (Moody), 40:2 17American Cast Iron Pipe Co., 57:3 110American chestnut treesAsiatic blight and, 43:1 16American Drop Forge Co., 45:3 71American Family Knitting Machine, 38:3 48American Felt Co., 41:3 46American Forests, The (Muir), 45:4 124American Fork & Hoe Co., 46:3 65–67

American Furniture and Manufacturing Co., 58:3 95"American Glue Company, The: A Gritty Problem" (West and Cottrell), 53:1 26–32American Glue Co. of Massachusetts, 53:1 26, 53:1 31–32, 53:2 82American Glue Co. of New Jersey, 53:1 26–32garnet sand mining, 53:1 28insurance map, 53:1 29"American Glue Factory Revisited" (West and Cottrell), 53:2 82American Grass Twine Co., 58:3 90–99American Hardware Store, The: A Manual for Approved Methods of Arranging andDisplaying Hardware (Williams), 45:4 117American Hay Fork, 57:3 103–104American Institute, New York, 56:2 69American Journal of Science, 61:2 51American Kerosene lamp burners, 38:1 16A, 38:1 inside coverAmerican Knitting Machine Co., 38:3 48American Machine Co., 56:4 133American Machinery Co., 58:3 108American Machinist, 44:3 72, 53:1 23American Manufactured Hardware Catalog (Carr), 42:4 96–97, 56:1 25–26American Manufactured Hardware & Co., 61:1 10American Mechanical Dictionary (Knight), 42:3 64, 43:4 106, 44:1 16, 45:2 53, 47:3 95,49:2 53, 59:1 16, 61:3 92"American Money Matters in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries" (Langan),46:1 24American National Standard screw thread, 55:3 113American Notebooks (Hawthorne), 42:2 41American organpiano tuner's bellows for, 42:3 70American Patented Brace, The (Pearson), 49:4 136American Petroleum Institute (API), 53:3 89, 53:3 90American Philosophical Society, 58:1 4–5, 58:1 6, 61:3 90American plan (open shop) workplacesgranite industry, 60:1 28American Pneumatic Tool Co., 59:4 140American Pole Arms 1526-1865 (Brown), 39:3 48American Precision Museum, 44:1 30American RevolutionAfrican Americans and, 46:4 94–95camp axes, 39:1 1–3clothing, 41:1 15diaries, 41:1 15, 45:2 48planemakers and, 48:3 35–44soldier's inventory, 43:3 72soldier's knife, 44:4 126U.S. military axes, 39:1 1–3

American Rhykenological Society, 45:1 21, 50:3 99American Saw Mill Machinery Co., 37:3 53, 57:4 160American Screw Auger, 44:2 35American Screw Co., 44:3 77–78American Silver Steel Co., 41:1 20AAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineersmachine screw thread standards, 55:3 113American Standard Wire Rope, 59:3 85American Tinned Plate Association, 49:4 122American Tube and Stamping Co., 57:1 23American Type Founders Co., 48:4 97–98American Wire Fence Co., 46:1 22American Wooden Planes (Pollak and Pollak). See Guide to American Wooden Planesand their Makers, A (Pollak and Pollak)American Wood Working Machine Co., 58:3 108tilting bandsaws, 56:2 49, 56:2 53American Woodworking Tools (Kebabian and Witney), 41:2 21–23, 46:3 82Ames, Frederick L., 49:3 90, 49:3 92, 49:3 93Ames, Henry A., 50:1 5Ames, James T., 44:2 47Ames, James Tyler, 47:3 86–87Ames, John, 44:3 82, 49:3 90, 61:1 10Ames, L. E., 38:3 48Ames, Nathan P., 44:2 47Ames, O., Co., 37:4 70Ames, Oakes, 49:3 92, 49:3 93Ames, Oaks Angier, 50:1 6Ames, Oliver, 40:3 53, 42:1 18, 44:2 47, 49:3 87, 49:3 90–93Ames, Oliver, and Son, 50:1 6Ames, Oliver, Jr., 49:3 92, 49:3 93Ames, Oliver, Memorial Hall, 49:3 92Ames, Oliver, Plow Co., 44:2 47Ames, Oliver, & Sons, Corp., 49:3 93Ames, "Tinker," 41:1 17Ames Building, Boston, Massachusetts, 59:2 41Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant, 44:2 44–45Ames Manufacturing Co., 44:2 41, 44:2 47, 44:2 50Ames Shovel & Tool Co., 49:3 87–93, 49:4 139, 50:1 1, 50:1 2, 50:1 6Ames Building, 59:2 41shovels, 44:3 82, 45:1 22"Ames Shovel & Tool Company" (West), 49:3 87–93Amherst, Massachusettsplanemakers, 41:1 11–12Amherst Stone Co., 60:1 36, 60:1 40Amidon, Charles H., 42:1 16, 45:1 6–7, 45:4 101Amidon & Bastedo, 45:4 101

Amidon brace, 41:3 44Amidon Tool Co., 45:4 101Amidon & White, 45:4 101Amis, H. C.hay knives, 57:2 69Amistead, Dorothy, 45:4 102A.M. Laurence (pilot schooner), 53:1 3Amman, Jost, 46:1 9Amoskeag Ax Co., 46:1 27, 51:4 129–130"Amoskeag Ax Company of Manchester, New Hampshire" (Klenman), 51:4 129–130Amoskeag Manufacturing Co., 61:2 52amputation saws, 59:4 128Amsler, Cory M., 43:2 50, 49:3 98, 50:2 54, 50:2 67Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, 42:2 55Anchor Brand, 37:4 71, 38:1 16Aanchor forges, 54:3 105anchors, 48:1 6, 48:2 41Ancient Carpenters' Tools (Mercer), 38:2 28, 40:1 10, 42:4 89, 43:1 6, 44:3 91, 46:3 69–70, 47:3 84–85, 53:3 125"Ancient Identity Marks" (Crom), 54:3 128–129Anderson, A., 49:2 57Anderson, Alexander, 58:2 55, 58:2 61Anderson, Clarita, 55:1 23Anderson, Donald K., Jr., 42:1 25Anderson, Eliza M. C., 56:1 18Anderson, J., 45:3 78Anderson, James, 58:2 61axes, 45:1 20Anderson, James T., 47:3 83Anderson, John A., 37:2 22Anderson, Mikael, 40:1 13Anderson, R. C., 42:1 4Anderson, S., 43:4 93Anderson & Co., 43:4 93saws, 43:3 81Anderson & Laing, 47:3 81, 47:3 83"And Obed Begat Jehu and Jehu Begat Azariah I Chronicles 2:37" (Cooper), 42:4 97Andre, John, 44:3 67Andrew, John, and Son, 61:1 9Andrewes, J. H. William, 58:1 32, 58:1 33Andrews, Benjah, 59:3 111–112Andrews, Chester, 40:3 44Andrews, Edward Demig, 40:1 1, 40:2 36AAndrews, Elva, 42:1 6Andrews, Emanuel, 59:2 67, 59:2 68, 59:2 69Andrews, Faith, 40:2 36A

Andrews, Israel, 38:3 51Andrews, Joel, 39:2 18Andrews, John A., 37:2 22, 37:2 24, 38:3 50, 38:3 51Andrews, John D., 37:2 24, 38:3 50, 38:3 51edge tool manufactury, 37:2 22Andrews, John D., & Son, 37:2 24, 38:3 51Andrews, John S., 37:2 22, 37:2 24, 38:3 51Andrews, M., 42:3 68Andrews, Reginald, 42:1 7Andrews, Samuel, 42:1 7Andrews, Wilfred, 42:1 6–7Andrews familyedge tool manufacturies, 37:2 22Andrus, A., 61:4 171–172Andrus, Obed, 52:4 163Andruss, David T., 37:3 50Andruss, George W., 37:3 50Andruss Brothersmolding planes, 37:3 49–50"And they Still Came" (De Avila), 45:2 61Angelo, Fred, 60:1 30Angerstein, Reinhold Rücker, 55:3 127angle chucks, 45:3 79angle supplements, for bevels, 52:1 7"Anglet" rule, 55:2 52–54angling bandsaws, 56:2 45–55Angus, Caroline, 39:3 36Anheuser-Busch, 61:1 25aniline dyes, 53:4 156–160, 53:4 169n70black, 53:4 157, 53:4 169n70purple, 53:4 158animal-powered machinesbutter churns, 52:3 89cotton gins, 52:1 9, 52:1 11animals. See also cattle; hogs; horses; oxen; sheepdevice to prevent animals from climbing fences, 44:3 83draft animals, 47:1 33, 60:1 19tool use by, 43:4 110"Animal Tool Behavior" (Armistead), 43:4 110Animal Tool Behavior: The Use and Manufacture of Tools by Animals (Beck), 43:4 110anise oil, 44:1 15Annable, Chester, 46:1 29Annals of Agriculture (Young), 58:2 54, 58:2 55, 58:2 56Annals of Philadelphia, The (Watson), 42:3 75annatto plant, 52:3 92n58Annes, Oliver, 44:4 124

Annunciation (Martini), 46:4 105"Another Curious Measuring Device" (Finch), 50:3 105"Another Example of a Turner's Tool" (Roberts), 39:2 28"Another First: A Ride on the Blackstone Canal" (O'Connor), 44:1 18"Another Household Textile Machine" (Reichman), 38:3 47–49"Another Long Island Tool Maker" (Wood), 44:3 85"Another New Hampshire Log Caliper Maker" (Garvin), 45:2 58"Another Nibbed Axe" (Perch), 38:1 9, 38:1 14"Another Rack-Wing Compass," 48:3 62"Another Stone Tool Maker," 43:3 76"Another Two-Hand Saw and Some Saw-Related Patents" (Fales), 43:3 73–74"Another View of Stage Coach Travel" (Reichman), 42:4 100"Another Voice in the Plier Choir" (Semel), 44:3 86Anson, Lady, 50:2 40Ansonia, Connecticut, Brass & Copper Co., 40:4 70"Answer is Crystal Clear, The" (Shallcross), 46:2 53Anthony, H. J.glovemaking patents, 53:4 139Anthracite Board of Trade of Schuylkill County, 52:4 138, 52:4 139Anthracite in the Manufacture of Iron, 61:2 55anthracite mining industry. See also coal industrycoal cartel, 52:4 143–144labor issues, 52:3 114–121, 52:4 134–146Anthracite Monitor, 52:4 142anti-fence climbing device, 45:1 17Antill, Benjamin F., 54:3 101Antique Medical Instruments, 41:2 36Antique Medical Instruments (Bennion), 51:1 26Antique Medical Instruments (Wilber), 51:1 26antiquesdating, using saw marks, 41:2 32–33Antiques for Men (shop), 51:4 108antique shop directory, 45:1 31"Antiques: Traditional Techniques of the Master Craftsmen" (Drury), 40:2 35Antique Tin & Tole Ware: Its History and Romance (Gould), 56:2 83Antique Tool Collector's Guide to Value (Barlow), 47:4 103antlersfor husking pegs, 59:3 99for knife handles, 52:1 35–36for shepherds crooks, 52:2 73–74Antrim Shovel Co., 49:3 88anvils, 41:1 18–19, 41:3 85, 45:1 20, 51:1 16, 51:2 60bicorne, 45:3 84dated, 51:1 25decorated, 39:2 27–28horned, 46:1 33

Ars Longa, 40:3 48art. See also decoration"boiler plate" illustrations, 49:2 67citrus fruit-crate labels, 42:2 33conservators, 46:4 99etchings of crafts and trades (van Vliet), 46:1 7–11fidelity to technical objects, 47:4 133leather-working tools as, 50:2 69mechanical aids, 61:3 89–98Medieval Italian carpentry tools and techniques, 46:4 98–107of men and women at work, 57:3 120–121old tools used in, 41:3 51tool kits, 42:1 17tools as, 50:1 33–34, 50:2 39–42tools depicted in, 44:4 101, 50:2 54woodworking tools as, 52:2 82–83Art and Craft of Coachbuilding, 39:2 29Art de Tourner, L' (Plumier), 40:1 9, 56:2 64–65Art du Maçonnerie, L' (Lucotte), 58:1 37Art du Menuisier, L' (Roubo), 40:1 9, 55:4 145, 58:1 37Art du Potier d'étain, L' (Salmon), 58:1 37art historians, 46:4 99Arthur, Henry, 44:2 60, 44:4 124shoemakers' tools price list, 44:3 70Arthur, Timothy Shay, 61:2 53Arthur Brown (Kellogg), 44:3 73artificial limb gripping mechanism, 42:4 104Art Institute of Chicago, 58:4 148artisan planes, 52:1 30–31artisans' toolssold in ironmongery, 46:1 27artist-blacksmiths, 37:4 57"artistic" colors, 53:4 160Artists and Mechanics Repository, 61:2 55Artist's Guide and Mechanic's Own Book, The (Pilkington), 37:2 36Artists' Joiner, The (van Vliet), 46:1 7, 46:1 9"Artist's Tool Kit, An" (Armistead), 42:1 17Art Metal Works, 39:4 57Art of Coppersmithing (Fuller), 39:2 27–28Art of Dining, The, A History of Cooking and Eating (Paston-Williams), 52:3 85Art of Fine Tools, The (Phillips), 52:3 124Art of Medieval Technology, The (Unger), 51:3 87"Art of the Draw Forger, The" (Larsen)Part I, 37:4 56, 37:4 57–60Part II, 38:1 5–9

Arts and Crafts in New York, The (Gottesman), 37:4 67Art Student's League, 52:2 82"Art vs. Old Tools, a Clear and Present Danger" (Gedney), 41:3 51Arvika Redskapsfabrik, 39:4 55, 39:4 56Aryault, Myles, 48:3 60Aryault, Rose & Co., 48:3 60Aryault & Rose, 48:3 60asbestossalamanders and, 45:1 26Aschauer, John, 44:1 30Ash, W. & Co., 58:2 77Ash, William, 44:3 69, 53:1 16Ash, William, & Co., 51:3 96, 52:2 60ash cakes, 39:1 10recipe, 39:1 11Ashley, R. Harmon, 50:2 45Ashmead, Henry G., 60:3 101, 60:3 103Ashmore, John, 56:1 25, 56:1 26Asiachuckmucks (tinder cases), 38:3 53flour millers, 42:1 10timber sawyers, 42:1 11tinsmiths, 42:1 11tool smiths, 42:1 10Asiatic blightAmerican chestnut trees and, 43:1 16asparagus chisels, 42:2 54, 42:3 80–81, 42:4 105asparagus knives, 42:3 80asparagus saws, 43:1 21assembly line. See also mass productionCrescent Machine Co., 60:4 150assize, 52:4 151, 52:4 152"As the Wheel Turns" (Armistead), 45:4 106–107Astin, Sampson, 40:1 7Astman, Dorothy, 39:2 29Astor, John Jacob, 37:1 20Aastragal cuts, 53:1 37astragal planes, 57:1 2, 57:1 3–4prices of, 45:3 81Astragal Press, 42:3 83, 43:2 46–47, 43:2 55Atchison, Roger, 44:1 27, 44:1 28, 44:2 56Atco Motor Co., 52:3 96, 52:3 97, 52:3 98Athol Machine Co., 45:1 20, 45:1 25"'At home in the Smith-Shop;: The Remarkable Career of J.L.H. Mosier, CarriageBlacksmith" (Kinney), 61:4 133–141Atkins, Charles, 39:3 52A

Atkins, E. C., & Co., 47:2 63, 51:1 10, 59:2 59, 59:2 63Atkins, Elias C., 59:2 64, 59:2 66Atkins, I., 59:1 19Atkins saw logo, 52:1 31Atlantic Packaging, 59:1 8Atlantic Works, The (London, Berry & Orton Co.), 56:2 55Atlas Chain Co., 52:3 97"At Last a Second Williams Universal Plane if Found, Dave Switzer Turns Up ExampleFar From Home in California" (Gilmore), 42:4 96Atomic Theory, 50:2 44Attenborough, Mellor & Blackburn, 55:1 6attrition index, 44:4 113Attucks, Crispus, 46:2 40, 46:4 95Atwater, Mary Meigs, 44:3 89Atwater Kent Museum, 39:2 27, 57:4 153–155Atwood, Almon, 49:4 109, 49:4 111Atwood, T. G. (possible son of Turpin Atwood), 52:1 15Atwood, Turpin G., 52:1 14–15, 52:1 19Atwood, W. C., 52:1 15Atwood, W. H., 52:1 14–15Atwood & Co., 45:3 78Atwood cotton gins, 52:1 14–15Atwood Gin Stands, 52:1 15Auburn Metallic Plane Co., 50:1 19Auburn Tool Co., 49:2 65, 58:3 129Aubusson carpets, 45:1 15auctions, 45:2 59tool collections, 51:4 108tools, 48:3 57–59auger bits, 51:4 127Adams, Abe L., 45:1 3–4cutters, 45:1 3Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 156patents, 45:1 3solid-center, 44:2 35–36augermakersBarton, D. R., 53:1 16Buell, Moses A., 49:2 40–41Hughes, Bernard, 49:2 40Kingston, Massachusetts, 53:3 120–122Shetter, George, 46:1 20Walker, William, 49:2 40augers, 45:2 55, 45:3 89bod, 53:3 120boring, 56:3 108–113for boring barrel holes, 54:3 91

east, 39:3 46, 43:1 15, 43:2 55carpenters, 54:3 106Dutch, 46:1 9"earth," 46:2 55Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:3 117German, 41:3 48hollow, 45:3 79hollow, adjustable, 45:2 60Kingston, Massachusetts, 53:3 120–122, 54:3 106Klompen (wooden shoe), 46:2 55patents, 49:4 136screw, 53:3 120screw tip spiral, 38:2 30solid-center, 46:1 20spiral, 45:1 4, 45:1 5tap, 44:2 48three-lipped, 59:3 109–110three-pod, 59:3 111–112T- or cross-handled, 45:1 5, 45:2 58, 59:3 109Treenail, 53:3 122, 54:3 106treenail, 37:4 58twist (pod), 46:4 103–104whatsits, 46:1 23Augustin, J., 56:2 62August of Saxony, 54:2 82Aumiller, Charles, 52:1 31, 52:2 50Austen, Barbara, 44:4 98, 45:1 12, 45:3 86Austen, Barbara E., 45:1 12, 45:3 86Austern, Carl, 61:1 33Austin, Elmira, 38:2 42Austin, Richard, 53:1 41Australiaimmigrants, 52:2 71Shell axes, 52:4 161shepherds crooks, 52:2 69–74Australian National Dictionary, 52:2 69"Australian Oddity, An" (Klenman), 52:4 161Austrian toolsin Canada, 41:3 39coopers', 40:3 48scythes, 43:3 81autograph quilts, 44:2 39Auto Igniter Co., 39:4 57Auto Knitter, 57:3 111Auto Knitter Hosiery Co., 38:3 48, 38:3 49automatic band saw sets, 49:1 12–13

Automatic rule, 54:3 123Automation lawn mower, 52:2 48automobile jacks, 40:3 44, 54:3 130automobilescarriage industry and, 61:4 140–141dashboards, 44:4 127foreign, American manufacture of, 41:4 73Magnolia (prototype), 38:4 70–71production, 52:1 166radiator cap ornaments, 44:4 127repair, by blacksmiths, 51:1 1–7, 54:1 22–23automotive pliers, 41:3 58Automower of Norton, 52:3 97averuncators (tree trimmers), 52:3 107Avery, Carlton, 53:1 15Avery, C. U., 56:3 104awlsfor bookbinding, 44:1 24Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 158Hewlett's tool chest, 39:1 7Monticello collection, 58:1 13pegging, 37:1 7, 37:1 9saddlers, 39:2 19Axe and Its Variations, Civil and Military, The (Buehnet), 39:3 48axe carriers, 39:1 3, 39:2 21, 39:2 22for intrenching axes, 39:2 21axe handlestwibils, 38:2 28–30"Axe Handle Twibils" (Straffin), 38:2 28–30"Axe Heads and Handles" (Gamble), 57:2 47–50"Axe Identified" (Klenman), 50:2 63axe makers, 46:1 26–27Canada, 42:4 94Pictou County, Nova Scotia, 40:1 3–6Sager, William J., 45:3 70–71Warnock, J., & Co., 42:4 94Axe Makers of North America (Klenman), 45:2 60axe mortise chisels, 42:4 89axes, 42:4 front cover. See also broad axes; chisel axes; goosewing axes; hatchetsAbercrombie & Fitch, 52:1 38adze-eye mounted axes, 50:1 36African, 50:2 63Alaska, 37:1 20AAmoskeag Ax Co., 51:4 129–130Anderson, James, 45:1 20Axe Age, 51:1 23–24, 51:3 96, 51:4 130, 52:4 161

Babbitt, Andrew J., 44:1 22Barton, D. R., 53:1 23bearded, 54:4 135Beatty Axe Co., 48:1 20–21, 50:1 37, 50:2 back coverbench, 49:2 49Benjamin, Timothy, 45:2 47Blenkhorn's Chief, 47:4 127boarding, 43:3 79broad, 45:3 90Brooks, 49:4 105for building frontier forts, 38:2 22camp, 39:1 1–3Canada pattern broad axe, 42:3 59–61Canadian, 43:4 93carpenters', 60:2 65Carter, Pulaski, 56:1 1–8, 56:3 125ceremonial, 46:1 31characteristics of, 54:4 139–143Chopper 1, 45:3 90, 45:4 118, 46:4 108compagnon armorer's, 60:1 5coopers, 48:1 7–8coopers' side ax, 60:2 54for cutting firewood, 54:1 29, 54:1 30debarking, 39:3 52decoration on, 54:4 141decorations on, 37:1 20ADixie, 51:3 95–96DORPIAN, 51:1 7Dorpian (Whitbeck), 50:4 128double-bitted, 40:3 51–52Dundas Axe Works, 43:4 93Dutch, 45:2 59, 46:1 9Emerson & Stephens, 50:2 43factory-made, 39:1 1"faling," 46:2 47felling, 39:1 1, 39:2 22, 46:3 89Fenn, Leonard, 57:4 157Fowler, Josiah, 54:1 25French Acadian, 49:3 71French coopers', 57:2 49German, 41:3 58, 49:1 23–24goosewing, 40:2 36, 44:3 91, 54:4 135–143, 57:2 49hand, 45:3 87handles, 37:2 36, 44:3 82, 57:2 47–50handling, 39:3 48–49Hannum, 44:3 79, 45:1 17, 45:2 44, 45:3 90

Hathaway, Braddock, 54:2 60Hawley Collection, 59:4 129heads, 57:2 47–50hewing, 46:3 72Hills, Allan, 57:3 90, 57:4 139in Holland, 38:1 13–14Honduran mahogany cut with, 48:4 94–95house brands and trade names, 50:2 insertHudson Bay pattern, 39:2 22–23, 43:2 30, 52:1 38hunters, 60:2 62ice, 52:1 33, 52:3 123, 53:3 127identification of axeheads, 39:3 52Aintrenching, 39:1 2, 39:2 23iron and steel production for, 54:4 136–138Jamestown Axe Co., 51:1 23–24Kent pattern, 38:3 51Kent-style, 37:2 22King, 45:1 20–21lat (lath), 52:3 111Latin American, 39:1 1Lincoln Axe Co., 47:2 41lugged (ribbed), 38:1 9lumberman's, 38:2 22make-do (repaired), 43:3 61make-do tools from, 44:3 86makers, 43:4 111making, 54:4 136–137making, account books, 44:1 26making handles, 40:1 15Mann Edge Tool Co., 53:3 95, 53:3 122Marble's, 47:2 42Marshall-Wells Co., 43:4 107medieval, 37:1 20AMinoan double-bladed, 40:3 52mortise, 55:1 15Mycenaean double-bladed, 40:3 52Neolithic origins of, 40:3 51–52New Brunswick pattern, 37:2 23nibbed, 37:1 20A, 37:2 20, 38:1 14, 44:4 117, 45:1 20, 45:3 90Norse, 37:2 41Nova Scotia pattern, 37:2 23Old Sturbrige Village, 37:1 20in painting of Peter the Great, 38:1 13–14patents, 37:4 68post, 52:1 33primitive, 50:2 63

promotional, 52:1 38protecting edges, 47:4 103Pulaski, 56:3 125regional, 39:1 1, 42:3 59repairing, 39:3 36RKB Enterprises, Inc., 48:3 60Romer, Nicholas, 46:1 11, 46:1 35in Russia, 38:1 13–14sabot, 40:1 13Sager, 48:1 16Sager chemical process axe, 45:3 70, 45:3 71Scandinavian, 37:2 41Shell, 52:4 161ship's carpenter's, 60:2 59shipwrights' (mast), 54:2 62–63short-handled, 38:4 73, 39:2 28"side," 57:2 49slate-axes, 43:4 106Smart, 50:1 20Smart, James, Manufacturing Co., 37:3 45–46Spiller, Mark D. and Norman W., 48:1 33Spiller family, 44:2 40Swedish, 37:2 41Tomahawk Pattern, 43:2 30trimming, 54:2 63Truchet, B., 46:1 26turpentine, 41:1 16–17using, 37:4 67U.S. military, 39:1 1–3, 39:2 21–23Walters Axe Co., 40:4 57–61wedge pattern, 37:2 23as wedges, 49:3 79western Massachusetts, 44:3 79whatsits, 39:3 52Witherell Axe Co., 50:1 37, 50:2 43"Axes," 49:3 71Axes (Klenman), 43:2 30Axford, Sarah, 58:4 157ax hammersfor granite cutting and dressing, 59:4 139"Ax Making in Pictou County, Nova Scotia" (Wyllie), 40:1 3–6Ayer, Frank Percy, 52:3 91Ayres, J. A., 55:1 32Azebiki saw, 37:4 70Azof green, 53:4 158, 53:4 159azuline dye, 53:4 158

azurline dye, 53:4 158Azzola, Friedrich Karl, 40:2 33, 42:2 50Azzola, Juliane, 42:2 50Azzola, Karl, 41:3 53BBabbidge, Homer D., 46:3 89Babbit, A. J., 46:1 27Babbitt, Andrew J.axes, 44:1 22Babbitt, Bruce, 55:3 100Babbitt (Babbett) bearings, 57:1 13, 57:1 14, 57:1 15, 57:4 160–161, 57:4 163Babbitt bearing-to-ball-bearing conversion kits, 57:1 12Babcock, Alpheus, 47:3 93–94Babcock, John H., 53:1 14Babcock, Perry, 49:2 39, 53:1 14Babcock, Richard, 51:1 18Babcock, Stephen Molton, 52:3 88Babcock, W. H., 53:1 14Babcock, W. R., 48:1 10Babcock Test, 52:3 88babka (scythe sharpening anvil), 41:3 39"baby plugger," 59:2 52Bacheller, Milton, 43:1 1Bacheller, Sue, 54:1 37Bachmann, W. K., 44:4 118Backenhobel planes, 59:4 163backing out jack planes, 46:3 79backing planes, 61:2 83–85backing (mother) planes, 41:3 38, 54:1 8n.5inverse imprints on, 53:2 60, 53:2 61n30Reed, John, 53:2 60Wells, Robert, 59:3 105–106"Back Page History""Hallowell Granite Works Stinchfield Quarry" (Bunting), 56:1 40–41 (See also"Our Back Cover")" PEI Loggers" (Bunting), 56:3 129"Wharf at Matinicus Island, The" (Bunting), 56:2 85"Backroom Boy?, A" (Brundage), 43:2 41backsaws, 57:1 9, 59:1 13–21blades, 59:1 16–17blade width, 59:1 16–17chamfering, 59:1 19–20cheeks, 59:1 19–20closed-handled, 59:1 16–17, 59:1 19Disston, 59:1 13, 59:1 16–20, 60:1 34

double-nib handles, 59:1 18eagle marking, 59:1 13, 59:1 15, 59:1 20grip line angle, 59:1 19handles, 59:1 17–20Jackson, 60:3 126–128marks left by, 61:3 108with miter boxes, 60:1 34, 60:2 84rivets, 59:1 20saw screws, 59:1 20–21Sheffield, England, 59:1 13, 59:1 17, 59:1 19types of, 59:1 17back shopsin felt hat making, 52:4 158, 52:4 160n16Backus, Quimby S., 42:1 16, 45:1 6, 45:3 79Backus brace, 41:3 43Backus Vise Co., 61:1 13–14, 61:1 14tool catalog, 61:1 13Bacon, C. B., 56:1 22, 56:1 23Bacon, Roger, 61:3 92badge engineering, 50:1 12Badger, Acer & Co., 50:1 14Badger, A. M., 50:1 13–14badger planes, 45:2 63, 45:4 103, 54:2 51badger plane toats, 45:1 23, 45:2 63"Badger Toat Open or Closed?, The" (Gauntlett), 45:1 23Badger-type planes, 44:4 127Badische Anilin-und Soda-Fabrik (BASF), 53:4 156Baekland, Leo, 49:3 101Baer, Harry, 54:4 161Bagg, David, 44:1 7Baggs, Andrew H., 41:3 80, 41:3 82Baggs, R. J., 41:3 82Baggs, R. J., & Sons, 41:3 82bag hands, 48:4 88"Bag Hands," 48:2 88bag rammers, 45:4 122Bahn, G. A., 56:1 17, 56:1 20bail buckets, 45:3 67bailers, 45:1 12Bailey, A., 43:2 52, 43:4 93, 44:3 79Bailey, Arnold, 43:4 93Bailey, Donald, 51:1 7Bailey, Edwin, 44:4 107Bailey, H. R., Co., 51:1 4–7Bailey, Hugh R. ("Bob"), 51:1 1–7Bailey, J., 45:4 112, 46:1 27

Bailey, Josias, 44:4 107Bailey, L., 39:2 32, 39:3 52Bailey, L., Co., 40:2 21Bailey, Leonard, 39:3 52, 40:2 21, 41:2 21, 52:4 147, 60:1 42Number 9 Cabinetmakers Block Plane, 52:2 60planemaker, 52:2 60–61, 58:2 80–84, 58:3 113spokeshaves, 52:3 112Bailey, Nahum, Jr., 53:3 121Bailey, Nahum, Sr.augermaker, 53:3 121, 54:3 103Bailey, Selden A., 44:3 79Bailey, Shayla Mae, 59:1 inside front coverBailey, Thomas, 37:4 57, 37:4 58, 54:3 103–104Bailey, Thomas Ward, 53:3 121, 53:3 122Bailey, Timothy, 55:1 3Bailey, W. C., 45:4 112, 45:4 118Bailey, William, 53:3 120Bailey bevel, 42:2 36Bailey iron planesStanley advertising signs for, 59:2 70, 59:2 71Bailey jointer plane, 46:3 89Bailey's Dictionary, 46:1 32Bailey Tool Co., 44:3 79Bailey Washing and Wringing Machine Co., 44:3 79Bailey & Wolcott, 43:4 93Baird, Ron, 43:1 25, 43:3 79, 43:4 105, 44:4 110, 44:4 117bake kettles, 39:1 10Bakelite, 49:3 101Baker, Bob, 45:1 30Baker, E. C., 45:3 92Baker, H.buttonhole scissors, 49:4 front coverBaker, Jacob S., 52:4 131, 52:4 133n22Baker, John Gulick, 59:2 64, 59:2 66Baker, Lyman, & Co., 60:1 39Baker, Nathaniel, 58:2 52–53Baker, Nathaniel, II, 58:2 53Baker, Nathaniel, III, 58:2 53Baker, Peter C., 50:1 31Baker, Phil, 49:4 114Baker, Rebeckah, 46:1 3, 46:1 4Baker, Reynolds, 43:4 93Baker, Sanford J., 39:1 17Baker, Sarah, 58:2 53Baker, S. J.hay knives, 57:2 55, 57:2 66

Baker & Hamilton, 49:1 26bakers' toolsfish bone symbolism, 60:2 81roll-making tools, 45:1 16Bakewell, Josiah, 42:1 15, 42:3 72Bakewell, Robert, 51:1 28Balch Ethnic Museum, 61:1 21Balden, James, 42:4 93, 42:4 109Baldwin, Amos, 42:2 49Baldwin, Christopher Columbus, 42:1 24, 46:3 68, 46:3 86Baldwin, Elbridge, 49:4 130, 49:4 131Baldwin, Joel, 53:4 132Baldwin, John, 49:4 125–129, 50:2 56, 60:1 37, 60:1 40Baldwin, John, Jr., 60:1 39Baldwin Institute, 60:1 37Baldwin Locomotive Works, 38:2 21Baldwin Quarry Co., 60:1 39Baldwin Tool Co., 47:1 7, 47:1 8, 47:1 12n16, 47:1 12n19, 49:4 122, 56:1 39Arrowmammett Works, 61:1 11Bale, M. Powis, 56:2 46, 59:4 131–132baleen shavings, 56:4 172–173balersportable, for wire grass harvesting, 58:3 92baler twine, 40:2 16baling hitch, 59:3 86Balintffy, Peter, 40:3 48Ball, Carlos, 38:3 inside front cover, 40:1 14, 42:3 71, 43:3 76Ball, J. S.hay knives, 38:4 76, 57:2 65Ballard, William, 44:4 116ballast, 43:2 54for Coronet (schooner yacht), 53:1 6railroads, 44:1 18sand as, 42:4 109ball-bearing chucks, 53:1 10, 53:1 12ball bearings, 57:1 13ball head trawl splicers, 45:4 127"balling irons," 47:4 129balling machineswhatsits, 61:4 173balloon construction, 47:3 90–91carpenters' squares and, 38:2 23balloon-fest, 42:4 86, 42:4 93Ballou, Dexter, 55:2 81ball peen hammersberyllium copper, 53:3 105–106

Balsam blister fluid, 42:4 107Bamford, William, 55:1 5Bamford, William, Jr., 55:1 5Bancel, Lewis, 58:4 140"Band Cutter Comes and Goes" (Grabb), 40:4 62–63band cutters, 40:4 62–63band cutting feeders, 40:4 62banding, 53:3 125banding planes, 53:3 125–126, 54:1 36bandsaw bladeswelding compound for, 60:4 140bandsaw guards, 60:4 153bandsawsangling, 56:2 45–55Crescent Machine Co., 60:4 136, 60:4 140–141, 60:4 141–143, 60:4 151, 60:4front coverCrescent Machine Division of Rockwell Manufacturing Co., 61:2 64, 61:2 70–71direct-motor-driven (DMD), 57:1 15electric powered, 60:4 146foot-powered, 60:4 142, 60:4 143sizes, 60:4 141–142band saw setting machine, 45:2 44"Band Setter, The: A Curious Tool of the Wheelwright" (Borkowski), 43:4 90"Band Setter Revisited, The," 44:1 16band setters, 43:4 90, 44:1 16, 44:2 34band ships saws, 56:2 45–55band sprue saws, 60:4 147Banfield, Nelson, 44:2 40, 51:3 74bangboard, 50:3 103Bangor Daily Commercial, 56:3 129Bangor Mechanic Association, 37:2 34Banister, Peter, 43:1 9"Banjo" lighter, 39:4 57Banker, Hiram, 53:1 15bankers (granite), 59:4 143–144Bankers Trust Co. Building, New York City, 59:2 41, 59:2 42Banner, Bulfinch, and Benjamin, 61:1 39Banner, Peter, 61:1 39Bannerman, Francis, Catalog of Military Goodsaxe carriers, 39:1 3camp axes, 39:1 1–2Bannerman's Catalog, 43:3 79bannock, 39:1 10recipe, 39:1 11–12bannock-board (bake-board), 39:1 10barbed-wire, 46:1 22

"Barbells of Old South, The: The Extraordinary Early, Pressed-Glass Doorknobs of OldSouth Meeting House" (Hall), 55:4 133–140Barber, John Warner, 61:2 54Barber, Ralph, 49:3 83Barber, Spofford, 42:3 68Barber, William, 45:4 101, 52:4 158–159Barber, William Henry, 41:2 21, 41:2 22Barber braces, 41:2 21, 41:2 22Barber chucks, 41:3 42, 41:4 65Barber & Colman Co., 60:2 87Barber shell chuck, 45:1 6, 45:1 7barbers' scissors, 52:3 103, 52:3 104Barbour, E. H., Catalog, 43:3 62Barbour, J. & E. R., Co., 41:3 50, 43:2 32barbson fishing spears, 43:2 36bar clamps, 49:1 7, 50:4 117–120, 51:1 18Barclay, John, 52:1 13Bardelli, Angelo, 59:4 149Bardwell, C. S., 46:1 27bargesfor granite transport, 59:3 91Bark Columbia Sails On, The (White), 43:1 26Bark Covered House, The (Nowlin), 45:4 125Barker, Dounce, Rose & Co., 48:3 60Barker, Rose, Clinton & Co., 48:3 60Barker, Rose, & Co., 48:3 60Barker, Rose & Kimball, 48:3 60barking spuds, 43:2 54Barkley, John M., 52:1 26Barkley & Hughes, 52:1 26barks (boats), 42:1 20. See also Columbia (bark)whaling, 54:3 104, 54:4 back coverBarksdale, Nelson, 58:1 28Barlett, Marcus M., 39:1 17Barley, Simon, 59:1 13Barlow, John, 44:2 53Barlow, Ronald, 44:4 118, 47:4 103Barlow, Ronald S., 45:4 101Barlow knives, 44:2 53, 44:4 126Barnaby Rudge (Dickens), 45:4 125, 46:1 32Barnard, H. M., 41:3 41Barn Building in Otsego County (Glassie), 38:3 45Barnes, Janet, 59:4 125Barnes, John, 41:1 2, 48:4 75, 48:4 77, 54:3 112Barnes, John S. (son of John Barnes), 48:4 75

Barnes, John T., 57:3 114Barnes, Russell, 46:1 13Barnes, W. F. and John, catalogue, 37:3 53Barnes, W. F. & John, Co., 44:4 125, 45:4 125, 45:4 127, 49:2 64collecting machines, 48:4 87–88dating machines, 48:4 86–87foot-powered machines, 48:4 75–88serial numbers, 48:4 87Barnes, William Fletcher, 48:4 75, 48:4 79Barnes and Graham, 57:3 115Barney, Edward, 42:4 97Barney, George, Sr., 46:3 59Barney, Jacob, 42:4 97Barney, Jacob, Jr., 42:4 97Barney, Jonathan, 42:4 97Barney, Joseph, 42:4 97Barney, Mary Coleman, 42:4 97Barney, Robert, 42:4 97Barnhart Brothers & Spindler catalog, 52:1 31Barnhill, Georgia B., 61:2 44barnsbarn raising, photograph, 41:1 20patterns, 51:1 17–18, 51:3 98seventeenth century equipment, 43:2 39Barnum, Martha Platt, 53:4 133Barnum, P. T., 54:1 27Barnum, Sarah, 54:1 37Barnum, Silasdouble-flyer spinning wheels, 53:4 133–136Barnun, Ebenezer Benedict, 53:4 133barometersPool, 50:1 5, 50:1 6Barre, Vermont, granite, 59:2 43–44, 59:2 44Barre Granite Association, 59:2 42Barre Granite Cutters Union, 60:1 28barrel bolts, 58:4 164barrel churns, 51:2 43–47, 52:3 88barrel elevators, 44:4 106barrel gauging, 50:4 121–124"Barrel Gauging" (Packman), 50:4 121–124barrel lathes, 52:3 109barrels. See also caskscapacity and gauge standards, 52:4 151–154dimensions of, 52:4 153equipment for handling, 44:4 106–108hoop poles for, 40:4 72

making, 52:3 122pipes, 51:1 13–14, 51:1 coverquestions and answers, 45:1 13standard (tierce), 52:4 151"standing" or "empty," 42:1 20time required for making, 44:4 107whaling, 41:4 75barrel spigots, self-boring, 54:3 93–101, 54:3 127barrel stave millssteam-driven, 41:2 31barrel staves, 61:1 22, 61:1 23barrel swings, 44:4 106, 45:1 27Barrett, C. L., 44:1 19Barrett, David, 40:3 44Barrett, Mary, 40:3 44Barrett, Michael, 40:3 44Barrett, William L., 44:4 100, 57:3 86Barrowfield Tool Works, 45:2 63Barrows, Deacon L. C., 49:4 112Barry, Walter, 53:2 43Barry, Walter, Jr., 53:2 43Barse, G. F., 51:2 61bar setsfigurals, 60:3 124–125barshare plow (agriculture), 58:1 3Barshied, Willis, 41:1 9, 41:1 10Barshied, Willis, Jr., 37:1 21, 37:4 68, 40:4 67, 41:3 49, 44:2 56, 44:4 110bartending, 44:3 69bartering systembutter for, 52:3 86for drug store purchases, 44:3 72in New England, 53:1 34transaction records, 45:1 8–9Barth, Henry, 48:4 98Bartholomay, J. F., 49:2 56, 49:2 57Bartholomew, E., 53:3 113Bartholomew, Harry S., 42:1 16, 42:3 68brace, 52:4 147Bartholomew, Harry S., Co., 52:4 148brace, 52:4 147Bartholomew, H. S., 41:3 44Bartholomew, Joseph, 52:4 150, 53:1 10Bartholomew, Stephen, 52:2 52, 53:2 54Bartlett, John, 53:1 35Bartlett, Josiah, 43:1 8

Bartlett, Luke, 43:1 19Bartlett, Marcus M., 40:4 64hay knives, 57:2 59, 57:2 67Bartlett, M. M., 42:3 76Bartolo, Andrea di, 46:4 101Barton, Banker, & Avery, 53:1 15Barton, Charles, 53:1 22Barton, David R. (D. R.), 41:3 54, 42:2 30, 46:3 82, 48:1 7–8, 48:1 10, 50:1 18, 53:1 13–25, 53:3 126, 61:4 172dibbles, 51:1 12edge tool factory, 53:1 17–21Mechanic's Tool Store, 53:1 15–16Memorial to, 49:2 37photo credit, 53:2 82planemaker, 58:2 70planes, 54:1 35–46retail store, 53:1 20–21Barton, D. R., & Co., 53:1 21–24, 60:3 95half-circle mark, 53:1 22, 53:1 23Barton, D. R., Co., 47:4 123, 49:2 36–37, 49:2 39Barton, D. R., Tool Co., 53:1 21–22Barton, Edward, 53:1 22Barton, H., 40:4 67, 45:3 90Barton, John, 49:4 110Barton, Lebbeus (Libbus), 40:4 67Barton & Babcock, 53:1 14–15Barton & Banker, 53:1 15Barton & Belden, 45:2 55, 49:2 38Barton & Belden's Tool Store, 50:1 13, 50:1 14, 53:1 16–17Barton & Guild, 53:1 15Barton Hardware Store, 50:1 18Barton & Millener, 53:1 15, 53:1 18–19"Barton of Mayfield and the Dutch Scythe" (Reichman), 40:4 67Barton & Smith, 48:1 11, 53:1 16Barton & Stager, 53:1 14baseballCrescent Machine Co. and, 60:4 150–151baseball gloves, 53:4 142base-metal tablewaretrademarks on, 44:4 108base planes, 58:1 14–15BASF (Badische Anilin-und Soda-Fabrik), 53:4 156Basic River Joint Patent, 56:1 37basket frame method, 47:3 91basketmakers' tools, 39:2 29

asket merchants, 39:1 3basketshistory of, 39:3 44Micmac, 45:1 24Nantucket, 43:4 111Warren G. Van Vliet, 53:2 46–47Basset, Carol, 57:4 135Basset, John, 40:2 26Bassett, F. C., 44:4 124Bassett, Ken, 37:2 35Bassett, Kendall, 45:4 127, 46:1 24Bassett, Kendall H., 56:1 7Bassett Iron Works, 44:4 124bass violins, 57:3 91bastfor tool basses, 51:3 87–88Bastedo, Walter, 45:4 101Bate, John, 61:3 89Bates, Al, 47:2 46Bates, Alan, 47:2 46, 51:4 108, 56:2 78, 57:3 99Bates, Alan G., 40:2 16Bates, Alanson, 43:1 10Bates, Allen, 56:2 78Bates, Caleb, 53:3 121Bates, E. Graham, Mrs., 43:3 78Bates, Erastus, 59:2 62Bates, Nehamiah, 43:1 10Bates, Philander, 43:3 65Bates, Robert, 51:1 24Bates, William H. H., 51:2 62Bathe, Dorothy, 42:3 67Bathe, Greville, 42:3 67bathing gloves, 53:4 143Bath Iron Works, 47:2 56bathtub heaters, 50:2 54, 50:2 67Batory, Dana, 57:4 160Batory, Dana Martin, 60:4 156Batt, Christopher, 42:4 92battery kettles, 43:4 93Battery Park, Sandusky, Ohio, 46:3 58, 46:366–67Battine, Edward, 42:1 4Batvia Clamp Co., 40:3 44Bauder, Jacob F., 37:2 28–29Bauder, J. F., 46:3 82, 48:2 54Bauer, Albert T., 61:1 26, 61:1 26n1Bauer, August, 61:1 19

Bauer, Charles (Karl), 61:1 22Bauer, Charles H., 61:1 19Bauer, Emma E., 61:1 22, 61:1 26Bauer, Frederick, 61:1 19, 61:1 20Bauer, George, 44:4 127Bauer, George F. (Frederick), Cooperage Works, 61:1 19–26calendar, 61:1 20–21employees, 61:1 21establishment of, 61:1 20gauging rods, 61:1 24growth of, 61:1 21–22ink blotters, 61:1 25outdoor water tank, 61:1 26promotional calendar, 61:1 cover, 61:1 inside front coveryard, 61:1 22, 61:1 23Bauer, George Frederick, 61:1 19–26Bauer, George Frederick, Jr., 61:1 22Bauer, Gottlieb, 61:1 19Bauer, Henry F., 61:1 26Bauer, Johann Georg Michael, 61:1 19Bauer, John, 61:1 20Bauer, Mary, 61:1 26Bauer Brothers (Geo & Fredk), coopers, 61:1 20Baum, L. Frank, 45:4 117Baumann, Barbara, 55:4 147Bawden, Frank, 58:3 99Baxter, Charles H., 42:2 53Baxter, J. B., & Son, 60:2 54Baxter, W., 43:2 32Bayham, Edward G., 48:3 55bayonetsBarton, D. R., 53:1 18Bazin, John, 55:1 3Beadish, John, 52:2 54bead planes, 45:1 8, 45:2 42beadsdrilling holes in, 59:1 4grinding, 59:1 3, 59:1 4wampum, 59:1 1–6Beads and Beadwork of the American Indians (Orchard), 59:1 2beak ironsHewlett's tool chest, 39:1 7Beal, Reginald, 52:3 99Bealer, Alex, 45:3 78Beall Tool Co., 57:4 138beam hammers, 40:1 facing page 1

Bean, E., 42:2 33, 42:2 34Bean, L. L., Co., 39:2 23, 54:1 17Bear, Christiancasket making, 58:2 70–71furniture making, 58:2 70–71mark, 58:2 76–77woodworking, 58:2 70–71Bear, Ephraim, 58:2 71Bear, Frank A., 58:2 71Bear, Jill, 58:2 72Bear, Judith, 58:2 72Bear, William T., 58:2 71Bear, William T., II (Bill), 58:2 71–72, 58:2 74, 58:2 76, 58:2 77, 58:2 79Bear, William T., III, 58:2 72bearded axes, 54:4 135Beardshaw, Jonathan, and Son, 55:4 148Beardslee, Chance, 56:1 11Bear Funeral Home, 58:2 74bearing wall construction, 59:2 41Bear Mill, 58:2 71–77, 58:2 79belt-driven machinery, 58:2 73–76millrace view, 58:2 48, 58:2 front coverwater ram, 58:2 74–75waterwheel, 58:2 75"Bear Mill, The" (Roger), 58:2 70–77, 58:2 79beat-em up sticksfor hat making, 43:1 5beating hammersfor bookbinding, 44:1 24Beaton, Johnspokeshaves, 52:3 112Beatty, Benjamin Franklin, 60:2 54, 60:2 60, 60:2 62, 60:2 64, 60:2 65Beatty, Charles I., 60:2 48Beatty, Deborah Ann, 60:2 52Beatty, Edward F., 60:2 51Beatty, Harriet, 60:3 105Beatty, J., 60:2 65Beatty, John, 60:2 51, 60:2 56, 60:2 66, 60:3 99, 60:3 100–101, 60:3 101, 60:3 102–106,60:3 111n.26account books, 60:3 110marker's marks, 60:3 107Beatty, John, & Co., 60:2 51, 60:2 66, 60:3 99, 60:3 102–106marker's marks, 60:3 107Beatty, John C., 48:1 20, 60:2 51, 60:2 54–55, 60:2 55, 60:2 57–58, 60:2 58, 60:2 59,60:2 61, 60:2 62, 60:2 65, 60:2 66, 60:3 99, 60:3 101maker's marks, 60:3 107–108, 60:3 108

Beatty, John Calvin, 60:2 52, 60:2 54, 60:2 58, 60:2 59maker's marks, 60:3 108Beatty, John Franklin, 60:2 57, 60:2 58Beatty, Lydia Ann, 60:2 54, 60:2 59Beatty, Martha, 60:2 58Beatty, Mary, 60:3 100, 60:3 102Beatty, Mary Ann, 60:2 52Beatty, Robert, 60:2 51, 60:2 66, 60:3 99–102, 60:3 103, 60:3 107, 60:3 110marker's marks, 60:3 107Beatty, Robert, & Son, 60:2 51, 60:3 99–102marker's marks, 60:3 107Beatty, Robert H., 60:2 55, 60:2 66Beatty, Robert Henry, 60:2 51, 60:3 99, 60:3 100, 60:3 101, 60:3 107Beatty, T. B., & Co.marker's marks, 60:3 107Beatty, T. F., 60:2 51, 60:3 99Beatty, T. F., & Co., 60:2 51, 60:3 99Beatty, Thomas, 60:2 51, 60:2 52, 60:2 56, 60:2 65, 60:3 99Beatty, Thomas F., 60:2 51, 60:2 54, 60:2 55, 60:2 66, 60:3 99, 60:3 101–102, 60:3 103marker's marks, 60:3 107Beatty, Thomas Franklin, 60:2 52Beatty, W., & Co.marker's marks, 60:3 107–108, 60:3 108Beatty, W., & Sonmaker's marks, 60:3 108Beatty, W., & Sonsmaker's marks, 60:3 108Beatty, William, 60:2 49, 60:2 50, 60:2 51–54, 60:2 66, 60:3 99, 60:3 100–101, 60:3 103,60:3 107marker's marks, 60:3 106–107Beatty, William, & Son, 48:1 20–21, 60:2 50, 60:2 54–55, 60:2 56, 60:2 58, 60:2 59, 60:261–62, 60:2 65, 60:2 66marker's marks, 60:3 107Beatty, William, & Sons, 60:2 50, 60:2 55–57, 60:2 58, 60:2 59, 60:2 60, 60:2 61–62marker's marks, 60:3 107–108, 60:3 108Beatty, William, & Sons Edge Tools, 54:4 138axes, 50:1 37, 50:2 back coverBeatty, William C., 48:1 20–21Beatty, William H., 60:2 57, 60:2 58, 60:2 59maker's marks, 60:3 108Beatty, William Henry, 60:2 54Beatty, William P., 48:1 20, 60:2 50, 60:2 55, 60:2 58, 60:2 59, 60:2 66, 60:3 101–102marker's marks, 60:3 107–108, 60:3 108Beatty, William P., & Co., 60:2 50Beatty, William Penn, 60:2 52, 60:2 54, 60:2 55–57, 60:3 99Beatty and O'Neill, 60:3 100

"Beatty Axe Company, The" (Klenman), 48:1 20Beatty Edge Tool Co. (BET), 60:2 50, 60:2 64–65maker's marks, 60:3 109Beatty family, 60:2 49–67, 60:3 99–111family chart, 60:3 99makers' marks, 60:3 106–110Beatty Hollow, 60:2 49, 60:2 53–54, 60:2 54, 60:2 55, 60:2 57–58, 60:3 101, 60:3 102,60:3 103, 60:3 105, 60:3 110Beatty Mill, 60:3 101Beatty & Ogden, 60:2 50marker's marks, 60:3 107–108, 60:3 108Beatty & Ogden, Cutlery and Edge-tools, 60:2 58Beatty Ogden, Mary, 60:3 99Beatty's Mill, 60:2 58Beatty tool companies, 60:2 50Beaudry "Champion" power hammer, 40:1 3Beaudry hammer, 40:1 facing page 1beauty aidssold in drug stores, 44:3 71beaver furfor felt hats, 51:3 75, 52:4 155, 52:4 158, 52:4 160n5, 52:4 160n8Beck, Benjamin B., 43:4 110Beck, Lewis C., 50:2 45Beck, Louis H., 51:3 95Becker, John, 50:1 36Becker, Joseph, 50:2 67Beckert, Oskar, 57:3 121Beckett, Richard, 52:1 17Beckett & Tindall, 52:1 17Beckford, Peter, 38:1 13Beck & Gregg Hardware Co., 51:3 95Beckwith, E., 37:1 8Beckwith, Ira. L., 52:3 111Beckwith, S., Jr., 37:1 8Beckwith, Samuel M., 52:2 53, 52:2 54planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56beddingwhite work, 54:1 11, 54:1 13–15, 54:1 17, 54:1 19n.11Bedford, John, 37:1 8Bedford, John, shovel works, 59:4 127Bedrock bench planes, 54:4 144, 54:4 145Bed Rock planesposter board signs, 59:2 72Stanley advertising signs for, 59:2 70–71bed-settinggranite, 59:4 142

ules, 40:1 7–8Belden, Ira, 50:1 13–14, 53:1 16Belden, Ira, & Co., 50:1 13–14beleted motor driven machines (BMD), 57:1 15Belgian plows, 53:2 82Belgiumautomobile production, 52:4 166Belknap, Jeremy, 46:2 44Bell, E. I, 55:3 99, 55:3 105Bell, John, 37:2 29, 53:1 41Bell, R. H., 49:2 53Bell, Samuel (William?), 48:4 71Bell, W., 51:1 11Bell-Hart Tool Co., 56:3 123bellowsblacksmith shop, 45:3 87bell-ringingfor ice-cream sales, 45:1 25, 45:2 56Bell Telephone Co., 50:1 31screwdrivers designed for, 55:4 152belt axe weaponwhatsits, 43:3 79"Belt Drive" (Stahl), 42:2 43belt drives, 42:2 43belted motor driven machines (BMD), 57:1 15Beltempo, Gerald, 61:2 69belts and pulleys, 42:2 42–43"Belts and Pulleys" (Brundage), 42:2 42–43Bement, John, 37:1 8Bemis, Josiah, 59:2 39Bemis, S. C., and Co., 43:2 48Bemis, Stephen C., 43:2 48, 43:3 75Bemis & Call, 43:2 48bench axes, 49:2 49bench dogs, 41:1 18T-shaped, 40:3 36whatsit, 47:2 56bencheswhatsit, 56:2 82bench hatchetsKent-pattern, 57:2 48bench knives, 52:3 109bench planes, 45:2 42, 47:1 7, 51:2 66, 52:2 60, 57:1 17carriage making, 39:3 37–38Chelor, Cesar, 61:3 127Chinese, 57:4 164–165

date codes on, 54:4 144–147dating, 45:4 109defined, 54:1 1, 54:1 2Dewey & Newton, 46:4 109–112double wedge, 48:1 17–19Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:3 119functions of, 45:4 108German immigrants, 40:3 42inventory lists, 39:3 43Kraus tool chest, 60:3 95make-do (repaired), 43:3 61manufacturing, 46:4 109–112Monticello collection, 58:1 15, 58:1 17Nicholson, Francis, 61:3 127–128Nicholson, John, 61:3 127–128primer on, 45:4 108–109Sandusky Tool Co., 46:3 65types of, 45:4 108wood for, 45:4 109bench pressfor making press-glass objects, 55:4 137bench screws, 47:1 2bench shears, 42:3 81, 52:3 101bench toolswhatsit, 47:2 52bench top accessories, 52:2 82bench vises, 52:4 167, 54:4 162–163with threaded wooden screws, 56:2 58bending wrenches, 39:4 52Benedict, Jim, 43:2 48Benjamin, Asa, 56:1 10Benjamin, Asher, 54:4 167, 59:4 164Benjamin, Hannah, 56:1 10Benjamin, Henry, 37:3 41Benjamin, R. B., 49:2 57Benjamin, Samuel, 44:2 38Benjamin, Timothyaxe, 45:2 47"Benjamin Crehore, Inventor and Stringed Instrument Maker" (West), 47:3 92–94"Benjamin Dearborn and His 'Anglet'" (Stanley), 55:2 52–54Bennett, Nehemiah, 48:3 44Bennett, Sarah, 56:1 10Bennett & Bloedel, 45:1 7Bennion, Elizabeth, 51:1 26Bennit, Jonathan, 58:4 142Bensen, Charles J., 40:3 51

Benson, John, 53:1 18Benson, John Everettstonecutter, 58:4 147–149, 58:4 150, 58:4 151–153Benson, John Howardstonecutter, 58:4 145–148, 58:4 150Benson, Nicholas Waite, 58:4 132, 58:4 149, 58:4 150Bent, Adam, 47:3 93Bent, Josiah, 47:3 93Bent, William, 47:3 93Benton, Evans & Co., 49:2 35–36Benton, George, 43:4 93Benton, Jamesplanemaker, 49:2 35–36Benton, James S., 53:1 17planemaker, 49:2 35–36, 52:2 52, 52:2 54, 53:2 55, 53:2 56, 53:2 60Benton, Linn Boyd, 48:4 98Benton, Lydia, 52:2 52Benton, William S.planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Bent's mower, 52:3 95Berea, 49:4 125–128Berea grit (sandstone), 49:4 125, 60:1 36, 60:1 39, 60:1 40Berea Sandstone, 49:4 126Berea Stone Co., 60:1 39Berenson, Kathryn, 54:1 13Berentson, Henry, 44:2 55Berger, Christian Louis, 53:2 76Berger, C. L., & Sons, 53:2 76Bergeron, L. E., 55:4 145, 56:2 64Bergeron à Paris, Pierre Hamelin, 55:4 145Bergeron lathe, 42:1 27, 42:1 back cover"Bergeron Lathe, A" (Greenberger and Korsant), 42:1 12Bergeron lathes, 42:1 12Bergerson, Ray, 58:3 98n.3Berkman, Aaron, 61:1 22Berlin Machine Works, 58:3 112BermudaNicholson, Francis, planes in, 54:1 8n.9Bernard pliers, 44:2 56Bernt, Walter, 46:1 24Berry, Benjamin F.planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Berst, David, 56:3 90Berst, John, Sr., 56:3 90Berst, Peter, Jr., 56:3 90Berst, Peter, Sr., 56:3 90

Bertas, Andrew, 59:2 69Bertas, Erik, 59:2 69Berwick, Thomas, 54:2 56Berwind, Edward J., 53:2 67, 53:2 72, 53:2 74n2Berwind, Sarah Vesta Herminie Torrey, 53:2 67, 53:2 72, 53:2 74n2beryllium copper tools, 53:3 105–107beryllium wrenches, 53:3 107bésaigüe, 38:2 29Bess, Josephean, 60:4 144Bess, Wilber, 61:2 58, 61:2 59Bess, Wilber G., 60:4 144, 60:4 148Bess, William E., 60:4 144Besse, Irwin, 56:2 70–75Best Yet Manufacturing Co.irons, 42:2 31Bethel, Vermont, granite, 59:2 44Bethel white granite, 59:2 38Bethlehem, Pennsylvaniablacksmiths, 46:2 47–48linseed processing mills, 38:2 35locksmiths, 46:2 48tool production in, 46:2 47–48Bethlehem Steel Co., 53:1 39–40Better Mouse Trap, A, 44:4 118"Better Way through Technology, A: Warren R. Van Vliet, Inventor" (Dunning andMishkin), 53:2 43–47Betz, Ella N., 60:4 140bevel gaugesKraus tool chest, 60:3 96bevelsadjustable, 39:2 32, 41:3 40angle supplements, 52:1 7blade length, 40:4 56Bodmer, 40:2 22BOSS, 40:4 56boxwood, 41:4 72brass cam levers, 40:4 56butt-locking designs, 40:2 21–22, 40:4 54Disston, Henry, & Sons, 38:2 17Eagle, 40:2 22fixed blade, 41:4 70flush T, 40:2 21handmade, 41:4 70–71Kershaw, 40:2 21–22for laying out angles on canvas sails, 45:2 47patents, 40:4 54–56, 42:2 35–36

ecessed pivot-locking designs, 40:4 54–56shipwright, 41:4 70–72sliding T, 40:4 55, 40:4 56St. Johnsbury Tool Co., 37:3 47styles, 52:1 1–5, 52:1 6, 52:1 7–8Thompson, Meriwether Jeff, 52:1 1–8try square combinations, 41:1 6–7, 41:3 40–41, 42:4 106two-bladed, 42:2 36unique designs, 42:2 35–36"Bevels" (Johnstone)"Part I, Butt-locking Designs," 40:2 21–22"Part II, Recessed Pivot-Locking Designs," 40:4 54–56"Part III, Try Square and Bevel Combinations," 41:1 6–7"Part IV, Try Square and Bevel Combinations," 41:3 40–41"Part V, Handmade and Shipwright Designs," 41:4 70–72"Part VI, Unique Designs," 42:2 35–36bevel squares, 42:2 36beverageshome-made, 45:4 117Bewick, Thomas, 37:3 40Bewley (Leeds), 55:1 39Bibighaus, S. H., 57:1 16bibiographic databases, 38:1 16Bick Brothers, 45:3 78Bickford, Dana, 38:3 48, 57:3 117Bickford Home Knitting Machine, 38:3 48, 38:3 49Bickford's knitting machines, 53:4 154bicorne anvils, 45:3 84bicyclesCrescent Machine Co., 60:4 139Draisine, 45:2 57bicycle spoke toolwhatsit, 38:3 55bicycle toolstube vise, 45:1 30, 45:1 31wrenches, 46:1 32Biddell, George, 52:2 45Biddington's web site, 55:4 162"Biden--Drag Hoe, The: Part I" (Townsend), 46:1 5–6bidens, 38:1 12, 40:1 14, 46:1 5–6, 49:1 25–27"Bidens, The: A Drag-Hoe" (Townsend), 49:1 25–27Bidgelow, Russ, 41:2 32Bidwell, Alonzo Frank, 53:2 52n5Bidwell, Ellen, 53:2 51Bidwell, Emma, 53:2 51Bidwell, George L., 53:2 52n5

Bidwell, Leonard, Jr., 53:2 51Bidwell, Leonard Bentonplanemaker, 53:2 48–52, 53:2 75, 53:3 114Bidwell, L. F., 53:2 52n5Bidwell, Lucy, 53:2 48Bidwell, Moses, 53:2 48Bidwell & Hale, 53:2 48–51Bigelow, Jabez, 41:3 78Bigelow, Russ, 38:4 72Bigelow & Wadsworth, 55:4 134Biggelaar, Johannes van den, 53:2 53, 53:3 127Big Pond Furnace, 45:3 87–88Bilderback, Carl, 37:2 40bilge, 52:4 154billheads, 41:1 4–5"Billheads as a Source of Early Trade Information" (Wood), 41:1 4–5"Bill Hook, The" (Wynn), 39:3 47bill hooks, 39:1 14, 39:2 27, 39:3 52A, 40:1 facing page 1, 42:3 67, 45:4 119punch decorated, 39:3 52Auses of, 39:3 47–48billiard table bits, 45:3 78Billings, A., 40:2 23Billings, Andrew, 61:4 153Billings, H., 61:4 153bills of credit, 53:1 34binders (wheat harvesting), 41:2 34binder twine, 40:2 16wire grass industry, 58:3 89–94binder twine cutters, 39:4 60–62, 40:2 16, 40:2 29–30, 40:2 35, 40:4 62"Binder Twine Cutters" (Straffin), 39:4 60–62"Binder Twine Cutters: An Addendum" (Straffin), 40:2 29–30binding grain, 40:4 62Bingham, William, 50:2 39Bion, Nicholas, 61:3 90Bippus, John, Quarry, 60:1 36, 60:1 37Birbeck, John, 38:4 70birch crown molder, 53:3 114–115Bird, F. W., 53:1 28Bird Co., 53:1 32Birdsey, Eunice, 56:1 15Birdsey, Everett, 56:1 15Birdsey, Helen (Lewis), 56:1 12Birdsey, Maria, 56:1 12Birdsey, Sarah, 56:1 12Birdsey, Sarah Clarissa, 56:1 15

Birdsey, Thaddeus, 56:1 12Biro, E.hayknives, 57:2 67Bisbee, Danielaugers, 53:3 120Bisbee, Daniel, Jr., 53:3 120Bishop, Barnard, 52:2 47–48Bishop, George H., & Co., 37:4 70Bishop, Mrs. Harold, 40:3 44Bishop, Harriet B., 60:3 102Bishop, J. Leander, 37:1 8–9, 41:2 32, 42:2 38, 44:2 47, 44:3 77–78, 44:3 93, 58:2 50,61:1 9Bishop saws, 59:1 13Bismarck brown, 53:4 157, 53:4 159Bismark planes, 46:3 77bismuth, 52:3 107n1Bissel, George H., 53:3 87Bissel, Samuel, 47:4 107Bissell, David, 42:2 36Bissel & Moore Manufacturing Co., 42:1 13bit bracesBuffalo, New York, makers, 45:4 101deer antler, 45:4 99first American made, 42:3 67–68Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 156, 59:4 157New York state, 45:1 6–7patents, 45:1 6–7Stanley, 52:4 147–150Stanley advertising signs for, 59:2 71Whitus, Charles, 42:4 110"Bit Braces of New York State" (Kosmerl), 45:1 6–7bit extensions, 45:3 79"Bit of Philadelphia History Turns Up in New Hampshire, A (Williams), 41:3 49–50bits. See also drill bitsbilliard table, 45:3 78for braces, 41:2 21, 45:1 4–5design variants, 56:3 108–113double twist, 45:1 4, 45:2 40expanding, 45:3 78flat-tang, 53:3 96, 53:3 97Forstner, 45:3 78Gedge/gouge, 45:2 40Irwin solid core, 45:2 40Jennings, 45:2 40for metal-pad braces, 53:3 96–99plug, 45:1 5

ectangular-tang, 53:3 98screw driver, 45:3 78securing, 41:4 64shell, 45:1 5spiral, 45:1 4, 45:2 40spoon, 47:3 100square-tang, 53:3 97–99taper, 45:3 78terminology, 56:3 109twist, 45:2 40wood boring augers and twist bits, 56:3 108–113bits (monetary amount), 45:1 8, 45:3 82bitstockscollecting, 52:2 76Dutch, 46:1 9patents, 46:1 35, 52:4 147bitters, 54:2 48, 54:2 50Bittner, Jack, 43:2 46, 48:3 58, 52:2 76"Bit Unusual, A" (Armistead), 47:1 27–31blackaniline dye, 53:4 157, 53:4 169n70as fashion color, 53:4 160–161Black, Ada J., 60:2 48Black, Anna R., 60:2 64Black, Anne R., 60:2 64Black, Bessie Scott, 60:2 60Black, Harry B. (son of Harry Buchanan Black), 60:2 63, 60:2 64Black, Harry B., Jr. (son of Harry B. Black), 60:2 64Black, Harry Buchanan, 60:2 63Black, H. B., 60:2 48, 60:2 63Black, H. B., & Co., 60:2 50, 60:2 61, 60:2 62–63, 60:2 66factory, 60:2 48, 60:2 front covermaker's marks, 60:3 108, 60:3 109Black, H. B., & Co. Edge-Tool Works, 60:2 58–63Black, Henry B., 60:2 48, 60:2 59–63, 60:2 61, 60:2 62, 60:2 63–64, 60:2 64Black, James N., 49:2 66Black, John, 42:4 89, 49:2 66, 51:3 96Black, John B., 60:2 50, 60:2 62Black, John B., Co., Inc., 60:2 59–63, 60:2 63–64Black, John B., Inc., 60:2 50Black, John B. Co., Inc. (CET), 60:2 65maker's marks, 60:3 108, 60:3 109Black, John Beatty, 60:2 59–60, 60:2 62, 60:2 63maker's marks, 60:3 108, 60:3 109Black, Lillian, 60:2 63Black, Lydia Beatty, 60:2 48, 60:2 64

Black, Mary, 60:3 100Black, Orville, 42:4 89Black, Walter, 49:2 66Black, William, 49:2 66, 51:3 96Black, William, & Co., 49:2 66blackberry cordial recipe, 45:4 117Black Brothers Machinery Co., 49:2 66, 51:3 96clamps, 49:1 13"Black Clamp," 49:1 14Black & Deckerirons, 42:2 32Blacke, Ruth Field, 50:1 31Black Free Masonry, 46:4 94–95Blackhurst, Dan, 51:2 60black poplarfor altarpieces, 46:4 100–101black powderfor granite quarrying, 59:2 49–50"Black Revolutionary War Soldier from Jethro Jones Country," 43:2 42–43Black Rock Manufacturing Co., 54:2 73"Black Settlers In and Near Blandford, Massachusetts" (Donovan-Hall), 43:2 42Blacksmith, Ironworker and Farrier, The (Watson), 45:4 102"Blacksmith and Farmers Tools" (Shelburne Museum), 37:4 72ABlacksmith and Wheelwright, The, 38:3 56Blacksmith and Wheelwright magazine, 54:1 22, 54:1 23, 54:1 24"Blacksmith Hugh R. Bailey" (Larsen), 51:1 1–7blacksmiths, 40:4 73A, 40:4 back cover, 45:4 105, 45:4 107, 48:2 67account books, 42:2 47–49, 44:1 26–27, 44:4 122–123, 45:2 52, 55:1 29anvils, 45:1 20as artists, 37:4 57axe production, 54:4 138Bailey, Hugh R. ("Bob"), 51:1 1–7Beatty family, 60:3 100–101Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 46:2 47–48Brooks, Bezleel, 49:4 103, 49:4 105butterises, 48:1 27charcoal use, 47:2 35, 47:2 36Chesebro Brothers', 54:1 20–25chisel axes, 42:4 89cooperage, 44:4 123decline of, 54:1 21–24directory listings, 48:1 11draw forgers, 37:4 57–60, 38:1 5–9edge tool production by, 54:4 138farrier work, 42:2 48fees charged by, 44:4 123

Fowler, Josiah, 54:1 25glossary of terms, 44:1 27granite tool maintenance, 60:1 17Hathaway, Braddock, 54:2 62horse-shoeing by, 44:4 122iron implements made by, 44:4 122–123iron tires, 51:1 19–22maintenance work, 42:2 48Merwin, Thomas Benjamin, 48:4 93, 48:4 back coverMosier, J. L. H., carriage blacksmith, 61:4 133–141potatoes for preventing heat flow, for scissors and swords, 37:3 52–53prong hoe forging, 42:3 72rates, 54:1 23repairs made by, 44:4 122shipsmiths, 54:2 61–62Southern Railway, 50:3 81threaded wood screw use by, 56:2 64tool making by, 42:4 100–101tools, 45:3 87in upstate New York, 1850, 39:3 35vehicle hardware, 39:2 29Wilder, Moses, Blacksmith Shop, Old Sturbridge Village, 60:2 68–76blacksmith shops19th century photographs, 39:4 68Harmony Society, 51:4 102–103painting of, 51:4 125, 51:4 front coverblacksmiths' toolsbench shears, 52:3 101rule, 55:2 58shears, 52:3 104–105tongs, 60:1 17Blackstone, William, 55:2 79Blackstone Canal, 44:1 18black walnut trees, 44:2 63blade grinders, 50:2 67bladesbandsaw, welding compound for, 60:4 140bucksaws, 59:2 65–66in jewelers' saws, replacing, 56:2 67for planes, 47:1 7–9, 47:1 12n14Blaisdell, A. H.marking gauges, 53:3 123, 53:4 171Blaisdell, George G., 39:4 57Blaisdell, Parritt, 53:4 171Blaisdell Family National Association, 53:4 171Blake, Eli Whitney, 44:3 84, 44:4 117

stone crusher, 44:3 74–75Blake, Francislady's tool chests, 50:1 31–32Blake, James, 53:1 34Blake, Josiahaccount book, 55:1 27–30Blake, Judson, 47:2 58Blake, Lyman, 37:3 43Blake, William, 37:4 66Blakeman, Lucy (Hawley), 56:1 12Blake Stone Breaker, 44:3 74–75, 44:3 76, 44:3 84, 44:4 117Blanchard, Charles P., 56:3 114Blanchard, Clarence, 51:3 90, 54:4 160Blanchard, George A., 56:3 114Blanchard, John W., Jr., 57:1 30Blanchard, Porter, 56:3 114–115Blanchard, Seth, 44:1 3Blanchard, Stillman S., 44:1 5n.6Blanchard, Thomas, 44:1 3–6, 44:1 19, 44:2 54, 44:2 56, 44:4 109apple-paring machine, 44:1 3inventions, 44:1 3–6lathes, 44:1 4–5lock bedding machine, 44:1 3tack machine, 44:1 4wood bending machine, 44:1 5Blanchard, Thomas, Jr., 44:1 5Blanchard and Sons, 56:3 114–115"Blanchard Butter-Worker, The" (Hall), 56:3 114–115Blandford, MassachusettsAfrican American settlement, 43:2 42Blandford, Percy W., 39:2 29Blankenburg, Rudolph, 48:3 50blast-driven earth rod, 49:4 124blast furnace charging slide rule, 50:2 47blast furnacesapprenticeship in, 39:4 56Big Pond Furnace, 45:3 88blastingPortland brownstone, 55:3 104blasting (shooting)granite quarrying, 59:2 49–50blasting capsfor granite quarrying, 59:2 50blasting machinesfor granite quarrying, 59:2 50

Blenheim, 52:2 43Blenkhorn, Hennigar, 47:4 127Blenkhorn, James, 47:4 127Blenkhorn, Scott, 47:4 127Blenkhorn, Sidney, 47:4 127Blenkhorn Axe Co., 47:4 127"Blenkhorn Axe Company" (Klenman), 47:4 127Blenkhorn & Sons, 47:4 127Blessed Town, The (Buck), 43:4 92Blevney, J. C., 49:2 57blind wiring machine, 45:4 120Blinko Glass Co., 43:4 98Blinn, Henry, 47:3 71, 47:3 78n12Blinn, Henry C., 53:2 77Bliss, John, 39:2 16, 39:2 17Bliss, John, & Co., 39:2 18Bliss, Morton, & Co., 42:1 20Bliss, R., and Co., 48:2 62Bliss, Rufus, 56:2 66, 57:2 42, 57:2 46wooden clamp maker, 48:2 62–65Bliss, T., 37:2 36Bliss Manufacturing Co., 48:2 62–65blister steel, 54:4 136, 54:4 137–138for plane blades, 47:1 9block and tackle, 48:2 41block axes, 40:1 13"Block for Shaping Non-Ferrous Metals," 49:1 8block heads, 40:3 47block-knives, 40:1 1, 45:2 45block planesFour-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:3 119Blodgett, W. P. "Put," 38:2 33Blodgett Toolsaxes, 51:4 129–130Blondinfor grout (waste granite) removal, 59:3 88–89bloom, in charcoal making, 45:3 88bloomery, in charcoal making, 45:3 88Bloxham, Robert, 46:4 120, 46:4 121blubber knives, 41:4 75"blubber scraps," 45:2 37blue dyesgendarme blue, 53:4 159indigo dye, 53:4 156, 53:4 161n5, 53:4 161n9Lobelia blue, 53:4 158

Nicholson's blue, 53:4 158spirit blue dyes, 53:4 157, 53:4 158blueing, 45:2 56, 45:3 91Blue Laws, 45:3 71"Blue Monday" expression, 45:1 25, 45:2 56, 45:3 91Blue Ridge Mountain regionfarm buildings, 55:3 85–94blue stain, 46:2 44Blum, Stephanus, 46:2 47Blumenberg, Ben (Bennett), 42:3 79, 44:3 67, 45:4 107, 58:3 120–122Blumenberg, Leslie, 42:3 79, 44:3 67blunt-ended screws, 47:3 84–85blunt-nosed scissors, 52:3 100board, 54:2 56Board, Harry W., 53:3 95board foot, 52:2 78–79boarding axeswhatsits, 43:3 79boarding knives, 41:4 74, 41:4 75Boardly, John Beal, 61:3 92Boardman, Kathryn, 41:3 53, 41:3 54, 42:2 53, 42:2 54, 44:4 110, 45:1 11board measure, 41:2 24–25, 41:2 27boat building, 41:3 84calking irons, 54:3 102–109recreational boats, 57:2 72boat equipmentaccount books, 43:4 101–102"Boat Equipment in N. Smith's Daybook" (Keller), 43:4 101–102boat hatchets, 41:4 74boat spades, 41:4 74bobbing for apples, 44:2 49–50bobbin winders, 56:1 11Bober, Harry, 46:1 7, 46:1 10bodkins, 46:2 43for bookbinding, 44:1 24Bodman & Hussey screw-arm filletster, 58:4 173Bodmer, C., 49:2 57Bodmer, Christian, 40:2 22, 53:2 63–64, 55:3 121–123, 55:4 151, 56:3 117, 60:4 165,60:4 166, 60:4 167, 60:4 168, 61:1 35, 61:2 80, 61:2 82, 61:3 120, 61:4 167, 61:4 168hand drills, 60:3 130, 60:3 131zig-zag rule patents, 56:2 70–72Bodmer bevel, 40:2 22Bodwell Granite Co., 60:1 12body chisels, 45:1 24Bogel, Henry, 57:3 117bog iron, 37:1 13, 42:1 14, 53:1 34, 54:3 105, 54:3 107, 54:4 137

aking in sintering furnace, 40:1 16Abog iron ore, 42:1 14bog root cutter, 57:3 102bog shoes, for horsesfor wire grass harvesting, 58:3 92Bohn, Keith, 60:4 156Boileau, Etienne, 60:1 1–8, 60:2 78boilermakersSouthern Railway, 50:3 80–81, 50:3 83boiler plate, 46:4 123illustrations, 49:2 67"Boiler Plate," 46:4 123Boise Cascade Paper Co., 46:1 16Boke Named Tectonicon, A (Digges), 41:2 24, 41:2 25bolster-type screwdrivers, 55:4 152boltingfor wooden pails, 46:2 44bolting saws, 46:2 44Bolton Conservation Trust, 60:2 68Bolton-style coverlets, 54:1 15, 54:1 16bolts. See also nuts and boltsstandardization of, 55:3 112–115Bond, Charlie, 45:4 118Bond, F. H., 52:3 88Bond, Kener, 38:2 36ABond, Oliver, 49:2 54Bond, W. B., 41:1 11bone beads, 59:1 1, 59:1 3, 59:1 5bone husking pegs, 59:3 99Bonelli, Tim, 43:3 78, 44:2 56bonita shaving tool, 58:3 127Bonnell, Christopher, 47:3 82planemaker, 53:2 48Bonnier, Joseph, 58:3 100Bonnier de la Mosson, cabinet of, 58:3 100–106Bonsai shears, 43:3 75Bontempi, Augusto, 45:3 95bookbinders' tools, 43:3 78, 55:3 128–129plow, 44:1 30bookbindingdecorative, 44:1 23–25dictionary, 44:1 23–24goldbeater's wagons used by, 44:2 54threaded wooden screws used in, 56:2 59book cloth, 54:2 73Booker, William, 58:2 60–61, 58:2 61, 58:2 64n.14

Book of Excerpts (Cavallini), 38:4 70Book of Notifications, 46:4 95Book of Paris Trades, The (Boileau), 60:1 1–8Book of Plans for Churches and Parsonages, A (Congressional Church of the UnitedStates), 55:4 136booksprinting, 16th century, Nürnberg, 54:2 85technology disseminated in, 61:2 44, 61:2 45–55"Bookshelves Around the House," 45:3 92Books in Print, 38:1 16"Book You May Have Missed, A" (West), 42:4 107boom derricksfor granite moving, 59:4 151for granite quarrying, 59:2 39, 59:3 81–84, 59:3 87for granite sheds, 59:4 131boot cutters, 46:3 68, 46:3 86Booth, Dounce, & Co., 48:3 60Booth, J., & Son, 45:3 78Booth, John, 60:3 105, 60:3 106Booth, J. R., Ltd., 40:4 58Booth, Philip Charles, 59:4 124Booth and Johnson, 59:4 124Booth Brothers, 55:4 150Booth & Mills, 56:2 69boot iron, 54:3 109boot jacks, 44:2 50bootmakers' floatwhatsits, 44:2 60bootsU.S. Cavalry, 37:3 53boot trees, 44:3 90Bopp, Carl, 37:4 69, 37:4 72A, 38:1 inside cover, 41:1 14, 41:2 30, 43:3 75, 45:4 100,45:4 119, 46:3 82, 47:2 46, 47:4 113–114, 50:2 54, 52:3 110, 56:1 41, 58:2 49, 58:2 51,59:1 18, 60:3 110, 61:1 inside front coverBordaz, Jacques, 37:4 60n5Borden, Gale, 45:2 56Bordley, John, 51:2 50–51Bordley, John Beale, 58:1 5, 58:1 29, 58:2 55boring augers, 56:3 108–113cutting edges, 56:3 109terminology, 56:3 109"Boring Bit is not a Bit Boring, A" (Roger), 56:3 108–113boring faucets. See self-boring barrel spigotsboring pitsfor granite, 60:1 13, 60:1 14boring tools, 45:1 24, 52:2 82

Kraus tool chest, 60:3 96for vegetables, 46:1 34"Boring Vegetables: An Around the House Special Feature" (Price), 46:1 34Borkowski, Len, 41:3 59, 41:3 61, 42:1 18, 42:3 78, 44:1 16, 44:2 34, 44:2 54, 45:2 55,45:4 122, 56:2 83Bornman, Henry, 59:2 63, 59:2 64Borsolino hats, 52:4 157Borthwick, John, 49:1 9Bossart, P., 46:1 13BOSS bevel, 40:4 56Bossidy, John C., 44:3 89bossing hammers, 43:1 14, 43:4 89Boston, MassachusettsGreat Fire of 1872, 55:4 134Old South Meeting House, 55:4 133–140Boston Bolt Co., 48:2 45Boston City Directory, 61:1 9Boston Custom House, 59:2 40Boston Housewright Society, 61:4 146Boston Journal of Philosophy and the Arts, The, 61:2 49, 61:2 51Boston Lockport Block Co., 48:2 45Boston Manufacturing Co., 55:1 6, 55:1 7Boston matches, 44:4 105Boston Mechanics Institution, 61:2 54Boston News Letter, 61:1 2Boston & Worcester Railroad, 43:4 97Boswell, James, 39:2 32ABosword braid-sewing machine, 40:2 20botching nails, 48:1 26Botsford, Esther (Frost), 56:1 10bottle openers, 44:1 13, 44:3 90, 57:3 89Bouck, Christian, 45:2 43Boursse, Esaias, 44:3 91boutonné cloth, 54:1 19n.131bouvet á plat (flat groover), 52:3 124bow drillsfor making beads, 59:1 2, 59:1 4Bowen, Ann, 47:3 93Bower, Anthony S., 45:3 95Bower, George, 45:3 95Bower-Barff Rustless Iron Co., 45:3 95Bowler, Samuel, 39:2 29Bowler, William, 45:3 74Bowles, John Julius, 46:1 12Bowles, Thomas S., 39:2 17bowl gauges, 40:1 2

owling alley paste (Butcher wax), 39:1 12Bowman, Benedict, 43:3 73Bowne, R. H., & Sons, 45:4 121Bowne, R. M., & Co., 42:2 53bow-pins, for yokes, 45:3 84bow saws, 39:1 back cover, 45:3 68, 54:1 29Drury-Marsh, 49:2 45Bowser, S. F., Co., 49:1 6"bow-wow" shop, 44:2 63box churns, 52:3 88boxed bead planes, 48:4 92–93Boxer, Devorah, 52:2 77boxing gloves, 53:4 142"Boxmaker's Tool, A" (Werner), 45:1 23boxmakers' tools, 45:1 23jack planes, 46:3 79box ratchet braces, 52:4 150box saddler's tools, 39:2 20box scrapers, 52:3 108box shaves, 60:4 160boxwood bevels, 41:4 72boxwood planes, 54:1 35, 61:1 11boxwood rules, 37:2 25–27, 38:1 9, 39:1 4, 41:2 24–27, 51:4 120English carpenters', 42:1 3–5folding, Kraus tool chest, 60:3 95boxwood shaves, 52:3 109boxwood squares, 45:4 113–114folding, 39:2 32Boyce, Joseph, 39:4 60–62Boyd, Milton, 51:1 18Boyd, Samuel, 52:2 46Boyden, Uriah A., 44:2 41Boye Rule Tool, 42:2 36Boyle, Charles H., 57:2 71Boyle, Robert, 44:4 104Boylston, Zebdiel, 46:4 96Boynton, Alfred, 46:1 18, 46:1 19Boynton, E. M., 47:4 104, 59:1 19Boynton, E. M., Saw and File Co., 44:3 85boysfretwork, 41:1 1tool chests, 50:1 32Boys, John, 58:2 63n.12Boy's Town, A (Howells), 43:4 89brace chucks. See chucks, bracebraces

American, 19th century, 41:3 42–44, 41:4 64–65Barber, 41:2 21, 41:2 22bits, 41:2 21, 45:1 4–5, 45:1 6–7brass-plated, 43:2 48, 43:3 75carpenter's, 41:4 64–65chuck, 41:2 21first American made, 42:3 67–68Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 157hand-forged, cage-headed, 41:2 22with "hook," 37:3 53iron, 41:2 22metallic, 41:2 21–23parts of, 41:2 21patents, 40:2 34, 47:4 130, 49:4 136"post-Barber," 41:2 21"pre-Barber," 41:2 21Sheffield, 41:2 21, 41:2 22, 45:1 5Spofford, 41:2 21Stanley Rule & Level Co., 52:4 147–150tools for, 45:1 4–5, 45:2 40, 45:3 78–79types of, 41:2 22Ultimate, 42:4 111unmarked, 41:4 64–65"Brace Up for a Bit of Stanley History (Jacob)"Part I, 1869--1908," 52:4 147–150"Part II, 1909--1916," 53:1 9–12"Part III, 1917--1958," 53:2 62–65"Brace with an Unusual Feature, A" (Steinberg), 37:3 53Bracket, A. J., 49:2 39Bracy, Isabell, 45:1 10brad awlsfor bookbinding, 44:1 24sets, 43:2 53Braddock, Edward, 46:2 41"Braddock D. Hathaway, a New Bedford Toolmaker" (Hall), 54:2 60–66Brades Crown hay knife, 57:2 56Bradford, Gershom, 53:3 120Bradford, Henry E.woolen mills, 53:4 151Bradford, John, 47:3 78n16Bradford, Joseph, 37:2 33, 37:2 36, 45:2 37Bradish, John, 53:2 59, 53:2 60Bradley, Bruce, 56:1 37Bradley, Bruce E., 46:1 19, 56:1 37Bradley, C. C., & Son, 37:4 57Bradley, David, Sr., 54:4 138

Bradley, G. W., 39:3 52ABradley, Hylas, 43:3 66, 43:4 100Bradley, Zenas, 43:3 66, 43:4 100Bradley Axe Factory, 39:4 53Bradley Bros., 42:3 72Bradley compact hammer, 38:1 5, 38:1 7, 38:1 9Bradley hammer, 37:4 59, 37:4 60Bradley Smith, H. R., 38:1 12Bradway & Valentine, 49:1 11Brady, David, 54:4 142Brady, Elizabeth, 54:2 48Brady, William, 54:2 47–48Braff, Phyllis, 40:4 64braiding machinewhatsits, 43:4 106Brainerd, Erastus, 55:3 98Brainerd, Erastus and Silus, quarry company, 55:3 98–101, 55:3 100Brainerd, Silas, 55:3 98Braintree, Massachusettsgranite boulders, 59:2 38, 59:2 39Braintree Manufacturing Co., 52:1 13brakemenSouthern Railway, 50:3 83brakeswooden, 45:4 126bramble bits, 45:3 87, 46:1 32bramble saws, 45:3 87, 46:1 32Bramth, Joseph, 47:4 133Branch, Clyde, 40:2 35Brand hay knives, 57:2 59"Brandon Mineral Paints," 42:4 99Brandt, Charles, 53:1 31Branson, Susanna, 53:4 150, 53:4 153brasspolishing, 41:2 30brass battery kettles, 43:2 52, 43:4 93brass cam leversfor bevels, 40:4 56brass chuck, 41:4 64brass folding rule, 46:2 55brass-pad braces, 53:3 100brass-plated braces, 43:2 48, 43:3 75brass plate rubbings, 51:2 39–40brass wrenches, 45:4 122Braunschweig, I. M., 59:4 163Brayer, Michael, 50:1 13, 50:1 18, 53:1 17

Brayton, Francis, 54:2 67Brayton, William, 45:3 80braziers (ironmongers), 38:4 58. See also ironmongersBrazos, A., and Sons, 55:3 100breadin Colonial America, 39:1 9–12bread-slicing machines, 43:4 111, 43:4 back cover, 44:1 13, 44:1 14, 44:2 48, 44:2 62Breahear, John, 39:2 18breakersgranite, 59:4 143Breakers, Newport, Rhode Island.domestic services, 53:2 66–75break iron, 45:4 108Brearly, Harry, 39:2 31breast augers, 43:1 15, 43:2 55German, 41:3 48breast drillsFour-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 158, 59:4 160Stanley advertising signs for, 59:2 71, 59:2 73breastplateshair pipe beads for, 59:1 3, 59:1 4, 59:1 5, 59:1 6breastwork (cotton gins), 52:1 12Breaux, Benjamin, 54:3 127Bredbden, H. S.scissors, 45:1 18breech wrenches, 41:3 49, 41:3 84"Breech Wrench vs. Jam Wrench" (Gedney), 41:3 49Breed, Aaron, 39:2 17Breed, Joseph, 42:3 82Breitwieser, Anita Van Vliet, 53:2 46Brenton, Jaheel, 58:4 143brest augers, 39:3 46Brewer, Alden R., 38:3 46"brewers' pitch," 52:3 123Brewerytown, Philadelphia, 61:1 20Brewery Workers union, 40:3 41, 41:1 14Brewster, Henry, 61:4 133, 61:4 134Brewster, James, 61:4 134, 61:4 139Brewster, James Benjamin, 61:4 134Brewster, J. B., & Co., 61:4 134–135Brewster, Vial, 43:2 42Brewster & Co., 61:4 133–140Brewster & Co. Carriage Works, 51:4 119membership certificate, 51:1 back coverBrewster & Co. Industrial Association, 61:4 142Brewster & Co. Mutual Benefit (Benevolent) Association, 61:4 138, 61:4 142

Brewster & Co. Veteran Association, 61:4 138Breyer, William, 45:1 25Breyer Ice Cream Co., 45:1 25briar tooth, 46:1 32brickdrainage, 40:2 36Afrogged, 59:2 54–55, 59:2 57hand-made vs. machine-made, 59:2 57–58making, 37:1 10, 37:1 13popularity of, 59:2 53brick industry, 59:2 53–58brick kilns, 58:1 29, 58:1 30n.16bricklayers, 46:1 10–11tools, 53:1 38brick making machines, 59:2 53–58molding devices, 59:2 54–57pug mills, 59:2 53–54Brick Mason (van Vliet), 46:1 10–11brick masons, 46:1 10–11Brick Mason's Spacing Rule, 56:3 119–120brick ovensin Colonial America, 39:1 10–11brick press (brick pressing/re-pressing machines), 59:2 54, 59:2 56portable, 59:2 57Briddell, Charles B., Inc., 60:2 65bridgebuilder rabbets, 53:3 126bridge cranesfor granite, 59:4 137–138Bridge Cutlery, 60:4 162, 60:4 163"bridge" plane configuration, 58:3 128–129bridgescovered, 54:4 148–153iron, 51:1 29Bridges, Harry T., 50:1 27Bridges, John, 58:4 140Bridges, Joseph E., 54:2 59bridge squares, 43:4 99Brieant, Charles L., 56:4 171Briegel Method Tool, 48:1 21Brigges, E., 61:3 128Briggs, A. S., 46:1 27Briggs, E., 40:2 25, 42:2 37Briggs, Elisha, 40:2 26Briggs, George, 42:2 37Briggs, J. H. A., 38:3 50Briggs, N., 42:2 37

Briggs, Nathaniel, 42:2 37Briggs, S., 42:2 37Briggs, Samuel, Jr., 43:4 95Briggs, Samuel, Sr., 43:4 95Brill, Edith, 38:1 12Bringhurst, J. H., 44:3 85Briscoe-Birmingham, John, 38:2 26bristle paintbrushes, 55:3 118–119Bristol, Anna, 53:4 134Bristol, Charity (Foote), 53:4 134British Aliens in The U.S. During the War of 1812, 52:1 24British-American Rankological Society Newsletter, 58:3 113British-American Rhykenological Society, 42:1 19, 47:2 56British Board of Agriculture, 58:1 6British Board of Tradelawn mower import ban, 52:3 95British broad arrow (or crow foot), 38:3 50British ColumbiaForestry Dept., 45:2 60British Dairy Farmers' Association, 52:3 87British Iron Act of 1750, 54:4 137British Planemakers (Goodman), 41:3 37British Planemakers from 1700 (Goodman), 43:3 81, 46:1 12, 52:1 25British Planemakers from 1700 (Goodman, revised by Rees and Rees), 49:3 83, 50:1 12,52:1 32, 57:1 11British Quilt Heritage Project, 54:2 71British toolmakers. See EnglandBritkin, H. S., 42:2 44, 42:2 45Britton, Channing M., 61:4 133Britton, John W., 61:4 133, 61:4 136, 61:4 139, 61:4 140broached work, 56:3 96broaching bitsquarry drills, 59:2 48, 59:2 49Broad, E., & Co., 37:2 24Broad, E., & Sons, 37:2 22–23, 37:2 24, 38:3 51Broad, E. & Co., 38:3 51Broad, E. & H., Co., 37:2 22, 37:4 72A, 38:3 50Broad, Elisha, 37:2 22, 37:2 23, 38:3 50, 38:3 51Broad, Harry, 37:2 23Broad, Harry W., 38:3 51broad arrow (crow foot) mark, 38:3 50broad axes, 43:2 54, 43:3 64, 45:3 90Amoskeag Ax Co., 51:4 129–130Beatty, William, and Sons, 60:2 56Beatty Edge Tool Co., 60:2 65Canada pattern, 42:3 59–61

characteristics of, 54:4 139–143early, 42:4 97–98goosewing, 54:4 135–143hewing, Hardy, Ephraim L., 58:4 169"Kent" style, 54:4 135make-do (repaired), 43:3 61makers' marks, 41:1 3Morris, H. D., 37:4 68Pennsylvania pattern, 60:2 62tool marks from, 61:3 106Broad Axes (Gamble), 40:1 16Abroadcloth, 45:2 38Broad familyedge tool manufacturies, 37:2 22–23broad hatchetsBeatty Edge Tool Co., 60:2 64Laurent, J. B., 37:1 3Morris, Ezekiel, 37:1 2broad measure, 41:2 25broadsides, 61:1 2, 61:1 5Stanley Rule & Level Co., 58:3 113Brockenbrough, Arthur, 58:1 28, 58:1 30n.15, 58:1 30n.16Brodbent, John, 38:4 75Broege, Wallace, 45:3 86brogues, 39:2 31broken toolsmake-do, 43:3 61Bronson, Austin, 47:3 75bronze, 37:1 13axes, 40:3 52Bronze Age manfrozen in glacier, 45:1 10"Bronze Replaces Babbett" (Harp), 57:4 160–161Brooke, Kennedy C., 43:2 49, 43:3 77Brooke, Mack, & Peace, 46:1 19Brooklyn, New York.saw manufacturers, 44:4 102–103Brooks, Al, 59:3 109Brooks, Asa, 55:2 66Brooks, Ase, 58:1 23–24, 58:1 36n.29Brooks, Bezaleel, 49:4 103, 49:4 106Brooks, Casendana, 49:4 103, 49:4 104Brooks, C. C.hay knives, 57:2 58, 57:2 67, 57:3 104Brooks, Chapin C., 39:1 17Brooks, Elizabeth, 49:4 103, 49:4 104

Brooks, Frank, 49:4 110Brooks, Frank Bezaleel, 49:4 112Brooks, Herman, 57:3 86, 57:3 87Brooks, James S., 59:3 109, 59:3 110Brooks, John, 61:1 40, 61:1 41, 61:3 129Brooks, Jonathan, Jr., 61:1 40, 61:1 41, 61:2 85Brooks, Jonathan, Sr., 61:1 40, 61:1 41Brooks, Jonathan Edwards, 49:4 104, 49:4 108Brooks, Luther Martin, 49:4 104, 49:4 105, 49:4 108Brooks, Mercy, 61:1 40Brooks, Milton, 49:4 104, 49:4 105, 49:4 110, 49:4 111Brooks, Nathan, 61:1 40, 61:1 41Brooks, Norman Crane, 49:4 104, 49:4 108–112, 50:4 128Brooks, P., & Co., 61:4 172Brooks, Peter, 43:2 41planemaker, 46:1 12–13, 53:2 50Brooks, Rachelplanemaker, 57:3 96–97Brooks, Samuel, 49:4 103–104Brooks, Thomas McDonough, 49:4 103, 49:4 104, 49:4 105, 49:4 108, 49:4 109, 49:4110Brooks, T. M., & Co., 50:4 128Brooks, Williamname stamps, 57:3 96planemaker, 57:3 96Brooks, William Edward, 49:4 112Brooks, Wolcott Noble, 49:4 108Brooks Brothers, 49:4 105–106Brooks & Brothers, 49:4 106–108Brooks Edge Tool Co., 49:4 106, 49:4 108–112, 50:4 128"Brooks Edge Tool Manufacturing: Brooksville, Vermont. Nineteenth-Century ToolProduction For a Nation Growing Westward" (Brooks), 49:4 103–113Brooks edge tool production, 49:4 103–113broomsfactory, 45:4 127hemlock branch, 39:1 11makers (broomsquires), 43:1 24shop, 45:4 105brouette (hand trucks), 43:4 99broughams, 48:2 37Brown, A., 45:1 19Brown, Asby, 61:3 106Brown, Bud, 37:2 29, 40:3 41, 40:4 73A, 41:1 20, 41:1 20A, 43:1 27, 43:3 75, 44:1 18,44:1 21, 48:3 58, 52:2 77Brown, Christopher, 46:1 8Brown, D. Arthur, & Co., 38:4 76A

Brown, David, 43:3 71, 46:4 97Brown, Douglas, 61:3 129Brown, Ephraim, 43:2 34Brown, Francis, 47:4 119Brown, G. B., 44:2 59Brown, George, 43:3 77Brown, Henry, 41:2 22, 43:2 47, 56:3 90Brown, Henry H., 48:1 11Brown, Henry T., 49:2 67Brown, H. R.hay knives, 57:2 65Brown, J.Patent Vertical Family Spinner, 38:1 3, 38:1 4Brown, John, 58:4 155Brown, John, Captain, 52:4 162, 53:1 35Brown, Joseph R., 43:2 41, 43:3 71, 50:2 65, 50:2 66, 55:2 50Brown, J. R., 45:1 20Brown, J. T., 45:4 113Brown, Louis, 56:3 90, 56:3 100Brown, M., & Co., 55:4 149Brown, Mary, 50:1 1Brown, Matthew, 47:4 121, 47:4 122Brown, Mills, 45:4 109Brown, N. K., 39:3 52ABrown, Patrick, 52:4 136Brown, S., 42:3 80Brown, Samuel, 42:3 80, 58:1 5Brown, Thomas W., 52:1 16Brown, William, 50:4 111Brown, William G., 54:4 154Brown, William R., 61:2 67–69Brown and Sharp, 52:4 165Brown & Barnard planes, 54:2 86brown bread (rye 'n' injun) recipe, 39:1 11Brown & Campbell, 52:1 16Browne, Joseph, 38:1 3, 38:1 4Brown & Holman, 57:3 94"Brownies" (cartoon characters), 58:3 113Brown Patent Pipe Tongs, 43:2 32Browns' Fumigator, 44:4 126Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co., 43:3 71, 49:3 70, 50:2 64–67, 55:2 50B&S standard gauge, 50:2 66Construction and Use of Universal Milling Machines, 50:2 64–65logo, 50:2 66trademarks, 50:2 66–67

Brown Shoe Army, 45:4 122Brownson, H. S., 49:2 56Browns's polished metal shears, 45:1 20brownstone, 55:3 95–111. See also Hummelstown brownstone; Portland brownstonedressing, 56:3 94–96finishing methods, 56:3 96granite vs., 59:2 38Hummelstown, Pennsylvania, 56:3 89–107quarrying, 56:3 93–94stonecutters, 56:3 100–101transporting, 56:3 96–99uses of, 56:3 101–105workforce, 56:3 99–101Brownstone--Middletown Railroad, 56:3 91, 56:3 97, 56:3 98–99"Brownstone Revisited: The Hummelstown Brownstone Industry" (Olena), 56:3 89–107"Brownstones," 55:3 108Broyles, Steve, 61:2 74Brubaker, R. Michael, 45:4 127Bruce, William, 49:1 19, 49:1 20, 49:1 21Bruegel, Pieter, 46:1 11Brundage, Jon, 41:1 18, 43:2 50, 44:3 84Brundage, Lawrence (Larry), 37:2 21, 37:4 71, 38:3 44, 39:2 32A, 39:3 32, 40:1 2, 40:236A, 40:4 67, 41:1 18, 41:3 80, 42:1 11, 42:2 44, 42:3 71, 42:3 78, 42:4 111, 43:3 81,43:4 100, 44:2 49, 44:2 50, 44:2 57, 44:3 71, 44:4 121, 45:1 30, 45:2 44, 45:2 54, 45:498, 46:1 6, 46:1 18, 46:1 21, 46:1 26, 57:2 61, 57:2 70, 58:4 160Brunel, Marc Isambard, 37:1 8Brunelleschi, Filippo, 59:3 81, 59:3 87Brunham, Harold, 49:2 64Brush, Addison G., 54:1 38brush cutters, 42:2 53brushesDutch, 42:4 110goosewing, 44:3 91brush hooks, 39:3 52Abrush-makers' shears, 52:3 104, 52:3 105Bryan, Edgar, 39:2 32ABryan, William W., 48:1 24, 53:1 17Bryan, W. W., 49:2 37edge tool maker, 49:2 38–39Bryant, Gridley, 59:3 93Bryant, Sylvanus, 53:3 120Bryant, William Cullen, 45:4 121Bryant and May Museum of Fire-Making Applicances, 38:3 55Bryson, Alex, 49:1 20, 49:1 21Bryson, Dennett, 44:2 40, 49:2 49Buchanan, Josephine, 60:2 63

Buchard, Seth, 45:2 44Bucher, Robert C., 61:2 75Buck, John Henry, 58:2 58–61, 58:2 64n.17, 58:2 64n.18, 58:2 65n.27Buck Brothers, 46:1 17cast-iron tools price list, 38:3 57bucket-making machine, 44:4 108buckets. See also pailsdefined, 47:3 70pails vs., 45:3 68Shaker manufacturing of, 47:3 69–77shape of, 45:3 68wooden, hand manufacture of, 45:3 67–69"bucket seat," 45:3 69"bucket shop," 45:3 69Buckeye Engine Co., 60:4 140Buckeye shearing chair, 43:3 77–78Buckingham County Courthouse, 58:1 24bucklesfor hat making, 43:1 5Buck Mountain Colliery, 52:4 138Buckner Manufacturing Co., 45:3 85wrenches, 45:4 122, 45:4 123, 45:4 127bucksaws, 54:1 27, 54:1 29, 54:1 30, 59:2 36, 59:2 59–69, 59:2 front coverblades, 59:2 65–66bracing methods, 59:2 63–65defined, 59:2 59Dietrich Brothers Manufacturers, 37:1 19Diston (sic), 39:3 52Adrag-saws, 59:2 67factory-made, 59:2 61frames, 50:1 16–17handmade, 59:2 60–61racking, 59:2 63release mechanisms, 59:2 60–61self-straining, 59:2 60tensioning devices, 59:2 62–63transitional, 59:2 67–69tubular metal bow saws, 59:2 69uses of, 59:2 59–60Bucktrout, Benjamin, 37:2 20Budding, Edwin Beard, 52:2 44, 52:2 45Buddings Lawn Mowers, 52:2 45Buehnet, P. C., 39:3 48Buehrer, John, 51:4 105, 52:2 50Buell, Frank A., 46:1 18–19Buell, Moses A.

augermaker, 49:2 40–41Buerks, J. E., 42:3 82Buff, George Louis, 53:2 76Buffalo, New Yorkbit brace makers, 45:4 101"Buffalo Bit Brace Makers (Kosmerl), 45:4 101Buff & Berger, 45:2 41, 53:2 76Buff & Buff, 45:2 41, 53:2 76, 53:2 80buffingin tool restoration, 37:2 31Bug Death Chemical Co., 37:2 22builder-architects, 61:1 38–39Builder's Companion, The (Pain), 42:3 70Builder's Dictionary, The, 41:2 27, 48:1 25, 48:1 26, 55:2 68–69, 55:2 72builder's guides, 55:2 68–69Building in England to 1540 (Salzman), 52:3 99Building of Noah's Ark (Lascinio), 47:2 61Building of Noah's Ark, The (di Puccio), 46:4 99, 46:4 101, 46:4 108Building of Zehnder's Holz-Brücke (Graton), 46:4 115building restorationMoses Wilder Blacksmith Shop, 60:2 68–76Building Stones and Clay Products (Ries), 56:3 92building technology. See also house constructionbrownstone, 55:3 107–109in New England, 54:4 166–167Building Trades Dictionary (Siegele), 48:2 57, 48:2 59building trade tools, 53:1 38exhibit, 42:4 103–104Buist, Robert, 42:3 81Bulgariapalamarkas, 60:4 171bull-control device, 45:1 17"bull dog pincers" (shoemakers' tool), 43:4 106bulldozers, 45:1 23, 45:4 126Bullen, Frank T., 42:1 23Bulletin of the American Art-Union, 56:2 75bullet mold, 45:3 78"bull-head" reamer, 44:4 110bull leaders, 44:4 123bullnose planes, 48:2 55bull nosering, 45:1 15, 45:1 21bull session, 45:1 23"Bull Session" (Kuehhas), 45:1 23bull set, 59:3 87"bull's eye" measuring tapes, 54:2 75bull-team, 45:1 23

ull-train, 45:1 23, 45:4 126bullwork, 45:1 23bulrush wreaths, 45:3 93bumpers (hand facers)for granite, 59:4 140, 59:4 141bumping hammersfor bookbinding, 44:1 24bung borers, 54:3 91Bunker Hill Granite Quarry, 43:3 69, 59:2 39, 59:2 40Bunker Hill Monumentgranite construction of, 59:2 39Bunting, William, 56:1 41Bunyan, John, 45:3 84Burchard, Anent Seth, 38:1 12Burchard, Seth, 44:1 11, 44:3 79, 44:4 109, 56:1 37, 59:3 108Burche, S. Q. A., 53:2 49Burdick, Edwin, 58:4 145Burdick, George Washington (G. W.), 43:1 14, 43:3 76Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, 52:4 154Burgess, Gerald T., 40:4 60Burgess, Louisa, 37:2 35Burgess, William, 37:2 35Burgess of Brentwoodlawn mowers, 52:3 95, 52:3 96Burgett, Georgeplanemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Burgos measurement system, 56:4 164–165Burgundy pitch, 41:4 76Burke, Lee, 51:1 24Burke, Martin, 58:4 145Burleigh, Charles, 59:2 46Burleigh Rock Drill Co., 59:2 46Burley, Bennett B., 45:2 63burls, 41:2 35, 55:3 129, 57:1 28–29Burnett, Gilbert, 58:4 132, 58:4 134–135Burnham, George, and Co., 41:1 12Burnham, George L., 41:1 11–12Burnham, Henry, 41:1 11Burnham & Root, 59:2 41Burnham shipyard, 49:2 64burning fluid lamps, 45:1 15burnishersfor bookbinding, 44:1 25whatsits, 43:3 79Burns, Robertmonument, 59:4 148, 59:4 149

Burr, David, 56:1 28, 56:1 30Burr, H. W.glove patents, 53:4 140Burr, R. D.glove patents, 53:4 138, 53:4 139, 53:4 140Burroughs, Edmund, 53:1 17Burrowes, E. T., 37:2 33, 37:2 36Burrows, C. A., 53:2 50burrstones, 52:3 107Burr (Paddleford) Truss style, 46:4 114Burt, John, 42:2 37Burt, Spencer M. (S. M.), 42:3 58, 42:4 96–97inventory, 42:2 37planemaker, 42:2 37Burt, Zepheniah, 52:1 13Burtnik, Kim, 52:2 50Burton, James H., 50:1 34–35Burton, Mary (Patterson), 56:1 11Burton, Silas, 56:1 11, 56:1 14Burys & Co., 51:3 96Bush, Barney, 49:2 39Bush, Henry, 48:1 12, 48:1 24Bush, Henry, & Bros., 48:1 12, 48:1 24Bush, O. N., 48:1 24Bush, Rufus T., 53:1 1, 53:1 3, 53:1 5Bush, T. & B., Co., 48:1 24Bush, William, 40:4 65Bush and Denslow Manufacturing Co., 53:1 3Bush & Bryan, 48:1 24Bush & Butler, 48:1 24bush chiselsfor granite, 43:3 83, 59:4 144, 59:4 145–146bushels, 52:4 151bush hammersfor granite cutting and dressing, 59:4 139, 59:4 140, 59:4 144bush hooks, 39:3 52ABushnell, E. W.planemaker, 53:2 55Bushwacker basket legend, 39:3 44business recordspreserving, 38:1 15–16ABussiere, Noah, 58:2 72Buss Machine Works, 57:1 13Butcher, Sam, 43:3 81Butcher, W., 37:3 41, 44:1 10, 47:1 9, 58:2 77irons, 59:3 112

Butcher, William, 39:2 31Butcher, William R., 43:3 81Butcher, William R., Co., 43:4 98–99Butcher, W. R., Co., 43:3 81Butcher, W. & S., 58:2 77butchering, 55:3 89butchers' sawsDisston, C., 38:2 17, 38:4 69Disston, Henry, & Sons, 38:4 68Butler, Edward "Rhett," 55:4 135, 55:4 140Butler, E. R., & Co., 55:4 135, 55:4 140Butler, Frederick, 40:3 53Butler, George, 48:1 24butlersNewport, Rhode Island., mansions, 53:2 67–68Buttall, James, 38:4 58Buttall, Thomas, 38:4 58butter. See also buttermakingcolor, 52:3 90consumption of, 50:4 112, 52:3 86farm-produced, 52:3 85–92firkins, 52:3 85–86, 52:3 92n8flavor, 52:3 87molded, 52:3 85, 52:3 87, 52:3 90–91as money, 50:4 111, 52:3 86origins, 52:3 85packaging, 52:3 90–91printed, 52:3 87, 52:3 90–91quality standards, 52:3 87salting, 51:2 50–51, 52:3 90storage, 52:3 92n30trade, 50:4 110–114transport, 52:3 86butter boxes, 51:2 50, 51:2 54Butter Business, The (Meek), 52:3 92n8butter churns, 51:2 43–47, 52:3 88, 52:3 89, 52:3 92n54, 54:1 38acquisition of, 51:2 55barrel, 51:2 43–47dasher, 51:2 46prices, 51:2 52repairs to, 51:2 55staves, 51:2 46–47women buttermakers and, 50:4 110, 50:4 114butterfat, 52:3 87Butterfield, Martha, 57:2 42butterises, 37:2 41, 38:1 12–13, 48:1 27

function of, 38:1 13spelling variations, 38:1 12"Butterises" (West), 48:1 27buttermaking, 50:4 107–116buttermilk removal, 51:2 51churning, 51:2 46, 51:2 49, 52:3 88–90process, 51:2 48–51rhythm, 51:2 49rinsing, 51:2 49–50, 51:2 50, 51:2 51salting, 51:2 50–51skimming, 51:2 49straining, 51:2 48–49, 51:2 55widows and, 50:4 107–114"Butter Making as a Cottage Industry" (Parsons), 50:4 107–116buttermaking tools, 50:4 108, 51:2 43–58acquisition of, 51:2 55cheese cloth, 51:2 54, 51:2 55decorative, 50:2 39–42earthenware, 51:2 52–53, 51:2 55kits, 51:2 50, 51:2 51–52, 51:2 54metal and, 51:2 47second-hand, 51:2 53tinware, 51:2 52–53types of, 51:2 47–48wooden vessels, 51:2 52buttermilk, 51:2 51, 52:3 90butter molds, 51:2 50, 52:3 85, 52:3 90–91Butter Molds and Stamps (Van Vuren and Van Vuren), 56:3 114butter prints, 51:2 44, 51:2 50, 51:2 54butter spade, 44:4 127butter stamps, 52:3 85, 52:3 91Butterton, Bruce, 53:2 68Butterton, Hannah, 53:2 68Butterworth, Dale, 37:2 33, 44:3 67, 45:4 107butt hinges, 58:4 164butt-locking bevels, 40:2 21–22, 40:4 54buttonhole scissors, 49:4 front cover, 52:3 103button rules, 52:1 23Buttrick, Albert Law, 57:2 42Buttrick, Charles E., 57:2 42Buttrick, Ella Howard, 57:2 42Buttrick, Estella A., 57:2 42Buttrick, Henry Oscar, 57:2 42Buttrick, Herbert Anderson, 57:2 42Buttrick, James G., 57:2 42Buttrick, Nathan

clampmaker, 57:2 41–46Buttrick, Nathan, Jr., 57:2 42, 57:2 44Buttrick, Nathan Alonzo, 57:2 41Buttrick, Nathan Bateman, 57:2 41Buttrick's Mill, 57:2 42, 57:2 43buttrisses, 38:4 76Abutts (pipes), 51:1 14Butzer, Ada, 54:1 24Byrd, William, 39:2 28–29Bywater, William, Manufactures of Machine for the Manufacture of Twines, Cords andRopes, 61:4 173Byzantine Empiremosaic, 38:2 36Ccabbage borer, 44:4 127cabbage slaw cutters, 54:2 49cabinet clamps, 49:1 7cabinetmakers, 47:1 31Brooks, Jonathan, 61:1 40–41Coffman, Alexander Stuart, 48:4 69–73Harmony Society, 51:4 103humor, 44:4 120inventory lists, 42:3 66Kersh, Adam, 42:3 66Mead, Tilly, inventory, 41:2 29Metcalf, Eliphalet, 41:4 73–74Metcalf, Luther and Joseph, 44:2 37–38planemakers, 42:3 79planes used by, 39:3 42–43shop, 44:3 66, 44:3 front covertool inventories, 39:3 40–44"Cabinetmakers" (Waller), 47:1 31, 49:2 42cabinetmakers' adjustable rabbet planes, 59:1 25–31cabinetmaker's benchBonnier de la Mosson cabinet, 58:3 103cabinetmakers' guildsHamburg, 48:2 50, 48:2 53Cabinetmakers of America, The (Bjerkoe), 42:1 14, 42:3 79Cabinetmakers of The Eastern Seaboard (Feheley), 43:2 54cabinetmakers' planes, 54:1 5–6Bailey, Leonard, Block Plane Number 9, 52:2 60

"Cabinetmakers' Tool Chests During the Federal Era" (Lang), 46:2 45–46cabinets of curiositiesBonnier de la Mosson, 58:3 100–106cablesteel wire, 59:3 82, 59:3 84–87cable tool drillingcrackers, 53:3 89–90drillers, 53:3 88Klingler family of Pennsylvania, 53:3 87–92oil sand, 53:3 89tool dressers, 53:3 88wire rope, 53:3 89–90"Cable Tool Drilling and the Klingler Family of Pennsylvania" (Klingler), 53:3 87–92cablewaysfor grout (waste granite) removal, 59:3 88–90cableway two-drum hoists, 59:3 89Cadbury, 52:3 94Caillebotte, Gustave"Floor Planers, The," 48:4 89–90, 48:4 front cover, 49:1 7Cain, Thomas (T. C.)planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Cake, Henry, 52:4 139, 52:4 140Cakouros, Jeanette, 40:3 45"Calculating the Contents of a Cask," 40:1 16Calderwood, A. C.glove patents, 53:4 139Caldicott, Thomas F., 46:1 13Caldwell, Joanne (Ann), 60:2 52Caldwell, John A., 48:1 20, 60:2 57, 60:2 58Caldwell Edge Tool Co., 60:2 64Caldwell screw thread, 56:3 111calendarsBauer, George F., Cooperage Works, 61:1 front cover, 61:1 inside front covercalibrationof English rules, 39:1 4–5, 39:1 8n16calico printers, 46:1 31Californiacitrus fruit-crate labels, 42:2 33–35irons, 42:2 31–32

lemons, 42:2 34oranges, 42:2 34California Fruit Growers Exchange (CFGE), 42:2 33–35caliper makers, 45:2 58"Caliper Rule" (West), 52:1 23calipers, 45:3 83French inches, 53:2 78–80, 53:3 127for golf balls, 39:2 31Hoyt, T. R., 46:4 122log, 46:1 15–16for musical instrument making, 55:2 77–78pocket micrometer, 50:2 66rack-wing, 47:4 105–107, 48:3 52rules, 52:1 23Taggart, T. R., 46:4 122calking irons, 38:1 6contemporary production of, 54:3 108–109Drew, C., & Co., 54:3 102–109Call, Amos, 43:2 48Callaway, Ely Reeves, Jr., 58:4 150Callazzo, Charles, 40:2 27Callendar, Joseph, 39:2 17Callendar, William, 47:3 93Callender, Joseph, 61:4 145, 61:4 150, 61:4 inside front coverCallowhill, Hannah, 56:1 27Cal-Tape slide rule, 50:1 22, 50:2 43"Cal-Tape Slide Rule, The" (Feely), 50:1 22Cam, J., 49:3 94Cam, James, 40:1 11, 47:1 9, 47:4 113–114, 61:1 7"cambouse," 42:4 102Cambrell, W., 37:4 72Acamera lucida, 61:3 96–97camera obscura, 61:3 90–97, 61:3 inside covercamerasKodak Cartridge, 60:3 113lenses, 39:2 18for photographing tool collections, 37:1 11camera tubes, 39:2 18Cameron, Bob, 38:3 46cam-motion principle, 44:1 4

camout, 50:2 57–63, 50:2 62camp axes, 39:1 1–3Campbell, H. A., 44:4 124Campbell, James, 59:1 4Campbell, John W., 59:1 3, 59:1 4, 59:1 5Campbell, Leonard, 52:1 16Campbell, Martin, 52:1 16Campbell, Peter, house, 55:3 118–119Campbell, Robert, 38:4 58, 46:3 68, 46:3 89, 48:2 40, 48:2 45, 48:2 53, 61:2 50Campbell familywampum manufacturing, 59:1 1Camper, Napoleon, 59:2 77camp hatchets, 39:2 21Canadaaxe makers, 42:4 94axes, 43:4 93Lower Saint Croix edge tools, 37:2 21–23National Policy, 37:2 22=23planemakers, 49:1 21–22, 52:1 28, 55:4 169Spiller axes, 44:2 40Swedish axes in, 39:4 55timber culling and scaling, 52:2 59timber industry, 42:3 59–61Canada Foundries & Forgings, Ltd., 37:2 24, 38:3 50, 38:3 51, 53:3 95Canada pattern broad axe, 42:3 59–61"Canada Pattern Broad Axe and the Industry It Symbolizes, The" (Sawers), 42:3 59–61Canada Pitch, 41:4 76Canada Screw Co., 50:2 57, 50:2 60Canadian Artists Representation Collective, Inc., 52:2 59Canadian Logging Tool Co., 45:3 71Canadian Pacific Railway, 37:2 22Canadian Tire Corp., 39:4 54Canadian Warren Axe & Tool Co., 45:3 71Canadian Warren-Pink, Ltd., 45:3 71canalboat builders, 38:3 56canal transportationfor brownstone, 56:3 97granite barges, 59:3 91Candee, Richard M., 54:1 36candleboard, 49:1 24

"Candleboard," 49:1 24candlemaking, 58:3 126pottery molds, 46:3 80candle snuff, 52:3 103candle standswith threaded wooden screws, 56:2 57candlesticksdouters and, 44:4 119"frying pan," 46:1 10candle technique, 45:1 19candle wick scissors, 52:3 103canmakers' firepot, 54:3 120can-making tools, 37:4 72ACannavo, T., 56:1 24canning, 55:3 90Van Vliet canning jars, 53:2 43, 53:2 44–45Cannon, Phil, 54:3 131Canonical Histories, 39:1 inside front covercan openers, 44:1 13, 45:3 94Canterbury Hoes, 49:1 26Cantin, E., 51:3 91, 51:3 92"Capacity and Gauge Standards for Barrels and Casks of Early America" (Walsh), 52:4151–154capacity assize, 52:4 151, 52:4 152Cape Ann (Massachusetts) Historical Society, 61:3 92Cape Ann Quarries, 58:3 124–125Cape Breton, 37:1 20Cape Breton Island whetstones, 42:3 65cape chisels, 59:2 38Capétines, 61:4 164Capital City File Works, Indianapolis, 39:3 43capitalismlaborers and, 52:3 114capitals (columns)"corn cob capital" (Latrobe), 58:1 31–35Capitol City File Works, 40:1 1cap screwsbacksaws, 59:1 20capstans, 48:2 42carbide-tipped tools, 60:1 17, 60:1 18

carbon oil production, 53:3 87carborundum, 41:1 11artificial (alundum), 60:1 41grinding wheels, 59:4 146, 60:1 10, 60:1 12, 60:1 17invention of, 60:1 41saws, 60:1 17Carborundum Co., 53:1 27, 53:1 31, 53:1 32, 53:1 32n8, 60:1 41carcasessquaring, 49:3 95–96Card, S. W., Manufacturing Co., 44:1 29–30card clothing stretchers, 40:2 28–29card hammerswhatsits, 43:2 50carding brush, 52:1 17"Careers for Women," 45:4 117Carey, Graham, 58:4 147Carey, Harry, Jr.., 51:4 116Carey & Hart, 61:2 52CaribbeanWindsor chair trade, 58:4 137"car knockers"Southern Railway, 50:3 81–82Carle, Donald de, 46:1 23Carlson, Robert H. (Bob), 45:2 58, 56:3 108, 56:3 109, 56:3 110, 56:3 113, 59:3 109Carlton, Charles, 37:2 33carmenSouthern Railway, 50:3 81–82Carnegie, Andrew, 61:1 1Carnegie, W. F., 52:2 45Carnuba wax, 39:1 12Caroline, New Yorklivelihoods, in 1850, 39:3 35–36Carpenter, Don, 47:4 114Carpenter, E., 38:2 34Carpenter, Edward Jenner, 61:2 53–54Carpenter, E. F., 51:1 23Carpenter, Emanuel W. (E. W.), 37:2 28, 37:2 29, 37:3 40, 46:1 13, 46:3 82, 47:2 55,47:2 60–61, 47:2 67, 48:1 17, 48:1 28, 50:2 50, 54:2 86, 54:4 165, 57:1 33

gothic pilaster planes, 47:1 1, 47:1 3, 47:1 6, 47:1 11, 47:3 96letters from, 47:1 1–12planes, 47:1 1–12Carpenter, George, 51:3 70–71Carpenter, Henry, 37:3 40Carpenter, R. C., 50:3 97Carpenter, Samuel, 47:1 2Carpenter, Sarah S., 47:1 2–4carpenter/contractors19th century, 60:3 94–95Carpenter magazine, 41:4 61carpentersletters from Seth Williamson, 56:4 146–154religious symbols used by, 60:2 77–83carpenters' adzes, 50:1 13"Carpenters' and Engineers' Slide Rules, Routledges' Rule" (Stanley), 37:2 25–27"Carpenters' and Engineers' Slide Rules: Errors in Data Tables" (Stanley), 40:1 7–8Carpenter's Assistant, The (Newlands), 48:2 60carpenters' axesBeatty Edge Tool Co., 60:2 65German, 49:1 23whatsit, 39:2 32Carpenters' Company in the City of London, 61:4 146carpenters' guides, 51:4 131carpenters' joinersGerman, 49:1 24Carpenter's Rule, The (More), 41:2 25carpenters' rules, 37:2 25–27. See also rulesdata table errors, 40:1 7–8English, 41:2 24–27English three-fold, 42:1 3–5joint rule, 42:3 70miter-gage attachments for, 42:2 36scales, 41:2 25carpenters' shop poster, 50:3 104carpenters' slide rule, 44:2 48"Carpenter's Square, The, A Neglected Tool" (Klingler), 38:2 23–24carpenters' squares, 38:2 23–24. See also squaresblacksmith-forged iron, 38:2 23Chinese, 41:1 10–11

determining scale with, 47:4 128German, 49:1 24modern, 38:2 23steel, 38:2 23wood, early, 38:2 23Carpenter's Steel Square and Its Uses, The (Hodgson), 38:2 23carpenters' tools, 45:3 87, 52:1 31adjustable bevels, 40:2 21–22, 42:2 35augers, 54:3 106beer mug design, 50:2 48bevels, 40:4 54–56braces, 41:4 64–65clamps, with threaded wood spindles, 56:2 56collecting, 52:2 81–82farmers', 42:2 53gauges, 51:2 61–63inventory, 41:3 38–39, 42:1 22iron compass, 60:1 5levels, 50:1 2Medieval Italy, 46:4 98–107mentioned in Chinese religious texts, 41:1 10–11miter and bevel squares, 41:1 6ship bevels, 41:4 70–72Teal, John, 41:3 37–39types of, 40:1 15vises, with threaded wooden screws, 56:2 58–59wooden screw clamps, 40:1 9Carpentier, Don, 54:4 164, 56:4 170Carpentry and Building, 40:4 54–56, 40:4 56, 60:4 142, 60:4 143carpet stretchers, 42:3 62, 60:3 116Carr, George E., 52:1 41Carr, William H., 42:3 68, 42:3 82, 42:4 96–97, 60:3 102, 60:3 111n.26Carr, William H., & Co., 43:2 48, 43:2 52, 43:3 79–80, 43:4 93, 46:1 26, 48:1 19, 56:125, 61:1 10Catalog, 42:3 58, 42:3 65Carrara, Italy, marble, 43:3 83Carriage Association of America, 41:2 28, 41:2 32carriage blacksmithingMosier, J. L. H., 61:4 133–140

Carriage Builders and Harness Maker's Journal, 48:2 39Carriage Builders National Association, 61:4 139Carriage Journal, The, 39:3 37–38carriage makers, 37:4 67brace and bit, 41:3 59braces, 41:2 22Brewster & Co., 51:1 back cover, 61:4 133–140Mosier, J. L. H., 61:4 133–141plans, 44:1 16tool chest, 44:2 61tools, 39:3 37–38Carriage-Maker's Fishing Club, 61:4 139carriage makingapprenticeships, 61:4 139carriage industry, 61:4 133–134hardware, 61:4 137industrial education and, 61:4 139innovations in, 61:4 137–138Carriage Monthly, The, 48:2 38, 48:2 39, 61:4 139, 61:4 140carriagesbuilding, 41:4 77, 48:2 66–67carriage industry, 48:2 35–40drafting, 48:2 35–40hardware, 38:1 14, 38:3 56speeding wagons, 61:4 135springs, 38:1 14types of, 61:4 135, 61:4 140Carroll, Matt, 49:2 66carrotting, 52:4 156, 52:4 160n11cart equipmentseventeenth century, 43:2 39Carter, Bob, 44:4 110Carter, Israel M., 50:1 26–28Carter, James, & Co.catalog, 52:3 99Carter, Maria, 50:1 26Carter, Marvin, 56:1 1, 56:1 5, 56:1 7–8Carter, Mary Ellen (Shanagan), 50:1 27Carter, Matthew, 51:3 69Carter, Olive (Ingalls), 56:1 1

Carter, Pulaski, 56:1 1–8, 56:2 83, 56:3 125Carter, Robert S., 50:1 26Carter, Susan Sophia (Spaulding), 56:1 1Carter, Wallace H., 39:1 17, 42:3 76Carter, W. H.hay knives, 57:2 59, 57:2 66, 57:2 67Carter, William, 50:1 26Carter, Win, 51:4 108Carter, Winthrop L., Jr., 37:3 40Memorial Fellowship Fund, 37:3 40Carter, Wintrop L. "Win," 38:4 73Carter & Co., 56:1 7Carter Granite Quarries, Inc., 59:2 37–38Carter's Capouse Works, 56:1 2, 56:1 4–8Carter's Royal Blue granite, 59:2 37Cartledge, Francis J., 55:1 10Carton Label Co., 42:2 33cart tree, 45:1 11Caruthers, Samuel, 56:4 157, 61:2 83planemaker, 50:4 135–136Carver, E., Co.cotton gins, 52:1 13, 52:1 16Carver, Eleazer, 52:1 13carvers' tools, 59:4 150chisels, 42:1 15knives, Hawley Collection, 59:4 129Carver Washburn Co., 52:1 13carvinggranite, 59:4 149–150stone, 59:4 149Cary, Robert, & Co., 53:3 96, 53:3 101Casbon, George, 37:4 65Case, Bill, 53:3 91Case, J. I., Co., 39:4 61casement sash planes, 49:4 114, 52:1 30–31"Case of Tinfluence, A" (Ward), 45:4 117Casey, Clark, & Co., 49:4 116, 49:4 122Casey, Jim, 58:4 147cash registers (cash drawers)Warren G. Van Vliet, 53:2 46

casinett, 52:4 130casketsBear, Christian, 58:2 70–71casks, 50:4 121–124, 51:1 front cover. See also barrelsbarrel gauging, 50:4 121–124calculating contents of, 40:1 16capacity and gauge standards, 52:4 151–154construction of, 57:4 137dimensions of, 52:4 153, 52:4 154gauging and wantage rods for, 53:3 93–95pipes, 51:1 13–14, 51:1 front cover, 51:2 41, 51:3 93–94self-boring barrel spigots for, 54:3 93–101, 54:3 127whaling, 41:4 75Caslon, William, 48:4 99Cassebeer, Herman, 50:1 19Cassebeer Reed & Co., 50:1 19Cassenove, Peter, 54:3 128Casterlin, Warren, 37:4 60n11cast-iron stoves, 40:4 69cast-iron toolslevels, 52:1 29machine, whatsit, 40:3 53plows, 40:4 69–70, 46:2 49plows, Jefferson, Thomas, 58:1 10, 58:1 36n.48plumb bobs, 58:1 42rust removal from, 39:1 12saw sets, Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 158scrapers, 52:3 112whatsit, 50:4 134Castleton College, 45:4 110castle wheels, 47:1 21cast-steel industrySheffield, 40:3 45cast-steel soap, 57:3 123cast-steel toolsdating, 38:3 57edge tools, 53:1 17, 53:1 24files, 38:4 76military axes, 39:2 21plane blades, 47:1 9

production of, 52:3 113scissors, 52:3 101"Catalog Answers A Question, A" (Brundage), 43:1 12Catalog of Manuscripts of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 38:1 16catalogs. See also trade catalogsBarnhart Brothers & Spindler, 52:1 31Beatty, William, & Sons Edge Tools, 52:1 33Carter, James, & Co., 52:3 99collecting, 58:3 107–112consumer, 58:3 108Eugene Dietzgen slide rules, 50:3 95, 50:4 125finding, 58:3 108handsaws, 47:2 63–64Iron Horse, 48:3 57Jennings, C. E., & Co., 52:1 39McCaffrey File Co., 50:3 104Peugeot Frères, 49:1 26Sforza Castle tools exhibition, 53:2 83Spear & Jackson, 51:1 16Stanley shirt pocket catalogs, 58:2 80–84, 58:3 113–119tinware, 49:1 32–33trade, 58:1 37–38, 58:3 107, 58:3 108value of, 58:3 107vintage woodworking machinery, 58:3 107–112Winterthur Library collection, 58:1 37–38Wynn Timmins, 56:4 171Catalogue and Revised Standard List of Mechanics' Tools (Barton), 46:3 82Catalogue of American Engravings, 61:2 53Catalogue of American Wooden Planes, 61:2 83Catalogue of Rubbings of Brasses (Victoria and Albert Museum), 51:2 40Catalogue of tools for watch and clockmakers (Wyke), 58:1 38Catalogue of Tools for Watch and Clock Makers of John Wyke of Liverpool, 38:1 11Cataract washing machine, 43:4 91"Cataract Washing Machine, The: Saving Women's Labor in 1860" (Hopfe), 43:4 91Cather, Willa, 59:3 97Cathor, August, 48:2 50Cathor, Friedrich, 48:2 47, 48:2 48Cathor, M., and A. C. Grabau, toolmakers, 48:2 49Cathor, M., & Co., 48:2 50

Cathor, Martin, 48:2 49cattle, 55:3 87breeds, 47:3 98come alongs, 51:4 130dehorning saw, 45:3 85milk cows, 51:2 44Plymouth Colony, 52:3 85–86Caulfield, Sophia F. A., 44:3 84caulkingwooden ships, 48:1 4caulking irons, 38:1 8Cavallini, Bill, 38:4 70cavettoes, 45:2 42"C. B. Rogers Company, The" (Scientific American), 46:4 116–119"Ceasor Chelor and the World He Lived In" (DeAvila)"Part I," 46:2 39–42"Part II," 46:4 91–97cedarfor electric line poles, 44:4 125woodworking, 40:3 50cedarwood oil, 44:1 15ceiling planes, 51:3 91–92ceilingswhitewashing, 42:3 62"C. E. Jennings & Company" (Brundage), 47:2 49, 47:2 67cellarscleaning, 42:3 63farmhouse, 55:3 90cemeteriesNew Hartford Village Cemetery, 52:2 57Nürnberg, sixteenth-century tools, 54:2 81–85Cennini, Cennino, 46:4 106n.2Census of 1850, 47:4 125Centenary of Edward Preston & Sons, Ltd, 48:4 90center bead moulding planes, 45:2 54, 45:2 63center bits, 45:1 5Center family, 52:4 127Center House, South Union, Kentucky, 52:4 127center throat nosing planes, 47:1 2, 47:1 5, 47:1 9center wheel plow planes, 56:2 62–63

Central Moravian Church, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 59:4 165Century, 61:1 9Ceram, C. W., 43:2 35Ceriani, A. M., 39:1 16"Cesar Chelor and the World He Lived In" (DeAvila)"Part I," 46:2 39–42"Part II," 46:4 91–97Cesar Chelor's Diary, 46:2 48Cesati, Alessandro, 53:2 83Chadbourn, Charles H., 41:1 20AChadwyck-Healey, 38:1 15chaff cutters, 41:2 28, 44:2 48, 45:2 55"chaff cutting" box, 45:2 45chaff forks, 38:3 39chain lewis, 59:3 86, 59:3 87chainsdray, 46:1 27trace, 46:1 27chainsaws, 54:1 29tool marks from, 61:3 114Chair Factory, 52:2 55chairs and chairmaking, 45:2 62. See also Windsor chairsaccount books, 44:4 114–115apprentices, 58:4 134chairmakers' bits, 58:4 132chairmakers' scorps, 43:1 7chair rail planes, 58:1 44hatchets, 39:2 28journeymen, 58:4 133–134Windsor chairs, 58:4 133–140, 59:2 75, 59:2 77"Chalk Line Reel," 49:1 24chalk lines, 42:1 26chalk-line toolschalk line reels, 49:1 24German chalk box, line, and reel, 49:1 24sumitsubo (inkline tool), 47:4 131Chamberlain, J. J.., 47:4 108Chamberlin, Mason, 59:1 24Chambers, Ephraim, 41:2 25–26, 41:2 27, 58:1 37Chambers, Maxwell, 58:1 29

chamfer-end cuts, 54:1 3, 54:1 8n.1chamfering, 47:2 47chamfer planes, 56:1 38double-, 56:2 80–81chamferscomplex moulding planes, 59:1 22–23smoothing planes, 61:3 127champagne pliers, 56:4 171Champaigne, Phillippe de, 38:2 29Champion Blower & Forge Co., 40:2 34"Champion Mortiser, The" (Sartori), 49:4 137Champlin, Seabury, 40:2 23Chanceon, W., & Co., 42:1 7Chancy, Mitchell T., 45:3 94Chandler, William, 42:4 93Chandler & Farquhar, 56:4 138, 56:4 139Chandler & Price Gordon Press, 44:3 94Changrell, John, 42:1 16channel bar frames, 59:2 48channelinggranite quarries, 59:2 48–49Channing, Ellery, 43:1 7, 43:1 8Chantrell, Felix, 49:2 56chape, 46:1 27Chapel, Mary D., 49:4 125Chapin, Auburn, 61:4 172Chapin, Edward M., 39:3 37Chapin, Frank M., 46:3 65Chapin, H., 45:2 63, 45:4 103, 49:4 116, 49:4 117, 49:4 121, 49:4 123, 49:4 131, 50:3 91,55:2 50, 61:4 172rules, 40:1 7–8Chapin, H., Son & Co., 45:2 63, 52:1 6, 53:4 168–169, 54:3 114, 55:2 57Chapin, Hermon, 37:2 27, 41:2 24, 46:1 12, 47:1 2, 53:2 48, 58:2 66, 58:2 68, 58:2 77,61:2 83planes, 52:2 67tool catalogs, 61:1 11Chapin, James P., 43:4 103Chapin, Philip, 54:3 126Chapin, S. N., 55:1 32

Chapin family, 52:4 165Chapin-Rust plows, 53:4 168–169, 54:1 36patent, 53:4 168–169Chapin-Stephens Co., 37:2 27, 46:3 65, 52:1 6, 54:3 114, 55:2 57, 57:1 21Chaplen, Mehitabel, 40:2 26Chapman, Allen, 54:2 57Chapman, Arvin N., 52:1 18Chapman, George T.glove fastener patent, 53:4 138Chapman, H. D., 49:2 57Chapman, Richard, 49:2 66, 51:3 96Chappell, James, 49:4 117, 51:4 103charcoalmaking, 45:3 88, 47:2 35–38uses of, 47:2 37charcoal burners, 42:2 31charcoal iron furnaces, 53:1 39–40Charlemagneglove patents and, 53:4 138Charles, King of Sweden, 39:4 54Charles Edward, Prince, 37:2 20Charleston, South CarolinaCity Directory, 45:4 120Charlotte County Historical Society, 38:3 50Charlotte Furnace, 51:1 2charring, 58:1 29Chartley Iron Works, 53:1 34, 54:2 60chase (in printing), 52:2 50Chase, B. B., 49:2 57Chase, Benjamin, 45:4 102Chase, Deborah (Gifford), 55:2 47, 55:2 51Chase, George, 37:2 35, 37:2 36Chatham Furnace, 44:2 49Chattahoochee (gunboat), 52:4 164chauffe-bain, 50:2 67. See also bathtub heaterschauffeursNewport, Rhode Island, mansions, 53:2 68Chebacco boats, 49:2 63Cheek-Truit farmhouse, 55:3 93–94

cheese, 52:3 86cheese clothin buttermaking, 51:2 54, 51:2 55cheese presswhatsits, 43:3 77Chelor, Beulah, 46:4 91, 46:4 94Chelor, C. E., 44:1 17, 44:2 37Chelor, Cesarapprentices, 46:4 92biography, 46:2 39–42, 46:4 91–97books owned by, 46:4 92children, 46:4 91–92collecting tools of, 48:3 58dating imprints of, 38:2 27death of, 46:4 97deluxe version planes, 59:1 22–23"Living in Wrentham" mark, 46:4 93maker's marks, 38:2 26, 40:2 25, 54:1 2–3planemaker, 41:3 47, 42:2 55, 42:2 back cover, 42:4 87–88, 46:2 39–42, 46:4 91–97, 48:3 41, 48:3 63, 48:3 64, 52:2 77, 53:1 35, 53:1 41, 55:1 30, 58:3 120, 59:110, 59:1 22–23, 61:2 84, 61:4 171planes, 38:2 25–27, 45:2 61, 45:3 66, 50:1 30, 52:2 75–77, 54:1 1–8, 54:1 backcover, 54:1 front coverpostage stamp petition, 46:2 48smoothing planes, 61:3 127–128Chelor, Judith (Russell), 46:2 41, 46:4 91death of, 46:4 97"Chelor's Deluxe Version Planes" (Englund), 59:1 22–23chemic, 53:4 156Chemical Formulary, The, 53:1 28chemical process axe (Sager), 45:3 70, 45:3 71Chemical Rubber Corporation, 50:1 22"Chemical Slide Rules" (Feely), 50:2 44–48Chemists retort, 49:3 98Cheney, Henry, 37:1 4, 37:1 16Cheney, John, 42:4 92Cheney Hammer Co., 37:1 3, 37:1 16chepys croke, 52:2 72–73Cherry, John D., 49:4 119

cherry tool, 45:3 78Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, 44:4 108–109National Park Service guide to, 47:4 132Chesebro, Elmer, 54:1 20, 54:1 23–24Chesebro, Nina, 54:1 20Chesebro, Pat, 54:1 20Chesebro, Ralph, 54:1 20, 54:1 23, 54:1 24Chesebro Brothers' Blacksmith Shop, 54:1 20–25Cheshire County Store, 45:3 92Chesson, Frederick W., 41:1 20AChester Edge Tool & Cutlery Works, 60:2 61Chester Edge Tool Works, 48:1 21, 60:2 50, 60:2 58–59, 60:2 60, 60:2 64makers' marks, 60:3 108, 60:3 109Chester Foundry & Machine Co., 60:2 62Chesterman, James, 46:2 42, 57:4 129Chester Times, 60:2 51Chesterton, C. K., 41:4 77"Chestnuts and Walnuts" (Wood), 44:2 63chestnut trees, 40:3 49, 44:2 63Asiatic blight and, 43:1 16for electric line poles, 44:4 125uses of, 44:4 125Chest of Copenhagen Joiners' Guild, 55:4 145Chicago City Hall, 59:2 42Chicago Mercantile Exchange, 58:4 148Chicago Tribune, 50:3 100Chick, George, 37:2 36chicken catchers' tool, 43:3 78Chickering, Jonas, 47:3 94child laborin cotton mills, 54:2 73in glass blowing factory, 47:3 95in wire grass industry, 58:3 91children's planes, 57:2 51–53Childs, Dennis, 45:3 91–92Childs, Hastings & Co., 45:3 92Chillicothe Scioto Gazette, 40:4 62Chimneys with Horizontal Funnels (Jenkins), 61:2 45China at Work (Hommel), 42:1 11china bowls

Victorian and Albert Museum, 38:4 66chinchilla felt hats, 52:4 155, 52:4 160n8Chinese Export Porcelina dairying set, 50:2 39–40, 50:2 42Chinese furniturelatticework, 41:1 1Chinese green, 53:4 158Chinese irons, 57:4 164–165Chinese mathematics, 41:1 10Chinese planes, 43:4 97, 44:4 109, 57:4 164–165apothecary, 58:2 78, 58:3 127, 58:4 173pulled or pushed, 57:4 164Chinese religious textscarpenters' tools mentioned in, 41:1 10–11Chinese scissors/shears, 43:3 75, 43:3 79, 43:4 107, 44:1 21, 44:3 76, 44:4 127, 52:3 102chip breakers, 44:2 38Chip-Chop ice crushers, 61:1 32–33chip hats, 39:4 63machine for making, 39:4 65Chipman, Charlotte, 49:2 46Chipman, Ward, 49:2 46chipped ice, 60:3 115chippersfor cutting granite, 59:4 144ice, 41:1 17, 41:2 36, 41:2 back cover, 60:3 114–125, 60:3 121Wagner's, 60:3 120chipping hammers, 43:3 79chip planes, 56:4 172"Chips and Sawdust," 43:1 16, 43:2 48, 43:3 75, 43:4 100, 44:1 17, 44:2 53, 44:3 82Chipzice ice shave, 60:4 162chisel axes, 42:4 89–90, 43:1 14–15, 43:3 81East Rockaway (New York) Historical Society collection, 43:1 25mortise, 43:1 15Muller, Leonhard, & Sohne, 43:2 54–55provenance records, 42:4 89–90stossaxt, 43:1 25chisels, 41:3 51, 45:4 112, 52:3 106angled, 42:3 65asparagus, 42:2 54, 42:3 80–81, 42:4 105axe mortise, 42:4 89body, 45:1 24

ush, for granite, 43:3 83, 59:4 144, 59:4 145–146cape, 59:2 38carving, 42:1 15collecting, 47:2 55, 52:2 82cornered, 42:3 65deck, 43:2 48Dutch, 46:1 9framing, 45:2 55granite bush, 43:3 83hand, for cutting granite, 59:4 144Hewlett's tool chest, 39:1 6–7with hook, 46:1 23Kraus tool kit, 60:3 97Morris, Ezekiel, 37:1 1mortise, 53:1 19, 54:2 63, 54:2 64, 57:1 9with paper-wrapped handle, 57:1 37paring, 37:1 20pruning, 46:1 23from recycled files, 40:3 40sash mortise, 57:1 9sash pocket, 57:1 2shape typologies, 39:1 6, 39:1 8n27sixteenth century, Nürnberg, 54:2 84, 54:2 85socket, 59:4 156, 59:4 157Stanley Christmas promotions, 57:4 142tanged, 39:1 6V-chisels, 42:3 64Walker, 40:3 51, 40:4 73Awhatsits, 49:4 115, 50:3 87Chisholm, Archibaldbrass-pad braces, 53:3 100chock gimlets, 42:2 46chocolate cooler, 46:1 23chocolate milling machinesgranite rolls, 60:1 13choke hitch, 59:3 86Chopper Industries, Inc.axes, 45:3 90, 45:4 108, 45:4 118Chopper 1 axe, 45:3 90, 45:4 118, 46:4 108choppers, 45:1 27

food, 49:3 69–70, 49:3 front cover, 50:1 23–25large, 45:2 45, 45:2 55whatsits, 46:1 33"Chopping Away" (Klenman), 49:2 49chopping knives, 44:2 50chorn shellers, 45:4 116Chou Li (Record of Rites of the Chou Dynasty), 41:1 10Christ, E. W., 58:4 167Christ, I., 59:3 100, 59:3 101Christ, Thomas, 61:1 33"Christ and the Trades" (medieval painting), 41:3 53"Christ and the Trades, 'A 15th Century Tool Catalog'", 41:3 53Christ Church, Oxford, England, 52:1 37Christ family, 59:3 100, 59:3 102n.16Christian, Mary Blout, 51:4 111Christian iconologycloth cropper's shears and, 40:2 33Christie, Miller, 39:1 14Christie's Auction House, 51:4 106, 51:4 108, 52:2 75–76Arnold and Walker auction, 48:3 59"'Christmas Present Worth Having, A' Stanley Christmas Promotions" (Jacob), 57:4 140–147Christmas promotionsStanley Rule & Level Co., 57:4 140–147Christopher, M. T., 45:3 70Christy, Miller, 38:2 32chromium garden toolsStanley, 57:1 27Chronicle, The, 42:1 2. See also Early American Industries Association (EAIA)cover dates, 42:1 2index to, 54:3 131, 54:4 147letters to, 38:2 16selections from, 44:4 108"Selections from The Chronicle," 43:2 47size and content of, 38:4 inside front coverSprague, William, and, 46:3 72submissions to, 41:4 inside front covervalue of, 41:3 61writers, 40:4 53, 51:4 133Chronicle Publications, Inc.

alloon, 42:4 86, 42:4 93chronometers, 39:2 16, 39:2 17chrysaniline, 53:4 157chrysoidine, 53:4 157"Chuck-It: Eighteenth-Century Metal-Pad Braces" (Gaynor), 53:3 96–104chuckmucks, 38:3 53chucks, 53:1 10. See also bracesball-bearing, 53:1 10, 53:1 12Barber, 41:3 42, 41:4 65brace, 41:2 21, 52:4 147–150bits for, 53:3 96–99Fray, 53:1 9–12Fray numbering system, 53:1 11–12materials, 53:1 11metal-pad, 53:3 96–104patents, 53:1 9, 53:2 65quality of, 53:1 11ratchet, 53:2 63–64Spofford, 53:1 9, 53:2 63Stanley, 53:1 9–12, 53:2 62–65sweep size, 53:1 11–12brass, 41:4 64clam shell, 53:1 9Four-Square line, Stanley Tools, 59:4 160interlocking, 53:1 10, 53:1 12patents, 53:2 62–63Stanley, 52:4 147–150, 53:2 64–65universal, 53:2 65unusual, 41:4 64Church, Albert Cook, 41:4 75churchesbrownstone, 56:3 103church hammers, 60:2 79religious symbolism on, 60:2 77Churchill, Arabella, 47:3 77Churchill, Joseph, 48:3 39Church of England, Shenandoah Valley, VAlog construction, 42:1 17–18churn blast drills, 49:3 80churning butter. See buttermaking

churns. See butter churnsCiba-Geigy, 53:4 156cider cheese cutters, 57:3 102, 57:4 136cider making, 43:3 59–60cider mills, 43:3 59–60cider presses, with threaded wood screws, 56:2 56"Cider Making Long Ago (Steele), 43:3 59–60"Cider Mill, The" (Underwood), 37:1 10, 37:1 13cider mills, 37:1 10, 37:1 13photographs, 37:1 12cider suckers, 42:3 63cigarbox hammers, 44:3 94cigarette lighters, 39:4 57–58pocket tinder tubes, 38:3 55cigar lighterspewter, 40:4 73Acigar molds, 41:3 58Cigliano, Jan, 56:3 102–103cill planes, 57:1 9–10, 57:1 10cimeter blade hay knives, 39:1 16–17, 57:2 55–56, 57:2 61circular dividing engines, 39:2 18circular knitting machines, 53:4 146circular saws, 50:1 15foot-powered, 48:4 75–76, 48:4 81for granite, 59:4 137large, 40:3 41sharpening tools, 45:2 62Simonds, 40:2 36Ain tool catalogs, 61:1 11–13tool marks from, 61:3 114Circus Baggage Stock (Fox), 41:4 61Circus Parades: A Pictorial History of America's Greatest Pageant (Fox), 41:4 63circus parade wagon, 41:4 front cover, 41:4 inside front covercircus wheelsconstructing, 41:4 61–63Circus World Museum, Baraboo, WI, 41:4 63Cisneros, Jose, 51:4 113Citizens Stamp Advisory Committee, 46:2 53Citrone Construction Co., 42:4 93citrus fruit-crate labels, 42:2 33–35

"Citrus Fruit-Crate Labels: Introduction to an Art and Industry" (Keen), 42:2 33–35citrus industry, 42:2 33–35City and Country Purchaser and Builder's Dictionary (Neve), 48:1 25city directoriesedge tools, 48:1 11New York City, 58:4 161Philadelphia, 57:4 152–153, 58:4 154–161suggestions for using, 47:4 110–111Utica, New York, 52:2 53, 52:2 54City of New York General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, 61:4 156Civil Architecture (Shaw), 38:4 70Civil Rights Memorial, Montgomery, Alabama, 58:4 148Civil Warbayonets, 53:1 18Beatty family and, 60:3 106Bidwell & Hale and, 53:2 50–51business tax, 60:2 57carriage making and, 61:4 134–135coal industry and, 52:3 117Coffman, Alexander Stuart's diary, 48:4 69–73Confederate facilities, 52:4 164granite memorials, 59:2 40machine knitting and, 53:4 153–154small-arms manufacturing in South, 50:1 34–35South Union, Kentucky, fulling mill and, 52:4 132spontoons or pikes, 45:4 126taxes supporting, 60:3 104–105Thompson, Meriwether Jeff, 52:1 5tool industry during, 52:4 147Union Army, hand and machine knitting for, 53:4 145–155C&J Manufacturingfood choppers, 50:1 23Clacey, John, 39:2 18clamming toolmakersLong Island, New York, 44:2 59clam openers, 41:1 16, 43:2 48clamp hand trucks, 39:2 32A, 39:2 back coverclampmakersBliss, Rufus, 57:2 42, 57:2 46Buttrick, Nathan, 57:2 41–46

clamps, 51:3 96adjustable iron, 40:3 44Aldrich, Milton and William, 49:1 15–18bar, 50:4 117–120Black Brothers Machinery Co., 49:1 13, 49:2 66chamfering, 57:2 43, 57:2 44–45, 57:2 46clothesline, whatsit, 42:3 80Colts, 40:3 44–45dimensions of clamp parts, 57:2 44door, 49:2 53double screw, 54:2 51early style, 57:2 42features, 57:2 43, 57:2 45–46hand screw, 49:1 15–18harnessmaking tools, 39:2 19–20pianoforte, 49:1 7–8, 49:1 17spindles, 57:2 44, 57:2 45with threaded wooden screws, 56:2 56, 56:2 57–58unusual, 42:1 27whatsits, 39:2 32, 42:2 53, 42:3 80, 42:3 81, 51:2 67wooden, 47:4 108–112, 48:2 62–65clam shell chucks, 53:1 9clapboard gauges, 37:3 51, 37:4 69–70, 44:4 111, 46:3 81–84, 50:4 124, 50:4 130, 50:4132, 50:4 139, 54:2 51clapboard siding markers, 46:3 83–84Clapp, Joseph and Erastus S., 51:4 126, 51:4 127claquer, 44:4 105claret pipes, 51:3 93Clark, Alvan, & Sons, 39:2 18Clark, Christopher, 44:3 72Clark, David, 38:2 27, 40:2 25, 52:4 162, 54:1 8Clark, Hiram, 53:1 18planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Clark, J., 61:4 171Clark, John C., 41:3 50Clark, J. W.hay knives, 57:2 67Clark, Mary Ann, 47:4 125Clark, Prudence, 42:1 14Clark, Robert J., III

planemaker, 53:2 56–57Clark, Ruth (Tooker), 56:1 12–13Clark, S. Morton, 51:4 121Clark, Thomas, 47:4 124, 49:4 117, 51:4 103, 52:1 26Clark, Thomas Curtis, 43:4 96Clark, Victor, 58:2 50Clark, William A., 60:3 96Clark, W. R., 48:2 63Clark (Clarke), Thomas, 47:4 124Clark & Co., 54:3 114, 55:2 48Clarke, Alexander, 56:1 12–13Clarke, Cassandra Edson, 45:1 14–15Clarke, John C., 45:1 14Clarke, Thomas, 47:4 124Clarke ice shaves, 60:4 161Clark & Parson Co., 39:1 17, 57:2 54Clarkson, W. R., 49:2 56Clauser, J., 59:2 65, 59:2 67claw hammersHewlett's tool chest, 39:1 5–6claw hatchetsnail pullers, 41:4 66–67Claxton, Timothy, 61:2 54Clay, Henry, 46:1 6clay modelsfor granite sculpture, 59:4 148, 59:4 149clay ovensin Colonial America, 39:1 10clay picksberyllium, 53:3 107"Clay Pipe Molds Revisited" (West), 53:2 77clay pipesmolds, 53:2 77Shaker, 53:3 127clay tile roofing, 58:1 24Cleasby, Paul, 54:3 112–113cleave, 41:2 34cleaving adze, 41:2 34Clement, Saint, 45:3 72Clement & Bloodgood, 44:2 59

Clements, Nathan S., 37:3 52Clemson, George, 42:3 71Clemson, Richard D., 42:3 71Clemson, W., 40:1 14Clemson, William, 42:1 15, 42:1 16, 42:3 71, 59:2 59, 59:2 62, 59:2 63, 59:2 64Clemson lawnmowers, 42:2 49, 42:3 71Cleveland City Hall, 59:4 150Cleveland Faucet Co., 41:1 16air pump, 40:2 34Cleveland Quarries Co., 60:1 42Cleveland Stone Co., 41:1 11, 43:3 66, 60:1 36, 60:1 40, 60:1 41clickersmeanings of term, 43:4 107, 44:2 63, 44:3 70, 44:3 82, 44:4 105in shoemaking, 44:4 103, 44:4 105, 46:1 32Clicking Hatchet, 45:2 45–46"Click Reel, The--A Measuring Tool" (Packham), 51:2 35–38click reels, 51:2 35–38construction, 51:2 36–37design data, 51:2 38with threaded wooden screws, 56:2 59–60worm gear, 51:2 36–38Cliff's ice shave, 60:4 163Climax lawn mower, 52:2 48–49, 52:3 94Cline, Samuel, 48:4 71Clingan, Forest, 44:2 56, 44:4 110Clinton, James, 39:3 35clockmaker toolsmetal-pad braces, 53:3 97–98clocks and watches, 39:2 18n.1catalogs, 61:1 2, 61:1 3Harmony Society, 51:4 103manufacture of, 39:2 17, 42:1 27clogstools for making, 40:1 13clome ovensin Colonial America, 39:1 10close clothers, 52:4 132cloth-cropping shears, 39:2 30, 40:2 33mechanization of, 39:4 66

"Cloth Cropping Shears" (Reichman), 40:2 33clothesline clampswhatsit, 42:3 80clothesline tighteners, 43:3 79clothes washingblueing for, 45:2 56, 45:3 91clothingcleaning, 42:3 62great coats, 52:4 131–132knit, for Union Army, 53:4 145–153leather, 47:1 32Revolutionary War period, 41:1 15Shaker woolen textiles for, 52:4 131–132white work, 54:1 10–14women's fashion colors, 53:4 156–162women's styles, 41:1 14working class, 41:1 14clothing stretchers, 56:3 126whatsits, 56:2 79Clough's ice picks, 60:3 124Clouser, Jack, 48:3 57, 52:2 75clove oil, 44:1 15Cluff, J. L., 37:2 36clutch roller system, 52:4 149–150Clute, S. J.glove patents, 53:4 138, 53:4 139Clyburn, Richard, 52:2 44Clyde, Thomas, 60:3 100Clyde Iron Works, 59:3 84Clymer, George, 48:4 100coach and harness furniture, 58:4 157Coach Building (Philipson), 42:3 65coach door planes, 53:3 125"Coaching" (Rosenberg), 61:2 44, 61:2 front covercoaching (stage coaches), 61:2 44Coach-Makers' Illustrated Hand-Book, The, 61:2 55coachmakers' toolsdouble-pistol routers, 57:1 18planes, 46:3 85

plows, 52:3 124routers, from recycled files, 40:3 40coachmen, 41:1 20ANewport, Rhode Island, mansions, 53:2 68coach rabbets, 48:1 17–18Coalbrookdale Co., 37:3 56Acoal burners, 42:2 31coal cartsNewport, Rhode Island., mansions, 53:2 71Coaldrake, William, 61:3 106Coaldrake, William H., 57:4 164coal industryanthracite mining, 52:3 114–121, 52:4 134–146arbitration in, 52:4 140–141Civil War and, 52:3 117collective bargaining in, 52:3 140–141Irish immigrant labor, 52:3 118labor issues, 52:3 114–121, 52:4 134–146Long Strike, 52:4 144price reductions, 52:4 135production regulation, 52:3 115, 52:3 120, 52:4 134–135, 52:4 137, 52:4 143railroads and, 52:4 138–139, 52:4 140, 52:4 142–44strikes, 52:3 117, 52:4 134–141wages, 52:3 117, 52:4 134, 52:4 137, 52:4 139–141coal powergranite industry and, 60:1 21coal ranges, 48:2 42–43coal-tar dyes, 53:4 161n4, 53:4 161n6coasting hubs, 40:2 36Coates, Elizabeth, 50:2 50–52Coates, Frances, 50:2 52Coates, James, 47:3 80, 50:2 49–52Coates, James M. (son of James Coates), 50:2 52Coates, Mary, 50:2 50coat tongs, 43:3 70Cobb, Gideon, 47:4 119–121, 48:1 11Cobb, Gideon, & Co., 47:4 122Cobb, John, 48:3 39Cobb, William, 47:4 119–122, 53:1 14Cobb, William, & Co., 47:4 119–121, 47:4 121

Cobbett, William, 38:1 16A, 41:4 77, 42:1 12cobblers, 40:2 27painting depicting, 56:2 75cobbling toolsmuseum collection, 45:1 13Cobb & White Co., 47:4 122Coburn, Franklin, 46:1 27Cockayne, John T., 43:2 48cock bead fillisters, 55:1 39–40cock beads, 55:1 39Cocke, John Hartwell, 58:1 28Cock Plug Bit, 54:3 91cocks, of hay, 44:1 12cock saws, 55:4 147, 55:4 148Codington, John, 58:4 142Coe, Edwin L., 52:2 55Coe, Henry, 52:2 55Coe, H. R., 52:2 58Coe, Israel, 43:2 52, 43:3 80, 43:4 93Coe, Maxwell A., 54:1 31, 54:1 32Coes, Loring, 45:4 119Coes Wrench Co., 57:3 91–94Coffee, William, 58:1 24coffee bean roasters, 43:4 92, 44:2 49, 44:2 62coffee drying, 52:1 41Coffin & Leighton, 45:4 115Coffman, Alexander Stuartplanemaker and woodworker, 48:4 69–73Coffman, Christian, 48:4 70Coffman, Enoch, 48:4 70Coffman, May (Mary), 48:4 70Coffman, Ralph, 48:4 69Cogdell, I.planemaker, 58:1 45Cogdell, W., 58:1 45Coggeshall, Henry, 41:2 25, 41:2 26, 41:2 27, 54:3 114Coit, Samuel, 41:1 20ACoke, William, 45:3 74Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 54:1 13Colburns & Fenn, 57:4 157

cold-form tapping, 55:3 115n4"cold" knives, 42:3 80cold-rolled iron, 58:4 164–165Cold Spring Harbor Whaling Museum, 45:1 28–29Cole, E. W., 48:4 74Cole, Simeonedge tool maker, 49:2 41–42Cole, Victor, 52:4 165Coleman, Edward, 47:2 60Coleman, Elipath, 44:1 23–25Coles Manufacturing Co.Coles Shaker, 49:3 96Colgate, John, 45:3 95Colgate, Samuel, 45:3 95Colgate, William, 45:3 95collar buttoner, 45:4 116collar needles (harnessmaking tools), 39:2 19Collazzo, Charles, 39:4 68A"Collectible You Might Not Recognize, A" (Ward), 45:2 57Collecting Antique Tools (Pollak and Kean), 52:2 80, 52:2 81"Collecting Compasses" (Klingler), 39:4 63"Collecting Saw Sets" (Friberg), 49:1 9–14"Collecting Vintage Woodworking Machinery Catalogs" (Batory), 58:3 107–112Collection of Log Rules, A (Freese), 49:1 30collections. See also tool collectingArnold, Roy, 51:4 106–109auctions, 51:4 108bitstocks, 52:2 76carpentry tools, 52:2 81–82chisels, 52:2 82crown molders, 52:2 77edge tools, 52:2 82molding planes, 51:4 108Nicholson and Chelor planes, 52:2 75–77planes, 51:2 65–67, 51:4 131, 51:4 back cover, 52:2 75–77, 52:2 81–82price guides, 51:4 132–133spokeshaves, 52:3 108collective bargaining. See also laborin coal industry, 52:4 140–141

Collectors Door, The, 48:3 57Collectors Illustrated Encyclopedia of the American Revolution (Nueman and Kravic),39:3 48College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, 52:1 41Collet, Edna, 45:4 123collett hammersfor bookbinding, 44:1 24Colliers, 57:1 10colliers (charcoal makers), 47:2 35–38Collings Co., 45:3 71Collins, Alfred, 52:2 53planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Collins, Clarissa, 52:2 52, 52:2 54Collins, David C., 49:4 104Collins, Fitch K.planemaker, 53:2 56, 53:2 57Collins, Florence, 53:2 70Collins, Helen, 53:2 70Collins, James Potter, 41:1 15Collins, J. E.hay knives, 57:2 67Collins, Robert J., IIIplanemaker, 52:2 53–54, 53:2 55, 53:2 56, 53:2 60Collins, Robert J., Sr., 53:2 57Collins, Rufus S., 42:3 59Collins, Samuel Watkinson, 49:4 104Collins, Theodore Fish, 53:2 56–57Collins, Zachariah, 47:2 36Collins and Autenrieth, 56:3 93Collins and Co., 39:4 53Collins Axe Co., 39:1 1, 39:1 3, 39:2 22, 39:2 23, 49:4 104, 49:4 111, 53:3 122Collins & Co., 46:2 54Collins Co., 52:1 38Collins & Robbins, 44:1 9, 44:1 17, 52:2 53Collinsville Co., 53:3 122Collis family, 59:4 131–132, 59:4 141Collman & Feenders, 44:4 100cologne water, 44:1 14Colonial America

ead and grains, 39:1 9–12brick ovens, 39:1 10–11cooking tools, 40:3 46–47currencies, 46:1 24ironmongers, 46:1 27–28kitchen utensils, 39:1 11military axes, 39:1 1–3planemakers, 46:4 93–96printing trade, 48:4 98–99timberyards, 54:2 54–59wood fuel use, 39:1 9"Colonial Timberyard in America, The" (Poirier), 54:2 54–59Colonial Williamsburg, 39:1 12barn patterns, 51:3 98carpenters, 54:2 54, 54:2 58cooking tools, 40:3 46–47harnessmaking tools, 39:2 19–20Hewlett's tool chest, 39:1 4–12, 39:2 16Historic Trades Shops, 46:3 68identity marks, 54:3 128lathes, 47:4 118pit saw, 54:2 front coverSaddle and Harness shop, 60:3 92tool chests, 38:4 57–60, 46:2 45, 46:2 46woodworking, 47:1 32woodworking tools, 51:3 99Colonial Williamsburg, 45:3 92Colonial Williamsburg Historic Trades Annual, 41:3 80, 42:1 13–14Colorado Colliery, 52:4 139coloring agents. See also dyesfor butter, 52:3 90, 52:3 92n58color lithography, 45:3 79colors"artistic" or "natural," 53:4 160bright, 53:4 159–160for hats, 52:4 160n14Shakers' preferences, 52:4 130in women's fashion, 53:4 156–162Colt, Alva M., 40:3 44Colt, Benjamin, 46:1 27

Colt, Samuel, 44:3 93, 46:1 27, 49:2 67, 52:2 44Colt Co., 40:3 45Colton, A. J., 57:1 20Colton, David, 38:3 46, 56:1 27, 61:4 172molders, 53:2 81planemaker's tools, 38:1 10Colton, Deborah, 57:3 111Colton, John, 56:1 27, 57:1 16, 61:4 172Colt's Clamps, 40:3 44–45"Colt's Clamps of Batvia, New York" (Wilson), 40:3 44–45Colt's Cultivator, 40:3 44Colt's wagon jacks, 40:3 45columbelle planes, 59:4 162, 59:4 163Columbia (bark), 42:2 46, 42:3 58, 42:3 82inventory lists, 42:4 101–102record books, 42:1 22–24Columbia (schooner), 49:2 64, 53:1 3Columbiana Machine Co., 61:2 71Columbiana Pump Co., 48:2 43Columbian Centinel, 61:4 156Columbian Magazine, 61:2 53, 61:3 92, 61:3 94, 61:3 95, 61:3 96Columbia Works, 50:1 18Columbus Manufacturing Co., 52:1 16Colvin, Fred H., 44:3 72Colwell, Joseph, 37:2 37Colwell, N. H., 48:2 63Colwell, Wayne, 37:3 56AColwell Shot Tower, 37:2 37Comanche Indianshair pipe bead breastplates, 59:1 3, 59:1 4Combe, William, 50:2 41combination firesteels, 38:3 52combination planes, 50:2 53–54Miller, Charles, 38:3 44, 38:3 57, 38:3 back coverskewed blade moving filletster/groover, 58:2 79Stanley advertising signs for, 59:2 71tongue and groove, 58:4 172–173Walker adjustable face plane, 40:2 17–18, 40:4 73A"Combination to be Devoutly Wished, A" (Semel), 44:2 51combination tools

Archimedian drill and double-nut hacksaw, 55:4 149Crescent tool, 45:4 118folding shovel and pick, 39:2 22foot-powered combination saws, 48:4 81–82, 48:4 87gadgets, 42:4 95glass cutters, 57:3 85–90hammer, nail puller, and pry-bar, 44:1 30hammer/corn sheller, 43:4 91hay knives, 57:2 60, 57:2 61, 57:2 68history of, 46:1 24hoe-rake, 45:2 57ice tools, 60:3 119, 60:3 120–123knife/fork, 59:4 124Miners' Combination Rule, 55:2 57"Parr's Improved" Pocket Tool Chest, 43:2 52–53planes, 50:2 53–54, 54:3 126pliers, 44:3 86plummet-lamp, 45:2 41rule/level/bevel, 52:1 6rules, No. 036, 55:2 55–58screwdriver-wrench, 38:4 68sewing machine drive belt tool, 44:2 56Sheffield wimble, 45:4 120, 46:3 88Thayer's Household Combination Tool, 44:2 51, 44:2 back covertinder pistols, 38:3 55try square and bevel combinations, 41:1 6–7, 41:3 40–41"Utility," 57:3 88Van Vliet, Warren G., 53:2 45–46vise, anvil, pipe-vise, and boring press, 46:1 28with wrenches, 43:2 31, 43:2 32combined churn, 52:3 92n54combines, 39:4 61"Combining Two Camps" (Goody), 53:4 131combmaking saws, 54:3 113combustion processfire-starting methods, 38:2 31–32, 38:2 35"Come Along" (Reibel), 51:4 130come alongswhatsits, 51:4 130, 52:1 8

Comerford, Barney, 44:3 82Comerford, Dan, 37:4 72A, 42:4 103, 43:1 25, 43:3 79, 43:4 105, 44:4 110, 44:4 117,45:4 119, 50:1 33Comerford, Daniel T., III, 40:2 16Commemorative Biographical Record (Beers, J. H., and Co.), 59:3 109commemorative items. See also promotional itemsLondon Air Lift rules, 54:2 80"Comments from Abroad" (David), 41:1 10"Commerce on the Mississippi," 43:4 110commercial apple parers/corers, 59:4 154commercial artin citrus fruit-crate labels, 42:2 33"Committee of Six," 52:4 143, 52:4 144, 52:4 145common pitchfor plane irons, 45:4 109common (bobbin and flyer) spinning wheels, 38:1 1–2"Community of United Christians," 49:4 125Comolli Granite Co., 59:4 149compagnon (journeyman)apprenticeship and, 60:1 6–8armorer's axe, 60:1 5company seals, 43:4 99compass á resort (spring compass), 57:4 139compass de bois (wooden compass), 57:4 139compassed moulding planes, 57:1 5compasses, 42:1 14. See also coopers' compassesChinese, 41:1 10collecting, 39:4 62–63, 40:2 36Adating, 40:2 36ADutch, 46:1 9harnessmaking tools, 39:2 20nautical, 39:2 17Pool, 50:1 3, 50:1 4, 50:1 7rack-wing, 47:4 105–107, 48:3 52, 48:3 62surveyors', 50:1 3, 50:2 front covertriangular, 39:4 62whatsits, 49:2 67wooden, 57:1 17, 57:1 18compass saws, 41:1 17, 41:2 35, 47:3 100"Compendium of Hay Knives, A" (Roger), 57:2 54–71

Complete Body of Husbandry (Hales), 50:21 40Complete Book of Woodwork, The (Hayward), 39:3 50complex moulding planes, 59:1 22–23compound-lever saw sets, 49:1 12compressed air drillinggranite industry, 60:1 21, 60:1 23computersslide rules and, 52:2 65–66Conant, John, 45:3 89Conant, Joseph, 45:2 55, 45:3 89, 48:1 19Conant, Lucy, 43:2 42Conarro, H. W., 45:3 71Conaway, William, 52:1 6concealed-ratchet braces, 52:4 150Stanley advertising signs for, 59:2 71conch shellsbeads made from, 59:1 2, 59:1 3–4Concise chemical slide rule, 50:2 47Concord Axle Co., 59:4 142–143Concord Axle Works, 38:4 76Aconcrete mixersKoehring, 43:1 12–13, 43:2 53–54, 43:4 98Condon, Abbyknit goods, 53:4 154Conestoga Six Horse Bell Team 1750-1850 (Fry, Landis, and Hargrave), 39:2 24, 39:2 25Conestoga wagonsdriver saddles, 39:2 24–25cone-tuning, 37:3 56–56AConfederacy. See also Civil Warfacilities, 52:4 164small-arms manufacturing, 50:1 34–35conformature, in hat making, 43:4 87–88, 44:1 29, 44:2 38, 44:2 48Confucianism, 41:1 10Congden, Jonathan, 39:3 35Conger, John, 44:1 22, 45:2 59Conklin, Jediah, 44:2 59Conklin, J. W., 44:2 59Conklin, Thomas A., 51:3 80, 51:4 120Conkling, Elaine, 53:2 52n5

Conklin ice tools, 60:3 119, 60:3 121Conley, George, 40:1 4maker's mark, 40:1 3Conneaut Harborore docks, 49:4 138–139, 49:4 back coverConnecticut, The Industrial Incubator (Studley), 43:3 80Connecticut Arms & Manufacturing Co., 44:4 117, 45:1 22Connecticut Courant, 55:1 3, 61:4 156Connecticut Hay Knife, 57:2 55Connecticut Steam Brown Stone Co., 55:3 99–100, 55:3 105Connecticut Valleyplanemakers, 49:4 135Connelly, Margaret, 53:2 43Conover Woodcraft, 40:1 11Conscription Law, 52:3 118Conselman, George, 43:1 3, 43:1 4, 43:1 5, 44:2 38Conselman, Johann, 44:2 38consignment salesplanes, 47:1 6, 47:1 12n13Consolidated Lasting Co., 37:3 46Constantine the Great, 60:2 80Constant Proportions, Law of, 50:2 44Constitution, U.S.S. (Old Ironsides), 52:3 107Constitution Stone Co., 44:1 15Construction, Action and Application of Cutting Tools (Holtzapffel), 52:3 100Construction and Use of Universal Milling Machines (Brown & Sharpe ManufacturingCo.), 50:2 64–65consumer catalogs. See also catalogsdefined, 58:3 108Continental Co., 50:2 59–60continental plows, 51:1 11, 53:2 81–82Continental Screw Co., 47:3 86Continental-style plow planes, 50:4 129"Continuing Enigma of Self-Boring Barrel Spigots, The" (Roger), 55:4 141–144contract mining, 52:3 114contra planes. See backing (mother) planes"Control of Anvil Noise Pollution, c. 1856" (Reichman), 39:2 29Converse, H. A., 46:2 49conveyor systemsfor granite, 59:4 138

convictssettled in Australia, 52:2 71Conway, Cliff, 44:3 76Conway, William, 52:1 6. See also Conaway, WilliamConway Tool Co., 44:3 88, 61:4 172Coogle, Jake, 53:3 91Cook, E. E., 60:4 141Cook, Harris J., 55:4 151, 57:4 142–143, 61:1 35brace chuck patent, 53:2 65concealed ratchet patent, 52:4 149–150Cook, John A., 44:2 59Cook, John P., 46:1 21Cook, Julia Holmes, 52:3 86Cook, Lucy Rutledge, 52:3 86Cook, Phineasscrew augers, 53:3 120Cook, Sarah, 42:3 79Cook, S. C., 48:4 93Cook, Thomas R., 41:3 40–41Cook brothers, carriage makers, 61:4 134Cook County Courthouse, Chicago, 59:2 42Cooke, Lawrence (Larry), 38:4 76, 44:1 17, 51:1 33Cooke, Philly, 49:4 103cooking toolsin 1850s, 45:1 15colonial, 40:3 46–47Dutch vessels, 46:1 9–10Cook's levels, 45:1 21cookstoves, 46:1 30, 54:1 27Cook & Wilson Co., 60:1 40coolers, 41:2 35Coolidge, Calvinfather's grindstone, 43:4 100Coolidge, Ellen Randolph, 58:1 1Coon, Carleton S., 43:3 76coondick, 52:3 122Cooper, Caroline, 44:1 19, 44:2 56, 44:3 93, 45:3 83Cooper, Carolyn C., 44:1 19, 44:2 56, 44:3 93, 44:4 114, 45:3 83, 49:4 137, 49:4 139Cooper, James C., 48:2 38–39Cooper, James Fenimore, 39:2 32A, 39:3 52

Cooper, Minor, 56:2 77cooperagesBauer, George F., Cooperage Works, 61:1 19–26Cooper and His Trade, The (Kilby), 44:1 30, 51:3 93"Cooper as Poet, The" (Reichman), 38:4 73Co-operative Brownstone Co., 56:3 91Cooper Group, 37:4 70Cooper Industries, 37:4 70coopering, 44:4 106–108barrel gauging, 50:4 121–124barrel stave mill, 41:2 31beer barrels, 61:1 20–26by blacksmiths, 44:4 123butter churns, 51:2 46–47capacity and gauge standards, 52:4 151–154construction methods, 57:4 137estate inventory, 41:3 78hoopmaking, 41:2 33–34hoop poles, 40:4 72industry growth, 47:3 74–77pipes (casks), 51:1 13–14, 51:1 front cover, 51:3 93–94Prohibition and, 61:1 22, 61:1 24Shaker advances in, 47:3 69–77shop workers, 39:3 32, 39:3 39, 39:3 front covertime required for barrel-making, 44:4 107whale oil and, 42:1 20–21whaling, 41:4 75whiskey barrels, 40:4 71–72coopersaccount books, 42:1 19–21initiation of apprentices, 44:4 107Lamson Lock Cutters for, 45:1 10, 45:1 15parade floats, 44:1 30–31questions and answers, 45:1 13"slack" or "dry," 42:1 19"tight" or "wet," 42:1 19van Vliet etchings of, 46:1 9–10coopers' axes, 48:1 7–8French, 57:2 49Coopers' Company

coat of arms, 38:4 66coopers' compassesFrench, 57:4 137–139with threaded wooden screws, 56:2 63, 56:3 128, 56:4 169Coopersmith and Brass Founder (Van Vliet), 46:1 9coopers' side axesBeatty, W., & Son, 60:2 54coopers' tools, 41:2 33–34, 52:3 108, 52:3 109, 52:3 110, 53:1 14adzes, 41:1 18, 41:2 33–34, 44:2 47, 50:1 27, 50:1 28, 54:2 64block hook, 40:2 35coopering planes, 59:4 161coopers' diagonals (coopers' dividers), 50:4 123–124crozes, 41:3 80–82, 45:3 68, 57:1 18drawing knives, 51:1 15East European collections, 40:3 48edge tools, 58:4 170–171"false chimes," 42:4 95fore, 44:2 54half round shave, 43:1 6hammers, 41:4 74, 41:4 75Hathaway, Braddock D., 54:2 64inventory, 42:1 22jointers, 45:4 108, 45:4 125Mack Tool Co., Inc., 53:1 24museum collection, 45:1 12round shave, 43:1 6scrapers, 43:1 6shaving horses, 57:1 20, 57:1 21side axe, 58:4 170–171tap borer, 45:2 55with threaded wooden screws, 56:2 62–63unfamiliar, 59:4 161–163unusual, 44:4 107–108whatsits, 43:4 106cooperydefined, 42:1 19copal varnish, 37:2 36Cope, K. L., 50:2 67Cope, Richard, 48:4 100Copeland, A. M., 44:3 79

Copeland, D., 52:2 68Copeland, D & M, 41:3 47Copeland, Melvin, 44:3 79Copeland & Chapin, 58:2 66coping saws, 54:2 83, 55:4 149copperberyllium copper tools, 53:3 105–107cooking vessels, 46:1 10painting on, 46:1 10vessel, whatsit, 44:3 83copperplate engraving, 61:2 52for illustrated tool catalogs, 61:1 5, 61:1 9copperplate printersKneass, John, 58:4 156–157"copying" machine, 44:2 54copy presses, 53:3 124, 53:3 126Coraggio, Linus, 41:3 51Corbin, Francis, 46:2 47Corbin, Harold, 40:3 50Corbin, Ichabod, 44:2 58cord, 52:2 78cord balls, 61:4 173"cordonniers" (shoemakers), 40:2 27cordwainers, 37:1 7, 37:3 53, 40:2 27living in, 50:1 11cordwood saws, 54:1 29core and cut tool whatsit, 57:1 37corkers, 46:1 22Corkhill, Thomas, 48:2 59corkscrews, 44:1 13Corkscrews for Collectors (Watney and Babbidge), 46:3 89Corkum, Uda R, fishing schooner, 42:1 6–7Cormier, Henri, 58:1 45Cormier, L.planes, 58:1 44–45cormier planes, 54:1 35corn. See also maizein Colonial America, 39:1 9field, 56:2 81green, 56:2 81

green corn hullers, 56:1 21green corn shredders, 56:1 16–24, 56:2 81green corn slicers, 56:1 16importance to farm families, 55:3 86–87Indian Pudding, 44:4 119mechanical pickers for, 59:3 97picking, with husking pegs, 59:3 97sweet, 56:2 81tools associated with, 50:3 101–104cornbread, 39:1 10recipe, 39:1 12corn choppers, 45:3 91"corn cob capital" (Latrobe), 58:1 31–35corn cob pipes, 59:1 5corn cobs, 50:3 104for insulation, 49:3 99corncribs, 55:3 87Cornelius, J. D., 45:4 121Cornell University"Making of America" web site, 55:4 162, 55:4 165corner braces, 45:1 7corner chisels, 42:3 65Cornforth, John, 42:4 109corn grinders, 45:4 116corn husker, 45:4 99Corn Huskers Lotion, 59:3 97, 59:3 102n.1corn-husking gloves, 53:4 141corn-husking pegs, 59:3 97–102"Corn Husking Pegs" (Jacob), 59:3 97–102cornice moldings, 55:2 72, 57:2 80–81cornice planes, 47:2 46–47, 48:2 56–61, 54:1 8n.1, 57:2 80–81crown molding planes vs., 48:2 57defined, 54:1 2Harmony Society, 51:4 101, 51:4 104corn knives, 50:3 103corn pones, 39:1 10recipe, 39:1 11corn shellers, 45:4 116combination tools, 43:4 91

corn shredders. See green cornCornwallis, Edward, 41:1 8Coronet (schooner yacht), 53:1 1–8corporate archivespreserving, 38:1 15–16ACorporations Ouvrieres a Rome depuis la chute de l'Empire Romain, Les (Rodocanachi),60:1 6"Corrections," 49:3 84, 49:4 139, 50:2 43corrugating machinesfor granite, 60:1 13–14Corscaden, Thomas, 58:4 165Corti, Elia, 59:4 148corundumin needle sharpeners, 47:1 13–14Costello, Martha A., 39:1 8Costumes Grotesque et les Metiers, Les (L'Armessin), 40:2 27Cosway, Maria, 58:1 19Cotterell, Rufus, 46:1 30cottonhosiery, 55:1 1–11quilt fabric, 54:2 67–74white work, 54:1 11, 54:1 12yarn, 51:2 35Cotton, William, 55:1 6cotton ginsanimal-powered, 52:1 11branded, 52:1 14, 52:1 21breastwork, 52:1 12cotton production and, 52:1 9–11hand roller, 52:1 9history of, 52:1 11–12makers, 52:1 11–19Mississippi industry, 52:1 13–21prices, 52:1 20–21production of, 52:1 19–21roller gins, 52:1 11, 52:1 21n5saw gin manufacturing, 52:1 9–23second-hand, 52:1 22n28water-powered, 52:1 9Whitney, 52:1 10, 52:1 11–12

Whitney-Holmes, 52:1 12–13wind-powered, 52:1 9cotton mills, 54:2 72cotton production, 52:1 9–11bale weights, 52:1 20early, 54:2 71Harmony Society, 51:4 102short-staple cotton, 52:1 21n5cotton-yarn spinning factories, 49:3 91–92Cotwell, Lewis, 37:2 37Cotwell Shot Tower, 37:2 37, 37:3 56ACouch, Joseph, 59:2 46Council Ridge Colliery, 52:3 114–121, 52:4 134, 52:4 138, 52:4 141counter check planes, 48:2 55, 57:1 5counterpane weaving, 54:1 15, 54:1 16Counter Peg Float, 44:4 124counter planes, 61:2 84countersink, 45:3 78counter stamps, 46:2 54Counter Standard Peg Break, 44:2 60, 44:4 124counting devices, 48:2 46Country Craft Tools (Blandford), 39:2 29, 39:4 52Country Furniture (Watson), 42:3 82Country Homes and How to Save Money (Todd), 38:3 45Country Woodcraft (Langsner), 40:1 15coupe-marc (must-cutting blade), 60:2 81courthouse records, 47:4 125Courtonne, Jean-Baptiste, 58:3 100Cousins, Peter H., 40:4 65, 40:4 67, 45:2 50n.3cove and bead plane, 41:3 38Coventry Manufacturing Co., 54:2 72"Cover." See "Our Back Cover"; "Our Front Cover""Covered Bridge, A" (West), 46:4 113–115Covered Bridge Builders, The (Graton), 46:4 113covered bridgesabutments, 46:4 114design, 54:4 149–150Long Arch, 54:4 149–153modern construction, 54:4 150–153reconstruction of, 46:4 113–115

Smith, 54:4 148–153, 54:4 front coverstyles, 46:4 113–114Covered Wagon Women Series, 52:3 86coverletsJacquard coverlet weavers, 55:1 16–26"Cover Story: A Useful Blockhead" (Kinsey), 58:3 99"Cover Story: The Scissors Grinder" (Packham), 53:1 63cowboy hats, 51:4 113Cowdrey Farm, 58:2 56Cowell, Ebenezer, 46:2 40–41Cowie, G. M., 39:2 31Cowles, Augustus, 44:3 77Cowles, Elisha A., 59:3 109Cowles, James, 44:3 77Cowles, Thomas, 54:2 57Cowles & Co., 44:3 77, 50:2 63Cowles Hardware, 50:2 63Cox, J. B., 53:2 60, 55:2 80Cox, John, 45:1 13Cox, Kyle, 55:3 93Cox, Opal, 55:3 89Cox, William, 58:4 139Coxe, Charles, 52:3 116Coxe, E. C., 45:2 41Coxe, Eckley, 52:4 140Coxe, Tench, 52:3 116Coy, Fred E., Jr., 56:4 171Coyle, H. B., Awning Hardware Manufacturing Co., 61:1 22Coyne, Franklin, 51:3 93, 51:3 94Crabb, George, 53:3 113crackersin cable tool drilling, 53:3 89–90cracker splice, 53:3 90cradle (swing) churns, 52:3 89"cradling" technique, 46:4 106Craft of Log Building, The (Phelps), 45:1 24craft paper hammer (shoemakers' hammer), 43:3 81CRAFTS auctions, New Jersey, 48:3 58Craftsman Wood Service Co., 44:3 92, 44:4 110craftsmen

19th century photographs, 39:4 68locomotive repair, 50:3 80–86mechanic and manufacturing societies, 58:4 134parade floats, 43:3 80, 43:4 89, 44:1 30–31sixteenth-century tools, 54:2 81–85traditional techniques of, 40:2 34Craig, Alexander, 39:3 52A, 41:2 35, 54:2 57, 54:2 58harnessmaking tools, 39:2 19–20inventory, 40:3 46–47Cramer, Allen B., 41:1 20ACramer, Jane, 58:4 155Cramer, Lilian, 58:4 150Cramer, Zadok, 50:3 88cranberry industryBailey, Hugh R. ("Bob"), 51:1 1, 51:1 3–6Bailey separator and grader, 51:1 5Crandall, Jesse A., 56:1 19crandalled work, 56:3 96Crane, David O., 52:2 52, 52:2 54, 52:2 55planemaker, 49:2 36Crane, Emily A. (Atwood), 49:4 112Crane, Harvey, 43:2 41Crane, Henry Harrison, 56:1 3–4Crane, Polly, 49:4 103Crane, Richard, 48:3 58Crane, Richard, Auction Barn, 44:4 123Crane, Samuel G., 53:1 17, 53:1 22planemaker, 49:2 36–37Crane, Thomasknitting machines, 57:3 111–118Crane, Thomas, & Bros., 57:3 111Crane Brand Cutlery, 49:3 74Crane Knitting Machine Co., 57:3 112–113cranesaerial, 59:3 88bridge, for granite, 59:4 137–138electric overhead bridge, 59:4 138locomotive, for granite, 59:4 139overhead traveling bridge, 59:4 137–138traveling bridge, 59:4 138

Crank, John, 41:3 53cranked bitstock, 45:3 93Crase, Douglas, 44:3 67, 44:4 112, 44:4 113crate-opening axes, 52:4 161Craven, John, 58:1 9Crawford, Julia Ann, 38:3 42, 38:3 43Crawford, Oramel, 54:1 30crawlers (shepherds), 52:2 70–71Crawley, Edmund, 42:1 6Crawley, Josephplanemaker, 42:1 6creamfor buttermaking, 52:3 87–88ripening, 52:3 87separators, 52:3 88Creating New Industries (Myrick), 58:3 89, 58:3 98n.11creditfor drug store purchases, 44:3 72Creede, John H., & Co., 53:4 153Crehore, Benjamin, 47:3 92–94"Crescent Icehouse Saw, The" (Ball), 37:4 70crescent icehouse saws, 37:4 70Crescentis, Petrus de, 37:4 71, 38:4 76ACrescentius, Petrus de, 52:3 99Crescent Machine Co., 57:1 15, 58:3 111, 58:3 112, 61:2 56–73. See also CrescentMachine Division of Rockwell Manufacturing Co.in the 1920s, 61:2 57advertising, 60:4 142advertising circulars, 61:2 57African Americans and, 60:4 144assembly line, 60:4 150band saws, 60:4 136, 60:4 140–141, 60:4 141–143, 60:4 151baseball, 60:4 150–151bicycles, 60:4 139catalogs, 61:2 57establishment of, 60:4 138–139expansion of, 61:2 62factory, 60:4 142, 60:4 149–150, 60:4 152, 60:4 153fire damage, 61:2 61foundry work discontinued, 61:2 63

Great Depression and, 61:2 58–60growth of, 60:4 143–147, 60:4 148, 60:4 151–154history of, 60:4 137–156home woodworking machines, 61:2 57–58incorporation of, 60:4 148jointers, 60:4 146, 60:4 147, 60:4 152labor disputes, 61:2 62–63, 61:2 66–67labor strikes, 61:2 56labor unions and, 61:2 61machinery improvements and additions, 61:2 59–60machine shop, 60:4 146, 60:4 147name change to Crescent Machine Division of Rockwell Manufacturing Co., 61:263New Deal and, 61:2 59overseas trade, 60:4 143"Portable Woodworking Machines," 61:2 57–58post-World War I recession and, 61:2 56–73product line, 60:4 141–143purchase of, by Pittsburgh Equitable Meter and Manufacturing Co., 61:2 61railroad siding, 60:4 148receivership under R.S. Geddes and Associates, 61:2 59–60reputation, 60:4 147saw tables, 60:4 147, 60:4 151shell casings, 60:4 155Silver Manufacturing Co. and, 60:4 141strikes, 60:4 146–147table saws, 60:4 152tilting bandsaws, 56:2 50–52Universal Wood-Worker, 60:4 137, 60:4 153–154Variety Wood-Worker, 60:4 151War Bonds and, 61:2 61World War I and, 60:4 154–156World War II and, 61:2 60–61Crescent Machine Division of Rockwell Manufacturing Co., 61:2 63–72band saws, 61:2 64, 61:2 70–71benefits, 61:2 66establishment of, 61:2 63factory closing, 61:2 69–70jointers, 61:2 70–71labor strikes, 61:2 67–80

machines discontinued, 61:2 63planers, 61:2 70–71productivity, 61:2 64–65Red Star multiplex radial arm saws and, 61:2 64, 61:2 65steel machines, 61:2 64table saws, 61:2 64, 61:2 71wages, 61:2 65–66Crescent Tool Co., 44:4 117, 45:1 21, 45:4 118, 46:1 24wrenches, 45:1 21Crescent wrenches, 45:1 21Cresmer planing mill, 38:4 70Cresson, W., backsaws, 59:1 19, 59:1 20Crex Carpet Co., 58:3 90, 58:3 95–97, 58:3 99n.18Crex Nature Center, 58:3 98crickets (cooking implements), 45:2 49, 45:2 50n.5, 45:3 93–94crimpers, 46:3 68, 46:3 86crinoline wirefor surveyors' measuring tapes, 57:4 129Critchlow, Donald T., 41:3 56Croce, Angelo Della, 37:4 65, 39:1 16crochets, 49:1 25–26Crockett, Davy, 37:3 43–44Crom, Ted, 40:1 facing page 1, 43:4 94Crombie, Abijah, 37:1 10Cronemayer, W. C., 49:4 122"Crooked Knife, The: A New World Phenomenon. A Brief Overview with Proposals forDescriptive Nomenclature" (Starr), 61:3 99–105crooked knives, 61:3 99–105, 61:3 font cover, 61:3 inside front coverdecoration of, 61:3 102–105deer antler, 45:4 99descriptive nomenclature, 61:3 100–101forms of, 61:3 101–102handles, 61:3 100technique, 61:3 102–103use of, 61:3 100"Crook from England Turns up in Australia" (Turner), 52:2 69–74crooks, shepherds, 52:2 69–74crop dustersBailey, H. R., 51:1 5, 51:1 6

cropping wool. See shearing woolCrosby, Christopher S., Captain, 53:1 2, 53:1 3, 53:1 5, 53:1 6Crosby, Ransom, 45:4 120cross axes (twibils), 38:2 28–30Cross Currents: Baymen, Yachtsmen, and Long Island Waters, 1830-1880s exhibition,45:1 10crosscut saws, 46:1 32, 47:3 100, 50:1 17, 54:1 29double-handled, 40:3 51German, 49:1 24handles, 39:4 65raker-tooth, 42:3 60cross-cuttingtool marks from, 61:3 114Crosseman, Robert, 53:1 34cross-grindingscrewdrivers, 55:3 125cross hairsspider webs for, 53:2 76, 53:2 80cross-handled augers, 45:1 5cross handleswhatsits, 49:2 67Cross Nail Co., 46:1 25Crotch Veneers, 47:2 59Crouch, Charles, 45:3 89Crouch, Dan, 44:1 17, 44:2 36, 44:2 63, 44:4 103Crouse, Charles Michael, 54:3 111Crouse, George A., 54:3 111Crouse, George W., 54:3 111Crouse, James, 54:3 111Crouse, Michael, 54:3 111Crouse, Samuel, 54:3 111Crouse, Tyre and Lula, farmhouse, 55:3 85, 55:3 87–94Crouse, William, 54:3 111Crowe, David, 40:2 36ACrowe, David B., 42:3 80, 52:1 29Crowe, Warren, 61:1 27photographs of New Orleans, 60:3 112–113Crowell, Ivan H., 39:4 53Crowley, Ambrosebill hook, 45:4 119

Crowley, Ambrose, Sir, 61:1 2Crowleys lawn mowers, 52:2 49crown molding planes, 56:1 30Chelor, Cesar, 59:1 22–23collecting, 52:2 77cornice planes vs., 48:2 57Harmony Society, 51:4 101, 51:4 104spring planes, 48:2 56–61crows-bill planes, 52:2 67croze planeswith threaded wooden screws, 56:2 62crozes, 45:3 68, 57:1 18Frankfort, 59:4 161–163glass-faced, 41:3 80–82sawtooth, 59:4 162crozier, 52:2 74Crozier, Hugh V., 54:3 99, 54:3 100Crozier, Ralph, 40:4 62, 40:4 63CRR & Co., 58:2 73crucible steelfor plane blades, 47:1 9crude oileastern vs. western, 53:3 92n5Cruikshank, George, 45:4 125Cruise of the Cachalot (Bullen), 42:1 23, 42:2 46Crush-A-Cube, 61:1 34crushed granite, 60:1 16crushed ice, 60:3 115, 60:3 116. See also ice crushersapplications of, 61:1 30tools for making, 61:1 30–34"Crushing Retort, A" (Knapp), 44:3 84Crutchfield, W. Parker, 39:2 16culls (timber), 52:2 79Culnan, Carol O'Neale, 54:1 37cultivating toolscultivators (hand garden tools), 57:1 24, 57:1 25, 57:1 26prong-hoe, 40:1 14Cultivator, The, 59:1 21, 59:1 inside front cover"Cultivator, The," 44:3 80, 44:3 81cultivators, 43:1 25

Cumber, John, 45:3 87Cumings, Henry, 47:3 71, 47:3 75, 47:3 77Cumings, Rosetta, 47:3 77Cummings, Abbott, Lowell, 42:1 5–6Cummings, Allanscrew patent, 50:2 57–58Cummings, Allen, 52:2 54planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56, 53:2 57Cummings, L., 44:2 48Cummings, Leonard F., 44:2 48Cummington, Massachusettsphotographs, 37:1 12Cummins, Beatrice, 43:2 52, 43:3 80Cunningham, Henry, 57:2 72Cunningham, James, 42:1 18Cunningham, James, Son & Co., 48:2 40Cunningham, Pat, 49:1 32Cunningham, Patricia, 55:1 16Cunnington, C. Willett, 53:4 161Cupit, John, 58:4 143cupola (vertical cylindrical furnace), 42:4 98–99Curcio, Anna, 43:4 105Curd, S. H.., 52:4 133n19Curious History of the Golf Ball, The (Martin), 39:2 31"Curious Measuring Device Continued" (Honer), 51:3 86"Curious Template, A" (Sawer), 40:3 53curling ironsfor hat making, 43:1 5curly maple, 57:1 28Curran, Emily, 55:4 133currenciesColonial denominations, 46:1 24Curry, Lawrence, Comb Co., 43:2 31curtainsstretching, 42:3 62curtain wallsgranite, 59:2 41Curta Mechanical Calculators, 49:2 51Curtis, Bill, 59:1 7Curtis, Carlos, 57:3 111

Curtis, John, 50:4 120Curtis, Katherine Fonda Meyer, 52:3 85Curtiss, Abiah, 56:1 13Curtiss, Anna, 56:1 13Curtiss, Betsey, 56:1 13–14Curtiss, Elijah, 56:1 13Curtiss, Henry (son of Henry Thompson Curtiss), 56:1 13Curtiss, Henry Thompson, 56:1 13–14Curtiss, Jerusha (Wright), 56:1 13Curtiss, J. P., 55:1 32–34Curtiss, Phebe (daughter of Henry Thompson Curtiss), 56:1 13Curtiss, Phebe (Sherman), 56:1 13Curtiss, Robert, 56:1 13Curtiss, Timothyinventory, 42:3 78Curtiss familyplanemakers, 42:1 5–6curved panelsplanes for, 52:3 124Cushing, Gilman, 46:1 30Cushman, Robert, 43:4 87Cushman, Thomas, 37:4 57, 54:3 103, 54:3 106augers, 53:3 120–121custom hatters, 52:4 158, 52:4 160, 52:4 160n17Cut above the Rest, A (Unwin and Hawley), 59:4 129"Cut above the Rest, A" exhibition, 59:4 127–129Cutbush, James, 51:2 49, 61:2 48Cutler, Plimpton & Co., 45:3 91–92Cutler, William, 49:4 127Cutlers' Co., 57:3 120cutlery makersGreenfield, Massachusetts, 37:3 55Russell, John, 38:2 16Sheffield, England, 38:1 16AWillis, Michael, inventory list, 37:4 61–63cutter grinders, 44:3 82, 45:1 30–31cutters, 42:1 15auger bits, 45:1 3grapefruit, 57:2 71whatsit, 49:3 97–98

Cutting, Betty Mae, 58:3 98n.10cutting diesfor glovemaking, 53:4 138–139"Cutting Edge, The" exhibition, 59:4 125–126cutting tools, 45:1 17, 45:3 83for fish, 58:3 127pliers, whatsits, 43:3 77cutwork, 41:1 1C. W .S. Co., 44:1 23C.W.S. Co., 44:1 23C. W .S. Co., 44:4 110C.W.S. Co., 44:4 110Cyclone ice shaves, 60:4 163Cyclopaedia (Chambers), 41:2 25–26, 41:2 27, 58:1 37Cyclopedia (Rees), 39:2 30cylinder churns, 52:3 89cylinder filling machines, 43:3 72whatsits, 43:2 50cylinder presses, 47:3 96cylinderswhatsits, 61:3 118–119cylindrical slide rules, 50:4 125–127Cyrillic rules, 56:4 164–167Ddado planes, 42:1 7, 42:2 45, 43:3 80, 45:1 19, 51:2 59–60, 51:3 92, 51:4 118–119inventory lists, 39:3 43Dagwell, William H., 45:3 80dahlia dye, 53:4 159Daimler, Gottlieb, 41:4 73dairying. See also butter; buttermaking; milkbuttermaking tools, 51:2 43–58cheese, 52:3 86cows, 51:2 44dairymaids, 52:3 86decorative images of, 50:2 40–41pastoral vision of, 50:4 107–108Dakota red granite, 59:4 134Dalby Knitting Mills, 53:4 151Dallas Museum of Art, 58:4 148, 58:4 152

Dallett, Thomas H., Co., 59:4 139, 59:4 145Dalpe, Sam, Mrs., 55:4 169Dalpe. S., 57:2 53Dalton, Henry, 44:4 102Dalton, John, 50:2 44Daly, Thomas J., & Co., 42:1 20, 42:1 21Dana, W. D., 45:3 70Danby, New Yorklivelihoods, in 1850, 39:3 35–36Dane, E. Surrey, 41:1 5Daniel, Peter, 43:2 54"Daniel Danner, Woodturner: An Early Nineteenth-Century Rural Craftsman in CentralPennsylvania" (McMahon), 47:1 15–26Daniels, Peter, 42:2 55"Danish Sabot Axe" (Crowe), 40:1 13Danner, Adam, 47:1 19Danner, Danielaccount book, 47:1 15–26Danner, J. S., 45:4 113Danner, Leonhard of Nürnberg, 54:2 82Dansville Wagon Shop, 47:1 14"Dansville Wagon Shop," 47:1 14dapping planes, 51:4 118–119Darley, Cecelia B., 56:1 18Darling, Brown & Sharpe, 43:3 71, 50:2 67Darling, Samuel, 50:2 67Darling brace, 41:3 43Darlington, Edward, 60:3 100darning mushrooms, 43:1 15, 43:1 26Darnton, Robert, 42:3 77Darsie, Horace G., 49:4 119dashboards, automobiles, 44:4 127dasher churns, 51:2 46, 52:3 89D'Astous, Zenon, 44:2 51, 44:2 60, 44:3 89Date, H. H., 42:4 94dates and datinganvils, 51:1 25compasses, 40:2 36Aplanes, 50:2 51, 51:3 69–73, 59:3 104

Stanley planes, 54:4 144–147woodworking machinery, 57:1 12–15Date's Patent Steel Co., 42:4 94"DAT Update: Allan Hills, Edge-Tool Maker," 57:3 90"DAT Update: Allan Hills, Not Quite So Old" (Hardin), 57:4 139daughter planes, 58:1 44Daumas, Maurice, 42:2 43Davenport, Charles S., 38:2 36Davenport, John, 46:4 120Davey & Co., 48:2 44David, Johan, 37:4 71, 41:2 37"David Clark in Cvmberland" (Englund), 52:4 162"David Fuller, Rural Planemaker of West Gardiner, Maine" (Butterworth andBlumenberg)" Part I," 44:3 67–70"Part II," 44:4 112–113Davies, Thomasplane dealer, 49:3 83–84planes, 50:1 12Davis, Donald, 57:1 29Davis, Edward F., 58:1 17Davis, G., 45:3 89Davis, Leonard, 52:4 165Davis, L. L., 52:4 165levels, 61:1 12, 61:1 13, 61:1 15tool catalog, 61:1 12, 61:1 13Davis, Richard M., 51:3 74Davis, S. Scott, 57:1 29Davis, Thomasice crushers, 61:1 33, 61:1 34Davis, William B., 45:3 89Davis Level and Tool Co., 41:3 44, 52:4 165Davis Level Co., 52:4 165Davison, Nancy B., 51:1 2, 51:1 3Dawson, Johnplanemaker, 49:1 19–22Dawson, Milcha, 49:1 19, 49:1 20Dawson, Thomas, 49:1 19, 49:1 20, 49:1 21Dawson, Thomas Clifford (son of Thomas), 49:1 20, 49:1 21Day, Mahlon, 42:3 73

day books. See account booksDay's Work, A: A Sampler of Historic Maine Photographs, 1860-1920 (Bunting), 56:140, 56:1 41Dayton's, E. A., Manufacturers & Engineers Supply Store, 58:2 74–75deaconing, 43:4 91dead-boom derricks, 59:3 82–83"dead fingers," 59:4 140dead reckoning, 45:1 16deadwoodfor Coronet (schooner yacht), 53:1 4Dean, Abial, 47:2 50Dean, Barney, 42:2 37, 42:3 58, 42:3 65, 42:4 96–97Dean, Benaiah, 47:2 50–52Dean, Benaiah, Jr., 47:2 50Dean, Benjamin F., 42:2 37Dean, Charles P., 42:2 37Dean, Daniel, 40:1 14Dean, Enos W., 42:2 37Dean, John, 47:2 50Dean, Leander B., 47:2 51Dean, Samuel, 40:1 14Dean, Temperance, 47:2 51Dean, Walter, 47:2 50Deane, Samuel, 38:1 12DeAngelis, Hanna LeMoyne, 44:1 8Dearborn, Benjamin, 55:2 52–54, 61:3 92, 61:3 96death's-head motif gravestones, 55:3 97De Avila, Richard T., 38:2 26, 42:2 55, 42:3 58, 42:3 65, 42:4 96, 43:2 42, 43:3 72, 53:134Debain, A., 42:3 70debarking axes, 39:3 52"Debate at the Tool Convention, A" (Schaffer), 41:1 12Debate of the Carpenter's Tools (Doyle), 41:1 12Deblois, Gilbert, 61:1 2De Bow's Review, 52:1 19DeBrucq, Ray C., 61:2 63DeBry, Theodore, 51:3 87Decatur, Illinoisspiral screwdrivers, 49:1 1–6Decatur Coffin Co.

spiral screwdrivers, 49:1 1–6, 54:3 118–120Dechmann, Putte and Per, 39:3 46deck beamsfor Coronet (schooner yacht), 53:1 4–5deck chisels, 43:2 48Decker, Myron A., 57:3 111decoration. See also arton anvils, 51:1 25on axes, 37:1 20A, 54:4 141on German carpenter tool beer mug, 50:2 48on iron square, 51:3 85on moulding planes, 59:1 22–23ornamental stone carvers, 59:4 149on planes, 38:3 44, 60:4 173punch marks, 39:3 52Aon Shenandoah, 48:2 44on stakes (anvils), 39:2 27–28decorative bookbinding, 44:1 23–25decorative buttermaking tools, 50:2 39–42deed record indexes, 47:4 125deer antler tools, 45:4 99Deere, John (Deer and Co.), 41:1 20A, 41:3 55, 41:3 58, 41:3 61plows, 41:3 61deer huntingjacklighting for, 43:2 37Deering, William, 39:4 61Deetz, James, 43:2 38Defiance line, Stanley Tools, 50:2 69, 59:4 156, 59:4 160hand drills, 61:3 121–123, 61:3 125, 61:4 166–170measuring tapes, 54:2 79–80, 54:3 123, 57:3 108–110screwdrivers, 55:2 61, 55:3 121Defiance Machine Works, 57:1 15catalog, 58:3 109, 58:3 111DeForest, Heman, 54:1 26DeForest Screw Driver, 56:4 134DeLand Academy, 51:4 115Delaney, Ed, 37:2 40DeLaval, Gustav, 52:3 88Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad, 52:3 114Delaware and Hudson Railroad, 52:4 138, 52:4 143

Delaware County America, 60:2 51Delaware County Historical Association (DCHA)Marseilles woven spread, 54:1 9, 54:1 17–18Delaware County Institute of Science Exhibition, 60:2 55Delaware County Mutual Insurance Co., 60:2 54Delaware County Mutual Protection Co., 60:2 57Delaware County Temperance Society, 60:2 57Delaware Indiansgun repair tool kits, 38:2 34Delaware Railroad, 52:4 143DeLay, Earl, 41:4 75D'Elia, Andrew (Andy), 59:1 7–10, 59:1 inside front coverD'Elia, Anna Mae, 59:1 8D'Elia Antique Tool Museum, 59:1 7–12design and construction of, 59:1 8–10founding of, 59:1 7–8planning a visit to, 59:1 10stained glass windows, 59:1 inside front covertool displays, 59:1 9"D'Elia Antique Tool Museum in Scotland, Connecticut, The" (Hall), 59:1 7–12Dellecker, George, 58:4 154Delp, Mary Porter, 58:2 72Del Rio, Manuel, 55:4 147Delsman, Jim, 43:3 77Delson, Barnet, 48:3 58, 52:2 77Delta Manufacturing Co., 61:2 61Delta Manufacturing Division of Rockwell Manufacturing Co., 61:2 65Delta Power Tool Division of Rockwell Manufacturing Co., 61:2 67Delta Specialty Co., 61:2 64Demarest, Bob, 56:4 170Demarest & Co., 48:2 40De Meern planes, 61:4 157–159Demeritt, Dwight B., Jr., 57:3 104Demier, David, 38:2 36"demi john," 42:1 19Deming, Anthonyplanemaker, 42:1 5Deming, Charles L., 53:2 48Deming, Horace, 53:2 48Deming, John, 42:1 5

Democracy in America (de Tocqueville), 52:2 83Demuth, Jacob, 47:2 60Denison, G. W., 60:3 95Denison, John, 46:1 12Denmarkearly planes, 61:4 158sabot axes, 40:1 13Dennis, Samuel W., 59:4 145Dennis Brothers, Ltd., 52:3 97Dennison, Charles H., 37:2 35, 37:2 36Denslow, W. W., 44:2 50, 44:3 90dental vulcanizer, 53:1 40Deppen, I., 37:3 41depth stops, 51:4 118–119Derby Horse Railway, 40:4 70De Re Metallica (Bauer), 44:4 127Dering & Co., 44:2 59Derne, Antoine, 39:2 18derrick ropes (cables)for granite quarrying, 59:3 82Derwent Iron Foundry, 52:3 97DesBrisay Museum, 41:1 8"Description of a 19th-Century Tool Chest, A" (Lautenschlauger), 49:2 58–59Description of the Rail Road from Liverpool to Manchester (Moreau), 61:2 52Descriptions des arts et métiers (Académie Royale des Sciences), 58:1 37Desforges, I. B., 52:1 28design patents, 55:4 160desk/paper scissors, 49:4 front coverdesks, 45:3 89Dessaint, Michel, 53:2 83Dessureau, John, 59:4 135, 59:4 136Dessureau, Joseph, 59:4 135, 59:4 136Detroit City Directory, 46:1 21"Detroit's Earliest Plane Maker?" (McKiernan), 46:1 21Detroit Tool Co., 54:2 87Detwiler, Jacob Nold, 60:4 139"Development of the Illustrated Tool Catalog, The" (Hall), 60:1 1–16, 61:1 1–16Devereux, John C., 53:2 58, 53:2 59–60Devereux, Nicholas, 53:2 58devil's corkscrews, 40:4 64, 41:2 28

Devonian Oil Co., 53:3 88Dewey, Henry S., 46:4 110–112Dewey & Brown, 46:4 110Dewey & Newton, 46:4 111–112bench planes, 46:4 109–112"Dewey & Newton Bench Plane, The, and the Evidence of a Manufacturing Process"(Kebabian), 46:4 109–112DeWitt, G., Brothers & Co., 56:3 94DeWitt, Henry, 40:1 1DeWitt, Ward S., 43:2 49dewlip, 45:3 90Dexter scroll saws, 41:1 2Deyer, John, Jr., 47:1 22, 47:1 24Deyerle, J. C., 59:2 57D-handles, 50:1 36for shovels, 49:3 87–88D-handle slicksMorris, Ezekiel, 37:1 2"Diagonal Square, The" (Gauntlett), 49:3 95–96diagonal squares, 49:3 95–96diamond drills, 49:3 80diamond-encrusted wire saws, 59:2 49, 59:4 136diamond glass cutters, 46:1 17"Diamond Loses Its Place, The" (Wilkins), 44:1 19–20diamond polishing, 41:1 17diamond sawsfor granite, 59:4 137diaphragm pumpsfor granite, 59:3 94–95, 59:4 135"Diaries of Seth Shaler Arnold," 54:1 28Diary of an Apprentice Cabinetmaker: Edward Jenner Carpenter's Journal, 44:3 72Diary of an Early American Boy (Sloane), 42:3 75Diary of Matthew Patten of Bedford, N. H., The (1754-1788) (White), 40:3 49, 41:2 35"Dibble," 50:3 87"Dibble" (Kohanski), 51:1 12, 51:3 90dibbles, 41:4 77, 42:1 12, 42:3 83, 45:1 12, 45:1 16, 49:3 75, 49:3 77conventional, 40:2 32nursery, or spade, 51:1 12for planting, 50:3 87for planting corn, 50:3 101

for planting onions, 40:2 32reamer vs., 51:3 90shovel-handled, 40:2 33Stanley garden tools, 57:1 24, 57:1 25unusual, 40:2 32–33"Dibble You Say, The" (Meglio), 42:1 12Dick, John, 41:1 8Dickens, Charles, 44:4 105, 45:4 125, 46:1 32, 47:4 103Dickerson, Dick, 44:1 30Dickerson, Edmund, 41:3 80Dickinson, Dick, 43:4 89Dickinson, Edmund, 58:1 13metal-pad braces, 53:3 103Dickinson, John, 51:2 47Dickson, W., & Son, 47:4 128"Dictionary of American Biography," 38:2 17Dictionary of American Hand Tools (Sellens), 44:1 16, 44:2 47, 46:2 55, 51:1 16, 51:387, 52:3 122Dictionary of Americanisms, 40:3 50Dictionary of American Toolmakers (Chapin), 58:2 77Dictionary of Architecture and Construction (Harris), 48:2 59Dictionary of Carpenter Tools (Salaman), 38:2 24Dictionary of Leather-Working Tools, The (Salaman), 37:4 64, 43:4 106Dictionary of Needlework, The (Caulfield and Saward), 44:3 84Dictionary of Paper, The, 53:1 29Dictionary of the Bible (Brown), 58:4 155Dictionary of the English Language (1799), 48:1 26Dictionary of Tools (Salaman), 38:2 29, 38:2 35, 38:3 47, 39:2 31, 39:3 46, 39:4 52, 40:336, 40:3 37, 43:1 6–7, 44:4 109, 46:3 83, 47:4 106, 49:2 54, 51:1 15, 51:3 87, 52:3 122,53:3 119, 53:3 122, 61:2 83Dictionary of Tools Used in the Woodworking and Allied Trades (Salaman), 41:2 24Dictionary of Woodworking Tools (Salaman), 46:1 32Dictionnaire Larousse, 42:3 64, 49:1 26Dictionnaire Richelet, 49:1 25"Didactic Pictures of German Trades: The Carpenter" (Heine), 49:1 23–24Diderot, Denis, 37:1 7, 37:1 9, 37:1 20, 37:4 70, 40:1 9, 40:1 13, 40:2 23–24, 40:2 27,42:3 64, 43:1 7, 46:1 12, 46:1 26, 47:1 26, 49:1 25, 50:4 117, 58:1 37, 61:3 109, 61:4150, 61:4 153Diderot, M., 38:2 29"Did Lindenberger's Son Make Planes in Pittsburgh?" (Prine), 50:4 133–134

Didsbury, J., 57:4 162Die Geschichte des Hobels (Greber), 50:2 53Diese, Arthur R., 46:3 66Diesel, Rudolf, 50:3 86diesel locomotives, 50:3 80die stock, 40:3 38Dietrich, Elias, 37:1 19, 50:1 19Dietrich, Jerome C. (J. C.), 37:1 19, 50:1 15–18saw handles, 39:3 50, 39:3 51, 39:4 65, 40:1 14–15, 40:3 50, 40:3 51Dietrich, Joseph, 37:1 19, 50:1 19Dietrich Brothers Manufacturers, 50:1 19buck saws, 37:1 19double hand rip saws, 37:1 19plane patent, 37:1 18, 37:1 19Dietzgen, Eugene, 49:2 51Dietzgen, Eugene, catalogslide rules, 50:3 95, 50:4 125"Difference Between Post and Ice Axes, The," 52:1 33"Different Applications of a Simple Metallurgical Activity" (Armistead), 52:3 107differential thread bit holder, 52:4 149diffraction gratings, 39:2 18Digby, Frances Caroline, 50:2 39–40Digges, Leonard, 41:2 24–25, 41:2 26, 41:2 27"Digging Up the Past" (West), 45:1 22Diggs, Hiram, 58:2 66dimensional lumber, 47:3 90–91Dimitt, William, 44:2 35–36, 46:1 20Dingley, Richardbrace pads, 53:3 101dingos, sheep and, 52:2 70Dinsmore, James, 55:2 66, 58:1 2, 58:1 13, 58:1 14, 58:1 16, 58:1 17, 58:1 20, 58:1 21,58:1 22, 58:1 23–24, 58:1 26, 58:1 30n.1, 58:1 35n.4, 58:1 35n.13, 58:2 65n.27Dion, M, 50:4 122"Dioptrics" (Dobson), 61:3 91dipping crooks, 52:2 71–72direct current (DC) motors, 57:1 15Directions for Making Calcined or Pearl Ashes (Mein), 61:2 47direct-motor-driven (DMD) bandsaws, 57:1 15Directory of American Toolmakers (EAIA), 60:2 49Directory of American Toolmakers (DAT) (EAIA), 43:4 108, 44:1 22, 44:1 23, 44:2 47,

44:3 79, 44:3 85, 44:4 116, 47:2 54, 47:2 56, 56:1 25, 57:3 90, 57:3 96, 57:3 99, 57:3100, 57:3 124–125, 57:4 139, 57:4 157draft, 50:2 63update, 53:2 75Working Draft Edition, 43:4 86, 43:4 111Directory of Archives and Manuscript Repositories in the United States, 38:2 36Directory of Baltimore Plane and Edge Tool Makers 1796 to 1900 (Hay), 52:1 25Directory of North American Tool Makers (EAIA), 59:1 13, 59:1 18Direct Positive Photographic Paper, 49:3 72–73Direct Reading Rule, 54:3 121–122direct-read measuring tapes, 54:2 77–78, 54:2 79disc sharpeners, 54:2 87dispenserswhatsits, 49:2 67"Dissemination of Technology through Book and Periodical Illustrations" (Barnhill), 61:245–55Disston, Albert H., 38:2 18, 38:4 67Disston, Ann (Harrod), 38:2 18Disston, C., 38:2 17, 38:4 69butchers' saws, 38:2 17Disston, Charles, 38:2 17, 38:2 18, 38:2 19, 38:4 67, 38:4 68biography, 38:2 41–42Disston, Frank, 38:2 18Disston, Hamilton, 38:2 18, 38:2 19, 38:4 67, 42:2 34Disston, Harry W., 38:2 18, 38:2 19, 38:2 41Disston, H. & C., 38:2 17, 38:2 41, 38:4 68, 38:4 69Disston, H. C., 47:4 104Disston, Henry, 38:2 17, 38:2 19, 38:2 41, 38:3 42, 38:3 43, 41:1 15, 41:3 41, 47:4 101,48:1 30–31, 53:1 15, 55:4 150backsaws, 60:3 126–128biography, 38:2 18–19early history, 57:4 151–156family tree, 38:2 18hay knives, 57:2 56Jackson backsaws, 60:3 126–128patent program, 38:4 67as paternalistic employer, 42:3 72purchase of Keystone Works by, 38:2 19–20Disston, Henry (second), 38:2 18, 38:2 19, 38:2 41Disston, Henry (third), 38:2 18

Disston, Henry, & Sons, 45:2 44, 45:3 79, 47:2 38, 47:2 63–64, 48:2 45, 49:1 13, 51:1 9–10, 51:4 128, 52:1 6, 55:4 149–150, 56:2 69, 56:4 171applewood saw handles, 59:1 19backsaws, 59:1 13, 59:1 16–20, 60:1 34bevels, 38:2 17, 40:4 56bucksaws, 59:2 59, 59:2 61, 59:2 63, 59:2 64butchers' saws, 38:4 68, 38:4 69catalog, 41:1 7Christmas advertising, 60:4 136, 60:4 back covercombination saw, 38:3 43double-nib saws, 59:1 18eagle marking, 59:1 15full back saws, 59:3 113half back saws, 59:3 113Handbook on Saws, 59:1 16Hayes, Rutherford B., tour of, 38:2 21Jobbing Shop, 38:2 41, 38:3 42Keystone Saw Works, 61:1 11, 61:1 12–13Keystone Works, 38:2 41, 38:4 67, 38:4 69labor paternalism, 42:3 72levels, 38:4 68National Saw Co. and, 39:2 26–27plumbs, 38:4 68pruning hooks, 38:2 41revolving saw set, 38:4 67saw for Rutherford B. Hayes, 38:2 16, 38:2 21–22, 38:2 coversaw handles, 39:4 65, 59:1 14sawmakers, 59:1 13saws, 41:1 20A, 47:4 103, 59:3 113, 61:1 15, 61:1 16saw screws, 59:1 20saws with moveable backs, 59:1 13shimstock container, 38:3 57side files, 38:4 67Square and Level Dept., 38:3 43Stanley Four-Square saws made by, 59:4 155star saw set, 38:4 67steel production, 59:1 15tool catalogs, 61:1 12–13tool labels, 38:4 68try squares, 56:1 26

Disston, Henry, & Sons, Inc., 38:2 18departments, 38:2 19Square and Level Department, 38:2 19Disston, Henry, & Sons, Inc., cataloghand saws with nibs, 43:1 16saw nibs, 44:4 124Disston, Henry C., 38:2 18, 38:3 42Disston, Henry W., 38:2 18Disston, Horace C., 38:2 18, 38:4 67Disston, Jacob S., 57:4 151–156Disston, Jacob S., Jr., 38:2 18Disston, Jacob S., Sr., 38:2 18, 38:4 67Disston, Jane, 38:2 18Disston, Marianna, 38:2 18, 38:2 41Disston, Samuel, 38:2 17biography, 38:2 42Disston, S. Horace, 38:2 18, 38:3 42Disston, Susan, 38:2 18Disston, Thomas, 38:2 18, 38:2 19, 38:4 67Disston, Thomas S., 38:2 17, 38:2 18, 38:2 41Disston, Thomas Spencerbiography, 38:2 42Disston, T. S., 38:2 41, 38:3 42, 38:4 68–69Disston, William, 38:2 17, 38:2 18, 38:4 67biography, 38:2 41Disston, William D., 38:2 18Disston and Morss, 41:3 40Disston and Toland, 39:2 27Disston Bros., 38:4 68–69Disston familyenterprises, 38:2 17–20, 38:3 41–44, 38:4 67–69geneology, 38:2 17–18, 38:2 41–44, 38:4 67–68Disston Handbook (Disston), 43:1 16Disston Handbook on Saws (Disston), 39:2 26, 57:4 151"Disston Hand Saw Made for President Rutherford B. Hayes, A, April 26, 1878"(Nelson), 38:2 21–22"Disston History, The," 38:2 20n10Disston Lumberman's Handbook, The, 45:2 62, 55:4 150Disston & Morss, 38:3 42, 38:3 43, 38:4 69try squares, 38:2 19

Disston Saws and Tools for the Farm, The, 57:4 151Disston & Toland Cast Steel, 57:4 153–155Disston Tool Co.bevels, 40:4 56Disston U.S.A., 38:2 17distilleries, 55:3 86distilling machines, 61:2 48Diston, Ann (Harrod), 38:2 42Diston, Henry (sic) stamp, 39:3 52A, 39:4 52distributionaccount books, 46:2 49–50ditcher (steam-powered drill), 44:1 15Dittman, C.hay knives, 57:2 64Dittman, Ruth G., 44:4 99Divers, George, 58:2 61, 58:2 65n.30Diversarum Artium Schedula (Treatise on Diverse Arts), 60:1 5Divine Proportion, 45:3 68divingair pump for, 41:1 16Dixie, E. F.spokeshaves, 52:3 112"Dixie Axes, The (Klenman), 51:3 95–96Dixon, C. E., 61:2 63Dixon, E., 45:4 121Do-All Tool Co., 37:2 31Dobbie, Thomas, 49:1 20, 49:1 21Döbereinger, John Wolfgang, 39:4 57Dobson, Edward, 59:2 54, 59:2 56, 59:2 57Dobson, Thomas, 61:2 50, 61:3 91Doctrine of Handy-Works, The (Moxon), 61:2 45Documents Relative to the Manufacturers in the U.S. (McClane), 40:3 50Doddridge, Joseph, 41:2 31Dodd's Liquid Fish Glue, 53:1 31Dodge, Wallace, 59:2 66Doggett, Abigail, 48:3 36Doggett, Elkanah, 48:3 36Doggett, Jabez, 48:3 37Doggett, S., 41:3 47Doggett, Samuel, 40:1 14, 48:3 35, 48:3 36

Doggett, Samuel, Sr., 39:1 13Doggett, Simeonpanel plane, 48:3 back coverplanemaker, 48:3 35–44Doggett, Thomas, 48:3 36dog nails, 48:1 25, 48:1 26dogsGerman, 49:1 24lookalike tools, 39:2 29do-it-yourself marketFour-Square household tools, Stanley Works, for, 59:3 115, 59:4 160Dole, Ebenezer, 42:3 79"Dollars and Scents" (Brundage), 44:1 14–15dolly blue, 45:2 56domesHall au blé, Paris, 58:1 19Monticello, 58:1 19–20"Domestic Archeology in Concord: Thoreau and Hunt House" (Graham)Part I, 43:1 7–8Part II, 43:2 33–35Domestic Encyclopedia, The, 58:1 5, 58:1 6, 58:1 29domestic lifein New England, 47:2 65–66domestic servicesetiquette, 53:2 67labor issues, 53:2 69–70, 53:2 72living conditions, 53:2 73–74living in, 50:1 11in Newport, Rhode Island., mansions, 53:2 66–75servant strike, 53:2 72Dominy, Felix, 57:2 79, 58:2 49Dominy, Nathaniel, 44:3 85Dominy, Nathaniel, II, 58:2 53Dominy, Nathaniel, III, 57:2 79, 58:2 53Dominy, Nathaniel, IV, 57:2 79, 58:2 49–53Dominy, Nathaniel, V, 57:2 79, 58:2 49–51name stamp, 58:2 49–51Dominy family, 40:1 10, 44:3 84–85, 54:4 161agricultural tools and equipment, 58:2 49–51birch molding plane, 58:2 51

carpenters' squares, 38:2 24documents in Winterthur Library, 58:1 39gauging and wantage rods, 58:2 49, 58:2 52–53hatchels, 58:2 48, 58:2 49–53, 58:2 front coverinventory lists, 39:3 44makers' marks, 57:2 79planemakers, 44:2 59planes, 57:2 79smoothing plane, 58:2 53"Dominy Family Agricultural/Textile Tool, A" (Hummel), 58:2 49–51"Dominy Gauging and Wantage Rod, A" (Bopp), 58:2 49, 58:2 52–53Dominy House, 44:3 85"Dominy Planes at the Henry Francis Du Pont Winterthur Museum, The" (Elliott), 57:279–81Donahue, Eliza Mary, 45:2 52Donnelly, James, 46:3 80Donnelly, Martin, 43:4 93, 44:4 102, 50:1 33Donohue, Michael, 48:3 50"do-nothing machines," 48:3 60Donovan, John E., 45:4 115Donovan, W., 52:1 14Donovan-Hall, Pamela, 43:1 9, 43:2 43, 43:3 66Don Tool Works, 49:2 49"Don't Scorn the Horn" (Keller), 45:1 14Doolittle, C. B. & J., 45:3 80Doolittle, Joseph R., 47:4 114Doomer, Herman, 46:1 8Doomer, Lambert, 46:1 8Doon Heritage Crossroads, 57:4 139"Door Clamp," 49:2 53door clamps, 49:2 53door framesdates inscribed on, 45:2 43, 45:2 47, 45:4 98doorknobspatents, 55:4 139, 55:4 140pressed-glass, 55:4 133–140Robinson-style, 55:4 135–136spindles, 55:4 137door planes, 51:3 91Doran, Robert, 51:3 79n2

Dorlon, R. V., & Co., 42:2 44Dornin, W. W., Co., 50:3 74"Dorpian" (Klenman), 50:4 128Dorpian axe, 51:1 7Dorpian trademark, 50:4 128Dorris pole, 44:3 75Dorsey, Stephen W., 46:3 59Doscher, Susie H., 56:1 21Dotson Co., 50:4 138Dotterer, Henry, 61:2 53, 61:2 54double-arch construction, 51:3 93double-arm slitting gauge, 48:3 67double-bitted axesNeolithic origins of, 40:3 51–52double box, Stanley, 58:4 163–164, 58:4 166double-boxed bead planes, 48:4 92double-chamfer planes, 56:2 80–81double-crank breast drill, 45:2 51double-cutter shaves, 52:3 108double-door planes, 49:4 114, 51:3 91double-edged saws, 42:1 13double fish bone symbolism, 60:2 81double-flyer spinning wheelsmakers, 53:4 133–137, 54:1 37–38origination of, 53:4 132Plant, Solomon, 56:1 11–12, 56:1 15wheel structure, 53:4 132–133"Double-Flyer Spinning Wheels" (Feldman-Wood), 53:4 132"Double-Flyer Spinning Wheels Update" (Feldman-Wood), 54:1 37–38double-geared lifting jacks, 59:3 81, 59:3 82double-hand rip saws, 37:1 19double-marked planes, 50:1 12"double" match planes, 46:1 12double-sash planesirons for, 48:1 19double saw handles, 39:3 49–50double tongue-and-groove planes, 54:2 50Double Truss Cornice Brake Co., 45:4 126double-twist bits, 45:1 4, 45:2 40double-wedge bench planes

with changeable pitch, 48:1 17–19double-wedge jointers, 54:2 50"doubling rule," 44:4 112–113doubters, 52:3 103Dougherty, Philip, 56:3 93Douglas, Ann, 61:2 45Douglas, Robert S., 48:1 1–2, 48:2 45Douglas Axe Manufacturing Co., 37:2 22, 37:2 24, 38:3 51, 45:3 89, 53:3 95tool catalogs, 61:1 11, 61:1 14, 61:1 back cover, 61:1 inside front coverDouglass, Frederick, 37:3 55–56Douglass, Henry, 43:1 21Douglass, Thomas, 44:2 47Douglass Manufacturing Co., 44:2 47douters, 44:4 119Dover Stamping Co., 49:1 32–33dovetail boxing, 48:4 92dovetail jointson wooden mallets, 47:2 39–41dovetail saws, 59:1 13"dovetail" template, 40:3 53D'Ovidio, Gene, 44:2 56Dow, George Francis, 38:4 72, 45:4 119, 55:1 3Dow, Harry G., 40:3 45Dow, Phineas, 53:3 113Dowd, Paul, 60:2 69, 60:2 74dowel boring machine, 44:4 108dowel plates, 57:1 8dowel pointers, 45:3 79dowels, 47:2 61makers, 40:3 37for polyptychs, 46:4 103–104, 46:4 107n.18Down by the Old Mill Stream: Quilts in Rhode Island, 54:2 67Downs, Frank, 44:4 100Downs, Joseph, 58:1 38Downs and Co., 59:1 21, 59:1 back cover, 59:1 inside front coverknitting machines, 53:4 147Doyen, Samuel, 37:2 35, 37:2 36Doyle, Edward, 51:3 86Doyle, James F., 41:1 12Doyle Log Rule, 51:3 86

Dozen in One tool, 44:1 22–23, 44:3 83, 44:3 92, 44:4 110drab (color), 52:4 130, 52:4 133n16draft animals, 47:1 33granite industry and, 60:1 19draftingcarriage, 48:2 35–40mechanical aids, 61:3 89–98drag-hoes, 46:1 5–6, 49:1 25–27, 49:2 66drag-saws, 59:2 67drainage bricks, 40:2 36Adrain cleaners, 49:3 90drainer's (draining) spades, 44:4 111, 45:3 83–84draining spades, 45:3 83–84Draisine bicycle, 45:2 57Drake, Clifton B., 60:2 63, 60:2 64Drake, E. L., 41:1 inside front coverDrake, Mawe & Co., 39:1 5Draper, F. G., & Co., 46:2 51draw bore pins, 39:1 16drawer-bottom planes, 49:1 29draw forgers, 37:4 56, 37:4 57–60, 38:1 5–9forging sequence, 38:1 7tools, 38:1 8draw forgingdrop forging vs., 38:1 8–9draw hammers, 37:4 58drawing knives (drawknives), 38:2 20, 38:4 inside front cover, 40:1 1, 51:2 back cover,54:2 63coopers, 51:1 15crooked knives, 61:3 99–105Hardy, Ephraim L., 58:4 169–170Kraus tool kit, 60:3 97, 60:3 98from recycled files, 40:3 40for smoothing shingles, 61:2 75drawing out (blacksmith technique), 38:1 5draw shaves, 45:3 69"dray," 45:3 94dray chains, 46:1 27Drayton, John, 61:2 53"Dreaded Look-Alike, The," 45:1 11

"Dream of St. Joseph, The" (de Charmpaigne), 38:2 29Drechel, Lienhard, 54:2 84dredges, 44:3 87, 44:3 94steam-digger, 44:1 31dredging machines, 43:4 109, 61:2 47–48Drew, Benjamin, 53:3 121Drew, C., & Co., 37:4 56–60, 38:1 5–9, 53:3 121–122, 54:3 102–109Drew, Charles H., 37:4 58, 37:4 59, 53:3 122, 54:3 107–108Drew, Christoper, 37:4 57, 37:4 58Drew, Christopher Prince, 53:3 121, 53:3 122, 54:3 103–104, 54:3 105–106Drew, Clarence, 53:3 122Drew, Edward, 54:3 103Drew, Emily, 53:3 121, 53:3 122, 54:3 103Drew, Emily Fuller, 37:4 57–60, 37:4 58Drew, Job Washburn, 53:3 121Drew, Mary, 37:2 34, 44:3 67Drew, Major Seth, 54:3 103Drew, Seth, II, 53:3 120, 53:3 121Drew, Seth, III, 53:3 121, 53:3 122Drew, Seth, Jr., Deacon, 37:4 57Drew, Seth, Major, 37:4 57Drew, Deacon Seth, Jr., 54:3 103–104, 54:3 105Drew, Sylvia, 53:3 121Drew, William, 53:3 120Drew, William R., 53:3 121Dreyfuss, Henryice picks/crushers, 60:3 122drill bitsoil hole, 47:1 27–30, 47:2 67rock, 47:1 30twist, 47:1 27–30drillersfor cable tool drilling, 53:3 88drilling hammersfor granite quarrying, 59:2 45drilling toolsKraus tool chest, 60:3 96drill pedestals, 60:4 166drills. See also hand drills

combination screwdriver and drill, 56:4 137double crank breast drill, 45:2 51hand, 60:3 129–132prehistoric, 59:1 1with spring-loaded line reel, 45:4 124steel-frame, 61:1 35–37upright, 41:1 12for wampum beads, 59:1 5Driwood Molding Co., 48:2 56droghers (ships), 42:3 61drop forging, 54:3 107–108draw forging vs., 38:1 8–9edge tools, 53:1 24drop hammers, 38:1 8droppers (reapers), 44:2 53"Drugstore in the Last Quarter of the 19th Century," 44:2 36drug stores, 45:1 15. See also pharmaciesnineteenth century, 44:2 36drummerstraveling salesmen as, 44:2 52, 44:2 63, 44:3 88Drummond, Peter, 56:3 124–125Drummy family, 57:2 43Drury, Anne, 49:2 45, 49:2 46Drury, Annie, 49:2 46Drury, Charles, 49:2 46, 49:2 47Drury, Edward, 49:2 43–49hardware, 49:2 44–45planemaking, 49:2 45–47Drury, Edward, & Co., 49:2 44–45Drury, Edward, & Son, 49:2 43, 49:2 47Drury, Edward Whitehead, 49:2 46, 49:2 47Drury, Francis, 49:2 49Drury, George, 49:2 46, 49:2 47Drury, Hannah M., 49:2 45Drury, John, 49:2 46Drury, Mary, 49:2 45, 49:2 46Drury, Robert, 49:2 44, 49:2 46, 49:2 49Drury, Robert, & Co., 49:2 43, 49:2 49Drury, Robert Francis, 49:2 49Drury, Sarah Senior, 49:2 46

Drury, Whitehead, 49:2 46Drury, William, 49:2 46"Drury-Marsh, St. John, New Brunswick" (Westley), 49:2 43–49Drury-Marsh hardware, 49:2 43–49imprints, 49:2 43dry boxingin felt hat making, 52:4 157"dry" coopers, 42:1 19Dryden, New Yorklivelihoods, in 1850, 39:3 35–36dry shearing, 39:2 30Dry Steam Appliance Co., 42:2 31Dry Strip Paint Stripper, 42:4 109D-style measuring tapes, 54:2 80, 54:3 122, 54:3 123, 54:3 125, 54:4 154, 54:4 155, 54:4158–159advertising, 57:3 108–110Dublin, Louis, 60:1 27DuBrucq, R. C., 61:2 62, 61:2 66, 61:2 67Ducharmes & Co., 45:4 115Ducie, Earl of, 52:2 44Duckworth, James, 41:3 40Dudley, George, 55:2 65, 55:2 75n3Dudley Hosiery Co., 55:1 6Dudley Nailer, 44:2 49Duff, E. G., 44:1 23Duff Manufacturing Co., 43:4 96Dugre, Conrad, 44:4 124Duke, Doris, 55:1 12Duke, George, 56:1 27Duke, Jacob, 56:1 27Duke, Mary, 56:1 26planemaker, 57:3 96, 57:3 99–100Duke, T. (Tristrim or Tristram), 56:1 26, 57:3 99Dumont, Charles, 45:4 101Dumont Manufacturing Co., 45:4 101Dumont Tool Co., 45:4 101dump rakes, 44:1 12Dun, R. G., 37:2 23Dun, R. G., & Co., 57:3 115Dunbar, Michael, 37:2 30

Duncan, Albert Stanley, 54:2 78–79Duncan, James, 60:1 26Dunckle, Capt., 37:1 2–3Dundas Axe Works, 43:4 93Dundas Edge Tool Factory, 43:4 93"Dunderbeck's machine," 44:1 13Dunglison, Robley, 58:1 18Dunham, D. G., 46:1 17Dunham, M. E.glove patents, 53:4 140, 53:4 141Dunhill Unique lighter, 39:4 57Dunkelberger's ice chopper, 61:1 32, 61:1 33Dunlap, John, 46:2 45Dunlap, Samuel, 43:3 72Dunlap and Medeira, 54:4 138Dunlop, William, 43:2 36Dunn, Mrs. Francis, 46:1 15Dunn, R. G., & Co., 52:1 15, 52:1 16Dunn Edge Tools Co., 44:4 116Dunnell, Hannah, 41:3 37, 41:3 39Dunner, W. M. P., 49:2 63Dunning, Abiah, 53:4 134Dunning, E. Ruth, 53:2 43, 53:2 45Dunning, John B., 45:4 107Dunton, William, 54:1 18, 57:3 124Dunwell, Steve, 42:2 42"'Duplex' Saw, The" (Kosmerl), 42:1 13duplex saws, 42:1 13Dupont, Albert, 48:2 38duPont, Henry Francis, 59:1 12Du Pont black powder cakes, 59:2 50Durell, Edward, 38:4 65, 39:4 68A, 46:3 71, 49:1 26–27, 57:2 53, 57:2 61, 57:2 69wooden fork collection, 38:3 37–40, 38:3 56Durell collectionwooden forks, 38:4 65Durell Farm Museum, 57:2 61Dürer, Albrecht, 46:1 8, 61:3 90Durrell, Edward, 57:2 59Duss, John, 43:1 5Dustbane, 43:1 25

dust bellows, 42:1 18dust controlgranite industry, 60:1 26–28, 60:1 29Dustman, E. W., 61:2 58–59Duston, E. W., 61:2 60Dutch agricultural toolsscythes, 40:4 65–67, 40:4 68Dutch axe, 45:2 59"Dutch bow," 45:2 43Dutch brush, 42:4 110Dutch hoes, 46:3 62Dutch ovensin Colonial America, 39:1 9–10Dutch planes, 53:2 53, 53:3 127try plane, 51:4 109Dutch rules, 42:1 3–5"Dutch? Scythe Anvil, A" (Kappeler), 40:4 68Dutch scythes, 42:2 55Dutch Testing Institute, 51:2 41"Dutch Treat: the van Vliet Etchings of Crafts and Trades, Part I" (Sayward), 46:1 7–11Dutton, John, 60:3 105–106Dwights & French, 59:3 104–105"dyed in the wool" expression, 39:4 67"D'ye Ken John Teal? Carpenters' Tool Maker Leeds, England--Princeton,Massachusetts" (Brundage), 41:3 37–39Dyer, Caleb, 47:3 78n16Dyer, William, 39:2 29dyescoal-tar, 53:4 161n6, 53:4 161n4, 53:4 161n6, 53:4 161n4for cotton fabrics, 54:2 71for hat making, 43:1 4, 43:1 5natural, 53:4 156synthetic, 53:4 156–162for wool textiles, 52:4 130–131dynamitefor granite quarrying, 59:2 49dynamometer, 58:1 3, 58:1 6, 58:1 7dynamos (electrical generators), 60:4 145–146Dyson & Sonplanes, 50:4 129

EEagle Anvil Works, 45:4 98Eagle bevel, 40:2 22eagle markingson backsaws, 59:1 13, 59:1 15, 59:1 20Eagle Saw & Tool Mfg. Co., 52:1 6Eagle Square Co., 38:2 23, 40:1 1, 60:3 96Eagle Square Manufacturing Co., 44:2 47Eames, Williamice tools, 60:3 120, 60:3 121–122Earl, William W., 52:2 55Earle, Alice Morse, 42:2 44"Early, Rare Mark of Francis Nicholson, An" (Blumenberg), 48:3 63–66"Early, Rare W. Evens Sash Plane, An" (Hope), 50:4 131–132"Early Account of the Growing, Harvesting, and Preparation of Hoop Poles, An"(Wilson), 40:4 72–73"Early Account on the Growing, Harvesting, and Preparation of Hoop Poles, An"(Williams), 41:2 33Early American Industries Association (EAIA). See also Chronicle, Theadministration of, 39:1 inside front coverbook club, 44:1 17Book List, 39:3 32D'Elia Antique Tool Museum and, 59:1 7–8Directory of North American Tool Makers, 59:1 13, 59:1 18formation of, 46:3 69Library, 39:2 16long-range planning, 40:1 12, 40:1 facing page 1Long Range Planning Committee, 38:2 36Ameetings, 39:4 52Mid-West Tool Collectors Association (MWTCA), 40:1 12officers, 40:2 16pitchfork paperweight, 57:2 53purpose of, 37:3 54records preservation and, 38:1 16research grant program, 60:4 16460th anniversary, 44:4 127tool displays and, 37:4 66Tool Makers Directory, 38:2 36A

Early American Museum, Mahomet, Illinois, 54:1 20–21"Early and Elegant Broad Axe, An" (Brundage), 42:4 97–98"Early Connecticut Musical Instrument Maker, An" (Ball), 41:4 73–74Early Days (Kelso), 53:1 29"Early Development of Zig-Zag Rules, The""Part 1" (Jacob), 56:1 32–37"Part 2" (Jacob), 56:2 70–75"Part 3" (Jacob), 56:3 116–120"Part 4" (Jacob), 56:4 160–167Early Domestic Architecture of Connecticut, The (Kelly), 48:1 26"Early Maker of the Fuller's Shear, An" (Reichman), 45:4 112"Early Manufacturers in the Carriage Hardware Industry" (Ryder), 38:1 14early planes, 61:4 157–165De Meern planes, 61:4 157–159Ebbsfleet plane, 61:4 163Goodmanham plane, 61:4 157, 61:4 164Oberüttfeld planes, 61:4 160–161Paladru plane, 61:4 163–164Saalburg plane, 61:4 158Sarre plane, 61:4 163Straubing plane, 61:4 161–162Vimose planes, 61:4 159–160"Early Power Loom Fabrics in Rhode Island Quilts" (Welters), 54:2 67–74"Early Tool Inventories: Opportunities and Challenges" (Roberts), 39:3 40–44Early Tools of New Jersey and the Men Who Made Them, 42:3 83"Early Tool Works, An," 43:4 110Early Trades & Crafts Society (ETC), 40:1 2, 42:4 86, 45:3 94Early Trades & Crafts Society of Long Island, 37:3 54, 37:4 72A"earth augers," 46:2 55earthenwarefor buttermaking, 51:2 52–53, 51:2 55Earthen Ware Manufactory, 45:3 92Easly, Andrew, 47:4 125Eason, Hanna, 46:4 95East Battery, Sandusky, Ohio, 46:3 58, 46:3 66–67Eastburn, Robert, 38:3 56East Douglas Axe Co., 49:4 111Eastern Car Co., 40:1 3eastern crude oil, 53:3 92n5Eastern Equities Corporation, 53:1 26

eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), 42:3 59East Hampton Historical Society, 58:2 51Eastman, George, 49:3 73Easton, Nicholas, 42:4 92East Spencer, North Carolina, 50:3 75–76"East View of Gray's Ferry, Near Philadelphia" (Peale), 61:3 95Eastwood, G., 55:3 126, 56:2 80Easy Nat: Or, Boston Bars and Boston Boys, 61:2 53eating habits17th and 18th century England, 52:3 85Eaton, Reg, 56:4 171auctions, 48:3 59Ebbsfleet plane, 61:4 163ebony husking pegs, 59:3 102n.14eccentric locksvise with, 46:1 32Eckman, Hartman, 46:4 110Eclipse Bicycle Co., 40:2 36Eclipse hack saw blades, 59:4 127economic developmentin 1840s, Pennsylvania, 47:1 16–17economic recessionpost-World War I, 61:2 56Economy, Pennsylvania, 51:4 102Harmony Society hatters and hatmaking, 43:1 3–5Economy ice cutter, 44:4 118Eddleman, Calvin, 57:4 162Eddy, David J., 41:3 53Eddy, E. W., 58:4 167Eddy, Ezra Butler, 40:4 57Eddy, James, 61:2 52Eddy & Washburn, 40:4 57Edes, Pompey, 46:4 94, 46:4 95, 46:4 97edge burnishersfor bookbinding, 44:1 25"Edged Tool Makers" (Campbell), 47:1 14Edgerton, Almira, 53:2 57Edgerton, Orrin C.planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56, 53:2 57

Edgerton, Sarah Antoinette, 53:2 57edge shaves, 52:3 109, 52:3 110edge tools, 47:1 14Barton, David, 53:1 13–25Beatty family, 60:2 49–67, 60:3 95–111blacksmiths, 54:4 138Brooks, 49:4 103–113Bryan, W. W., 49:2 38–39Carter, Israel M., 50:1 26–28Carter, Pulaski, 56:1 1–8cast steel, 49:4 104–112, 52:3 113, 53:1 24city directories and, 48:1 11collecting, 52:2 82for coopers, 58:4 170–171dating, 37:3 56Adrop forge stamping, 53:1 24Fowler, Josiah, 54:1 25Gregg, Mahlon, 49:2 41Hardy, Ephraim L., 58:4 169–171Harmony Society, 51:4 105Hathaway, Braddock, 54:2 60–66Hyde Park, New York, 50:1 26–28Locklin, Patrick, 49:2 38London, 48:2 40Lower St. Croix, 37:2 21–23Mack Tool Co., Inc., 53:1 24–25Minott, J. E., 57:3 91–95New Brunswick, 38:3 50–51New York City, 44:1 22in nineteenth-century kitchens, 49:3 94Rochester, New York, 47:4 119–123, 48:1 7–12, 50:1 13–20, 53:1 13–25Sag Harbor Tool Co., 45:4 112Swedish axes and, 39:4 53–56Weed, Fellows, 49:2 40"Edge Tools in the 19th-Century Kitchen" (Kosmerl), 49:3 94"Edgetools of the Lower Saint Croix" (Wyllie), 37:2 21–24Edison, Thomas, 49:3 72"Editorial" (Reibel), 46:3 75, 50:1 28volunteer writers, 51:4 133

"Editorial: Tool Prices" (Nelson), 47:2 53–56"Editor's Note" (MacLeish), 56:1 41"Editor's Note: Two Items of Interest" (MacLeish), 61:1 39Edlin, H. L., 41:3 48Edmonds, Thomas, 51:2 40Edson, Daniel, 45:1 14Edson, Eliphalet, 45:1 14Edson, Jacob, 48:2 42Edson, John, 52:1 13Edson, Polly, 45:1 15Edward III, King of England, 60:1 6Edward VII, King of United Kingdom, 52:3 94"Edward Preston & Sons, LTD." (Roberts), 48:4 90–91Edwards, Amos, 52:4 133n19, 60:2 51Edwards, Betsey, 56:1 14–15Edwards, Hannah, 56:1 14–15Edwards, Lillie Crouse, 55:3 87, 55:3 89, 55:3 91, 55:3 92Edwards, Mary, 60:2 51Edwards, Mary Ann, 56:1 14–15Edwards, Richard, 43:3 76, 49:4 119Edwards, Sereno, 38:3 45Edwards, William, 56:1 14Edwards Valve and Mfg. Co., 61:2 61"Edwin Walker's Tool Ads," 41:1 14eelsspears for catching, 43:2 35Effgen, Donald B., 44:4 99egg cups, 43:4 92egg scissors, 40:1 16AEglee & Scot Hardware Store, 44:2 59, 44:3 94–95"E. Good and the Pre-Industrial Bar Clamp" (Boyd), 50:4 117–120Egypt, ancientwooden forks, 38:3 37Ehlers, Wilbur, 55:3 100Ehrhardt, Jake, 46:3 67"1882 Brown & Sharpe Treatise Found Down Under, A" (Turner), 50:2 64–67"Eighteenth Century Planemakers' Stamps (Englund), 40:2 25–26"Eighteenth Century Shipping Crate for Glass, An" (Hall), 54:4 164Eighteenth-Century Woodworking Tools, 55:4 145Eight Hour Law

coal mining and, 52:4 135–136Eiliot, Thomas, 60:3 133Einer, D. F., 60:3 98Einschneidhoble (notching plane), 59:4 163Eisenhard, F., 49:2 57Eisenhardt, Christopher, 59:2 63, 59:2 64Ekelund, Gunnar, 39:4 53, 39:4 54Ektachrome, 37:1 11Elder, Robert, 54:1 13elderblossom wine recipe, 45:4 117electrical generatorsdynamos, 60:4 145–146electrical poweralternating current (AC), 44:2 44–45, 44:2 62alternating current (AC) motors, 57:1 15direct current (DC) motors, 57:1 15electrification of the west, 44:2 44–45, 44:2 62granite industry and, 60:1 21–23lightning and, 44:2 45, 44:2 62public utility system, 57:1 14–15electric beltless planer, 61:2 59electriciansSouthern Railway, 50:3 81electric lathes, 47:4 117electric line poleswood used for, 44:4 125electric-powered machines. See also power loomsband saws, 60:4 146drills, 43:4 99, 44:4 116hammers, 54:3 107–109saws, 52:2 81splitters, 54:1 29, 55:1 34for woodworking, 57:1 14–15electric trains, 45:2 51"Electrochemical Method of Rust Removal, An" (Kinsey), 37:2 32Electronic Data Processing (EDP) numberson Stanley measuring tapes, 54:4 159electrotypefor tool catalogs, 61:1 9

Elements of Lettering (Carey), 58:4 147Eleutherian Mills Historical Library, 38:2 17"Elijah Howe, An Update" (Brundage), 42:1 14Eliot, George (Mary Evans), 52:2 66Elite collar buttoner, 45:4 116Eli Whitney and the Whitney Armory (Eli Whitney Museum), 44:3 76Elliott, Thomas, 61:1 39, 61:2 49Elliott, Tom, 54:4 168, 57:1 33"Ellipse Maker," 48:3 60ellipse makers, 48:3 60Ellis, E. B., Granite Co., 60:1 12Ellis, George, 48:2 60, 54:3 97, 57:1 1, 57:1 3, 57:1 8Ellis, Sylander, 51:3 82Ellis, Willard C., 40:4 56Ellis, William, 51:2 44Ellis Foundry, 51:1 2Ellrich, Robert C., 49:2 56Ellrich screwdrivers, 49:3 101Elmhust Syndicate, 42:2 31Elms, The, Newport, Rhode Island.domestic services, 53:2 67–75Elsbree, Isaac, 55:2 79Elsmore, Richard, 46:4 121Elsworth, Phillip, 53:1 5Elwell, William, 52:4 141embroidery scissors, 52:3 103Emergence of the German Dye Industry, The (Beer), 53:4 156Emerson, F. W., Co., 42:2 31Emerson, Moses, 43:1 8Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 43:1 7, 43:1 8, 44:4 118, 55:4 134Emerson, Stevens, & Co., 44:4 116Emerson & Stevens, 44:2 40, 50:1 37, 50:2 43Emery, 46:1 27emery, 43:3 80defined, 41:4 76grinding stones, 60:1 41in needle sharpeners, 44:3 91–92, 44:4 120, 47:1 13–14scythe rifles, 44:4 103

Emery, Samuel, 61:4 149, 61:4 150Emery, Waterhouse, and Co., 37:2 33–34, 37:2 36emery dustin cutlery making, 37:3 55Emery & Waterhouse, 37:2 33Emery Wheel Co., 53:1 27Emlenton, Pennsylvania, 53:3 92n4Emlenton Tank Works, 53:3 91Emmerich, E. C., 59:2 76Emmert's patternmakers' vise, 44:2 60, 44:3 76Emond, V. A., & Co., 51:3 91–92employmentmen at work, artwork, 57:3 120–121"empty" barrels, 42:1 20EMR Industries, 44:2 59Encyclopedia (Diderot and D'Alembert), 51:1 18, 54:2 56Encyclopedia Americana (1823), 53:3 88, 53:3 92n2Encyclopedia Dictionnaire des Sciences, des Arts, et des Metiers, L' (Diderot), 47:1 26Encyclopedia of Words, The (Partridge), 43:1 24Encyclopedia or Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, 61:3 91Encyclopédie (Diderot), 38:2 29, 40:1 13, 40:2 23–24, 42:3 64, 58:1 37, 61:4 150, 61:4153"Encyclopédie in New York, The, 1791" (Monk), 40:2 23–24Endicott and Co., 44:2 47Endter, Wolfgang, 54:2 85Enfield, New Hampshire, Shakers, 47:3 69–77Enfield, New Yorklivelihoods, in 1850, 39:3 35–36Enfield buckets, 47:3 69Enfield Manufacturing Co., 55:1 5Enfield rifle, 47:3 87engineer's ratchet drillsHawley Collection, 59:4 125engineers' rules, 37:2 25–27, 40:1 7data table errors, 40:1 7Stanley Rule & Level Co., 56:3 120enginesFairbanks Morse, 42:1 27Fairbanks-Morse Z Model, 41:3 79

garden engine, 44:3 94–95, 59:1 21steam engine indicators, 46:4 112Englandagricultural history, 51:1 27–29auction houses, 48:3 59automobile production, 52:4 166brass plate rubbings, 51:2 39–40coaching (stage coaches), 61:2 44, 61:2 front coverhornmaking, 54:3 110–111industrial history, 51:1 27–29metal planes, 45:1 18planemakers, 51:3 101planes, 46:4 120–121, 58:3 126–12717th and 18th century eating habits, 52:3 8517th century life, 55:1 37–38textiles, 54:1 13–15timber yards, 54:2 56tool collecting, 47:2 55tool-making and selling, 51:2 64–65vintage woodworking catalogs, 58:3 107–112woodworking tools, 45:1 31, 50:2 70–71English carpenters' rules, 41:2 24–27three-fold, 42:1 3–5English Decorations in the 18th Century (Fowler and Cornforth), 42:4 109English fence-makers' twibil, 38:2 29English gentleman's brace, 41:4 64"English Visitor Comments on the Saw "Nib," A" (Bullock), 44:2 55Englund, Dave, 54:1 1engraversKneass, William, 58:4 154–155engravingsof carpentry, joinery, and cabinet making, 46:1 25for illustrated tool catalogs, 61:1 2, 61:1 5, 61:1 6, 61:1 10engraving supplies, 46:1 8Enoch, Isaac, 53:2 49"Enos Robbins and Other Early Utica Area Planemakers" (Kelly), 52:2 51–59"Enos Robbins Follow-up" (Kelly), 56:1 39Ensman, Adolph, 53:1 24Enterprise Division, William K. Stamets Co., 61:2 70

Enterprise Foundry Co., 42:2 31Enterprise Manufacturing Co., 42:2 31, 60:4 139, 60:4 140ice shaves, 60:4 158, 60:4 159Enterprise Today, 61:2 71entrenching axes. See intrenching axesentrenching shovels, 49:3 89entrenching tools, 51:3 90Entrenching Tools, Nomenclature and Care, 39:2 21ephemera. See also catalogscollections, 61:1 1woodworking machinery catalogs, 58:3 107–112Epitome of Mr. William Forsythe's Treatise, 61:2 53Eppes, Francis, 58:1 18, 58:1 25Erie, George Selden, 39:4 57Erie Canal, 47:4 119, 49:3 91, 52:2 51, 52:2 52, 53:2 54Erie City Directory, 40:2 18Erie Lighter, 39:4 57Erie Specialty Manufacturing Co., 40:2 18Ernst, L., and Son, 50:1 18–19Ernst, Louis, 50:1 17, 50:1 18–19Ernst, Louis J. (son of Louis Ernst), 50:1 18Ernst & Seifried, 50:1 18Erskine, Linwood, Jr., 52:2 66Erwin, C. B., 58:4 162–163escapementsfor planes, 55:2 80–81for tongue planes, 55:3 126Eshleman ice tools, 60:3 119, 60:3 121"E. S. Lane: A Maine Rule Maker and Scaler" (Butterworth and Blumenberg), 46:1 15–16Espirito Santo Silva, Ricardo Do, 38:4 74Essays, Political, Economical, and Philosophical (Rumford), 61:2 48Essays and Notes on Husbandry and Rural Affairs (Bordley), 51:2 50, 58:1 29essence peddlers, 44:1 14Essex, Massachusettsshipbuilding, 48:1 31–33, 49:2 62–64Essex Shipbuilding Museum, Essex, Massachusetts, 49:2 64, 56:2 55estate salesbuttermaking equipment and, 51:2 53

Esterbrook, R., & Co., 41:3 57Estes, Florence Miller, 38:4 70–71estrangers (apprentices), 60:1 7etchinggranite, 60:1 15etchingsof crafts and trades (van Vliet), 46:1 7–11Etruscan civilizationthreaded wood screws, 56:2 56Euclid, 45:3 68Eureka Screwdriver, 49:1 2, 54:3 118–119"Eureka Screwdriver," 54:3 118–119European toolscode and symbols on, 60:1 1–9, 60:2 77–83collecting, 39:3 46–47early planes, 61:4 157–164goosewing axes, 54:4 139–143Evans, Arthur, Sir, 38:2 32Evans, E. & J, 49:2 36Evans, Evanplanemaker, 49:2 35–36, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Evans, George Ewart, 37:4 64, 38:1 13Evans, George F., 37:2 35, 37:2 36Evans, Jamesplanemaker, 49:2 36Evans, John, 53:1 17Evans, Mary (George Elliot), 52:2 66Evans, Oliver, 41:3 56, 42:3 67, 43:1 24, 43:4 109, 61:2 48, 61:2 49Evans, Sheldon, 48:4 74Evans, Thomas Mellon, 48:1 31Evans, Williamplanemaker, 53:2 48Evans lighters, 39:4 57Eve, Joseph, 52:1 9Eveleth, Jonathan G., 53:3 87Evelyn, John, 39:3 47, 46:1 8"Even More on the Dietrich Saw Handle" (Kosmerl), 40:1 14–15"Even More on Wheeler, Madden & Bakewell" (Fales), 42:3 71–72Evens, William, 49:4 117, 50:3 90, 50:4 133, 52:1 26

music professor, 48:3 53–56planemaker, 48:3 53–56, 50:4 131–132planemaker and music professor, 48:3 53–56Everard, Thomas, 41:2 25Everett, Sylvester, 56:3 102evergreen oak planesPeugeot Freres, 39:3 34Evertt, Hilda, 37:4 65"E. W. Carpenter at Home" (Klingler), 47:2 60"E. W. Carpenter's Gothic Pilaster Plane" (Tannehill and Warner), 47:3 96Ewen, Sol, 43:1 17Ewing, Orville, 56:3 123"Example of Farm Mechanization, An" (Kappeler), 44:1 19"Excavation of Mount Olive" (lithograph), 61:2 51, 61:2 52"Excelsior" (Longfellow), 44:3 75Excursion into Bethlehem & Nazareth in Pennsylvania in the Year 1799 (Ogden), 43:2 43executive desk scissors, 52:3 102expanding bits, 45:3 78Experimental Engineering (Carpenter), 50:3 97Explanation or Key to the Various Manufactories of Sheffield with Engravings of eachArticle, designed for the utility of Merchants, Wholesale Ironmongers, and Travellers(Smith), 40:3 38, 58:1 38, 61:1 4, 61:1 6explosivesfor granite quarrying, 59:2 49–50for rock splitting, 49:3 81export inspection houses, 52:4 151exposure meterin photography, 60:4 140"Expressions to Our Language by Our Trades and Crafts" (Greenberger), 39:4 67eye hoesSandusky Tool Co., 46:3 60–61Ezeon Rubber Helpers, 50:2 61F"Fabulous Florian, The" (Goss), 49:3 72–74facing planes, 54:3 127, 59:3 120–121factory-made tools, 50:1 32Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Co.insurance maps, 53:1 31, 53:1 32n22factory system, 43:3 71

granite industry and, 60:1 19faganfor charcoal making, 47:2 37Fagrie, Wayne, 45:4 126Fahnestock, A. M., 49:4 121Fahnestock, S. S., 49:4 121Fahnestock, W. F., 49:4 121–122Fahnestock & Bro., 49:4 121Fairbanks, Henry, 37:3 47, 40:2 21Fairbanks, Joseph, 45:2 61Fairbanks, Leo, 61:3 inside coverFairbanks, Lloyd and Gladys, 45:2 61Fairbanks, Thaddeus, 37:3 47Fairbanks Morse Engines, 42:1 27Z Model, 41:3 79Fairclough, R., & Co., 58:4 172Falcon (schooner), 53:1 2–3Fales, Clifford (Cliff), 42:1 25, 45:4 100, 47:4 128, 48:1 27, 54:3 131"faling" axes, 46:2 47"false chimes," 42:4 95Falusi, Joseph, 53:2 68familyapprenticeship and, 60:1 7Family Encyclopedia, A (Crabb), 53:3 113Family Recipe Book (Ransome), 42:4 93"Famous Spiller Axe Family, The" (Klenman), 44:2 40fanscarved, 46:1 24–25Fanshawe, W. J.glove patents, 53:4 143Fargo, Sarah B., 37:1 19Farley, Benjamin M., 58:4 169Farley-Christman & Co., 49:1 29farm buildings, 55:3 85–94farmer/artisans, 51:2 54farmers' knives, 45:4 99Farmers' Museum, Cooperstown, New York, 37:1 13, 37:1 21, 38:1 1, 38:2 27, 45:1 25Sprague collection, 46:3 72, 46:3 73–75Tradesman's Tool Chest exhibit, 41:3 53–55

Farmer's Year, The (Haggard), 45:3 83"Farm Family Gets Their Picture Taken, A," 40:3 52Farmin, Uriel, 42:3 78farming. See agricultureFarming in Early Minnesota (Lettermann), 45:4 102Farmington Canal, 44:3 77Farmington River Manufacturing Co., 44:3 77farm mechanization, 44:1 19, 44:1 20, 44:2 53–54, 44:3 80–81. See also agriculturemechanical harvesters, 39:4 61farm shops, 44:3 73Farm Tools (Patridge), 57:2 55farm tools and implements, 41:2 28. See also agricultural toolscarpentry, 42:2 53horse-powered mowers, 44:3 80–81museum collection, 45:1 12storage of, 44:2 55–56, 44:3 73, 44:4 125whatsits, 44:4 110–111Farnam, Stephen Head, 37:1 3, 37:1 4Farnham, Alexander, 40:3 36, 40:3 50, 44:2 60, 44:3 70, 50:1 33Farnsworth, Harold, 49:4 110Farnsworth & Knapp, 46:1 26Farrand, Hiram, 53:4 163–167, 54:1 31, 54:4 159Farrand, Hiram A., Inc., 57:3 105–110Farrand, N. W., 49:2 56Farrant, F.glove patents, 53:4 141Farrar, Moses, 40:4 57Farrel Foundry and Machine Co., 44:1 18, 44:4 124farriers' box (carrier), 45:4 122farriers' butteris, 42:1 9farriers' tools, 42:1 2, 42:1 front coverpincers, 40:1 2short knife, 40:1 2types of, 42:1 8–9"Farrier's Tools: A Rewarding Study" (Straffin), 42:1 8–9farrier work, 42:2 48Farrington, I. B., 41:1 2Farris, I.metal-pad braces, 53:3 102

Farwell, J. T., 42:3 69Farwell, L. J., 45:3 94Farwell, L. J., Farwell Tin Shop, 56:2 83fashionclothing colors, 53:4 156–162Marseilles white work, 54:1 10–11, 54:1 17, 54:1 19n.11spread of trends in, 54:1 19n.11Fasig, D.hay knives, 38:4 76A, 57:2 62, 57:2 64Fasig, J.hay knives, 38:4 76, 57:2 58, 57:2 59, 57:2 61, 57:2 62, 57:2 64"Fathoming It Out: The IFFI Table" (Rees and Rees), 55:3 116–117Faulk & Shaifer (store), 52:4 133n19Faunce, John, 53:3 120Faure Frères, 55:4 149Fauth & Co., 39:2 18Favourite lawn mower, 52:2 49Fay, C. T., 45:4 98Fay, J. A., 46:4 116Fay, J. A., & Co., 46:4 116, 57:1 12, 58:2 73tilting bandsaws, 56:2 47Fay, J. A., & Egan Co., 58:3 109tilting bandsaws, 56:2 47–49Fay, L., 45:4 98Fay, Perley E., 45:4 115Fayerbank, Jonathan, 45:2 61Fayerweather, Lucretia, 53:4 134Fearon, Henry B., 47:2 59featheriesfor making golf balls, 39:2 31Featherlite measuring tapes, 54:3 121–123"Feats of Clay--Products of Some 19th Century Potters" (Streeter), 45:3 91–92Federal era tool chests, 46:2 45–46"Federal Style" sash planes, 54:1 7"Feeding the Farm Family: Domestic Outbuildings and Traditional Food Ways in theBlue Ridge" (Wyatt), 55:3 85–94Feehrer, Todd, 46:1 30Feely, Wayne E., 49:3 84, 50:2 43Feeser, Hollis, 58:4 173Fegley, Thomas J.

ace patents, 53:2 65Feheley, M. F., 43:2 54Felch, S., 38:2 26, 43:1 19, 43:3 72, 43:3 80, 44:1 21, 61:4 171Felch, Samuel, 43:3 72feldsparin granite, 59:2 37Fell, Deborah, 60:2 52Fell, Thomas, 60:2 53Fellencer, Lewis, 53:2 47Fellers, N., 49:2 56felling axes, 39:1 1, 39:2 21, 39:2 22, 46:3 89make-do (repaired), 43:3 61Morris, 37:1 3felloes planes, 56:3 127–128, 56:4 173Fellows, S. R., 60:4 148Fellows and Bates lawn mowers, 52:2 48felt factories, 45:3 72felt hats, 45:3 72–75, 52:4 155–160dyeing, 45:3 74feltmaking process, 45:3 72–74forming machines, 51:3 75–79fur, 43:1 4Harmony Society production of, 43:1 4Stetson, 51:4 112, 51:4 117n10wool, 43:1 4feltmaking, 45:3 72–74Feltman, Anna Justina, 58:4 154Feminization of American Culture, The (Douglas), 61:2 45fenced table planesNicholson, Francis, 54:1 5–6fence jumpers, 44:4 110fencesanti-fence-climbing device for livestock, 45:1 17sheep and, 52:2 70fence stretchers, 46:1 22fence suspension plows, 50:3 99fence wire stretchers, 37:2 41Fencing Tool Bible, The (Marquis), 43:3 78fencing tools

hammer, 43:4 105stretching tool, 43:4 105Feneran, F. J.hay knives, 57:2 67Fenimore Art Museum, Cooperstown, New York, 56:2 75"fenk-back," 45:2 37Fenn, Joseph, 55:4 149Fenn, Leonardaxes, 57:4 157Fenn, Mary B., 45:2 52Fennelly, Catherine, 47:4 118Fenton, C.hay knives, 38:4 76Fenton, G.hay knives, 57:2 63Fenton & Dunn, 39:3 37Fenton & Marsden, 43:4 102, 43:4 107Ferguson, Alan, 50:3 99Ferguson, Eugene S., 42:2 43, 44:1 3Ferguson, Jay, 41:3 53Fernald, Benjamin, 60:4 164Ferrabee, James, 52:2 47Ferrabee, John, 52:2 44, 52:2 45, 52:2 47Ferrees Band Instrument Tools and Supplies, 37:2 31Ferrery, Belle, 44:3 81Ferris, Blanche, 53:2 67ferro cerium flint, 39:4 58ferrying, 45:4 104fettle, 41:2 32Feuerstein, John, 39:4 65, 40:1 15, 40:4 64, 42:1 15Fewkes, Benjamin, 55:1 3fiber mallets, 43:4 89fids, 41:3 51–52in sailmaking, 45:3 85Field, A., & Sons, 46:1 17Field, David Dudley, 44:3 93Field, Isaac, 61:4 171field fortifications, 39:1 2"Fifteen Early Woodworking Planes Mostly Dated to within the First Millennium"(Long), 61:4 157–165

fifteenth-century tools, 54:2 81–82"55" planing millStanley advertising signs for, 59:2 72figuralsice picks, 60:3 124–125figure stone carvers, 59:4 149"File Maker" (Campbell), 47:1 31filemakers' hammers, 60:1 8"File Notes" (Brundage), 40:3 53filescast-steel, 38:4 76classification of, 48:3 45–46Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 155Grobet. F. L., 45:4 115handles, 39:1 17Hewlett's tool chest, 39:1 7inventory lists, 39:3 43make-do tools from, 58:1 15n.8makers, 47:1 31, 48:2 53McCaffrey File Co., 48:3 45–51, 51:4 125Nicholson File Co., 38:4 76Peugeot Freres, 39:3 34planemakers', 44:1 30re-cut, 40:1 1, 41:1 18recycled, 40:1 1–2, 40:2 35, 40:3 40, 40:3 53"Files and Other Things" (etching, Boxer), 52:2 77Filiatreault, Damas C., 45:3 90"filieres et Tarots," 40:1 9fillet irons, 50:1 21fillet planeswhatsits, 42:4 104filletsfor bookbinding, 44:1 24fillister (filletster) planesCarpenter, E. W., 47:1 12long-arm, 57:1 36–37sash, 57:1 2, 57:1 36screw-arm, 58:4 173without arms, 57:1 36

Finch, Bob, 38:2 33, 38:3 46, 45:3 93, 51:3 86Finch, Maxine, 45:3 93"Fine Magazine Explores 'True Grit,' A," 44:1 15Fine Tools Journal, The, 57:2 55, 57:2 58, 57:2 59Fine Woodworking (Starr), 40:1 11Fine Woodworking magazine, 40:1 15, 41:3 60finishing butter, 52:3 90–91finishing tools, in bookbinding, 44:1 23–24Finney, Bill, 38:4 73Finney, W. S.hay knives, 38:4 76, 57:2 65Finther, Anna Louisa, 58:4 160firemethods of producing, 38:2 31–32, 38:2 35Firearms, Traps & Mountain Men (Russell), 37:1 20Afire balloons, 41:3 59fire buckets, 40:3 47fire cakes, 39:1 10recipe, 39:1 11–12fireplaces, 54:1 26illustrations promoting, 61:2 45, 61:2 46salamanders for cooking in, 45:1 25–26fireplace tongs, 37:3 56Afire shovelsfor brick ovens, 39:1 11firesteels, 38:2 31–32, 38:2 35, 44:4 104combination, 38:3 52design variations, 38:3 52vendors, 38:2 31Firestone Company, 61:1 25fire truckshand pump for, 41:1 16firewood, 54:1 26–30trimming with bucksaws, 59:2 59firkinsbutter, 52:3 85–86, 52:3 92n8capacity standards, 52:4 151–153Firmin, Thomas, 53:4 132First American Finishers' Manual, The, 53:2 78, 53:2 79

"First American Manufactured Brace?" (Kosmerl), 42:3 67–68First & Pryibil Co., 44:2 54tilting bandsaws, 56:2 45First Winchester, The: The Story of the 1866 Repeating Rifle (Parsons), 38:1 15Fischer, C. A.hay knives, 57:2 63, 57:2 64Fischer, F. J.hay knives, 57:2 60, 57:2 62Fischetti, David C., 59:4 164fishcutting tools, 58:3 127religious symbolism, 60:2 80–82Fish, Roland, 45:4 122fish bone patternsymbolism, 60:2 80–82on tools, 60:1 1Fisher, Anthony, Sr., 53:1 34Fisher, B. F., 54:3 110, 54:3 111Fisher, C. E., 44:2 56Fisher, H., 39:1 17Fisher, J.hay knives, 57:2 66Fisher, John, 56:2 68Fisher, Jonathan, 39:4 63, 52:4 162Fisher, Mary Ellen, 39:4 63Fisher, Ray, 46:1 22Fisher, Robert, 46:2 55Fisher, Sarah Logan, 50:4 112Fisher, W. T., 38:4 67, 41:3 40Fisher Co., 50:2 62Fisher's Pills, 56:2 68fish glue, 53:1 28, 53:1 29, 53:1 31fishingfor mossbonkers (menhaden or pogies), 45:2 51fishing implements, 45:4 121hook disgorger, 45:2 44nets, 45:4 121fishing spearsfor catching eels, 43:2 35glossary of terms, 43:2 36

iron, 43:2 35types of, 43:2 35–37, 43:3 68"Fishing Spears" (Sawers)"Brief Background, A, Part I," 43:2 35–37" Related Implements, Part II," 43:3 68fishnet shuttles, 44:2 55Jefferson, Thomas, 43:4 100Fisk, Cherie, 46:1 19Fiske, George W., 49:1 16Fitch, Darius, 45:2 48, 45:2 50Fitch, Jabez, 45:3 93–94, 45:4 125account books and diaries, 45:2 48–50Fitch, Jabez (son of Jabez), 45:2 48, 45:2 49, 45:2 50Fitch, Stephen, 43:2 41Fitch, Theophilus Wilson, 45:2 48, 45:2 49, 45:2 50Fitch, Ursula R., 46:1 29Fitler, Weaver & Co., Rope Makers and Chandlers (Fitler and Co.), 56:3 94"fitsall" wrenches, 40:1 2Fitz, Benry, 39:2 18Fitz, Gordon, 58:1 16Fitzgerald, Agnes Blake, 50:1 31Fitz Waterwheel Co., 58:2 75Five Hundred and Seven Mechanical Movements (Brown), 49:2 67"Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandrie" (Tusser), 38:1 13Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry (Tusser), 41:2 33, 41:4 85, 43:2 38–40Five Siths and a Mathook (Sinclair), 45:3 90Flagg, Gershon, 61:2 47flagging irons, 39:2 29Flanders, Herb, 38:2 36flanging felt hats, 52:4 160, 52:4 160n20flannel, 45:2 38, 52:4 130Flaschman, Jacob, 54:2 85Flash Age, 55:3 107"Flash-lite" screwdrivers, 55:4 155–156flatboatsshipping by, 46:2 50flatiron gripsfor planes, 60:1 43flat-nosed jewelers' plierswhatsits, 43:3 77

flat-nosed tongs, 40:2 28–29flat-tang bits, 53:3 96, 53:3 97flax, 61:2 46mills, 61:2 54processing, hatchels and, 58:2 50–51spinning, 53:4 132wheels, 46:3 88flax brakes (harnessmaking tools), 39:2 20flax breakerswhatsit, 38:4 75fleam, 45:3 84Fleck, Alexander, Limited, 40:4 60Fleetwood scroll saws, 41:1 2Fleming, E. McClung, 42:1 5, 54:2 67–74Flemish scythes, 40:4 65, 40:4 66, 41:1 9, 41:1 10, 41:1 18, 41:1 19, 43:3 75Flemming, Walt, 41:3 53Fletcher, Fred S., 44:4 100, 45:1 30, 57:3 86Fletcher, Joseph C., 44:4 100Fletcher, Samantha, 44:4 100Fletcher, Terry B., 44:4 100Fletcher Quarry, Woodbury, Vermont, 59:2 42, 60:1 23Fletcher-Terry Co., 44:4 99, 44:4 100catalog, 44:1 19–20fleur-de-lys, 60:1 5flexible-bottom shaves, 52:3 108Flinn, Karen A., 59:1 2flintground, 48:1 33Flint, Archelaus, 42:3 79Flint, Elizabeth F., 50:1 18Flint, Joseph, 37:1 19, 50:1 14–18saws, 39:4 65, 53:1 19flint-and-steel fire-making devices, 38:2 31, 38:3 52–55flintlock, 49:1 31flint paper, 48:1 33Flint Saw Works, 50:1 14–18backsaws, 59:1 19, 59:1 20floathooks, 39:4 68Afloating cutting cylinder, 52:3 93

"Float Note, A" (French), 44:4 124floatsfour-sided, 38:3 46planemakers', 38:3 46–47, 44:1 30round, 47:4 112whatsits, 38:4 75–76Flood, James C., mansion, 55:3 108floor board gauges, 37:3 51, 37:4 69, 37:4 72A, 38:1 inside cover"Floor Board Gauges" (Bopp), 37:3 51floor boardsalternate wide and narrow ends, 38:1 inside coverwidths, 37:3 51, 37:4 72Afloor coveringssand as, 42:2 41, 42:3 73–74, 42:4 109, 45:3 92wire grass as, 58:3 95–96"Floor Gauge, The (Erstwhile Clapboard Gauge)" (Kebabian), 46:3 81–84floor gauges, 46:3 81–84, 49:1 18, 50:4 124floor machinistsSouthern Railway, 50:3 80"Floor Planers, The" (Reibel), 48:4 89–90"Floor Planers, The" (Les raboteurs de parquets) (Caillebotte), 48:4 89–90, 48:4 frontcover, 49:1 7floorspainting, 42:3 63sanding (scattering sand on floors), 42:2 41, 42:3 73, 42:4 109, 45:3 92scattering rushes on, 42:2 41"Floor Saw or Ice Saw?" (Spier), 38:2 33floor saws, 38:2 33Florence, Italypolyptychs, 46:4 99, 46:4 104Florian, Berkeley J., 49:3 72–74, 49:4 139Florian, Julian, 49:3 72–73Florian, Samuel, 49:3 72Florian Pinker, 49:3 74Florida Land Improvement Co., 38:4 67Florio, Jeremy, 53:3 120Florry, Bob, 46:4 123flour barrels, 51:1 13, 51:1 14, 51:1 front cover, 52:4 151, 52:4 152assize, 51:3 94flour mills

Asian, 42:1 10automatic, 61:2 48, 61:2 49flower-holding scissors, 52:3 104flower-making tools, 50:1 21Flushing and North Side Railroad, 44:3 81flute-cutting machinesfor granite, 60:1 12"Fluting Iron," 49:1 29fluting irons, 49:1 29, 49:2 52Flying Cloud, The (clipper ship), 42:2 44Flynt Granite and Construction Co., 43:1 14fly-shuttle loom, 53:4 132fly traps, 42:3 63flywheel magneto, 52:3 97F (frost) nails, 42:2 49Focazio, Peter, 45:3 89, 45:4 112, 45:4 118Foerster, Henry, 41:4 63Folck, Charles, 46:2 48folding boxwood squares, 39:2 32folding carpenters' ruleEnglish, 42:1 3–5"Folding Fret Saw" (Reichman), 44:1 18–19folding fret saws, 44:1 18–19folding rules. See also zig-zag rulesbrass, 46:2 55Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:3 117, 59:3 118folding scissors, 49:3 72–74folding shovelsU.S. military, 39:2 22Foley, Thomas, 52:2 61Foley Filing and Jointing Machine, 45:2 44folkloreworkshop, 37:4 64–66Follows & Bates lawn mowers, 52:3 94, 52:3 97, 52:3 98"Follow-up, A" (Schaffer), 39:3 49"Follow-Up on Striking a Light, A" (White), 39:1 14–15"Follow-up: Van Vliet Cash Drawers" (Jackson), 53:4 167food choppers, 45:1 31, 45:1 back cover, 49:3 94, 50:1 23–25, 50:2 63, 51:3 96Starrett Co., 49:3 69–70, 49:3 front coverwhatsits, 50:3 87

"Food Choppers" (Burchard), 50:1 23–25, 51:3 96food preservation, 55:3 90food squeezersStarrett, LeRoy, 45:1 20footmenNewport, Rhode Island, mansions, 53:2 68foot-powered machines. See also velocipede (pedal-powered) machinesband saws, 60:4 142, 60:4 143formers, 44:4 125fret-saws, 44:3 79grinding and polishing machines, 44:4 126, 48:4 85–86jig saws, 44:4 116lathes, 44:4 125, 47:4 115–118leather belting for, 44:1 27scroll saws, 44:4 126table saws, 47:4 115woodworking machinery, 48:4 75–88"Foot-Powered Woodworking Machinery of W. F & John Barnes Company (Horner andJohnson), 48:4 75–88foot ruleswhalebone, 45:1 31foot treadles, 42:3 82foot warmerssoapstone, 45:2 57footwear. See shoesU.S. Cavalry, 37:3 53Forbes, Alexander, 49:2 61, 49:2 67, 49:4 114Forbes, Esther, 46:2 39Forbes, Harriette Merrifield, 56:3 126Ford, Bob, 53:3 121–122Ford, Henry, 44:1 4, 50:3 98Ford, Lemuel, 53:3 121–122Ford, Lewis, 43:1 26Ford Bit Co., 45:2 40foreign tradeCrescent Machine Co., 60:4 143fore (trying) planes, 45:4 108, 46:3 77, 47:1 7–8shipwrights-style, 57:1 18–19

foresail, 48:2 41forest chairs, 58:4 135Forest City Screwdriver and Drill Co., 56:4 133–145, 56:4 136–143acquired by North Brothers, 56:4 144acquired by Stanley Tool Co., 56:4 145jobbers, 56:4 143products, 56:4 138–142"Forge, Foundry, Machine Shop and Mill" (Brundage), 43:3 71, 43:4 94–95, 44:1 20,44:2 53–54, 44:3 93, 44:3 95, 44:4 93, 44:4 95, 45:1 28"Editorial," 44:4 121forged toolsPeugeot Freres, 39:3 34forgesanchor, 54:3 105blacksmith, 51:1 6–7, 54:1 21, 54:1 22refinery, 54:4 137forging, 37:4 57forging hammers, 50:4 138–139forging machinesSouthern Railway, 50:3 81"Forging Problem, A" (Keller), 42:3 72Forgit, Norman, 45:3 66, 58:3 120, 58:3 122"Forgotten American Craft, The," 37:3 51Forgotten Arts, The (Seymour), 51:1 16Forgotten Household Crafts (Seymour), 42:3 73"Forgotten Sight, A" (Brown), 39:1 3forks, 47:2 64turning, 48:3 51wooden, 39:4 68Aforkstaff (nosing) planes, 47:1 2, 47:1 5, 47:1 9fork tipsberyllium, 53:3 107Forman, Benno, 43:1 15"Former Industries and Present Collections Created by Corn through the Ages"(Whitney), 50:3 101–104formersfoot-powered, 44:4 125"Forming Machine, The: How the manufacturing of hats went from 6 to 600 per day"(Henderson), 51:3 75–79forming machines (felt hat processing), 51:3 75–79, 52:4 160n6

Forni, Gaetano, 45:1 11Forshee, John, 41:3 53Forster, Thomasglove patents, 53:4 142–143Forstner, Benjamin, 45:1 3Forstner bits, 45:3 78"'For the Use of Workmen Fully and Clearly Explained" (Turner), 46:1 25Fort Loudouninventory, George Washington, 43:2 44–45Fortuna (schooner yacht), 53:1 5forwarding tools, in bookbinding, 44:1 23–24Foss, B. F., 49:2 56Foster, Abner, 42:1 24, 46:3 86, 46:3 87Foster, Asa Lansford, 52:3 115, 52:4 135Foster, Deacon James, 53:3 121Foster, Helen H., 43:1 10Foster, J. T., 44:1 19Foster, Zilpha Paine, 54:2 67Foubitz, Olaf, 42:2 38. See also Goubitz, Heer OlafFought, George, 53:2 50Fought's General Store, Pribble's Mills, Virginia, 53:2 50, 53:2 52n5Foundry & Machine Co., 57:3 112–115Fountain, Harold, 42:3 65, 56:3 127, 56:4 173Fountain, Peter, 50:1 5four-bladed spadepaperweight, 57:2 53Four Million, The (Porter), 44:2 36"Four Planes by Thomas Granford" (Rees), 48:1 13–16four-sided float saw, 38:3 46"Four-Sided Question, A," 38:3 46four-square files, 39:4 68AFour-Square household tools, Stanley Works, 53:2 63, 59:3 114–119, 59:4 155–160advertising, 59:3 114–119, 59:4 155, 59:4 160auger bits, 59:4 156augers, 59:3 117awls, 59:4 158bench planes, 59:3 119bit braces, 59:4 156, 59:4 157block planes, 59:3 119booklet, 59:3 114

aces, 59:4 157breast drills, 59:4 158, 59:4 160cast iron saw sets, 59:4 158catalogs, 59:3 114, 59:3 115, 59:3 116Christmas set, 57:4 141, 57:4 142chucks, 59:4 160collecting, 59:4 160countertop cards/displays, 59:3 116–117, 59:4 155do-it-yourself market and, 59:3 115, 59:4 160files, 59:4 155folding rules, 59:3 117, 59:3 118hammers, 59:3 118handsaws, 59:4 155history of, 59:4 155–160jaw vises, 59:4 124, 59:4 159levels, 59:3 117–118, 59:4 159logo sign, 59:3 114mill files, 59:4 155, 59:4 156numbered tools, 59:4 156pipe wrenches, 59:4 155planes, 59:3 118–119, 59:4 160post cards, 59:3 115, 59:3 116poster stamps, 59:3 115, 59:3 116pry bars, 59:4 155pull-push measuring tapes, 54:1 31, 59:4 159, 59:4 160putty knives, 59:4 156, 59:4 158, 59:4 159rules, 59:3 117saws, 59:3 117, 59:4 155, 59:4 156screwdrivers, 59:4 158, 59:4 159slip joint pliers, 59:4 156, 59:4 158socket chisels, 59:4 156, 59:4 157street car signs, 59:3 115, 59:3 116tape measures, 54:1 31, 59:4 159, 59:4 160trademarks, 59:3 115try and miter squares, 59:4 158, 59:4 159vises, 59:3 117window displays, 59:4 124, 59:4 back coverzigzag rules, 59:3 118Fowle, Joseph, 59:2 46Fowle, Reg, 48:1 18

Fowle, Robert, 47:3 73Fowler, John, 42:4 109Fowler, Josiah, 38:3 50, 54:1 25Fowler, Josiah, Co., Ltd., 54:1 25Fox, C. P., 41:4 61–63Fox, D., 59:2 55Fox, Hugh R., 45:3 83Fox, J., 41:3 54Fox, Luther, 41:1 11Fox, Lydia, 54:2 52Fox, Philo L., 41:3 40Fox, Robert T., St., 56:3 105Foxfire Book, 47:4 118Fox level, 52:4 165Fox Try and Bevel Square, 41:3 40Fraley, Frederick, 58:4 155frame quilts, 54:2 71frame saw files, 39:1 7frame saws, 41:3 84, 47:4 133, 55:4 145–150, 55:4 157, 61:3 109marks left by, 61:3 108framingMonticello, 55:2 67–70, 55:2 72–74framing chisels, 45:2 55framing squares, 38:2 23, 39:3 49. See also carpenters' squaresKraus tool chest, 60:3 96Franceautomobile production, 52:4 166early planes, 61:4 163–164family bread marks, 60:2 81planes, 54:1 35textiles, 54:1 10–14Francis, Charles A., 48:2 40"Francis, John, and Cesar: A Different View of their Planes" (Ingraham), 54:1 1–8Francis, Maria S., 47:3 82Francis, Thomas J.planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56"Francis Nicholson--Living in Wrentham" (Englund), 53:1 33–35"Francis Nicholson Up-Date" (Ingraham), 58:3 120–123Frank, Leopoldglove patents, 53:4 143

Frankford Arsenal, 49:1 31–32Frankfurt croze, 59:4 161–162Franklin, Benjamin, 38:2 22, 44:3 89, 48:4 99, 55:4 134, 55:4 140n1, 57:3 97, 59:1 24,61:2 46, 61:2 55, 61:4 148Franklin, Linda, 46:1 23, 56:1 18Franklin, Linda Campbell, 45:3 92Franklin, William, 42:4 92Franklin Edge Tool Co., Junior brand, 60:2 64Franklin fireplace, 61:2 45, 61:2 46Franklin Hide Glue, 39:1 12Franklin Institute, 56:2 69, 56:4 159, 58:4 154, 58:4 155, 58:4 157Exposition of 1874, 48:3 46–47John Scott Award, 56:4 143–144, 56:4 145Franklin Institute Exhibitions, 60:2 53, 60:2 55Beatty, John and, 60:3 102–103Franklin Institute Exposition of 1874, 48:3 46–47Franklin Institute Journal, 44:2 42Franklin Journal, 61:2 49–50Franklin Mill, 60:3 105Franz & Pope, 57:3 115, 57:3 117Fraunces, Samuel, 58:4 140Fray, John, Co., 41:3 42Fray, John S., 53:1 9, 53:1 10, 60:3 96Fray, John S., Co., 53:2 62acquired by Stanley Rule & Level Co., 53:1 12brace numbering system, 53:1 11–12braces, 53:1 9–12hand drills, 60:3 129–132, 60:4 165Fray, J. S., 49:2 56Frearson screws, 50:2 62Frederick Post Co.Chemical Engineers' Slide Rule, 50:2 47Freedman, Herman, 37:2 35, 43:2 46, 59:1 8"freedom dues," 46:2 45Freeman, Charles, 39:4 65Freeman, Sambo, 46:2 42, 46:4 95, 46:4 97Free Masonry, 46:4 94–95symbolic marks, 60:2 82Freeth, Benjaminmetal-pad braces, 53:3 96, 53:3 100, 53:3 101, 53:3 102

Freeze, Frank, 49:1 30"Freezing the Bugs Out" (Roberts), 40:2 30–31freight wagonsfor Santa Fe Trail, 58:2 85French, Gary, 44:4 126, 45:2 44, 45:3 83, 45:4 126French, Gary E., 50:2 56French, J. F., 59:2 67French, John, 52:1 38French, Josiah, 59:2 65French and Indian Wars, 46:2 41–42, 46:2 47French Canadiansgranite workers, 60:1 23"French chip" hats, 39:4 63"French Connection" (West), 56:3 128"French Connection, Part Deux" (Packham), 56:4 169"French Connection III, The" (Packham), 57:4 137–139French coopers' compass, 56:2 63, 56:3 128, 56:4 169, 57:4 137–139French cormier smoothing planes, 60:4 173French inchescaliper scale, 53:2 78–80, 53:3 127French marks, 38:3 49French mowers' anvils, 41:1 18, 41:1 19French peddlers catalog, 58:1 39French Poultry Killing Knife, 41:1 16, 41:3 56–57French purple, 53:4 158French Revolutionprinting press and, 42:3 77French stairmakers' saws, 60:2 82French-type adzes, 41:3 58–59Frenzeny, Paul, 52:4 136Fresno (slip) scraper, 45:1 23fret saws, 45:3 95, 45:3 back cover, 45:4 125folding, 44:1 18–19, 44:3 91pedal-actuated, 44:3 79popularity of, 44:4 119table-top, 44:4 118treadle-operated, 41:1 1–2fretwork, 41:1 1–2scroll saw, 45:3 93

Frey, H. C., 39:2 24friction matches, 38:2 35, 44:2 43, 44:4 104Fridlington, Robert, 41:1 9, 41:1 10, 50:1 33Friedrich, Robert C., 42:1 19Friend, Esther, 46:2 42Frisbee, Russell, 43:4 105Frish, Anne, 57:1 37froe (frow), 40:1 2, 45:3 67, 49:3 76, 61:2 75for splitting wood, 61:3 108froe horse, 61:2 78frogs, in brick, 59:2 54–55, 59:2 57"From Keyboards to Running Boards and Back" (Gedney), 41:4 73"From Lap to Loom: The Transition of Marseilles White Work from Hand to Machine"(Atkins), 54:1 9–19"From Poplar Chips to Popular Hats" (White), 39:4 64–65"From the Editor" (MacLeish), 53:1 41, 53:4 131"From the Editor: Textile History Issue" (MacLeish), 53:4 131"From the Ridiculously Simple to the Excessively Sublime--Three Clapboard SidingMarkers" (Kababian), 46:3 83–84"Front Cover: E. W. Carpenter Filletster plane," 47:1 12frontier fortsaxes for building, 38:2 22frontier house building, 41:2 31front shopsin felt hat making, 52:4 158"Front View of the Maryland State House" (Peale), 61:3 95, 61:3 96Frost, Jeremiah, 42:1 6Frost, S. A., 59:1 5frosted letteringgranite, 59:4 146frost nails, 42:2 49fruit, 55:3 87fruit-crate labels, 42:4 111, 42:4 back coverfruit jarsVan Vliet, Warren R., 53:2 44–45fruit press, 49:1 24"Fruit Press," 49:1 24fruitwood planes, 42:1 5Peugeot Freres, 39:3 34

Fry, C. M., 42:1 20, 42:1 21"frying pan" candlestick, 46:1 10frying pans"spider," 45:3 91, 45:3 94Fry & Ramsey, 42:1 21"Fuddle Stick, The" (Streeter), 38:4 72–73fuddle sticks, 38:4 72–73, 41:2 32"Fuel for the Fires: Charcoal Making in the Nineteenth Century" (Crumrin), 47:2 35–38Fugelso, John N., 61:2 75, 61:4 165Fuhro, Larry, 50:1 33full boxed bead planes, 48:4 92–93Fuller, A. B., 46:1 34Fuller, David, 37:2 34, 37:2 36planemaker, 44:3 67–70, 44:4 112–113, 45:1 10Fuller, Erastus, 44:3 67, 44:3 68, 44:3 69, 44:3 70, 44:4 112–113Fuller, George, 50:3 93, 50:3 97Fuller, H. E., 45:1 7Fuller, Jo, 40:2 25, 61:3 128, 61:4 171Fuller, John, 44:3 67Fuller, John, Jr., 39:2 27–28Fuller, John E., 44:3 67, 50:3 93Fuller, Joseph, 43:2 46, 43:4 97, 48:3 35, 48:3 41–42, 54:1 7, 54:1 8, 56:1 30–31, 56:137, 61:4 144Fuller, Robertadvertising, 61:1 5broadsides, 61:1 5Fuller, William, 41:3 53–54, 44:3 67, 44:3 68Fuller-Bakewell slide rule, 50:3 96–97Fuller slide rules, 50:3 93–98accuracy of, 50:3 97known rules, 50:3 94 (insert)production of, 50:3 94–95suppliers of, 50:3 95–96types of, 50:3 96–97"Fuller Spiral Scale Slide Rule, The" (Feely), 50:3 93–98fullers' shears, 45:4 112, 53:1 41"Fuller's Teasel, The" (Straffin), 45:2 38–39fullers' teasels, 45:4 112decorative use of, 45:2 39raising nap on wool fabrics with, 45:2 38–39

Fuller's Time Telegraph, 50:3 93Fullerton, Erwin, 56:2 83fulling, 45:2 38, 50:4 113"Fulling Around: The Shaker Fulling Mill at Sound Union, Kentucky" (Parker andJeffrey), 52:4 127–133fulling mills, 39:2 30, 50:4 113, 52:4 127–133fulling process, 52:4 128–129record books, 52:4 127, 52:4 128, 52:4 133n7Fulton, Robert, 58:1 7Fulton, Travis, 48:2 44Fulton corn grinders/shellers, 45:4 116Fultz, Bennett D.planemaker, 42:1 7fuming sulfuric acid slide rule, 50:2 47"Function and Appearance First" (Kean), 37:1 14–15"Function of the 'Piano Tuner's' Bellows" (Ball), 42:3 70–71"Fundacao Ricardo do Espirito Santo Silva, The" (Kebabian), 38:4 74furfor felt hatmaking, 51:3 75–79, 52:4 155–160raccoon hunters, 39:3 39Furbish, David B., 56:4 145Furbish, George W., 56:4 136Furbish, I. M., 49:2 56Furbish, Isaiah M., 56:4 134Furbish, Lydia A., 56:4 136Furbish, Rita, 56:4 145Furbish, Zachry T. (Zachary), 56:4 133–145directory listings, 56:4 135patents, 56:4 142–143ratchet and spiral screwdrivers, 49:2 55, 49:2 56, 49:2 57, 56:4 135–136, 56:4 141John Scott Award, 56:4 143–144spelling of name, 56:4 136Furbish & Hamlen, 49:2 55, 56:4 134–136fur blowing machines, 51:3 75Furlong, Monica, 45:3 84furnace roomsNewport, Rhode Island., mansions, 53:2 71furnaces. See also iron furnacescupola (vertical cylindrical furnace), 42:4 98–99portable summer, 43:2 50–51

Furness, Frank, 56:3 93Furness Barlow knives, 44:2 53furniture. See also chairs and chairmakingBear, Christian, 58:2 70–71Coffman, Alexander Stuart, 48:4 69–73desks, 45:3 89makers, 39:2 31Rockford, Illinois, 39:1 15with threaded wooden screws, 56:2 57tool marks on, 61:3 106–116, 61:4 165Windsor chairs, 58:4 133–140, 59:2 75, 59:2 77woodworking tools, 39:3 45Furniture Makers of Indiana (Walters), 39:3 40Furrow, Annie M., 56:1 19"Further Note on Spills, A" (Riblet), 43:4 92"Further Notes on McCormick and the Machine Age" (Kirby), 44:2 53–54"Further Notes on 'Rossing' Tools" (Perch), 44:1 19"Further Notes on the American Axe" (Smith), 38:2 34–35"Further Notes on the Buttriss" (Burchard), 37:4 71"Further Notes on the Early English Three Fold Ship Carpenter's Rule" (Kebabian), 42:13–5"Further on the Job Press Lock," 52:2 50fur trade firesteel, 38:2 32Fur Trade Quarterly, 51:1 24Fussel, Solomon, 45:2 55Fussels cataloghay knives, 57:2 56, 57:2 57, 57:2 60–61fustian fabric, 54:2 71, 54:2 72Fyler, Barton N., 44:2 41–42GGabel, M., 48:2 40Gabriel, Christopher, 46:2 45, 46:4 120, 50:1 12, 51:2 64–65, 57:1 4metal-pad braces, 53:3 101, 53:3 102, 53:3 103screw-adjusted slide-arm plow planes, 59:1 30–31Gabriel, Christopher, and Sons, 47:3 97Gabriel and Sons, 46:2 45Gaddi, Agnolo, 46:4 106n.2gaffers (railroad section bosses), 43:4 96gaffs (fishing spears), 43:2 36, 43:2 37, 43:3 68

gafus (Mangbetu tools), 43:4 103Gage, J. L., 37:1 18Gage, John, 39:4 56Gage, John Porcious, 39:4 56Gage, Phineas, 43:3 65Gage Tool Co., 56:2 74Gagnon, Joseph E., 41:3 41Gaillard, Peter, 44:3 80Gaines, W. H.hay knives, 57:2 67Gaines, William W., 52:1 14Gale, Moses F., 39:4 57gallamanders (garymanders)for granite transport, 59:3 91, 59:3 93galley planes, 51:4 131gallon, 52:4 154n3Galloway, Duane, 50:3 73, 50:3 87Gallup, Frank M., 46:3 62Gallup, Mozart, 46:3 61, 46:3 63Galt Axe Factory, 42:4 94Galt Edge Tool and Carriage Spring Works, 42:4 94Gamage, Harvey F., 48:1 1, 48:2 42, 48:2 45Gambiashears, 41:3 84trademark, 43:4 98"Gambia: What's in a Name," 43:4 98Gamble, James, 40:1 16A, 42:1 12–13Gamble, Nat, 51:3 69–71Gamble, Robert, 58:2 57Gandenberger, Gil, 40:4 56ganghook (fishing spears), 43:3 68gang mowers, 52:3 97gang saws, 44:2 41for granite, 59:4 132–133, 59:4 135gangue, 42:1 14Ganley & King, 44:2 59Gannicott, Eric, 42:1 15, 45:4 103, 56:1 39, 60:1 45"Garden Engine," 59:1 21, 59:1 back cover, 59:1 inside front covergarden engines, 44:3 94–95, 59:1 21Gardener, M., 44:4 119

garden markers, 57:1 26–27garden pruners, 52:3 105garden stakes, 57:1 26–27garden toolschromium, 57:1 27long-handled, 57:1 25–27short-handled, 57:1 23–25Stanley Works, 57:1 23–27Gardiner, Rockwell, 41:3 84Gardiner, Sylvester, 44:3 67Gardner, Ida, 45:2 52Gardner, James G., 37:3 45–46Gardner, L., 49:1 29Gardner, Martin, 56:2 63Gardner, Nelson R., 44:3 83Gardner, Robert E., 45:1 22Gardner, William, 37:3 55Gardner & Brazer, 45:4 103Gardnier, Charles William, 40:3 44Gardnier, Elizabeth, 40:3 44Gardnier, William G., 40:3 44Garfield, James, 43:4 100, 44:2 48gargoyle figure, 46:1 25Garland adjustable takedown saw handle, 41:2 35garment factories"sweat shops," 40:3 41Garner, Mary, 58:1 30n.15garnet paper, 53:1 26–29, 53:2 82garnetsin needle sharpeners, 47:1 13–14garnet sand, 44:2 41mining, 53:1 27–28, 53:2 82Garoutte, Sally, 54:1 15Garratt, M., 49:2 56Garret, Chuck, 44:2 56Garrison, J. Ritchie, 61:1 38–39Garrity, Patrick H., 55:2 60Garsault, F. de, 37:4 71Garsault, M. de, 37:1 7, 37:1 9Garven, James L., 38:4 73

Garvin, Donna-Belle, 38:4 73, 46:4 122garymanders (gallamanders)for granite transport, 59:3 91, 59:3 93gas lightingin cotton mills, 54:2 73gas mantle, 39:4 58gasoline-powered machineslawn mowers, 52:3 93washing machines, 43:4 91Gasz, Joseph, 51:4 114Gateley, D. C., Co., 42:2 43Gates, Dephos, 41:3 38gate-type polishersfor granite, 59:4 141–142Gatty, Joseph, 39:2 18gauffering irons, 49:1 29gauge-leaf saws, 54:3 113gauge points, 37:2 25, 37:2 26gaugesaccount book records, 45:3 80, 45:3 81barrel and cask standards, 52:4 151–154Carpenter, E. W., 47:1 4carpenters, 51:2 61–63clapboard (floor), 46:3 81–84, 49:1 18, 50:4 124, 50:4 130, 50:4 132, 50:4 139double-stepped clapboard, 54:2 51marking, 39:1 5, 50:4 130, 50:4 132, 50:4 139, 53:3 123–124, 53:4 171, 54:2 52mortise, 54:2 52shoulder, 48:4 93slitting, 48:3 67stair making, 51:4 123–125, 52:1 4, 53:3 117–119, 53:3 122watch crystal, 46:2 53whatsits, 45:3 85, 48:2 61, 49:1 27gauging rodsadvertising giveaways, 61:1 24for barrels, 50:4 123–124Dominy family, 58:2 49, 58:2 52–53Pearson, H. S., 53:3 93–95repairs to, 53:3 95gauntletspatents, 53:4 140, 53:4 141

Gauntlett, James F. (Jim), 48:1 19, 48:1 33, 49:2 65, 49:4 114, 52:1 37, 52:4 163, 53:3126Gay, G. E., 49:2 55, 49:2 56Gay, George A., 56:4 137Gay, Mehitable, 42:1 14Gay, M. Paulin, 59:2 49Gay and Parsons, 49:2 55Gaynor, Jay, 39:2 16, 41:3 80, 41:3 81, 47:2 46, 51:2 67Gaynor, Jay M., 40:2 16Gazette and Farmers Journal, The, 37:1 3Gear & Chain lawn mowers, 52:3 95gear-driven lawn mowers, 52:2 48geared lifting jack, 59:3 81geared locomotives, 59:3 92–93Gearhart Knitting Machine, 38:3 48, 54:1 39Geddes, R. S., 61:2 59, 61:2 60Geddes, R. S., and Associates, 61:2 59–60Gedge/gouge bit, 45:2 40Gedney, Bart, 41:3 84, 42:2 37, 45:1 27, 45:1 30Gedney, Bartholomew, 39:3 36Gedney, Charity, 39:3 52A, 40:1 16–16A, 41:2 36, 41:3 56, 42:1 25, 43:4 92, 43:4 94,44:1 14, 44:2 43, 44:2 62Geer, Elihu, 49:4 133Gehring, Jim, 54:1 36Gems from an Old Drummer's Grip, 44:2 52gendarme blue, 53:4 159gender equityShakers and, 52:4 133n5genealogical indexing, 38:1 16General Chemical Co.fuming sulfuric acid slide rule, 50:2 47General Electric Co., 44:2 44–45, 57:1 14irons, 42:2 32General Hardware, 51:3 96General MotorsElectro-Motive Division, 50:3 86"Generations of Augermakers in Kingston, Massachusetts" (Welcker and Welcker), 53:3120–122Genesee Country Village, 56:3 124Genesee Valley Canal, 48:1 9

Genius of Japanese Carpentry, The (Brown), 61:3 106Genovese, Eugene, 52:1 21n2gentlemen's tool chests or kits, 38:4 57–60, 42:1 12, 46:2 45Genuine Forgery, 54:3 105, 54:3 108–109"Geological Look-Alikes" (Ball), 38:1 12Geology, Mineralogy, Biology, and Zoology of Massachusetts (Hitchcock), 44:2 46geometric diagramsbarn patterns, 51:3 98"George Miller's Carpenters Guide" (Nelson), 51:2 61–63"George Shetter, A Father of the Solid-Center Auger" (Price), 46:1 20Georgia Railway and Power Co., 43:1 13Gerard lead screws, 56:3 111–112, 56:3 113Gerfen, F.hay knives, 57:2 63"German Augers in Wisconsin" (Herrick), 41:3 48"German Carpenter Tool Beer Mug" (Kosmerl), 50:2 48German culturein Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 47:1 24–25German immigrantsBritish tool use by, 41:1 8husking pegs, 59:3 99Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 47:1 24–25tools, 40:3 42–43, 42:4 89tools supplied to, 39:1 16, 39:2 32Awoodworkers, 60:3 98World War I and, 60:4 154–155German jack planes, 46:3 79German-pattern square-eyed hoes, 46:3 62"German People, British Tools" (Wyllie), 41:1 8"German People, German Tools?" (Roberts), 40:3 42–43German toolsaugers, 41:3 48axes, 41:3 58German-pattern square-eyed hoes, 46:3 62jack planes, 46:3 79German Tribune, 46:1 32Germanyautomobile production, 52:4 166factory apprenticeship, 43:1 11–12Nürnberg sixteenth-century tools, 54:2 81–85, 54:3 128

oval lathes, 41:2 37pictorial teaching aides, 49:1 23–24Gerner, Manfred, 40:1 15Gersaint, Edme-Francois, 58:3 100Gesner, George W., 45:3 95Gesner, Harleston Corbert, 45:3 95gesso, 46:4 107n.14Gesswein, F. W., 61:1 1"get down to brass tacks" expression, 39:4 67Gettle, Jim, 49:2 66, 51:3 96Geyer, Adam, 43:1 4, 43:1 5Gibbel, Benjamin, 47:1 23–24Gibbon, Benjamin, 52:4 142, 52:4 143Gibbs, Hannah, 39:1 12Gibbs, Henry, 61:3 89Gibbs, James, 58:1 15n.6Gibbs, Margaret, 61:3 89Gibbs, Robert, 61:3 89Gibbs, Temperance, 47:2 50Gibson-Craig, James, 39:1 16Giddings, Elias, 43:1 10Giffen, Bob, 43:2 55Giffin, George E., 51:4 125Giffin, John E.stair making gauges, 51:4 123–125, 53:3 117"Giffin Patent Stair Gauge" (Nelson), 51:4 123–125Gifford, A., Co., 54:3 114Gifford, Anthony, Captain, 55:2 46–51maker marks, 55:2 50Gifford, Anthony A. (nephew of Capt. Anthony Gifford), 55:2 51Gifford, Deborah (Chase), 55:2 47, 55:2 51Gifford, Peleg C., 55:2 47–48Gifford, Peter, 55:2 51Gifford, Stephen, 55:2 47–48Gifford Bros., 41:3 79Gifford-Wood Co., 60:3 116plows, 42:1 26"gift-wrapped" boxesfor Stanley Christmas promotions, 57:4 142–147

gigging machines, 45:2 38Gignac, Simon, 54:3 105gigs (fishing spears), 43:2 36Gildersleeve Shipyard, 55:3 106gildingin bookbinding, 44:1 25Giles, W. T., 61:1 25Gilgrest, John, 51:3 71Gill, Ebenezer, 55:3 98Gill, Harold B., Jr., 41:3 80Gill, John M., 37:3 45Gill, Robert, 37:3 45Gillespie, Edward P., 45:4 122, 45:4 1123Gillespie, William Mitchell, 45:2 53–54Gillespie, W. M., 37:3 56AGillette, King C., 45:3 86Gillis, J. L., 43:4 96, 44:1 18Gillon, E. V., Jr., 40:1 16AGillot, Joseph, 47:4 133Gillow, Jack, 47:4 112, 57:2 50Gilman, Henry, 48:1 12Gilmore, Bob, 45:4 100, 46:1 18Gilmore, Edwin, 50:1 6Gilmour, William, 53:2 68–69, 53:2 72, 53:2 73Gilpin, Thomas, 61:1 10Gilroy, W. L., 56:1 17, 56:1 18Gilruth, James, 49:4 125gilt tooling implementsfor bookbinding, 44:1 24Gimenez, Arsenio, 40:2 31gimlets, 45:2 40, 45:4 99Hewlett's tool chest, 39:1 7–8Monticello collection, 58:1 13Gimlet screws, 47:3 87"gimlet-ventiduct," 55:4 141–142gingerbread-creasers, 44:3 89Gingrich, Amos, 39:2 25gin houses, 52:1 10gins. See also cotton gins; saw gin manufacturing

defined, 54:4 160threading (rack), 51:3 90, 51:3 cover, 54:4 160–163ginwrights, 52:1 11–19Gior, Eliedge tool maker, 49:2 41–42Girard, Stephen, 58:4 139Girling, F. A., 54:3 128–129Gladney, Richard S., 52:1 17Gladwin, P. A., 61:4 171Gladwin, Porter A., 46:1 13, 46:1 14, 50:2 53Gladwin combination plane, 58:4 172Gladwin twist bit, 56:3 110–111, 56:3 112Glascow, George, 54:1 13Glasgo, Isaac C., 41:4 74Glaskin, J. B., 43:4 105Glasow, B. E., 37:4 65glassknobs, 55:4 133–140lettering on plate-glass windows, 37:4 69making holes in, 39:1 15medical, 46:1 17packing boxes for, 55:4 166–167potash for, 61:2 47prices, 55:4 167qualities of, 55:4 166solarization in, 55:4 138wooden shipping crates for, 54:4 164Glass, Hannah, 42:4 109glass blowingfactory, 47:3 95for scientific instruments, 39:2 18"Glass Blowing," 47:3 95glass check planes, 55:2 80glass check ploughs, 57:1 5glass cutters, 38:4 76A, 45:1 17, 45:1 30combination tools, 57:3 85–90diamond, 46:1 17Magic Diamond, 44:1 19–20, 44:3 86patents, 44:4 99–100

glass-faced croze, 41:3 80–82Glassie, Henry, 38:3 45glass tube cutters, 43:3 70glaziers' tools, 57:3 86chisels with paper-wrapped handle, 57:1 37"Gleanings" (Reichman)"Account Book of Terence Tracy, a 19th Century Cooper, The," 42:1 19–21"Artful Tools of the Mangbetu People, The," 43:4 103–104"Colonial American Ironmongers" (Reichman), 46:1 27–28"Daily Transactions of a 19th Century Rural Blacksmith, The," 44:4 122–123"Horse-Powered Mowers," 44:3 80–81"Long Island Group Mounts Well Received Tool Exhibit," 42:4 103–104"Long Island Toolmakers," 44:2 58–59"Made in Maine," 42:3 75–76"More on 19th Century Long Island Tool Resources," 45:4 121"More on Spear Fishing," 43:3 76"Museum Mirrors Its Milieu," 45:1 12–13"19th Century Rural Blacksmith's Day-Book: An Addendum," 45:2 52"Pollaks and the Astragal Press, The," 43:2 46–47"Railroad Deports," 44:3 81"Sculptured Tools as Architectural Adornment," 42:2 50–53"Tradesman's Tool Chest, The," 41:3 53–55"Unusual Museum Exhibition, An," 43:1 17"Woodworker as Road Builder, The," 45:2 53–54"Working Tool Collection of a Modern-Day Bibliophegus, The," 44:1 23–25"Young, Bagge & Co. and the Glass-faced Croze," 41:4 80–82"Gleanings from Collections" (Reichman), 40:4 64"Gleanings from Collections: Eastern European Coopers' Tools" (Reichman), 40:3 48–49"Gleanings from Libraries: The Winterthur Library" (Cooney and McKinstry), 58:1 37–39"Gleanings from Museums" (Reichman), 38:4 66, 39:2 30, 39:3 45, 39:4 59, 40:2 32–33Gleason, Albert S.planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Gleason and Bailey Manufacturing Co., 45:3 94Gleave, J., 43:3 80Glenn, William B.planemaker, 57:3 99Glenn & Duke's Tool Store, 57:3 99Glide-O-Matic measuring tapes, 54:3 125"Glimpse Inside a Small Musical Instrument Shop, A" (Bopp), 55:2 76–79, 55:2 81

"Glimpse of the Problems of a Canalboat Builder's Family, A" (Burchard), 38:3 56"Glimpses of the Massachusetts Lumbering Industry" (Klingler), 42:2 42Glissman, Edna, 42:3 83Globe Building, Rochester, New York, 48:1 12Glossary of Wood (Corkhill), 48:2 59Gloucester, Massachusettsshipbuilding, 49:2 63glove fasteners, 53:4 138, 53:4 141glovemakingcutting dies, 53:4 138–139patents, 53:4 137–144Glover, F., 45:3 89Glover, Henry, 45:3 89Gloversville, New Yorkglove patents, 53:4 138–144glove questions, 54:1 36gloves, 54:1 36aquatic, 53:4 138, 53:4 143baseball, 53:4 142bathing, 53:4 143boxing, 53:4 142corn-husking, 53:4 141grooming, 53:4 142, 53:4 143India rubber, 53:4 142–143novelty, 53:4 142–143patents, 53:4 138–144steam pressing equipment, 53:4 139, 53:4 140tennis, 53:4 143voltaic, 53:4 143glove stretchers, 53:4 143, 53:4 144gluefish glue production, 53:1 28, 53:1 29, 53:1 31inventory lists, 39:3 43production, 53:1 28, 53:1 29gluts, 49:3 75G. M. Co., Long Island, 43:2 31, 44:2 59gnomon, 41:1 10Goa textiles, 54:1 19n.15Goddard, Asa, 41:1 12Godey's Lady's Book and Magazine, 49:4 133

fashion colors described in, 53:4 156–162Godiva Engineering, 52:3 98Godkin, E. L., 52:3 114, 52:4 143, 52:4 144–145Gods, Graves, and Scholars (Ceram), 43:2 35Godwin, Abraham, 40:2 23, 40:2 24, 61:4 153Goelet, Peter, 46:1 27Goetz, F., 48:2 40Goffe, Augustusknitting machines, 53:4 147, 53:4 150, 53:4 151Goffe, Dariusknitting machines, 53:4 147goffering (gauffering) irons, 49:2 52"Going to Shrewsbury" (Jewett), 44:3 91goldbeaterswagons, 44:2 54gold dustseparating, using potatoes, 40:3 52"Golden Age of Farm-Produced Butter in New England and the Mid-Atlantic Region1700s to 1800s, The" (Gibson), 52:3 85–92Golden Age of Homespun, The (Van Wageman), 45:2 43"Golden Age of Shotgunning, The" (Hinman), 37:3 56AGoldenberg (Alsace) ironfor planes, 60:1 43Golden Section, 45:3 68Goldin, Claudia, 52:1 10Gold King Mill, 44:2 44–45Goldman, Emil, 49:3 74gold mineselectric power and, 44:2 44–45gold pens (nibs), 39:1 17Gold RushAlaska, 61:1 19–20separating gold dust with potatoes, 40:3 52Goldsboro, Robert, 61:3 93, 61:3 94Goldsmith, Barbara, 43:1 9Goldsmith, "Cathnrine," 57:1 20Goldsmith, Eli, 56:4 156, 56:4 157, 56:4 159, 57:1 17, 57:1 20Goldsmith, George, 57:1 17planemaker, 56:4 155–156, 56:4 158Goldsmith, John, Sr.

planemaker, 56:4 158Goldsmith, John S., 56:4 158Goldsmith, Laurel, 57:1 17Goldsmith, S., 57:1 16Goldsmith, Stephen, 56:4 159Goldsmith, Thomas, 57:1 16planemaker, 56:4 155, 56:4 157, 56:4 158, 56:4 159Goldsmith, Thos., & Son, 56:4 156Goldsmith, William, 57:1 16, 57:1 17, 57:1 18Goldsmith, William, Jr., 57:1 16planemaker, 56:4 156–159Goldsmith, William, Sr.planemaker, 56:4 155–159golf ballstools for making, 39:2 31Good, Edward, 50:4 117–120Good, Eleanor (Harris), 50:4 117Good, Nathan, 50:4 117Goode, Henry, 53:2 68Goodell, Albert D., 45:4 115Goodell, Dexter W., 45:4 115Goodell, Frederick A., 45:4 115Goodell, Henry E., 45:4 115Goodell, Son, & Co., 45:4 115Goodell Brothers Co., 45:4 115Goodell Co.apple parers, 59:4 152, 59:4 153commercial parers, 59:4 154White Mountain potato parer, 59:4 153Goodell Manufacturing Co., 45:4 115Goodell-Pratt Co., 45:3 79, 45:4 115, 52:4 165, 55:4 150, 60:3 130Goodell Tool Co., 45:1 30, 45:4 115Gooderich, Andrews & Co., 46:1 21Goodhart, Charles, 53:2 72, 53:2 73Goodhart, Magda, 53:2 73Goodman, William (Bill), 61:2 83Goodman, William L. (Bill), 41:1 11, 41:1 16, 41:2 24, 41:3 37, 42:1 6, 42:3 65, 43:1 16,43:2 47, 43:3 81, 45:1 21, 46:1 12, 46:1 32, 48:2 57, 51:3 89, 52:1 25, 55:4 145, 58:2 77Goodman, W. L., 37:4 56, 37:4 66, 39:3 46, 40:3 52, 43:2 47, 43:3 81, 46:1 12, 51:3 89,52:1 25, 55:4 145, 58:2 77, 61:4 158, 61:4 163

chisel-shape typologies, 39:1 8n27Goodmanham plane, 61:4 157, 61:4 164Goodnow, Edward, 41:3 38Goodnow, Lamson, 44:3 88Goodrich, Charles B., 46:3 87Goodrich, Messena, 48:2 62Goodrich, Samuel, 54:1 27Goodridge, Samuel, 46:2 50Goodspeed and Wyman Machine Co., 47:3 73Goodspeed Machine Co., 47:3 73–74Good Will Messenger, 41:3 51Goody, Rabbit, 38:4 76A, 41:3 58, 53:4 131Goodyear, Charles, 37:3 43Goodyear Welt stitcher, 37:3 43–44Goolsby, Jerald, 40:1 16, 42:1 15goosewing axes, 40:2 36, 44:3 91, 45:2 55, 54:4 135–143, 57:2 49common or modified, 54:4 136decoration, 54:4 141defined, 54:4 135handles, 54:4 140–141hewing axes, 39:3 52large-scale production of, 54:4 138manufacturing, 54:4 136–137name stamps, 54:4 141Pennsylvania vs. European style, 54:4 139–142poll width, 54:4 140punch decoration, 54:4 141socket angle cant, 54:4 140socket base, 54:4 141–142socket eyeholes, 54:4 139–140steel production for, 54:4 137–138true, 54:4 135goosewing brushes, 44:3 91"Goose-Wing Brush vs. The Goose-Wing Axe, The" (Pearl), 44:3 91goose yokes, 51:2 60Gordon, Arnold, 56:2 77Gorenelo, D., 44:1 25Gorham, Jackson, 38:3 43Gorlin, Jack, 38:3 46, 42:2 36, 45:3 86, 45:3 87

"Gorlin Whatsit Identification Reunites Old Associates," 45:3 86–87Goss, Grace Jenkins, 49:4 139scissors collection, 49:4 front coverGoss, John, 54:3 126, 54:3 130Gosselin, Cyrille, 50:2 54Gotham, Walter, 54:2 78gothic pilaster planesCarpenter, E. W., 47:1 1, 47:1 3, 47:1 6, 47:1 11, 47:3 96Gottesman, Rita Susswein, 44:1 31Goubitz, Heer Olaf, 42:3 58gouge quarée (square gouge), 42:3 64gougesfor bookbinding, 44:1 25gouge quarée (square gouge), 42:3 64Hewlett's tool chest, 39:1 6–7Gould, David, 56:3 116, 56:3 117Gould, Ernest, 38:4 73Gould, Mary Earle, 56:2 83Gould Machine Co., 44:4 121"Gowanda" axe, 51:1 23Gowen, Franklin B., 52:4 138, 52:4 144Gowen Compromise, 52:4 138–138, 52:4 140Grab, George, 40:4 73AGrabau, Andreas Christian, 48:2 49Grabb, John R., 40:4 53, 41:1 20A, 41:2 34, 41:2 36, 46:1 19grab hooks, 59:3 85grab links, 59:3 85Grabowski, Ron, 44:4 99, 56:4 173Grabowski, William, 43:1 5Grace, Robert, 61:2 46Graham, A., 52:4 133n19Graham, Andrew O., 56:3 119–120Graham, J. A., 57:3 114Graham, John, 41:1 7Graham, John H., & Co., 56:1 6, 56:1 7, 56:4 143Graham, Richard J., 38:2 34Graham, Robert D., Jr. (Bob), 37:2 20, 42:2 30, 43:2 46, 43:3 72, 43:3 80, 44:1 21, 45:121, 51:3 72–73Grahams, R., 38:2 34grain (fishing spears), 43:2 35

grain cradles, 40:4 64, 41:2 34grain cropsin Colonial America, 39:1 9–12grain d'orge, 42:3 64grain sack fillers, 45:2 46, 45:4 122grain shovels, 40:4 64granaries, 55:3 87grand pianos, 47:3 94Granford, Thomas, 49:3 86, 51:3 69–72, 58:3 123planes, 48:1 13–16Granford, Thomas, II, 46:4 120Granfors Bruk AB, 39:4 54Granick, Chuck, 49:2 61, 49:4 114, 50:4 129, 53:2 81, 58:3 128, 61:2 83granite. See also grout (waste granite)abrasives for, 59:4 130, 59:4 135, 59:4 147architecture and, 58:3 125, 59:2 40bed-setting, 59:4 142boring, 60:1 13building construction, 59:2 39–42building facings, 59:2 41carving, 59:4 149–150colors of, 59:2 37, 59:2 38, 59:2 39, 59:2 40composition of, 59:2 37–38corrugating, 60:1 13–14crushed, 59:2 42crushing, 60:1 16, 60:1 17curtain walls, 59:2 41distribution of, 59:2 37dust control, 59:4 131, 59:4 140, 59:4 141dust exposure, 59:4 139etching, 60:1 15finishing, 59:4 130, 60:1 10–32finishing tools, 59:4 130flat surfacing, 59:4 139–140flute cutting, 60:1 12formation of, 59:2 37–38grout (waste granite), 59:2 42Hallowell Stinchfield Quarry, 56:1 40–41for Joseph Smith Monument, 60:1 25, 60:1 facing p. 1kerf, 59:4 135

for landscaping, 59:2 42lapping, 60:1 14lettering and shape carving, 59:4 146–147lifting and moving between sheds, 59:4 137–139memorials, 59:2 40monumental, 59:2 38muriatic acid washing, 59:4 151paving blocks, 60:1 15–16polishing, 59:2 38, 59:4 140–143quarrying, 58:3 124–125rail transport of, 59:2 39–40, 59:3 87, 59:3 91–93, 59:4 139, 59:4 151rift, 59:2 44–45roughing out and cutting, 59:4 143–146sandblasting, 59:4 130, 59:4 147, 59:4 148sawing, 59:4 131–137saws for, 59:4 135–137sculpting and modeling, 59:4 147–149shattering, 59:4 130shed architecture, 59:4 130–131sloop or schooner transport of, 59:3 91, 59:3 93splitting methods, 59:2 38–39, 59:2 44–45, 59:4 143Stony Creek pink, 55:1 35–36surface finishes, 59:4 130for surface plates, 59:2 42tool and machinery power sources, 60:1 18–23tool and machinery technology, 60:1 16–18transfer cars for, 59:4 131transport of, 59:2 39–40, 59:4 151turning, 60:1 10–12unloading quarry blocks, 59:4 131uses of, 59:2 40–42, 59:4 130washing and boxing, 59:4 151waste, 59:4 135, 60:1 10granite bush chisels, 43:3 83, 59:4 144, 59:4 145–146granite bush hammers, 43:3 83Granite Co., Rockport, 58:3 124–125Granite Cutters International Association, 60:1 31Granite Cutters' Journal, 60:1 26, 60:1 30Granite Cutters Union, 60:1 30granite-cutting lathes, 60:1 10–12

granite hand-cutting tools, 59:4 144–146Granite Importers, 55:3 100granite industryin Aberdeen, Scotland, 60:1 16apprenticeships, 60:1 23coal power and, 60:1 21collapse of, 60:1 31compressed air drilling, 60:1 21, 60:1 23dust control, 60:1 26–28electric industry and, 60:1 21–23factory system and, 60:1 19finishing shed jobs, 60:1 24–25history of, 59:2 38–40, 59:4 130–151immigrant workers, 60:1 23, 60:1 27labor unions and, 60:1 28, 60:1 30–31machine efficiency, 60:1 19, 60:1 26machine shops, 60:1 18noise in, 60:1 29–30railroads and, 60:1 21risks in, 60:1 26safety and health, 60:1 29–30silicosis and tuberculosis and, 60:1 23, 60:1 25–29steam power and, 60:1 20–21, 60:1 22tools and machinery, 59:2 37–52, 59:3 81–96, 60:1 10–32transportation and, 60:1 19wages, 60:1 31water power and, 60:1 19–20granite monumentsrock-faced, 59:4 144, 59:4 145workflow, 59:4 134granite planeslapping, 60:1 14granite press rolls, 60:1 13granite quarries and quarrying, 43:3 69–70air compressors, 59:3 95blasting (shooting), 59:2 49–50blue granite, 59:2 37boom derricks for, 59:2 39, 59:3 81–84cableways, 59:2 44channeling, 59:2 48–49

difficulty of quarrying, 59:2 38double-jacking, 59:2 45drilling deep holes and lift holes, 59:2 44–48drilling diagram, 59:2 44drills, 59:2 44–48drive-in quarries, 59:2 43injuries, 59:3 96jet piercing (torch cutting) technology, 59:2 49keyway block, 59:2 43–44, 59:2 45lifting and moving, 59:3 81–87overburden removal, 59:2 43–44pit quarries, 59:2 43, 59:3 80, 59:3 front coverprocess, 59:3 92quarry whistles, 59:3 95–96quarry workers, 59:3 80, 59:3 back coversaw block extraction workflow, 59:2 42single jacking, 59:2 45splitting saw blocks, 59:2 50–52steel wire cable for, 59:3 82technology, 59:2 42–43tools for, 59:2 45–48transporting, 59:3 91–95trimming, 59:3 87–91Granite Railway, Quincy, Massachusetts, 59:3 91–92granite sheds, 59:4 130–131dust control, 59:4 131supporting services, 59:4 131whistles, 59:4 131Grannis, Hiram, 49:2 40Gränsfors Bruks Aktiebolag, 39:4 54Grant, David, 43:1 20Grant, George, 45:2 51Grant, Madison, 52:1 35Grant, Roger, 52:2 72Grant, Thomas, 38:2 26, 38:3 56, 45:3 90planes, 38:3 57grapefruit cutter, 57:2 71grape presses, 56:2 64grass matting

Japan, 58:3 97rug trade, 58:3 98n.10wire grass, 58:3 97Grasso, Joe, 44:3 83, 45:3 69grass plats, 52:2 44grater/shaver, 45:3 84Graton, Arnold, Sr., 54:4 148, 54:4 149Graton, Austin, 54:4 149Graton, Milton S., 46:4 113–115, 54:4 148, 54:4 149, 54:4 152Graton, Stanley, II, 54:4 149–152Gravelet, Jean François, 59:3 88–89Graves, Elisha, 37:2 24, 38:3 51edge tool manufactury, 37:2 22Graves, J. G., Co., 51:3 89Graves and Fenbie, 48:1 2gravestonesbrownstone, 55:3 97–98, 55:3 109, 56:3 103–104cloth cropper's shears depicted on, 40:2 33costs of, 58:4 143death's-head motif, 55:3 97pairs of, 58:4 143stonecutting, 58:4 142–146, 58:4 150Gray, Edward, 43:4 99Gray, Frank, 37:2 40, 46:1 19Gray, G. E., 49:2 56Gray, Henry Jenkins, 55:3 115Gray, John, 44:2 back coverGrayling (schooner yacht), 53:1 5"Gray's Ferry" (Peale), 61:3 95, 61:3 96Grayson, David, 39:2 29, 39:3 48, 40:1 15Grayson, Ruth, 59:4 129Graywacke limestone, 44:2 46Grearson & Lane Co., 60:1 11Great and Shining Road, A (Williams), 41:3 79Great BritainRoman period planes, 61:4 157shot towers, 37:3 56Agreat coats, 52:4 131–132, 52:4 133n23Great Depression

Crescent Machine Co. and, 61:2 58–60Southern Railway and, 50:3 79–80Stanley Rule & Level Co. and, 61:4 167tool sales and, 61:2 79Great Fire of 1872 (Boston), 55:4 134Great Goddess, 40:3 52Great Neck Saw Co., 46:1 17great (walking) spinning wheel, 38:1 1–2Great Western File Co., 39:2 26Greaves, Abraham, 41:3 84, 43:4 98Greaves, George, 43:4 98Greaves, Isaac, 43:4 98Greaves, W., & Sons, 49:3 94food choppers, 50:1 23Greber, J. M., 61:4 158Greber, Josef M., 43:4 92, 44:4 109, 57:4 164, 58:3 128–129Greear, Delbert, 40:1 15Greedschap, 49:1 33Green, David C., 56:4 168–169Green, Henry Reynolds, 56:4 168Green, John, 46:4 120, 54:1 5, 57:1 2metal-pad braces, 53:3 103Sheffield brace, 53:3 102Green, Joseph, 48:1 16Green, Susan, 48:4 93Green, Thankful A., 57:2 42Green, Thomas, 52:2 46, 52:2 47, 55:4 146, 61:1 4Green, Thomas, & Son, Ltd.lawn mowers, 52:2 46–49, 52:3 93–95, 52:3 97, 52:3 98Green & Belcher, Hardware & Cutlery, 56:4 168–169Greenberg, Jack, 39:4 59Greenberger, B. J., 39:3 46Greenberger, Howard, 38:2 36Agreen corn, 56:1 16hullers, 56:1 21shredders, 56:1 16–24, 56:2 81slicers, 56:1 16green dyesaldehyde green, 53:4 157, 53:4 159Azof green, 53:4 158, 53:4 159

Chinese green, 53:4 158Guignet green, 53:4 156iodine green, 53:4 159Metternich green, 53:4 159pomona green, 53:4 159Scheele's green, 53:4 156, 53:4 159Schweinfurt green, 53:4 156, 53:4 159Greene, F. C., 49:2 56Greene, John, 51:3 101Greene, O. Z., 54:3 118, 54:3 119spiral screwdrivers, 49:1 3–5Greenfield, Massachusettscutlery making, 37:3 55Greenfield Construction Co., 43:1 13Greenfield Tool Co., 39:3 37, 43:4 110, 44:3 88, 46:1 12, 49:4 116, 49:4 123, 61:1 10,61:4 172Greenhalgh, Jack, 45:2 46Greenleaf, David, 52:1 13Greenleaf, Florence "Flossie," 46:1 15–16, 60:4 164Greenleaf, F. M., 46:1 15–16Greenleaf, William H., 46:1 15–16Greenleaf Tool Co., 45:2 42Greenlee bits, 45:2 40Green River Works, 37:4 59"green sawdust," 43:1 25Greenslade, W., 55:2 80, 55:4 168Greenslade plane, 57:1 2Green Store, 45:1 24Green & Turnerplanes, 50:4 129Greenwood, Aaron, 50:1 4Greenwood, William T., 52:1 31green woodworking, 47:1 33Greer, H. S., Co.ice shaves, 60:4 161Greer, Jacob R., 47:3 83Gregg, Edward, 49:4 117Gregg, J. N., 49:2 41Gregg, M., 50:1 19Gregg, Mahlon, 50:1 19

edge tool maker, 49:2 41tool factory, 53:1 17Gregg, Mahlon, & Son, 49:2 41Gregg & Beck, Inc., 51:3 95Gregg & Hamilton, 49:2 41Gregory, G., 61:3 92Grell, Herman C.ice crushers, 61:1 34Grey, Frances, 58:4 171n.8Grey Iron Casting Co.ice shaves, 60:4 159, 60:4 160Gribbon, John, 48:2 35, 48:2 39griddlessoapstone, 45:2 57Griffen, A. M., Plumbing, Steamfitting, and Tinning, 38:4 60Griffin, Henry, 52:2 54planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56, 53:2 57Griffin stair making gauge, 53:3 119Griffis, William Eliot, 42:3 73Griffith, Charles, 61:1 9Griffiths, James, 45:2 57Grimes, Bert, 53:1 29Grimshaw on Saws, 44:4 123, 45:2 62grindersfor granite, 59:4 146hand-cranked, for corn, 50:3 104grinder's consumption, 49:4 110grinding and polishing machinesfoot-powered, 44:4 126, 48:4 85–86grinding lathesfor granite, 60:1 11grinding wheels, 40:3 36Grind Stone City, 41:1 11, 41:1 19"Grind Stone City" (O'Connor), 41:1 11grindstone consumption (silicosis), 60:1 39Grindstone Country (Bond), 41:1 11grindstone lathe, 49:4 125–129"Grindstone Quarry, The" (West), 49:1 18Grindstone Quarrying and Manufacturing Industry, 60:1 37grindstones, 41:1 11, 43:1 11, 50:2 56, 53:1 32n19

lanks, 44:1 15Coolidge, Calvin, 43:4 100emery grinding wheels, 60:1 41industry, 41:1 19Ohio sandstones, 60:1 36–42quarrying and processing of, 44:1 15sandstone, quarries, 49:1 18, 49:2 66wet, 46:3 63Grip-E-Grip screwdrivers, 55:3 125grippers, 49:4 138gripping device, 52:1 41Grist, George, 52:3 97Gristmill, The, 37:4 56, 42:3 65grist mills, 52:4 127–128wind or water power, 41:3 60Griswold, John, 38:2 36Griswold, Mary, 44:1 6Griswold, Samuel, 52:1 18–19Griswold, Walter P., 52:2 55Griswold & Gunnison, 52:1 18–19Griswold Knitter, 38:3 47–49grit, 43:1 10, 43:3 65–66, 44:1 15, 44:2 41–42Grobet, F. L.files, 45:4 115"Grobet Swiss Files" (Kappeler), 45:4 115Grocers' Encyclopedia, The (Ward), 52:3 85Groff, A.hay knives, 57:2 69Grohmann, Eckhart G., Grohmann Collection, Milwaukee School of Engineering, 57:3120–121Grolin, Harriet, 39:1 inside front coverGrolin, Jack, 39:1 inside front covergroma, 41:1 10grooming gloves, 53:4 142, 53:4 143grooving planes, 46:1 12, 49:1 29grooving routers, 52:3 124grooving tools, 42:4 104–105Grosch, Christopher, 50:4 111Grossman, F. W., 45:4 119

Grossman & Karker, 44:3 81Groton, New Yorklivelihoods, in 1850, 39:3 35–36"Groundbreaking Developments of the New England Footwear Industry" (Collazzo),37:3 43–44, 37:3 46ground flint, 47:4 123, 48:1 33grout (waste granite)end-dump, 59:3 88lifting and moving, 59:3 87, 59:3 88–91removal of, 59:3 88–91side-dump, 59:3 88uses of, 59:2 42grout box, 59:3 89–90Grout's Excelsior Gold Boot sign, 44:4 105Grove, Frank Harrold (F. H.), 60:4 138, 60:4 139, 60:4 140Grover, Anna Harrold, 60:4 140Grover, Valentine, 60:4 140Groves and Sons, 44:3 69Grove & Shoemaker, 47:3 100grub hoesCarter, Israel, 50:1 28grub saws, 44:1 17gudegeon ("juging"), 55:2 78guidescarpenters, 51:4 131joiners, 51:4 131Guide to American Brace Patents 1829-1910 (Pearson), 40:2 34, 42:1 16Guide to American Tool Catalogs 1744-1900, A (Romaine), 44:4 127Guide to American Trade Catalogues A, 1744-1900, 61:1 1Guide to American Wooden Planes and Their Makers, A (Pollak and Pollak), 37:2 33–34,38:1 10, 39:1 13, 42:4 96Guide to Archives and Manuscripts in the United States, A (Hamer), 38:2 16Guide to the Makers of American Wooden Planes, A (Pollak and Pollak), 43:2 46, 44:117, 50:4 133, 53:2 48, 53:2 53, 53:2 54, 56:1 26, 57:1 33–34, 57:3 99, 59:3 103, 59:3105, 61:1 40, 61:1 41Guignet green, 53:4 156Guild, Charles, 48:1 10, 48:1 11, 53:1 14guildsapprenticeships, 46:4 100, 46:4 106n.2Hamburg, 48:2 50, 48:2 53

Italy, 46:4 100, 46:4 106n.2membership certificates, 61:4 146standards and practices, 60:1 2–8symbolism used by, 60:1 1Guilford, William H., 43:1 10Guilford mill, 44:2 41Guilford Quarry, 43:3 66Guillaume, Charles, 58:1 3, 58:1 6, 58:1 7guilloche, 42:2 45guillotine knives, 44:1 24Guinness, Alison, 56:3 89, 56:3 93Guinon, Mamas et Cie., 53:4 158guitars, 55:2 76Guiteau, Charles, 43:4 88, 44:2 48Gulch, Melchior, 39:2 32AGuldbeck, Per, 46:3 74Gullet Gin Stand, 52:1 17Gullet Manufacturing Co., 52:1 18Gullett, Benjamin D., 52:1 14, 52:1 17, 52:1 22n33, 52:1 22n34gummer cutters, 45:1 30gum turpentine, 52:3 122gunbarrel lathe, 44:1 4Gunn, D. B.glove patents, 53:4 138, 53:4 139Gunn, Levi, 45:4 101gunners' matches, 44:4 104Gunnison, Arvin N., 52:1 18Gunnison & Chapman, 52:1 17, 52:1 18"Gun Repair Tool Kit for the Delaware" (Price), 38:2 34gun repair tool kits, 38:2 34gunsConfederate pistols, 50:1 34–35Connecticut Arms & Manufacturing Co., 45:1 22Enfield rifles, 47:3 87marks on, 38:3 49pepper-box pistols, 52:2 44gunsmith's engraving planes, 42:3 65Gunsmith's Manual, The (Stelle and Harrison), 41:3 49, 41:3 84gunstockingshaves and scrapers for, 57:4 148–150

gunstock lathes, 44:1 4, 44:1 31, 44:1 back cover, 47:3 87Gunter, Edmund, 41:2 25, 41:2 26, 48:1 29Gunter gauges, 51:1 14Gunter rules, 55:2 49–50Gunter scale slide measuring tapes, 54:3 114–117Gunter's slide, 37:2 25–27Gurley, W. & L. E., Co., 45:2 41, 50:1 8, 57:4 129Gus Harvey (Smith), 45:2 61Gustafson, Bill, 53:4 168Guthrie, Wayne, 59:3 98gutter planes, 53:3 115guy boom derricks, 59:3 82"G. W. Burdick, Quarry Town Tool Maker Improves the Stone Mason's Hammer" (Ball),43:1 14HHaberland, Joseph, 46:2 48Hackenberger, Roy, 38:2 23hackles. See hatchelshack planes, 46:3 77hacksaws, 45:4 122–123, 51:2 42, 51:3 74, 55:4 145, 55:4 148Archimedian drill and double-nut hacksaw, 55:4 149Hadley quadrant, 61:4 front cover, 61:4 inside front coverHaehnlen, Jacob, 56:3 90Haehnlen, Lewis, 56:3 90Hagedorn, Nancy, 47:2 46Hagen, W. L., 58:4 168Hagerty Vernax wax, 39:1 12Haggard, H. Rider, 45:3 83Haggin, Catherine, 53:2 69Haggin, Margaret, 53:2 69Hahn, William, 45:2 43Haight, F. M., 48:1 8Haight, H., and Co., 49:2 37–38, 49:2 39Haight, Henryplanemaker, 49:2 37–38Haight, Samuel N., 55:4 141Haight, Samuel W., 49:2 37–38Haight, S. W., & Co., 49:2 37Hainault scythes, 40:4 65, 40:4 66, 41:1 9

Haines pattern hatchets, 57:2 49hair pinchers, 43:3 70hair pipe style beadsbone, 59:1 5breastplates, 59:1 3, 59:1 4Halbrook, Cephas, 55:2 81Hale, Barret J., 45:3 80Hale, Clarissa, 53:2 51Hale, Ebenezer, 53:2 48Hale, Edward Everett, 40:1 16–16A, 43:4 97, 44:4 104, 45:4 120Hale, Ellen Day, 58:3 124Hale, Eusebius, 57:3 124Hale, Joseph Cleveland, 53:2 51–52, 53:2 52n5Hale, Joseph White, 53:2 48–51Hale, Nathan (railroad engineer), 43:4 97Hale, Samuel, 57:3 124, 59:2 62, 59:2 64Hale, Sarah (Cornwall), 53:2 48Hale, Thomas, 50:2 40Hale & Murdock, 52:1 16Haley, Henry, 52:1 19half-barrel, 52:4 151half-circle marksBarton, D. R., & Co., 53:1 22, 53:1 23Mack & Co., 53:1 22, 53:1 23half hatchetsBeatty Edge Tool Co., 60:2 65half hogshead, 52:4 153, 52:4 154half modelsfor Coronet (schooner yacht), 53:1 2–3half-round ceiling planes, 51:3 91–92Hall, Basil, 42:3 82Hall, Case & Co., 49:4 123Hall, Eliza Calvert, 55:1 16Hall, Elton W., 48:4 90, 53:1 1, 54:3 131, 56:1 41, 61:1 39, 61:1 inside front coverHall, G. K., 38:1 16Hall, G. Stanley, 44:4 120Hall, Joel, 55:3 99, 55:3 101Hall, John, Ltd., 59:1 17Hall, Levi L., 54:3 99, 54:4 143Hall, L. S., 55:4 140

Hall, L. S., Co., 55:4 140Hall, Merritt, 46:1 29Hall, Prince, 46:4 94–95Hall, Thomas, 39:1 7pair shears, 39:1 7Hall, Thomas L, 51:3 83Hall, Thomas S., 51:3 81–82Hall, William, 60:2 55Hall au blé, Paris, 58:1 19Hall & Carpenter Catalogue of Tinsmiths' Tools and Machines, 54:3 120, 57:3 95Hall & Carpenter Co., 50:1 32Hall & Duck Trust, 52:2 50Hallenscheid lead screw, 56:3 112Hallett, James, 38:1 14Hall & Knapp, 51:3 81–84, 52:4 147, 52:4 165, 56:1 32Hallmark Silversmith's bar set, 60:3 125Hallock, Greg, 42:1 22, 42:4 101Hallowell, Robert, 44:3 67"Hallowell Granite Works Stinchfield Quarry" (Bunting), 56:1 40–41Hallowell Stinchfield Quarry, 56:1 40–41, 56:1 back coverHalsey, William D., 45:3 86Halsey ice tools, 60:3 123Halsted, Jonas, 41:1 6, 41:1 7halyards, 48:2 41–42Hamburg, Germanywoodworking toolmakers, 48:2 47–53Hamburg Pattern planes, 48:2 53Hamer, Philip M., 38:2 16ham holder whatsit, 57:1 34Hamilton, Ontarioice harvesting, 61:1 27–29Hamilton, Richard, 43:3 77Hamilton's Mount Cutter, 60:2 88Hamlen, F. L., 49:2 56Hamlen, Franklin L., 49:2 55, 49:2 56, 56:4 134, 56:4 136Hamlin, Hiram, 52:2 54planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Hammacher Schlemmer & Co., 38:1 16A, 41:3 44, 43:3 77, 48:2 63, 49:3 74, 56:4 138,56:4 141, 60:2 84–85Hammell, Ed, 40:4 59–61

Hammer, Armand, Museum of Art, 58:4 148Hammer, The: The King of Tools (Baird and Comerford), 43:1 25, 43:3 79, 43:4 105,44:4 117"hammer and tongs" expression, 39:4 67hammerhead boxing, 48:4 93, 49:4 115Hammer in Hand (Hummel), 54:4 161hammers, 41:2 21AAustrian, 41:3 39ax, 59:4 139Bailey, A., 43:2 52ball peen, 53:3 105–106beating, for bookbinding, 44:1 24Beaudry "Champion" power hammer, 40:1 3beryllium copper, 53:3 105–106for bookbinding, 44:1 24bossing, 43:1 14, 43:4 89Bradley, 37:4 59, 37:4 60bumping, for bookbinding, 44:1 24bush (ax), 59:4 139, 59:4 140, 59:4 144card, 43:2 50chipping, 43:3 79cigarbox, 44:3 94collett, for bookbinding, 44:1 24combination tools, 43:4 91, 44:1 30coopers', 41:4 74, 41:4 75craft paper (shoemakers'), 43:3 81draw, 37:4 58drilling, for granite quarrying, 59:2 45fencing, 43:4 105fencing tools, 43:4 105filemakers', 60:1 8Florian double-headed, 49:3 73, 49:3 74forging, 50:4 138–139Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:3 118granite bush, 43:3 83for granite quarrying, 59:2 45–46Hathaway, Braddock, 54:2 60helve, 40:1 3Hewlett's tool chest, 39:1 5–6jack, 43:4 89, 59:2 51

molotucks, 41:3 39paving, 44:2 47, 60:1 16peening, 46:1 33pneumatic, for granite, 59:4 145, 59:4 148pneumatic carving, 59:4 150power, 37:4 58–60, 54:3 107–109riveting, 44:3 79scythe anvil, 41:3 85scythe sharpening, 41:4 76shoemakers', 42:4 111, 43:1 10, 43:1 24, 43:3 81sixteenth century, Nürnberg, 54:2 84slaters, 51:1 16Stanley advertising signs for, 59:2 71, 59:2 73Stanley Christmas promotions, 57:4 140, 57:4 142, 57:4 143stone masons', 43:1 14striking, 59:3 87tilt, 37:4 60trade-specific, 60:1 8triphammers, 43:1 14, 54:3 107–108types of, 42:4 111Tyrod, 45:4 119upright or compact, 38:1 5whatsits, 39:2 32, 42:4 105, 44:3 83hammer saw sets, 49:1 10Hammersmith, 48:4 96–97hammer-type quarry drills, 59:2 47–48hammocksnetting, 44:3 84weaving, 44:2 55Hammon, Moses, 44:3 79Hammond, Bray, 58:4 155–156Hammond, C., 60:3 97Hammond, Gary, 38:2 22Hammond, Henry, 45:1 22Hammond, Stephen F., 44:4 122Hammond "Bulldog" pistol, 45:1 22Hampson & Bettridge, 56:2 59Hamrick, M., 48:4 71Hanbury, John, 55:3 127Hancock, Robert, 50:2 41

Hancock House, Boston, 59:2 39Hand, E. P.molding planes owned by, 37:3 49–50spokeshaves, 37:3 49–50hand axes, 45:3 87Handbook For Lumbermen (Disston), 61:1 13Handbook for Lumbermen (Schaffer), 47:4 101Handbook on Saws (Disston), 59:1 16hand chasing, 40:1 9hand chippersfor cutting granite, 59:4 144hand chiselsfor cutting granite, 59:4 144hand circular rip saw, 37:3 53hand corkers, 46:1 22handcraftsPortugal, 38:4 74South American, 40:2 31Hand-Cranked Knitter and Sock Machine, The: A Social History and Catalogue of 19thand 20th Century Home Knitters of American Invention (Candee), 57:3 111hand-cranked washing machines, 43:4 91, 44:1 13hand drills. See also drillschucks, 60:4 168–169drill pedestals, 60:4 166Drury-Marsh, 49:2 45Fray, John S., Co., 60:3 129–132, 60:4 165malleable iron parallel-frame, 60:4 167–169patents, 60:4 165pistol grip, 60:4 167ratchet, 49:2 56for rock, 49:3 80Stanley Rule & Level Co., 60:3 129–132, 60:4 165–171, 61:1 35–37, 61:3 120–126Stanley Works, 61:2 79–82hand facers (bumpers)for granite, 59:4 140, 59:4 141hand gauges, 46:1 23"Hand Harvesting of Hay" (Umstead), 44:1 12"Hand-Held Green Corn Shredders" (Roger), 56:1 16–24

Hand in Glove (Severn), 53:4 139hand knittingfor Union Army, 53:4 145–155handlesadjustable, 47:2 49applewood saw handles, 59:1 19attached with wooden threads, 56:2 60–61axes, 37:2 36, 52:3 123, 54:4 140–141, 57:2 47–50backsaws, 59:1 17–20D-handles, 50:1 36history of, 50:2 71horn, 41:3 83knives, 37:3 55, 52:1 35–36Millers Falls Tool Works, 46:3 89, 46:3 back coverpaper-wrapped, 57:1 37, 57:2 50rip-saws, 50:1 15, 50:1 17riveted, for handsaws, 37:4 72saws, 47:2 49, 47:4 102, 47:4 103screwdrivers, 55:1 33, 55:3 120, 55:3 124–125, 55:4 156–157scythes, 51:4 127T-handles, 50:1 36whalebone, 45:1 30whatsits, 42:1 27wrenches, 51:3 97Handling an Axe (Grayson), 40:1 15"Handling an Axe" (Grayson and Gedney), 39:3 48–49"Hand Made Thread Sizes" (West), 40:3 38–39hand mortising machineswhatsits, 37:1 16hand pointsfor cutting granite, 59:4 144hand printing presses, 48:4 99–100"hand pullers," 48:1 5handrail bracket, 54:4 159handrail planes, 58:1 44handrail shaves, 52:3 112handrail wrenches, 44:1 11hand roller gin, 52:1 9Hand Saw Makers of North America (Schaffer), 59:1 13, 60:3 126handsaws, 46:2 51, 52:2 81. See also saws

lade nibs, 43:1 16, 43:2 48, 44:2 55, 44:4 124, 47:4 101–104, 49:4 133bucksaws, 59:2 59–69catalogs, 47:2 63–64Disston, made for Rutherford B. Hayes, 38:2 21–22Dutch, 46:1 9engraved, 38:2 22Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 155for granite, 59:4 131history of, 37:4 56overstamp etching, 46:2 52–53with riveted handles, 37:4 72for sawing marble, 44:1 17skewback, 47:2 38unusual handle, 46:2 52–53handscrew clampsAldrich, Milton and William, 49:1 15–18handscrews, 51:3 96hand setsfor cutting granite, 59:4 144hand spikes, 41:4 74hand spinning, 51:2 35double-flyer wheels, 53:4 132–137, 53:4 133–137productivity of, 53:4 132–133, 53:4 137hand-tenoning machines, 48:4 85hand toolsfretwork, 41:1 1"'Hand' Tools: A Significant Find" (Pearson), 37:3 49hand tracersfor cutting granite, 59:4 144"Hand Truck, The: A Query" (Williams), 43:2 43hand trucks, 43:2 43, 43:4 99clamp, 39:2 32A, 39:2 back coverfor moving barrels, 44:4 106, 44:4 107hand vises, 38:1 11hand-washing rubber (washboard), 42:4 95handwriting booksfor stonecutting, 58:4 147–148Handwrought Ancestors (Rawson), 45:3 87"Handy as a Pocket in a Shirt: Glass Cutter Combination Tools" (Turner), 57:3 85–90Handyman Book, The (Hasluckl), 46:1 32

Handyman measuring tapes, 54:3 122, 54:3 123Hanford, Elizabeth, 52:3 86Hankin, William, 59:2 63, 59:2 64–65, 59:2 66Hankin, William H., 46:1 18Hankin, William H., Jr., 45:4 100Hanks, John, 43:3 75Hanley, Hope, 45:4 117Hanna, Robert, 55:2 47–48Hannum, Caleb, 45:2 44Hannum, C. W. (Caleb), 45:2 44axes, 44:3 79Hannum, Harvey, 44:3 79Hannum, Josiah, 45:2 44Hannum, Martha A., 60:2 57Hannum, Moses, 45:2 44Hannum, Warner, 44:3 79Hannum axes, 44:3 79, 45:1 17, 45:2 44, 45:3 90Hanscom, J. M., 44:4 117Hansen, Borge, 39:3 46hansom cabs, 48:2 37Hapgood, Ephraim, 49:1 15Hapgood Carding Mill, Old Sturbridge Village, 55:3 114Happ and Knapp, 40:4 54"Happy Birthday, Ben," 59:1 24hard-candy breakers, 43:1 21hardened steel glass cutters, 44:1 19–20"hardening skins"for hat making, 43:1 4Harding ice tools, 60:3 124hardwarepressed-glass doorknobs, 55:4 133–140Hardware Age Magazine, 57:4 142Hardware Merchants and Manufacturers Association, 48:3 49hardware stores and companies, 54:4 168ironmongers, 46:1 27–28Marsh-Drury, 49:2 43–49Pittsburgh marks, 49:4 116–124window displays, 45:3 91, 45:4 117Hardwick, Petetool chests, 41:3 60, 41:3 77

Hardwick Granite Co., 60:1 20, 60:1 27Hardwick & Woodbury Railroad, 59:3 94, 59:4 151Hardy, Ardelia A., 58:4 171n.7Hardy, Charles A, 58:4 171n.7Hardy, Delana (Lapham), 58:4 170Hardy, Enos, 57:3 95Hardy, Ephraim, 57:3 91Hardy, Ephraim J., 58:4 171n.7Hardy, Ephraim L.children of, 58:4 171n.7, 58:4 171n.8edge-tool maker, 58:4 169–171Hardy, George H., 58:4 171n.8Hardy, John Baldwin, 58:4 171n.8Hardy, Richard B., 37:4 60n4Hardy, Rufus P., 58:4 171n.8Hardy, Susan (Jewett), 58:4 170, 58:4 171n.7Hardy, Warren C., 58:4 171n.8Hargen, Jim, 48:2 61, 48:4 93Hargrave, Catherine P., 39:2 24Hargreaves, James, 38:1 1, 38:1 2Hariman, C., 61:4 171Haring, Elbert, 41:1 9Harkness and Mackice shaves, 60:4 158Harley, John J., 57:1 6Harmer, John, 39:4 66Harmon, G. D., 52:1 17"Harmonists Founded an Early Religious Industrial-Agrarian Society and made their ownTools, The" (Prine), 51:4 101–105Harmonium (reed organ)piano tuner's bellows for, 42:3 70Harmony, Indiana, 51:4 102Harmony, Pennsylvania, 43:1 3Harmony Society, 51:4 101–105Harmony Society, Economy, Pennsylvaniahatters and hat making, 43:1 3–5, 43:3 79–80, 44:2 38harnessmakersinventory, 40:3 46–47, 41:2 35tools, 39:2 19–20, 39:3 52A

harness shop, 45:4 105, 49:2 67, 49:2 back coverHarper, Lewis, 57:3 86Harpers Magazine, 45:2 63, 61:1 9Harper's New Monthly Magazine, 45:4 102, 58:3 124Harper's Weekly, 52:4 136, 53:2 72harpoon forks, 40:4 64, 41:2 28Harrington, Ephriam, & Co., 55:1 4Harrington, Jacqueline R., 57:4 156Harrington, J. D., 44:2 49, 44:2 62Harrington and Thornice tools, 60:3 124Harris, C. F., Co., 46:1 16Harris, Cyril, 48:2 59Harris, Eleanor, 50:4 117Harris, O. G., 41:3 54Harris Mills, 54:2 73Harrison, Daniel, 45:4 121Harrison, John, 59:4 135Harrison, William B., 41:3 49, 41:3 84Harrison, William Henry, 46:1 6, 47:1 16Harrod, Ann, 38:2 18, 38:3 42Harrold, Albert, 60:4 139, 61:2 57Harrold, Donald, 61:2 58Harrold, Ella, 61:2 57Harrold, Ellsworth, 60:4 139Harrold, Elmer, 56:2 50, 58:3 112, 60:4 138, 60:4 139–140, 60:4 140, 60:4 141, 60:4 144,60:4 148, 60:4 149, 61:2 56–57, 61:2 58, 61:2 67, 61:2 70Harrold, Martha, 60:4 139, 61:2 58Harrold, Robert C., 60:4 148, 61:2 57, 61:2 58, 61:2 59, 61:2 60, 61:2 67Harrold, Samuel, 60:4 139Harrold, Sarah Nold, 60:4 140Harrold, Susan Crumbacher, 60:4 139Harrold, W. P., 61:2 60Harrold Tool Co., 60:4 139Harron, R., 58:3 128Harrower, John, 55:2 71"Harrowing History" (Wood), 58:4 153harrows, 58:4 153harrow tooth, 41:4 75Hart, Ebeneezer, 49:4 135

Hart, Ebeneezer, Jr., 49:4 135Hart, Esther, 49:4 135Hart, Holloway Longplanemaker, 49:4 135Hart, Walter H., 56:3 116, 56:3 117Hart, William, 40:1 2Hart, William H., 56:3 116, 58:4 162–168barrel bolts, 58:4 164cold-rolled iron, 58:4 164–165elected president of Stanley Works, 58:4 166elected secretary/treasurer of Stanley Works, 58:4 163hasp fastener, 58:4 165Stanley sweetheart trademark and, 58:4 166Stanley Works' tribute to, 58:4 166–167telescope, or double, box, for hinges and bolts, 58:4 163–164, 58:4 168Harte, C. R., 55:3 98Hartford, Benjamin, 47:3 71, 47:3 78n5Hartford & Tilton Co., 47:3 78n5Harti, Fred, 57:3 121Hartley, Dorothy, 41:4 85, 42:1 25Hartley Sugden lawn mowers, 52:2 49Hartman, David P., 55:1 17Hartman, E. C., 58:4 168Hartman, John, 55:1 16–26Hartman, Peter, 55:1 16–26Hart Manufacturing Co., 47:4 128, 60:3 96Harvard University, 61:3 92Harvester, The (Stratton-Porter), 55:1 17harvestingof hay, by hand, 44:1 12mechanical harvesters, 39:4 61seventeenth-century tools, 43:2 40tools, 59:4 128"Harvesting Hemlock Gum in the New England Woods" (American Agriculturalist), 41:476–77"Harvesting Ice in 1897," 40:3 45Harvey, David, 41:3 80Harvey, George, 50:2 59Harvey, Hayward Augustus, 47:3 86, 47:3 87Harvey, H. H., 59:3 84, 59:4 141, 59:4 143

stone workers' catalog, 43:3 65–66Harvey, Thomas William, 47:3 84–87"Harvey W. Peace, Sawmaker" (Cope), 46:1 18–19"Harvey W. Peace and the R. Hoe Connection" (Brundage), 45:4 100–101"Harvey W. Peace's Fan Club" (Brundage), 46:1 19Haselton, R. B., 37:3 56hashersStarrett, LeRoy, 44:2 51, 44:3 88Haskell, D. E.hay knives, 57:2 66Haskell, George B., Co., 44:4 116Haskell Implement & Co., 42:4 105Hasler, W., 54:2 87hasp fasteners, 58:4 165Hassia apple parer, 59:4 154Hassler, Ferdinand, 58:1 22Hassler, John, 56:3 100Hastie, James, 46:4 120Hastings, Charles E.account books, 44:4 122–123Day-Book, 45:2 52Hastings, George, 45:2 52Haswell, Charles, 51:2 41hat blocks, 52:4 157hat body, 45:3 72, 45:3 73–74hat brim molds, 52:4 159Hatch, Benjamin, 41:4 75Hatch, Eli, 54:1 38Hatch, Hannah Camp, 54:1 37, 54:1 38Hatch, Jim, 41:2 22Hatch, Mark, 54:1 38hatchelsDominy family, 58:2 48, 58:2 49–53, 58:2 front coverhatchet nail pullers, 41:4 66–67, 42:1 12–13"Hatchet Nail Pullers" (Gamble), 41:4 66–67, 42:1 12–13"Hatchet Nail Pullers: A Follow-Up" (Sawers), 42:1 12–13"Hatchet Questions" (Daniels), 42:2 45–46hatchets, 45:2 55, 52:3 123. See also axesbench, Kent-pattern, 57:2 48broad, 60:2 64

early, 42:2 45–46Haines pattern, 57:2 49half, 60:2 65Kent-style, 39:1 5, 40:1 16A, 57:3 90made-to-order, 42:2 45–46Serb fire, 57:2 50spiked, 57:2 50splitting-out, 39:2 28as symbol of Carrie Nation, 44:2 63Hatco, 52:4 157Hathaway, Abby S., 54:2 64, 54:2 65Hathaway, Amy Read, 54:2 60Hathaway, B. D., & Co., 54:2 61Hathaway, Braddock D.axe head trade sign, 54:2 60, 54:2 62–63toolmaker, 54:2 60–66Hathaway, Braddock Richmond, 54:2 61, 54:2 62Hathaway, Freeman, 54:2 61Hathaway, Harriet, 54:2 64Hathaway, Henry C., 54:2 64, 54:2 65Hathaway, John, 54:2 60Hathaway, John B., 54:2 62Hathaway, John M., 44:2 35Hathaway, Joseph R., 54:2 61, 54:2 62Hathaway, Nicholas, 54:2 60Hathaway, Richmond B., 54:2 62, 54:2 64–65Hathersich, 49:1 29Hat Life Magazine, 52:4 156hat making, 43:2 52"brim pouncing" machine, 43:2 42conformature, 43:4 87–88, 44:1 29, 44:2 38, 44:2 48Harmony Society, 43:1 3–5, 43:1 5, 43:3 79–80, 44:2 38kettles for, 43:1 4, 43:2 52Ryder blocking machine, 43:2 41"Hatmaking Improvement of M. H. Ryder, The" (Eckers), 43:2 41hatscowboy, 51:4 113dyeing, 43:1 4, 43:1 5felt, 43:1 4, 45:3 72–79, 52:4 155–160fur felt, 43:1 4

hatters, 45:3 72–75, 51:4 114hatters' terms, 45:3 75palm leaf hat manufactory, 40:2 19–20popularity of, 51:3 79n4reasons for wearing, 46:3 80Shaker hood, 40:2 19slang expressions about, 45:3 72sombreros, 51:4 113Stetson, 51:4 110–117, 54:1 40styles, 45:3 74–75trimming, 52:4 159–160, 52:4 160n160wool felt, 43:1 4hat shops, 45:3 72"Hats of Felt" (Ogden), 45:3 72–75hat stretcherswith threaded wooden screws, 56:2 63Hatt, Ken, 53:3 91hatters (shepherds), 52:2 71Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers International Union, 51:4 109"Hatters and Hat Making at the Harmony Society. Economy, Pennsylvania, 1826-1875"(Ogden), 43:1 3–5"Hatters Around A Hatters' Kettle" (Ogden), 44:3 86–87"Hatter's 'Conformature,' The" (Ogden), 43:4 87–88hatters' feltfor making splits, 46:3 86hatters' toolsHarmony Society, 43:1 4–5hatters' bow, 51:3 76hatters' irons, 43:1 4–5hatters' kettles, 44:3 86–87hatters' pin, 51:3 76hatters' stoves, 43:1 4Hatteson, Tompkins Harrison, 56:2 75"Hattie Ottis at the Spinning Jenny" (Henry), 38:1 4, 38:1 coverHausbuch der Mendelschen Zwölfbrüderstiftung zu Nürnberg, Das, 54:2 81Haüy, Réné-Just, 58:1 6, 58:1 11n.33Haves, S. E., 45:2 43"Have you Got Thomas Lincoln's Tool Kit?" (Sawers), 42:2 44Haviland, J. T., 56:4 171Haweis, Mary Eliza Joy, 53:4 160

Hawes, Daniel, 53:1 34Hawes, G., 40:2 25Hawes, George P., 44:4 117Hawes, Mary, 40:2 26Hawes, Silas, 44:4 116square, 42:4 105Hawke, David, 43:2 38Hawkes, Silas, 40:1 1Hawkeye wrench, 40:3 39Hawkins, W. S., 44:1 22Hawks, Mosesice tools, 60:3 118Israel, 60:3 121Hawley, Abijah, 53:2 49, 53:2 50Hawley, Benjamin, 50:4 112Hawley, Edmond, 56:1 12Hawley, Ken, 46:3 89, 46:4 110, 59:4 126, 59:4 129Hawley, Lucy (Blakeman), 56:1 12Hawley Collection, 59:4 125–129, 59:4 front covercontacting, 59:4 127Nelson knife, 59:4 124saws, 59:4 124"Hawley Collection, The: The First Ten Years" (Unwin), 59:4 125–129Hawley Trust, 59:4 126Haws, G., 45:1 24Haws, Hannah, 53:4 150Haws, Sam, 45:1 24Hawsing iron, 54:3 109Hawthorn, Robert, 50:2 64Hawthorn, William, 50:2 64Hawthorne, John A., 41:3 41Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 42:2 41, 42:2 44, 43:1 8, 44:1 14, 44:1 15hayhand harvesting of, 44:1 12harvesting tools, 41:1 13–14as motor fuel, 42:3 68–69supplying to urban horses, 43:1 13–14Hay, Anthony, 58:1 17Hay, Richard E., 52:1 25hay bailing, 39:4 61

haybalers, 40:2 29hay burners, 42:3 68–69Haycock, John, 51:2 55Hay Creek Valley Historical Association, 53:1 39–40hay crooks, 60:4 171Hayden, Horace Edwin, 56:1 2Hayden, James, 52:1 16Hayden & McCraw, 52:1 16hay elevators, 41:2 28Hayes, John L., 53:4 145Hayes, Lucy, 38:2 21Hayes, Rutherford B.Disston saw for, 38:2 16, 38:2 21–22, 38:2 coverhay forks, 41:1 13, 57:3 103–104two-tine, 38:3 38hay harpoons, 41:2 28hay hooks, 41:2 28, 45:2 45hay knives, 38:3 57, 38:4 76, 40:4 64, 41:1 13–14, 41:1 19, 41:2 28, 42:2 37, 42:3 76,57:2 54–71categories of, 57:2 54chronology, 57:2 69–70cider cheese cutters, 57:4 136cimeter blade, 39:1 16–17, 57:2 55–56, 57:2 61combination, 57:2 60, 57:2 61, 57:2 68comparing, 57:3 102–103hand-operated, 57:2 54–59mechanized, 57:2 69new, 57:2 61patents, 57:2 61–69, 57:3 103–104performance of, 57:2 61saw-cut blade, 39:1 17, 57:2 54–55, 57:2 64, 57:2 65, 57:2 66, 57:2 67, 57:2 68sickle-edge blade, 57:2 57–59, 57:2 65spade-style blade, 57:2 59–69, 57:3 102spear-point blade, 39:1 17, 57:2 56–57, 57:2 66types of, 39:1 16–17using, 57:2 70, 57:3 102"Hay Knives and Hayforks" (Hepner), 41:1 13–14hay lifters, 40:4 64, 41:2 28haymakers, 40:1 16A, 40:1 back coverhay-making tools, 41:2 28

haymow forks, 41:2 28hay needles, 41:2 28Haynes, Jamesbucksaws, 59:2 36, 59:2 59, 59:2 61, 59:2 62hay ricks, 44:1 12hay shocks (or cocks), 44:1 12hay spears, 41:2 28hay stacks, 44:1 12hay trusses, 41:2 28Hayward, Charles H., 39:3 50Hayward, Christopher, 39:4 65Hayward, Walter E., 55:1 8–9Hayward compass (J. & H. Pool), 50:1 1Hayward Hosiery Co., 55:1 10Hayword, Walter, 55:1 10Hazelton Railroad, 52:3 118Hazen, Edward, 47:2 57Acorn frame press illustration, 53:3 112, 53:3 113Hazlet, Hughname stamps, 57:3 97planemaker, 57:3 98–99Hazleton Sentinel, 52:4 135, 52:4 136H & B Co., 56:1 22Heabel, Walt, 41:4 75Heabel and Co., 41:4 back coverHeacock, Joseph, 50:4 109Head, George, 43:2 36head axes, 41:4 74head cutters, 59:4 161head fly, 52:2 74Headley, Mack, 41:3 80headrestswhatsits, 43:2 49, 43:3 78headrigfor Coronet (schooner yacht), 53:1 5head shapesconformature and, 43:4 88Hearnshaw, Samuel, 56:1 38heart-shaped hoes, 57:1 26

Heartwale, John, 42:3 66Heath, G. W.hay knives, 57:2 59, 57:2 63heatingwood fires, 54:1 26–30"Heavy Duty Soap" (Kinsey), 57:3 123Heberling sewing machines, 50:2 66, 50:2 67Hechinger, John, 50:1 33–34Hechinger Co., 50:1 33Hecia Iron Works, 45:3 95Hedge, Egbert, 55:2 46Hedge, Lemuel, 53:1 36, 55:2 48–49Hedge, Mortimer, 55:2 46–49, 55:2 51hedge clippers, 52:3 105Hedrick, Ulysses Prentis, 43:2 52heel removing tool, 44:4 127heels (shoes), 37:1 5, 37:1 6heel shaves, 52:3 109, 52:3 110, 53:2 75Heermans, Henry, 56:1 4Heidelberg tun, 41:4 75Heidsiek & Co., 56:4 171Heiman & Lichten hat shop, 40:2 19, 40:2 20Heine, Günther, 50:2 48Heiner, T. G., 51:2 37, 54:4 163"Heir of All the Ages in the Foremost Files of Time, The" (Stahl), 40:3 40Heiss, Dietrichplanemaker, 38:2 34Heiss, Jacobplanemaker, 38:2 34Heiss, Johann Dieterich, 38:2 34Helffricht, William, 39:2 17helical screw threads, 56:2 64Heller & Brightly, 45:2 41Heller Brothers, 43:3 63helve hammers, 40:1 3Hemenway, J., 42:3 79Hemenway, Luther, 46:2 50Hemenway, Mary, 55:4 134Hemings, Eston, 58:1 17Hemings, Robert, 51:3 101

Hemings surname, 58:1 35n.18Hemingway, B., 42:3 79hemlock branch brooms, 39:1 11hemlock brooms, 42:4 109hemlock gum, 41:4 76–77, 42:2 46. See also spruce gumhemlock oil, 44:1 15hemlock pitch, 41:4 76Hemmi Chemical Engineerschemical slide rule, 50:2 47Hemmings, John, 58:1 4, 58:1 7, 58:1 8, 58:1 16, 58:1 17, 58:1 26, 58:1 30n.1Hemmings, Madison, 58:1 17Hemmingsen, Eric, 44:3 76, 48:1 33, 48:3 66Hemmings surname, 58:1 35n.18Hemmingway & Son, 46:2 50–51hemp, 53:1 32n21cultivation of, 61:2 46hatchels and, 58:2 50–51rope, for granite quarrying, 59:3 84, 59:3 85Hemp, O. C., 56:1 21–22Hempstead and Jamaica Plank Road, 45:2 54Hempstead Inquirer, 42:4 100Hempstead Stage, 42:4 100Henckels, J. A., Co., 45:4 114Henckels, Johann Abraham (J. A.), 45:4 114Henderson, Debbie, 54:1 40Henderson, James, 39:3 41Henderson, John G., 39:3 42Henderson, John S., 50:3 74Hendrick, William, 58:1 10Heneberger, Peter, 58:2 70Henfrey, Benjamin, 61:2 49Henkel, J. A., Twin Works, 45:3 83, 45:4 114, 45:4 122, 46:2 54"Henkel vs. Henckels" (Leathersich), 45:4 114Hennigar, James A., 37:2 24Henri, Robert, 52:2 82Henri IV, King of France, 60:2 79Henry, Edward Lamson, 38:1 4Henry, Joseph, 39:2 18, 50:2 45, 61:4 139Henry, O., 44:2 36Henry, Schuyler, 44:2 58

"Henry Cunningham, Boatbuilder of Kingston, Ontario" (Hall), 57:2 72"Henry Disston Family Enterprise, The" (Morgan)Part I, 38:2 17–20Part II, 38:3 41–44Part III, 38:4 67–69"Henry Disston Full Back Mystery, A" (Baker), 59:3 113Hepner, Richard, 41:2 28, 57:2 70heptaptychs, 46:4 101, 46:4 103herbal medicine, 45:3 91apothecary planes and, 58:2 78Herbert, C. J., 56:3 104Herbert, Henry, 48:2 40Hercheler, Barry, 45:2 60Hercules/Food Service Equipmentfood choppers, 50:1 23Heritage Lottery Fund, 59:4 125, 59:4 126Hermanek, Bill, 38:2 22, 44:4 121Hermann-Moller screw thread, 56:3 111, 56:3 112Hern, David, 58:1 4, 58:1 17Heron, Isaac, 37:4 67Heron of Alexandria, 55:3 112Heroux, Jacques, 58:1 44Hersey, Joel L., 37:2 36Hesper (pilot schooner), 53:1 3Hess & Co., 37:1 3Hetchel, A., 39:2 18hetchels. See hatchelsHet Menselyk Bedryf (Luiken and Luiken), 46:1 8Hetton Rail-way, England, 61:2 49"He Versus She, Or Humor As It Was One Hundred Years Ago" (Kappeler), 44:2 51–52hewingsurface preparation, 61:3 111–112tool marks from, 61:3 106–108, 61:3 111hewing axes, 46:3 72goosewing, 39:3 52Hardy, Ephraim L., 58:4 169Morris, Ezekiel, 37:1 2, 37:1 3Hewitt, Cyprian Parish, 46:1 29Hewitt, Daniel Tyleraccount books, 46:1 29–30

Hewitt, Frances, 46:1 29Hewitt, George, 56:3 93Hewlett, Williamtool chest, 38:4 57–60, 38:4 cover, 38:4 inside front coverHewlett's tool chest, 39:1 4–12, 39:2 16"hew the line" expression, 39:4 67Heyn, Herman, 59:1 6Heyne, Johann Christopher, 47:1 12n20Heyroth, Bob, 51:2 67Heywood, C. E., 46:1 15H. H. M. Co., 47:4 112Hiatt, Gary, 48:3 57Hickok, W. O., 56:2 59Hide, A., 40:2 25hide glue, 39:1 12Higbee, Earl, 54:1 34, 54:2 79Higgins, El, 45:2 61Higgins, J. H., 56:1 23Higgins, John C., 56:2 84Hildick, R., 49:3 83Hildick, Thomas, 49:3 83HILDIK stamp, 51:3 70–71Hildreth Bros.Power Axe wood splitter, 55:1 34Hilgert, Mary, 58:3 97Hilick (Sheffield edge-tool maker), 38:2 24Hill, C. R., 58:3 101Hill, Hugh M., 43:4 105Hill, O. C., 47:2 45poetry, 48:1 21, 48:3 56Hill, Primus (Ebenezer), 43:2 42–43Hill, Robert, 37:1 21Hill, Samuel, 61:4 147Hill, Vincent, 44:2 56Hill, Wilbur F., 40:4 56Hill Bevel Co., 40:4 56, 41:3 40Hilliard, Gray & Co., 61:2 52Hillman lawnmower patent, 52:3 95Hills, Allan, 57:3 90, 57:4 139Hills, Allan, Edge Tool Co., 57:4 139

Hilton, William, 59:1 8Hilty, James W., 46:1 22Hilty, Jim, 45:4 122Hindle, Brooke, 44:1 3Hindostan stone, 43:1 11hinged scoop, 45:4 123hingesHL, 47:4 126, 48:1 25leather washers and, 48:1 25–26packaging with bolts, 58:4 163–164Hinkson, Jemima W., 60:2 54Hinkson, John B., 60:2 59Hinman, Bob, 37:3 56AHints to Horse Keepers (Herbert), 48:2 40Hirst, B., & Sons lawn mowers, 52:2 49Hirth-Krauss Catalog of Shoe and Bootmakers supplies, 44:3 66, 44:3 70Historical Society of Glastonbury, Connecticut, 52:4 163Historical Society of Haddonfield, 61:1 26Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 61:1 21historic archeologyHunt House, 43:1 7–8, 43:2 33–35Historic Deerfield, Massachusetts, 61:1 38Historic Hampshire (Johnson), 44:3 79Historic Looms of America, 45:3 92Historic Philadelphia from the Founding Until the Early Nineteeth-Century (Hammond),58:4 155–156historic records preservation, 38:1 15–16A"'Historic Trades': A Useful and Enjoyable Journal" (West), 42:1 13–14History of Agriculture in the State of New York, A (Hedrick), 43:2 52History of American Manufacturers from 1608-1860, A (Bishop), 37:1 8–9, 44:2 47, 44:377–78, 44:3 93, 58:2 50History of Berkshire Mass, A (Field), 44:3 93History of Concord (Shattuck), 57:2 42History of Cummington, Massachusetts, A (Thayer), 43:1 26History of Cutlery (Himsworth), 44:2 53History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania (Ashmead), 60:3 101, 60:3 103History of Easton, Massachusetts (McEntee), 50:2 71History of Hampton Falls, N. H. (Brown), 44:2 58History of Medway (Jameson), 42:4 87History of Medway, The, 46:2 42

History of Monson, Massachusetts (Monson Historical Society), 40:2 19History of New York Shipyards (Morrison), 44:1 22, 44:4 121History of Old Chester, New Hampshire (Chase), 45:4 102History of Orange County, New York, The, 42:1 15, 43:2 48History of Philadelphia (Scharf), 57:4 151History of Pittsburgh Music, A (Bayham), 48:3 55History of Rochester, 47:4 122, 53:1 23"History of Stanley Four-Square Household Tools, The" (Jacob)"Part I," 59:3 114–119"Part II," 59:4 155–160History of Technology and Invention, The, Vol. I (Daumas), 42:2 43History of the City of New York in the Seventeenth Century (Van Rensselear), 45:3 93History of the Connecticut River Valley, 44:1 17"History of the Lawn Mower, The" (Hall)"Part 1: 1830 to 1900," 52:2 43–50"Part 2: 1900 to 1940," 52:3 93–98History of the Town of Andover New Hampshire (Eastman), 42:4 109History of the Town of Ashfield (Howes and Ranney), 44:1 14History of Tools, Trades, & Technology, The (Kebabian), 44:1 21History of Wallingford, Connecticut, From Its Settlement in 1670 to the Present Time(Davis), 59:3 109–110History of Western Massachusetts (Holland), 43:1 9, 44:1 14, 44:1 22, 44:3 79, 45:3 90History of Woodworking Tools (Leeuwarden), 46:1 12History of Woodworking Tools, The (Goodman), 39:3 46, 41:2 24, 42:1 6, 42:3 65, 43:116, 51:3 89Hitchcock, Edward, 44:2 46Hitchcock, Frederick, 56:1 2Hitchcock, Herman, 45:3 90, 54:2 63Hitchcock, Lambert, 58:2 66–67, 58:4 134Hitchcock, Samuel B., 37:1 8Hitchcock, S. S., & Co., 49:2 37Hitchcock & Sears, 45:3 90hitching postsportable ("horse weights"), 48:4 95, 49:1 22hiuchi (Japanese locket-type pistol tinderboxes), 38:3 55"H. L Hart: Another Connecticut Valley Planemaker?" (Robinson), 49:4 135HL hinges, 47:4 126, 48:1 25Hoag, Bill, 54:4 165Hoar, George F., 42:1 26"Hoard of Old Fashioned Razor Strops" (Davis), 45:3 86

Hobart, Albina, 50:2 41Hobart, David, Sr., 58:4 169–170hobbiesfretwork, 41:1 1–2knitting, 53:4 154saw, 44:4 116Hobbies, The Fretworker's Weekly, 45:3 95, 45:4 125Hobbs tools, 44:4 117Hodder, Ian, 50:4 110Hodge, Al, 45:3 89Hodges, H., Son & Co., hats, 40:2 20Hodges, Robert, 44:1 30Hodgkins, Lucy, 44:3 67Hodgson, Fred, 41:1 13, 48:2 59–60Hodgson, Fred T., 38:2 23Hoe, R., and Co., 61:1 10, 61:1 11circular saw, 61:1 15Hoe, R., & Co., 46:1 18, 53:3 108–113Hoe, Richardsaws, 45:4 100Hoe, Richard, and Co., 57:4 132Hoe, Richard M., 61:1 11Hoe, Robert, & Co., 48:4 100hoe cakes, 39:1 10recipe, 39:1 11–12Hoe & Co., 46:2 42–43hoe-rake combination tool, 45:2 57hoesbidens (drag-hoes), 49:1 25–27eye, 46:3 60–61heart-shaped, 57:1 26make-do tools from, 44:3 86Mangbetu, 43:4 103oval, 57:1 26prong, 38:1 12Sandusky Tool Co., 46:3 60–61, 46:3 65two-prong, 38:3 56, 38:3 inside front coverHoe saws, 59:1 21Hoes Shop Dam, 49:3 92Hofer, Margaret K., 48:3 35–36, 48:3 40, 48:3 42–43

Hofer, Philip, 58:4 147Hoffman, Frederick L., 60:1 27Hoffman, G. A., 44:1 25Hofmann, August Wilhelm vonsynthetic dyes, 53:4 156Hofmann violet dye, 53:4 157Hofstra Universitybuilding trades tool exhibit, 42:4 103–104hogal, 52:3 122Hogan, B., 43:4 88Hogan, Sue, 45:3 85Hog Control: A Patent Study of Ringers, Holders, Snouters, & Jewelry (Sims), 56:3 123Hogg, James, 40:1 7slide rule, 54:3 115–116Hoggson, Roman, 44:3 83Hoggson and Pettis Mfg. Co., 44:3 83hog holding tools, 43:3 78, 43:4 105Hog Plow and Sith (Cousins), 40:4 65hogs, 55:3 87, 55:3 88–89hogshead casks, 51:1 13, 51:1 14, 51:1 front cover, 52:4 152–154hogsheadstobacco, 41:1 15hog snouters, 37:3 56hog tendon cutters, 56:3 123hoists. See also boom derricksin granite quarrying, 59:3 81, 59:3 83–84Howland's, 57:1 30Holbrook, George P., 45:2 36Holbrook, Josiah, 49:4 125, 61:2 54Holden, Bill, 56:2 77Holden, Joseph, 43:3 73saw patents, 43:3 73–74Holden, William, 59:4 145Holder, Fred, 56:2 64hole-makingin glass, 39:1 15in steel, 39:1 15Holibird & Roche, 59:2 42Holland

axes in, 38:1 13–14calico printing, 46:1 31De Meern planes, 61:4 157–159etchings of crafts and trades (van Vliet), 46:1 7–11Holland, J. G., 40:4 68, 42:2 44Holland, John, 39:1 14Holland, Josiah, 43:1 9, 44:1 14, 44:1 22, 44:3 79Hollandsche Schroefsleutel, 44:1 11Hollbeck, Samuel, 51:3 71Hollen, Joseph, 50:4 109, 51:2 55knitting machine patents, 53:4 145Holley, Birdsill, 50:1 19Hollingsworth, Zachary T., 53:1 27, 53:1 28, 53:1 31Hollingsworth and Vose Co., 53:1 27–31hemp, 53:1 32n21insurance map, 53:1 30Hollins, William, & Co., 55:1 5hollow augers, 45:3 79adjustable, 45:2 60Holloway, Wendy, 44:2 60hollow planes, 57:1 1, 57:1 3–4hollow punches (harnessmaking tools), 39:2 19Hollow Spar Co., 48:1 4Holly, H. Hobart, 43:3 69–70Holly's spokeshave, 52:3 112Holme, Randle, 37:1 6–7, 37:4 61, 46:1 11, 52:3 110, 53:3 96, 55:1 37–38Holmen Group, 39:4 54Holmens Bruk AB, 39:4 54Holmes, Asaph, 53:3 121Holmes, Booth & Hayden, 39:2 18Holmes, E., 52:3 112spokeshaves, 52:3 112Holmes, Edward O., Jr., 57:1 30Holmes, Hodgen, 52:1 12Holmes, John, 37:2 20, 58:1 14–15, 58:1 16Holmes, L. P., 37:2 36Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 37:2 20, 45:2 56, 55:4 134Holmes, Stephen, 53:3 121Holmes & Blanchard, 57:1 30Holschapfel, Otto C., 46:3 62

Holt, Bill, 37:1 16, 37:2 40Holt, Hiram, 39:1 17hay knives, 57:2 54, 57:2 65Holt, Nicholas, 42:4 92Holt, Robert, 43:4 93Holt, Thomas, 46:4 121Holt Mfg. Co., 41:3 44Holtzapffel, Charles, 44:2 35, 44:2 36, 47:2 59, 47:2 62–63, 52:3 100, 52:3 105, 53:2 81,53:3 125, 54:4 160–161, 55:4 147, 56:2 65, 57:1 9molding planes, 53:1 37Holtzapffel, John, 47:2 62Holtzappfel, Charles, 40:1 9–10homecraftsprimitive knife production, 52:1 34–37"Home Improvement" (television show), 55:1 41Home Insurance Building, Chicago, 59:2 41home knitting machines, 38:3 47–49Homer, Michael, 61:4 143home repair contractors, 41:2 37home woodworking machinesCrescent Machine Co., 61:2 57–58Hommel, Rudolf (Rudolph) P., 42:1 11, 43:3 76, 57:4 164hones, 42:1 17, 42:4 111honey comb uncapping knives, 42:3 80, 42:3 81honey extractors, 46:4 108Honeyman, Mary Turner, 58:4 155Honeyman, Robertjournal, 43:2 43"Honeyman's Journal," 43:2 43Hood, Annie G., 47:4 109, 47:4 110Hood, Charles O., 47:4 110Hood, Ed, 60:2 69Hood, Ellen S., 47:4 110Hood, William J.maker's mark, 47:4 108, 47:4 110wooden clamps, 47:4 108–112Hood, William J., Manufacturing Co., 47:4 108–109Hood and King, 47:4 109–110Hood lawn mowers, 52:3 95Hood & Rice, 47:4 108, 47:4 109

hoof picks, 42:1 9hoof rasps, 42:1 9hook disgorgers, 45:2 44hooked knives, 43:1 7Hooker, E. P., 49:4 110Hook Mill, 44:3 85hooksdraw forging and, 38:1 6Hoole, John R., 44:1 25hoop benders, 41:2 34hoop cuttersLamson, Daniel, 44:4 106hoop drivers, 41:4 75hoop flaring machine, 44:4 108hoop lock cutters, 44:1 28hoopmaking, 41:2 33–34hoop-poles, 41:1 18, 41:2 21A, 41:2 33–34hoops, 41:2 33–34for barrels, 51:1 13for buckets, 45:3 69Hoops & Darlington, 54:4 165hoop-splitting knives, 41:2 34Hoosac Tunnel, 59:2 46Hope, Arthur, 41:1 2Hope, Michael, 58:1 26Hopewell, Henry, 50:1 18Hopewell Furnace, 44:4 108–109, 47:1 18, 47:2 35, 47:2 37, 53:1 39National Park Service guide to, 47:4 132wages, 47:1 25n9Hopewell & Stokes, 50:1 16, 50:1 18Hopfe, Barbara, 39:3 52, 41:3 58, 42:4 106, 43:3 79, 43:3 80, 43:4 93, 45:1 20Hopfel, Ken, 57:1 17, 58:2 49, 58:3 128Hopkins, H. C., 46:1 27Hopkins, J. P., 57:3 114Hopkins, N. F.knitting machine sales, 57:3 111, 57:3 112, 57:3 113–117Hopper, W. C., 57:1 31–34Hoppin, John W., 57:3 92hopping John (black-eyed peas and ham), 45:3 91

Hoppus, Edward, 49:1 30hopsmedicinal uses of, 43:1 26"Hops Aboard the Bark Columbia, The" (West), 43:1 26Hopson, Governor, 41:1 8hop yardsstilt use in, 55:1 41Horan, Raymond, 58:3 98n.10horncontemporary hornmaking, 54:3 111–113defined, 54:3 110historical hornmaking, 54:3 110–111husking pegs, 59:3 99rams, for shepherds crooks, 52:2 73–74workability, 54:3 110Horn, Henry, 58:4 157, 58:4 158hornbeam planesPeugeot Freres, 39:3 34Horn & Kneass, 58:4 157hornless anvils, 45:4 98hornmakers, 54:3 110–113horn-molders and turners, 54:3 111horn molds, 41:3 83horn-pressers, 54:3 111horn shrup planes (horned scrub), 46:3 77hornworking, 41:3 83Horological Shop Tools (1700-1900), 38:1 11"Horologist Writes Us About Machine Tools, A," 43:4 94Horry, Harriot Pinckney, 51:2 51"Horse, The" (Youatt), 38:1 13horse-drawn carriages, 37:4 67Jefferson's convertible top, 58:1 1for Santa Fe Trail, 58:2 85horse-drawn mowers, 44:3 80–81for hay, 52:3 106pony-drawn lawn mowers, 52:2 45, 52:2 46, 52:2 49, 52:3 93, 52:3 95, 52:3 97for wire grass harvesting, 58:3 92horse-drawn vehiclesfreight wagons, for Santa Fe Trail, 58:2 85planting devices, 50:3 102

ail cars, for granite transport, 59:3 92repairs to, 44:4 122wagons, for granite block transport, 59:3 91horse hay forks, 41:2 28horse hoofsbutteris tool for paring, 38:1 13horse-powered hoistsin granite quarrying, 59:3 83horse-powered mills, 44:3 93"Horsepower on the Farm" (Stahl), 44:3 93, 44:3 95"Horse Power Testimonial, A" (Kappeler), 44:3 93horsesagricultural use of, 44:3 93, 44:3 95breeds, 47:3 98for Conestoga wagons, 39:2 24–25draft, 47:1 33for hand-harvesting of hay, 44:1 12horse hair shears, 43:2 53, 44:1 31plowing with, 46:4 123side saddles, 44:3 94speculums, 47:4 129supplying feed for, 43:1 13–14tail dockers, 46:1 28, 46:1 30tread-mill ferry power, 44:1 17urban role of, 43:1 13horse shoes and horseshoeingbog shoes, for wire grass harvesting, 58:3 92farriers' tools, 42:1 8–9making, 43:1 18shoeing, 44:1 26, 44:4 122horsetail rush, 53:1 30"horse weights," 48:4 95, 49:1 22horse whisperers, 37:4 64Horsley, John, 41:3 52Horsley, John E., 41:4 71Horton, William, 44:1 22, 45:2 59Horton adze, 44:1 22Horton & Arnold, 44:1 22, 54:2 63hose spanners, 43:2 31Hosford, Jean, 49:4 115, 60:3 132

hoshidana (coffee drying platform), 52:1 41hosiery production, 55:1 1–11. See also socksHosmer, E., 43:2 34Hosmer, Edmond, 43:1 8Hosmer, Nathan, 43:2 34Hospital Corpsaxes, 39:2 22Hostetter, Fred, 55:2 80, 55:4 168hostlersSouthern Railway, 50:3 83, 50:3 84Hotel du Lude, 58:3 100"hot" knives, 42:3 80Hotpoint, 42:2 32Hot Point irons, 42:2 32hot-rolled steel, 57:1 23Hough, Douglas, 38:2 36AHough, Isaac, 59:3 109, 59:3 110Houghton, George W., 61:4 138Houghton, Israel, 58:1 39Houle, Frank, 41:3 41Hourigan, James, 43:4 93"Hourigan Clan!, The" (Klenman), 43:4 93House, James A., 44:3 86house brandsaxes, 50:2 inserthouse cleaningfloor sanding and, 42:3 73–74memories of, 42:3 62–63house construction. See also architecture; building technologyaccount books, 43:1 19–20, 46:1 29–30failed house raising, 43:1 26on the frontier, 41:2 31Hunt House, 43:1 7–8, 43:2 33–352x4s and, 47:3 90–91Walden tool box (Thoreau), 41:4 67–69housefly control, 42:3 63"Household Collectibles," 43:4 92household crafts, 41:2 32household implements and tools, 43:3 64. See also kitchen implements and tools

catalogs, 61:1 3collectibles, 43:2 48, 43:4 92Four-Square line, Stanley Tools, 59:3 114–119scissors, 52:3 101 (See also scissors)Victorian era, 44:4 120house joiner tools, 54:1 4housekeepingin 1850s, 45:1 15in Newport, Rhode Island, mansions, 53:2 69house moving, 41:4 75, 41:4 85, 41:4 back cover"House Moving in 1928" (DeLay), 41:4 75Houser, David, 51:4 116housewrightsaccount books, 55:1 27–28housingfor mine laborers, 52:4 137Houston, James, 61:2 75Houston, William, 46:2 45Hovenden, B., & Sonsnail scissors, 49:4 front coverHovey, George, 53:3 114tool chest and papers, 53:2 48, 53:2 50Hovey, Henry S., 53:1 5Hovey, James, 53:3 116Hovey, Johnplanes, 53:3 114–116Hovey, Joseph, 53:3 116Hovey, Martin, 53:3 114Hovey, Milton, 53:3 114Howard, A., & Son, 41:3 84Howard, Bob, 40:1 facing page 1Howard, E., 45:1 20Howard, F. A., 56:4 137Howard, F. A., & Son, 42:1 25Howard, Harry, 46:1 6Howard, Leonard D., 40:2 22, 40:4 54–55, 41:3 40Howard, William, 61:2 50Howard, William N., 57:1 34Howarth, James, 41:3 60catalog, 42:4 111

Howe, Abraham, 42:1 14Howe, Alfred H., 42:1 18, 42:3 71Howe, Elias, 37:3 43, 54:2 72Howe, Elijah, 41:3 47, 42:1 14Howe, Elijah, Jr., 42:1 14Howe, Florence, 53:4 148Howe, Hannah, 42:1 14Howe, Henry, 44:1 3, 44:1 5Howe, Henry M., 42:3 81Howe, James A., 46:1 26–27Howe, Julia Ann, 42:1 14Howe, Julia Ward, 53:4 148, 55:4 134Howe, Prudence (Clark), 42:1 14Howe, Samuel Gridley, 53:4 148Howe, Stephen, 42:2 44Howe, Thomas, 42:1 14, 46:3 68Howe, William, 45:4 121Howell Living History Farm, 46:4 123Howells, William Dean, 42:4 99, 43:4 89Hower, Wim, 40:2 36AHowes, Frederick G., 44:1 14Howes, I., 38:2 26"How I Decided to Collect Nicholson & Chelor Planes" (Englund), 52:2 75–77Howison, John, 43:2 37Howland, George L., 57:1 30Howland, William M., 57:1 30Howland's hoisting apparatus, 57:1 30"Howland's Hoisting Apparatus" (Hall), 57:1 30"How Long Does It Take To Make a Barrel?" (Burchard), 44:4 107"How Much is that Rabbet in the Window?" (Kinsey), 58:2 69"How the Hay Knife Met the Cider Press" (Kelleher), 57:4 136"How Times Have Changed" (Agricolae), 45:1 26–27"How to Cap an Oil Well" (Klingler), 49:3 86How to Make Creamery Butter on the Farm (McLaughlin), 52:3 88"How to Photograph Your Collection" (Arky), 37:1 11–12Hoyt, Thomas Rowell, 44:3 95calipers, 46:4 122Hoyt, Thomas Rowell, Jr., 45:2 58Hoyt Farm, 43:2 55Hruschka, V., 46:4 108

"H.S. Pearson Gauging Rod: A Tool Analysis" (Packham), 53:3 93–95Huai Yan Tsu book, 41:1 10Huan Kan, 41:1 10Hub, The, 61:4 140–141Hubbard, Daniel, 43:3 72Hubbard, Elbert, 51:4 111, 51:4 115Hubbard, S. B., Hardware Co., 37:4 71Hubbard & Blake Mfg. Co., 44:4 116Hubbell, John, 42:2 49, 44:1 26, 53:4 134Hub magazine, 48:2 38, 48:2 39hub makingband setters and, 44:1 16Huckleberry Finn (Twain), 44:2 53Hudson, Jon, 52:4 160Hudson, Thomas, 54:2 55Hudson Bay Co., 52:4 155Hudson Bay pattern axes, 39:2 22–23, 43:2 30, 52:1 38Hudson Maxim (Johnson), 37:1 10Hudson's Bay Companyaxes, 37:1 20AHuennekes Co., 56:3 104Huestis, Charles E., 37:2 23Hughes, Bernard, 53:1 17augermaker, 49:2 40Hughes, Daniel, 49:2 40Hughes, George B., 54:3 111, 54:3 112Hughes, Mark, 46:4 111Hughes, R. B. M., 46:2 50Hughes, Stanley C., and Mrs., 58:4 145Hughes, William P., 52:1 26–27Hughes & Buell, 49:2 40–41Huis, Brian, 40:1 16AHukstrom, G., 39:4 54Hulett, George, 49:4 138Hulett Electric Hoists, 49:4 138–139Hull Axe Factory, 40:4 58Hults Bruk axe factory, 39:4 53, 39:4 54, 39:4 55"Humble Harrow-Tooth?, A" (Stahl), 41:4 75–76"Humble Tool Bass, The Tote, and the Toat, The" (Turner), 51:3 87–90Hummel, C. F., 38:1 11

Hummel, Charles F. (Charlie), 38:2 24, 38:4 60n1, 38:4 66, 39:3 44, 40:2 16, 41:3 80,41:3 81, 43:4 95, 44:1 11, 44:2 59, 44:3 84–85, 45:1 5, 45:3 78–79, 46:1 26, 53:3 103,54:4 161, 57:2 79, 58:1 37, 58:2 49, 58:2 52, 58:2 53Hummel, Rudolf, 43:4 107Hummel Quarry, 56:3 91Hummelstown, Pennsylvaniabrownstone, 56:3 89–107Hummelstown brownstone, 56:3 89–107dressing, 56:3 94–96finishing methods, 56:3 96historic preservation, 56:3 106–107quality and characteristics of, 56:3 91–93quarrying techniques, 56:3 93–94transporting, 56:3 96–99uses of, 56:3 101–105workforce, 56:3 99–101Hummelstown Brownstone Co., 56:3 91employees, 56:3 100–101sand-lime bricks, 56:3 104–105Hummelstown National Bank, 56:3 99Hummelstown Sun, The, 56:3 95, 56:3 100, 56:3 101Hummer, Mary, 44:3 75humorabout women, 44:1 14cabinetmakers, 44:4 120male and female points of view, 44:2 51–52Humphrey, Charles J., 39:3 49Humphrey, H. D., 58:4 167Humphrey, Michael R. (Mike), 45:1 19, 45:3 90, 48:1 28, 48:3 42, 49:3 86, 51:3 71, 57:133, 60:3 133Humphrey, Mike, 61:1 39Humphrey, William H., 54:3 93–94Humphreys, Charles I., 42:1 15–16Humphrey's Cavity Planes, 52:3 112Humphreysville Manufacturing Co., 37:4 72A, 47:4 113–114Humphries, Mike, 52:4 163"100 Plus" screwdrivers, 55:3 123–124, 55:4 151hundredweight table, 55:3 116Hundred Years A-Felling, A (Whitton), 44:1 19Hungary

coopers' tools, 40:3 48Hunt, Abel, 43:1 8, 43:2 33Hunt, Joseph, 45:3 89, 61:1 14Hunt, Joseph and Oliver, 45:3 89Hunt, Oliver, 42:1 14, 45:3 89, 61:1 14Hunt, Richard Morris, 53:2 74n2Hunt, Tillinghast & Co., 53:4 151Hunt, W., 37:2 24Hunt, Warren, 45:3 89Hunter, James, 51:2 38, 51:2 60, 58:4 172Hunter, Williamplanemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Hunter cotton gins, 52:1 16hunters axes, 60:2 62Hunt Farm, 43:1 8Hunt HouseThoreau's writings on, 43:1 7–8, 43:2:33–35Huntington, A. W., 53:4 148Huntington, Jacob, 61:4 134Huntington Pipe and Bolt Wrench, 44:1 11Huntley, Ariel D., 42:3 76Huntsmin, Benjamin, 52:3 113Hunziker, Otto, 52:3 85Hurchalla, Barry, 56:4 171Hurd, Nathaniel, 61:2 47hurdlesfor hat making, 43:1 4Hurdman, R., 42:3 60Hurlbert, Samuel, 42:4 103Hurlburt, Alden, 44:1 30Hurlburt, L. A., 56:1 21Hurlburt and Roberts quarry company, 55:3 98, 55:3 100Hurley, John, 55:2 59Hurst, A. K.hay forks, 57:3 104Hurst, Joseph L., 37:3 40, 47:1 2Hurst, J. R., 60:1 41Hurt, R. Douglas, 41:3 55–56, 41:3 58Hurwood Manufacturing Co., 55:2 59–64Hurwood screwdrivers, 55:2 59–64, 55:3 120, 55:4 152

Stanley advertising signs for, 59:2 73, 59:2 74husbandry toolsseventeenth-century, 43:2 39husking bees, 50:3 102, 59:3 98husking contests, 59:3 98husking pegs, 50:3 102, 50:3 103, 59:3 97–102collecting, 59:3 100defined, 59:3 102n.13handmade, 59:3 99–101origins of, 59:3 98regional differences in, 59:3 102types of, 59:3 99–101Hussey, J., 61:4 172Hussey, Obed, 39:4 61, 44:2 53, 44:3 80Hussey mowing machine, 44:3 80Hussite Manuscript, 42:2 43Hutchins, Joseph, 51:2 67Hutchinson, Holmes, 53:2 58Hutchinson, T. C., 56:3 98Hutchison, Thomas Setzer, 44:4 110Hutton, Addison, 56:3 93Hutton, William, 58:2 57Huxley, Anthony, 52:3 99hybrid tools. See combination toolsHyde, Deacon Reuben, 47:3 73Hyde, Isaac Perkins, 44:3 79Hyde, Jedediah, 45:2 48Hyde, Rev., 50:1 11Hyde Co., 44:3 79Hyde Park, New Yorkedge tool industry, 50:1 26–28Post Office mural, 50:1 28Hyde Tools, 45:2 44Hyde Windlass Co., 48:2 42hydraulic-driven wedges, 49:3 79–80hydraulic slab splitters (hydrosplitters), 59:4 143Hydrogen Company of the United States, 45:3 95hydrostatic press, 44:2 54hygienewhite bedding and, 54:1 19n.11

Hy-Lo drive crank, Stanley, 61:3 124Iice axes, 52:1 33, 52:3 123, 53:3 127"Ice Axes" (Whitney), 52:3 123ice chippers, 41:1 17, 41:2 36, 41:2 back cover, 60:3 114–125, 60:3 121whatsits, 41:1 17, 41:2 36ice choppersMack & Co., 53:1 22meat tenderers vs., 61:1 32patents, 61:1 32–33ice creambell-ringing to promote sales, 45:1 25, 45:2 56delivery wagons, 43:1 18ice crushers, 60:3 116, 60:3 117, 61:1 30–34choppers, 61:1 32–33pounders, 61:1 30–31squeezers, 61:1 33–34telescoping box, 61:1 33ice cutters, 44:4 118ice hammers, 60:3 117–118ice harvesting, 40:3 45Hamilton, Ontario, 61:1 27–29Winfield, Illinois, 61:3 117"Ice Harvesting, Hamilton, Ontario, February 1902" (Rees), 60:1 27–29, 61:1 27–29"Ice Harvesting, Winfield, Illinois" (Bouvier), 61:3 117ice hatchets, 41:3 77, 43:3 79ice houses, 61:3 117icehousescommercial, 37:4 70ice industry, 37:3 48, 41:3 79, 60:3 114–115crescent icehouse saw, 37:4 70ice man, 60:3 114–115ice picks, 60:3 114–125figurals, 60:3 124–125handles as crushers, 60:3 122keeping sharp, 60:3 123multi-point, 60:3 121pick storage, 60:3 123sliding weight (hammer), 60:3 117–118

with tenderers, 60:3 119three-tines, 60:3 120tools mistaken for, 60:3 116ice planes, 60:4 158. See also ice shavesice reducerscombination tools, 60:3 120–123crushers, 61:1 30–34figurals, 60:3 124–125ice picks and chippers, 60:3 114–125keeping sharp, 60:3 123patents, 60:3 117–118ice saws, 38:2 33, 61:1 27–28ice shavers, 44:4 126ice shavesbox shaves, 60:4 160braces and planes, 60:4 163patents, 60:4 158–163removable containers, 60:4 160–161removing shavings, 60:4 162without containers, 60:4 162–163ice skates, 54:4 171Barton, D. R., 53:1 18ice spattles, 43:3 64ice squeezers, 61:1 33–34ice tongs, 60:3 117, 60:3 118, 60:3 120Ide, Emeline, 48:2 63Ideal lawn mowers, 52:3 95"Identified," 47:3 100"Identifying a So-Called Planemaker's Float" (Cameron), 38:3 46–47identity marks, 54:3 128–129IFFI table, 55:3 116–117"Ignatius Streibich, Blacksmith" (Keller and Benson), 42:2 47–49Ihesus (Jesus) (IHS), 60:2 79Ihling, Willing, 47:2 60IHS symbolism, 60:1 1, 60:2 78–80I Iones/Living in Holliston stamp (Jethro Jones), 42:4 87"I'll be there with bells on" expression, 39:4 67Illium Mining Co., 44:2 44Illustrated Carpenter and Builder, The, 44:1 17Illustrated History of Gardening, An (Huxley), 52:3 99

Illustrated History of Needlework Tools, An (Rogers), 43:3 79, 43:3 80Illustrated Price List of Rules, Spirit Levels, Planes and Tools &c. Manufactured byEdward Preston & Sons, Ltd. (Roberts), 48:4 90–91illustrated publicationsbooks and periodicals, 61:2 44, 61:2 45–55publishing, 61:2 49technology dissemination through, 61:2 44, 61:2 45–55tool catalogs, 61:1 1–16Illustrated Supplement to the Catalog and Invoice Price List of Bench Planes, MouldingPlanes, Etc., 61:1 11Illustrated Trade List of Prices of Sheffield Goods (1889), 42:3 64illustrations. See also art"boiler plate," 49:2 67Imbert, Anthony, 61:2 51Imhouser and Co., 42:3 82immigrantsAustralia, 52:2 71Germany, 41:1 8, 42:4 89, 47:1 24–25, 59:3 99granite workers, 60:1 23, 60:1 27Ireland, 52:3 118, 55:3 101Italy, 55:3 102Sweden, 55:3 101–102tools of, 41:3 39, 41:3 48imp characterStanley Rule & Level Co., 58:3 113–115Imperfect Joy, An (Stubbs), 45:4 102Imperial gallon, 52:4 154n3"Impossible Looking Dovetail Joints on Wooden Mallets" ( Heine), 47:2 39–41imprintscandle technique for lifting, 45:1 19lifting from tools, 45:3 77, 45:3 95"Imprints and Characteristics of the Planes of Robert Wells, Elisha G. Wells, and ChesterR. Wells" (Kelly), 59:3 103–108Improvement in Spokeshaves (Beckwith), 52:3 111Improvement in Square, Miter Square, and Bevel (McKenzie), 41:1 6Improvement in Square and Bevel Combined (Shelley), 41:1 6Improvements on the Art of Manufacturing Grain into Flour or Meal (Evans), 61:2 48"Improver's Improvement Improved, An" (Grabowski), 44:3 86"Improving the Conveniences of Life" (Stanton), 58:1 1–2IMP stamps, 40:2 36

"In a Carpenter's Own Words: Letters of Seth Williamson, 1810-1835" (Fix), 56:4 146–154inclined plane, 49:3 75inclinometers, 61:1 12, 61:1 13"In Consideration of Measurement" (Gauntlett, West, and Fales), 53:2 78–80incuse stamps, 46:4 121, 51:3 70, 51:3 71"In Defense of the Term 'Sith'" (Barshied), 40:4 65–66, 41:1 9Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 58:4 155Independence Seaport Museum, Philadelphia, 58:2 52Independence Stone, 60:1 36indexing machinefor locating positions of spoke mortises on a wagon hub, 44:4 98, 44:4 front coverindex to The Chronicle, 54:3 131, 54:4 147Indiaaxe, 57:2 48Indianalog buildings, 38:4 73Indian Joe, 45:2 49Indian Pond scythe stones, 43:1 11Indian pones, 39:1 10Indian pudding, 44:4 119Indian textiles, 54:1 12India rubber gloves, 53:4 142–143Indicating Calipers Co., 55:2 78indigo dye, 53:4 161n9, 53:4 161n5, 53:4 161n9, 53:4 161n5industrial educationcarriage making and, 61:4 139industrial espionage, 55:1 5, 55:3 127–128industrializationeconomy and, 38:2 21–22England, 51:1 27–29personal methods, 52:1 34–37promise of, 38:2 22slavery and, 52:1 10in the South, 52:1 10–11, 52:1 20spread of, 52:3 113woodworking machinery catalogs, 58:3 108Industrial Journal, 56:1 40Industrial Revolution

carriage making and, 61:4 134fire production methods, 38:2 32, 38:2 35tool catalogs and, 61:1 1industrial stilts, 55:1 41Industries of Pittsburgh (Edwards), 49:4 119Industries of Rochester, The, 53:1 23"Industry Celebrates the Glorious Fourth" (Brown), 38:4 60"Inexpert Witness, An" (Alexander), 40:1 15Infantry Equipment Board, 39:2 21Ingalls, Olive (Carter), 56:1 1Ingersol, Simon, 59:2 46Ingersoll Rand, 61:1 14Ingle, Henry, 58:1 35n.10Ingolfsrud, Elizabeth, 45:3 76Ingraham, Jeremiah, 53:1 34Ingraham, Robert G., 54:2 61Ingraham, Ted, 52:4 162, 53:1 34, 60:3 133, 61:1 39, 61:3 128Ingram, Richard, 58:3 126inheritancetool inventories and, 39:3 40injuriesin granite industry, 59:3 96, 60:1 30inkprinting, 48:4 99ink blottersadvertising giveaways, 61:1 25ink eraserspoultry killing knives as, 41:3 57steel, 41:2 36, 42:1 17, 42:1 25, 42:3 82"I. N. Miller: Maker of Wooden Children's Woodworking Planes" (Kelly), 57:2 51–53Innes, Annes, 60:2 63Innes, Harry, 58:1 5IN NEWP.t imprint, 56:1 30In Olde New York (Todd), 42:3 73, 44:1 10, 44:1 17"Inquiry?, An," 46:3 80"In Search of the Band Ship Saw, Or the Tilting Bandsaw" (Batory), 56:2 45–55"In Search of the Three-Lipped Auger" (Nichols), 59:3 109–110insecticidestobacco smoke as, 44:4 126insect pests

corn cultivation and, 50:3 102in wooden tools, 40:2 30–31"Insight into Factory Practice at Stanley Rule and Level Co." (Pozzato), 46:1 21insoles (shoes), 37:1 5, 37:1 6inspectors marks, 38:3 50instructional rhymes, 37:4 65Insubordination; Or, the Shoemaker's Daughters (Arthur), 61:2 53insurance mapsAmerican Glue Co., 53:1 29, 53:1 30–31Hollingsworth & Vose, 53:1 30–31value of, 53:1 30–31, 53:1 32n22interchangeable parts, 50:1 32. See also standardizationSouthern Railway repair facilities, 50:3 83–84, 50:3 86"Interchangeable Parts," 50:1 32"Interest Aroused, A" (West), 40:1 14"Interesting Iron Square, An" (Kosmerl), 51:3 85–86"Interesting Square, An," 49:3 74"interior diameter" rules, 46:1 23Interlaken Mills, 54:2 73interlocking chucks, 53:1 10, 53:1 12international expositionsMcCaffrey File Co., 48:3 45–51International Harvester, 58:3 94International Screw Thread Congress, 55:3 113International Silver Co., 49:4 132International Standards Organization (ISO)bolt threads, 56:2 66International Yacht Restoration School (IYRS), 53:1 2, 53:1 8InternetWeb searches for patent information, 55:4 161–165Interstate Commerce Commission, 56:3 99intrenching axe carriers, 39:2 21, 39:2 22intrenching tools, 39:1 2axes, 39:1 2, 39:2 23"Introduction to Brown & Sharpe, An" (Preston), 43:3 71inventorsBlanchard, Thomas, 44:1 3–6Jefferson, Thomas, 58:1 1–2, 58:2 62n.1Van Vliet, Warren R., 53:2 43–47"Inventors and Inventions" (Lehmann)

"Foot Power," 47:4 115–118"The 2x4," 47:3 90–91inventory lists, 39:3 40–44Burt, Spencer M. (S. M.), 42:2 37cabinetmakers, 39:3 40–44, 42:3 66cast-iron plows, 40:4 69–70Columbia (bark), 42:1 22–24, 42:4 101–102cooking tools, 40:3 46–47Curtiss, Timothy, 42:3 78cutlery maker, 37:4 61–63Elizabethan, 38:4 71–72farmers' and craftsmen's tools, 42:2 51–53Kersh, Adam, 42:3 66planes, 39:3 42–43responsibility for, 39:3 40using, 39:3 41values assigned to, 39:3 40woodworking, 40:3 49–50inverse imprintsbacking planes, 53:2 60, 53:2 61n30"Invigorating Draft, The" (Pomeroy), 45:4 117iodine green, 53:4 159IOS symbolism, 60:1 1, 60:2 82Iowa State Soldier's Monument, 59:4 140Ipswich Mills, 55:1 1–11"Ipswich Story, The: Technology & Low-cost American Hosiery Production" (Candee),55:1 1–11Irelandimmigrants from, 52:3 118, 55:3 101Irick, T. A., 59:2 56Irish chain quilts, 45:2 62ironadjustable clamps, 40:3 44axes, 54:1 29braces, 41:2 22braces, four-post, cage head, 43:1 25cold-rolled, 58:4 164–165cutting tools, 53:1 37fishing spears, 43:2 35hand printing presses, 48:4 99–100

implements made by blacksmiths, 44:4 122–123ore, 54:4 137from ore and bogs, 37:1 13pads, 53:3 98–100puddling, 47:1 26squares, 51:3 85–86thermal-volume change in, 52:3 107tires, 51:1 19–22tool production, 52:3 113Iron Age magazine, 39:2 26, 43:2 48, 43:3 62, 46:1 19, 48:3 47–48, 48:3 50, 53:1 21,53:1 22, 56:4 141–142iron-body shaves, 52:3 111–113Ironbridge Gorge Museum, 44:3 70iron forkswooden forks vs., 38:3 37iron furnaces, 39:3 39, 39:4 68, 40:1 16A, 40:1 facing page 1, 53:1 39–40. See alsofurnacesBig Pond, Walnut Bottom, 45:3 87–88Charlotte Furnace, 51:1 2Iron Horse Antiques, 52:2 75catalog, 40:1 13, 48:3 57iron industryaxe manufacturing, 54:4 136–137bog iron, 53:1 34England, 51:1 28–29foundries, 54:4 137history, 51:1 32–33, 53:1 39–40iron plantations, 54:4 137Kingston, Massachusetts, 54:3 105–106refinery forges, 54:4 137Saugus Ironworks, 48:4 96–97ironingNewport, Rhode Island., mansions, 53:2 71iron levels, 61:1 13ironmasterscharcoal use by, 47:2 35ironmongers and ironmongery, 46:1 27–28, 50:3 88–89, 52:3 96advertising, 46:1 27–28, 61:1 5signs, 46:1 27tool chests, 38:4 57–60

Ironmongers Chronicle, 52:4 166iron oresmelting, 43:4 103iron rope, 59:3 85ironsaccount book records, 45:3 80break, 45:4 108Butcher, W., 59:3 112California-made, 42:2 31–32Chinese, 57:4 164–165common pitch, 45:4 109double, 45:4 108for double-sash planes, 48:1 19fluting (gauffering), 49:1 29goffering (gauffering), 49:2 52Granford, Thomas, 48:1 15–16makers' marks, 37:4 72Afor paired planes, 48:1 19pitch settings, 45:4 109sad, toy, 44:4 118single, 45:4 108whatsit, 42:3 83Irons by Irons (Irons), 49:2 52iron snakes, 40:2 35iron workingaccount books, 44:1 26–27Fowler, Josiah, 54:1 25whatsits, 44:3 83Iron Works, Wrentham, Massachusetts, 53:1 34Iroquoishusking pins, 59:3 98in upstate New York, 39:3 35Irvin, Jonathan, 51:1 20Irvine's ice cube squeezer, 61:1 33Irving, Joseph, 48:2 39Irwan Brothers, 39:1 17Irwin, Charles, 46:1 20, 57:4 135Irwin, Charles H., 44:2 35–36Irwin Auger Bit Co., 46:1 20, 57:4 135Irwin Bit Co., 45:2 40

Irwin Measuring Tool Co., 57:4 135Irwin Pattern augers, 44:2 35Irwin solid core bits, 45:2 40Irwin Tool Co., 57:4 135"Isaiah J. Robinson: The St. Johnsbury Tool Company" (Robinson), 37:3 47–48Isett, H., 46:1 13Isham, Norman, 57:1 35Iske, Anthony, 43:4 91Ismor Co., 42:2 31"Is This a Barn Pattern?" (West), 51:1 17–18"Is This a Dagger I See Before Me?" (Brundage), 46:2 42–43"Is This the Earliest American Industry Still a Family Business?" (Semel), 37:3 54Italian quilting, 54:1 19n.6Italyearly tools, 45:3 95immigrants from, 55:3 102Ithaca, New Yorklivelihoods, in 1850, 39:3 35–36itinerant shoemakers, 42:4 106Itnyre, Robert F., 48:1 21"It Pays to Advertise! Karen Ward's Query About President Jefferson's Tool Box isAnswered" (Stanton), 43:3 82"I've Been Working on the Railroad" (Brown), 43:4 96Ives, Ira, 38:4 inside front coverIves, James D., 37:1 16Ives, Olive, 57:3 111Ives, R. J., 44:4 99, 57:3 88Ives, W. A., Mfg., 51:4 109Ives, William A., 42:1 16Ivins, Margaret, 60:2 64ivorybeads, 59:1 1Mangbetu carving, 43:4 103rules, 38:1 9, 41:2 24, 51:4 120, 51:4 121Iwan, W. L.hay knives, 57:2 58, 57:2 59, 57:2 68, 57:2 69, 57:3 102–103IXL marks, 38:3 49Ixthus (fish) symbol, 60:2 80–82IYRS. See International Yacht Restoration School (IYRS)

JJack, J. W., 48:2 54jack hammers"California pattern," 43:4 89"Nevada pattern," 43:4 89"Oregon pattern," 43:4 89for splitting granite sawblocks, 59:2 51Jack Knife screwdrivers, 55:4 156jacklightsfor deer hunting, 43:2 37for night fishing, 43:2 36, 43:2 37, 43:3 68"Jack-of-All-Trades at the End of the 18th Century, A," 41:1 15jack planes, 45:3 67, 45:4 108, 46:3 76–80Hewlett's tool chest, 39:1 4inventory lists, 39:3 43mahogany, 39:1 4Monticello collection, 58:1 14–15"jack" rabbet plane, 44:4 121jacksautomobile, 40:3 44rail-lifting, 43:4 96jackscrews, 44:4 116Jackson, Donald, 51:3 101, 53:4 167Jackson, E. B., 59:1 8Jackson, Williambacksaws, 60:3 126–128Jackson, William, & Co., 47:2 49Jackson backsaws, 60:3 126–128Disston J saws, 60:3 126–128Monroe J saws, 60:3 126–128"Jackson Backsaws in America: A Puzzle and a Query" (Baker), 60:3 126–127Jackson Mill and Lumber Co., 40:2 27Jackson saws, 59:1 20Jacob, Charles, 39:1 17, 39:1 back cover, 50:2 70Jacob, Walter W., 39:1 17, 39:1 back cover, 44:2 56, 50:2 70, 59:2 36Jacobs, Charles B., 60:1 41Jacobs, Joseph, 46:1 27Jacobs, Joseph, and Son, 46:1 27Jacobs, Luman W., 60:2 84, 60:2 86Jacobs, Phineas, 44:4 103

Jacobs Mitre Box Works, 60:2 84–85jacquard coverlet weavers, 55:1 16–26Jaffrey food choppers, 50:1 23, 50:1 24Jalbert, Ned, 61:3 102–103Jalbert, Russell, 61:3 102–103James, Aaron, 46:3 80James, A. W., 46:1 27James, Henry L., 42:4 100James, Lyman, shipyard, 48:1 32"James Coates, of Washington, Pennsylvania Made Unusual Planes in his Small Town"(Prine), 50:2 49–52James Griffiths' Book, 45:2 57, 45:2 62"James Griffith's Book" (Higginbottom), 45:2 57, 45:2 62Jameson, E. O., 42:4 87"James Swetman Planemaker" (Prine), 52:1 24–29"Jamestown Axe Company" (Klenman), 51:1 23–24jam making, 55:3 90jam wrenches, 41:3 49, 42:2 37, 42:2 41, 44:1 11Janneseens, Adoplhe, 60:4 143jannocks, 39:1 10Japangrass matting floor coverings, 58:3 97planes, 44:4 109plows, 49:1 28scissors/shears, 43:3 75, 43:3 79stevedores' tools, 47:3 100woodworking, 47:4 131, 52:1 40–41, 52:4 165–166Japan paint, 37:2 31Jaralemon, James N., & Co., 38:1 14Jarvis, D. C., 60:1 26, 60:1 27jaundice tree, 46:1 32Jauss, Elroy H., 60:4 163jawsin wooden clamps, 47:4 111jaw visesFour-Square line, Stanley Tools, 59:4 124, 59:4 159, 59:4 back coverJax and Sons Broom Factory, 45:4 127Jeacock, Harvey F., 38:2 36A, 40:2 16Jefco Industries, 61:2 71Jefferis, B. G., 50:2 71

Jefferson, Isaac, 58:1 12Jefferson, Peter, 58:1 2Jefferson, Thomas, 40:2 24, 47:2 37, 51:4 101, 54:2 55, 54:2 56, 54:2 58, 58:4 155, 59:253, 61:2 49, 61:2 52, 61:2 53, 61:3 96. See also Monticellocarpenters' tools of, 43:1 24, 43:3 82chronology, 58:1 2death of, 58:1 18–19dialogue between head and heart, 58:1 19domes and, 58:1 19–20fishnet shuttle, 43:4 100inventions, 58:1 1–2, 58:2 62n.1moldboard of least resistance, 58:1 3–11Monticello, 54:2 55–58, 55:2 65–75, 58:1 18–25, 58:2 57painting of (Sully), 58:1 front cover, 58:1 inside front coverplank-kilns, 58:1 26–30pocket knife, 58:1 16Poplar Forest retreat, 58:1 18, 58:1 25, 58:1 31roofing, Monticello, 58:1 18–25spherical sundial, 58:1 31–35threshing machine, 58:2 54–65tool chest, 43:1 24, 43:2 54, 43:3 75, 43:3 82, 44:3 84, 58:1 12Windsor chairs used by, 58:4 140woodworking tools, 58:1 12–27Jefferson and Monticello (McLaughlin), 43:2 54"Jefferson and the Art of Roofing" (Beiswanger), 58:1 18–25, 58:1 36Jeffords, Charles L., 51:1 23–24Jeffords, John V. N., 51:1 23Jefford's Axe Co., 46:1 11Jeffords Co., 51:1 24jelly making, 55:3 90"J. E. Minott, Edge-Tool Maker and Iron Forger" (Smith), 57:3 91–95Jenkins, Albert, 53:2 68Jenkins, Geraint, 42:3 67Jenkins, John, 61:2 45, 61:2 46Jenkins, John Geraint, 37:4 64Jenkins, R. W., 40:2 27Jenkins, William Rhys, Jr., 50:4 138Jenkinson, Brad, 54:3 110Jenks, John, 49:3 101Jenner, Edward, 46:4 96

Jennet, Paul, 44:4 100Jenney, William LaBaron, 59:2 41Jennings, C. E., 59:1 13Jennings, C. E., & Co., 41:2 35, 47:2 49, 47:2 67, 51:4 127catalog, 52:1 39Little Daisy Tool Chest, 50:1 32plumb bobs, 50:1 35Jennings, Russell, 44:2 35Jennings bits, 45:2 40Jennings & Griffin Mfg. Co.drawing knives, 51:2 back coverJennison, Johnmetal-pad braces, 53:3 101Jensen, Georgice tools, 60:3 124–125Jensen, Joan, 52:3 86, 52:3 91Jeremy, David, 38:1 4Jernkontoret (Society of Ironmasters), 55:3 127Jerome, E. J., 42:2 52Jerome, M., 42:2 52Jerram & Pearson (J. P.) lawn mowers, 52:3 96Jersey visesStanley advertising signs for, 59:2 73, 59:2 74Jesuits, 60:2 79Jesus Christfish symbolism of, 60:2 81–82IHS symbolism of, 60:2 79woodworking story, 37:4 66"Jethro Jones--Cesar Chelor Connection, The" (De Avila), 42:4 87–88jet piercing (torch cutting) technology, 59:2 49Jett, George, 52:1 41Jett, Linda, 52:1 41jewelers' toolsflat-nosed pliers, 43:3 77saws, blade replacement, 56:2 67vices, 52:4 167Jewell Belting shop, 42:2 43Jewett, Joseph, 37:2 36Jewett, Sarah Orne, 44:3 91"J. Flint Saw and Its Label, The" (Weinstock), 39:4 65

jib saws, 44:3 79. See also fret saws"Jiffy Smoother, Jr." iron, 42:2 31"Jigsaw?" (Turner), 49:3 96jig saw puzzles, 45:4 126–127jig sawsfoot-powered, 44:4 116hand-cranked, 49:3 96Jillson, C. L.planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Jillson, Emily May, 57:3 92"J. Leander Bishop Recognizes a Yankee Whittling Boy" (Brundage), 44:3 93Joan, James, 47:3 93job actions. See also strikesproduction constriction, 52:3 115Jobe, Brock, 41:2 32Jobmaster measuring tapes, 54:4 158job press locks, 52:1 31Joe (Indian Joe), 45:2 49Joe Lane (schooner), 48:1 2John, W. J., 51:1 23"John Baldwin and the Grindstone Lathe" (Kinney), 49:4 125–129"John Dawson, Plane Manufacturer of Montreal, 1851-1876" (Westley), 49:1 19–22johnny cakes (jonakins), 39:1 10–12johnny cake boards, 39:1 10recipe, 39:1 11–12Johns Manville Co., 57:4 135"John Smith Again, More on Race Knives" (Farmers' Museum), 37:1 13Johnson, August, 51:1 23Johnson, Charles, 51:1 23, 57:4 151–153, 59:1 18Johnson, Clifford, 60:4 163Johnson, Clifton, 37:1 10, 44:3 79Johnson, Crisfield, 60:1 39–40Johnson, Doris Ann, 45:4 123Johnson, Eastman"The Scissors Grinder," 53:2 61Johnson, Eugene, 49:1 29, 51:2 59, 58:2 78, 58:4 173Johnson, F. A., 58:3 113Johnson, Frank D., 53:2 75, 57:3 90, 57:4 139Johnson, Harvey, 57:4 151–152Johnson, Ira, 44:1 6

Johnson, Isaac, 54:3 96Johnson, J. Gifford, 60:3 102, 60:3 103, 60:3 104Johnson, Johnny, 53:2 82Johnson, Lyman H., 59:3 98Johnson, Margaret B., 56:1 20Johnson, M. E., 46:3 83Johnson, Philip, 55:1 36Johnson, Polly, 53:4 134Johnson, Samuel, 38:1 12, 39:2 32A, 46:1 27, 46:3 88, 48:1 26Johnson, Stephen, 58:1 6Johnson, Thomas, 55:3 97, 55:3 98, 55:3 100Johnson, Thomas, III, 55:3 98Johnson, W.molding planes, 37:3 49–50Johnson, Warren, 38:4 76AJohnson, W. & C., 57:4 153sawmakers, 59:1 18, 59:1 19Johnson, William, 44:1 6, 46:2 41, 57:4 151–153, 59:1 18, 60:3 105Johnson, William and Charles, 39:2 26–27Johnson, William and Harvey, 39:2 26, 39:2 27Johnson, William C., 60:3 103, 60:3 104, 60:3 105Johnson, W. R., 61:2 55Johnson and Conway, 39:2 27Johnson & Conaway, 52:1 6, 57:4 153, 59:1 19Johnsone, Don, 38:1 13Johnson Smith & Co., 57:3 89"John Stamm, Pennsylvania Preacher and Tool Maker 1808-1877" (Neyer), 54:2 47–53"John Stevens Shop, The: Three Hundred Years of Stonecutting in Newport" (Hall), 58:4141–153Johnston, Donald, 38:3 57Johnston, Joseph E., 49:4 118Johnston, Robert, 55:1 3, 55:1 4Johnston, William, 54:2 47Johnstone, D. B., 41:1 7Johnstone, Don, 41:2 21AJohnstone, Georgewoolen hosiery, 53:4 154Johnstone, James, 41:4 71Johnstone, James T., 37:4 71Johnstown, New York

glove patents, 53:4 138joiner planes, 50:4 130joinersaccount book, 55:1 27–28planemakers as, 48:3 42Sampson, Abel, 45:2 36van Vliet etchings of, 46:1 7–8joiners' chests, 49:2 59joiners' guides, 51:4 131joiner's tool kitMonticello collection, 58:1 16Joiners' Tool Manufactory, 53:2 58–60joiner's workshop, 39:2 29jointer ironsWells, Robert, 59:3 103jointer/planerstool marks from, 61:3 115jointer planes, 37:4 70, 46:3 76, 46:3 78, 46:3 89jointers, 45:4 108–109cooper's, 45:4 108, 45:4 125Crescent Machine Co., 60:4 146, 60:4 147Crescent Machine Division of Rockwell Manufacturing Co., 61:2 70–71operator safety, 60:4 152joint planes, 54:1 1, 54:1 2"Joint Rule Invention, A" (Monk), 42:3 70joint rules, 42:3 70joists, 47:2 67n3Jonathan Fisher, Maine Parson (Fisher), 39:4 63Jones, Cliff, 44:4 106Jones, C. R., 39:1 12Jones, Henry C., 38:1 14Jones, Jethro, 43:3 72, 46:2 42, 46:4 92, 46:4 97Chelor, Cesar, and, 42:4 88I Iones/Living in Holliston stamp, 42:4 87planemaker, 42:4 87–88, 43:2 42–43Jones, J. G., 56:3 104Jones, John E., 48:3 52, 56:2 80Jones, John T., 43:3 75Jones, Jonathanmaker's mark, 40:2 25

Jones, J. W., 56:4 137Jones, Moses J., 59:2 67–68Jones, R.hay knives, 57:2 68Jones, S. A., Co., 54:3 114Jones, Samuel, 44:4 104, 44:4 105Jones, Sarah, 47:3 84Jones, Thomastool inventory, 42:2 51–53Jones, Thomas P., 61:2 49Jones, T. & J., 55:4 147Jones, William E., General, 53:2 51Jones Brothers Co., 60:1 19, 60:1 24Jones River Village Club, 37:4 60n2Jonge, Alex de, 39:4 59Jordan, E., 42:3 58, 42:3 69–70Jordan, Elijah, 42:3 69, 43:1 10Jorgensen patent clamp, 56:2 58Joseph (father of Jesus), 60:2 82Joseph of Arimathea, 37:4 66Josephson, Rob, 45:2 44"Josiah Blake's Account Book 1754-1765" (Englund), 55:1 27–30"Josiah Fowler of New Brunswick" (Klenman), 54:1 25Joslin, Jeff, 60:4 156journalismabout carriage blacksmithing, 61:4 138Journal of the Franklin Institute, 59:2 56Journal of the Tools and Trades History Society, 40:4 53journeymen, 46:2 45, 50:2 48apprenticeship and, 60:1 6–8Jouvin, Xavierglove cutting dies, 53:4 138–139"JO;WILBUR (Joshua Wilbur)" (Slaney), 56:1 28–31, 56:1 37name stamp, 56:1 29Joyce, Ernest, 55:1 39, 58:3 128Joynt-Rule, 44:2 48Joy/Sullivan drifter drill, 59:2 48"J. T. J. Asks for Help in 1884" (Johnstone), 37:4 71Judson, Abner, 56:1 14Judson, Daniel, Jr., 56:1 10

Judson, Elizabeth Abigail (Beers), 56:1 14"juging" (gudegeon), 55:2 78jumper bars, 49:3 80Justice Court in the Backwoods (Mateson), 56:2 75, 56:2 back cover"Justice Roe & Sons, Makers of Steel Tape Measures since 1876" (Muse), 57:4 129–136KKackley, Joseph, 45:4 113Kahler, Edward, 39:2 18Kalm, Peter, 50:4 111Kanes, Joseph Nathan, 39:4 57kangaroo-shaped toolwhatsits, 43:2 50Kangas, James, 42:1 25Kappeler, Richard (Dick), 38:2 33, 39:2 27, 39:3 47–48, 39:3 52A, 39:4 68A, 40:4 64,41:1 10, 41:1 18, 41:1 19, 41:2 21A, 41:2 37, 41:3 85, 42:3 82, 42:4 103, 43:1 11, 43:362, 43:4 93, 44:1 18, 44:3 72, 44:3 93, 44:4 123, 45:3 85, 45:4 126Karker, E. W., 44:3 81Karpf, Norman, 51:4 115Kashishian, Leon, 39:1 12, 56:1 38Katlan, Alexander W., 46:2 53Kauffman, Henry J. (H.J.), 37:4 60n9, 37:4 68, 38:3 57, 41:1 3, 45:2 44, 46:1 26Kaufman, Michael D., 38:3 49Kavanaugh, Norah, 53:2 71–72, 53:2 73–74Kay, Thomas, Woolen Mill, 45:4 116Kaye, J. M., 37:4 64Kayser, Steve, 58:4 161Kayton, H. H., 55:4 149Kean, Herbert (Herb), 37:1 14–15, 37:2 30, 37:2 31, 38:4 76A, 43:2 47, 46:3 82, 48:2 55,50:1 33, 50:4 130, 52:2 67, 52:2 68, 53:3 125, 54:1 36, 54:4 165, 55:2 81, 57:1 36, 58:278Keating, William H., 58:4 155Kebabian, John S. (Jack), 37:1 13, 38:2 25, 38:2 27, 39:1 13, 39:2 26, 40:2 25, 40:2 26,43:2 46, 44:1 21, 45:2 47, 46:2 39, 48:1 28, 48:3 58, 49:3 86, 52:2 76, 53:1 41, 54:1 1,57:4 151–156, 59:1 8Kebabian, Paul B., 37:2 40, 37:4 66, 37:4 68, 38:2 23, 39:1 13, 40:1 1, 41:2 21, 42:3 64,42:3 70, 42:4 87, 43:2 48, 44:3 94, 45:4 112, 46:3 82, 49:4 105, 59:1 8Keefe, M. P., 43:3 80keelCoronet (schooner yacht), 53:1 4

keelboats, 43:4 101keelsonsCoronet (schooner yacht), 53:1 4Keen Kuttercatalog, 42:3 59food choppers, 50:1 24knives, 57:2 59, 57:3 102–103Keen Manufacturing Co., 54:4 171"Keen Observations on Knife Work and Other Matters" (Byrne), 46:1 24–25Keeping House, 53:2 74n6"Keep It Under Your Stetson--One Firm's Contribution to the War Effort" (Wyman), 54:140Kegelmyer, Neil, 61:2 67Kehrl, Albert, 48:2 39Keillor, Archie, 40:2 32Keilor, James A. "Archie," 43:4 106, 44:4 123, 56:3 124Keim, Curtis A., 43:4 103Keiper, H. B., 40:2 35Keith, Elmer, 61:1 39Kelker, F., & Co., 47:1 10Kelker, Frederick, 47:1 10Kelker, Henry A., 47:1 10Kelker, Immanuel M., 47:1 10Kelker, L. R., Co., 47:1 10Kelker, Luther Reily, 47:1 10Kelker, R. F., & Co., 47:1 10Kelker, Rudolph Frederick, 47:1 10Kelker, William A., 47:1 10Kelker & Brothers, 37:2 28, 47:1 10Kelker & Co., 37:2 28Kelker & Sons, 47:1 10Keller, Abraham, 42:1 17Keller, Alex, 44:3 87Keller, Charles, 43:4 101, 45:1 14Keller, Charles M., Jr., 41:2 21A, 41:3 85, 42:2 47, 43:4 101, 45:1 14Keller, Victor, 49:4 123Kellog, E., 44:3 73Kellogg, Elijah, 42:3 73Kellogg, James, 39:3 37, 41:1 11Kellogg, R.

hay knives, 57:2 55, 57:2 58, 57:2 65Kellogg, Russel, 39:1 17Kellogg, William, 39:3 37Kellogg Cobb & Co., 55:2 50Kelly, A., & Co., 58:1 45Kelly, Ellen B., 53:2 44Kelly, Frederick, 48:1 26Kelly, J. Frederick, 38:3 45Kelly, Louise, 58:4 161Kelly, Patrick, 44:1 17, 52:3 125Kelly, Phil, 47:2 60Kelly Corporation, 51:4 130KE-LON slide rule, 52:2 65Kelso, Donald, 53:1 29Keltridge, William, 42:1 4Kemendahl, Daniel, 43:3 81Kempton, Isaac, 54:2 61, 54:2 62Kenaston, N. B., 57:1 34"Ken Basset Supplies Proof that There is Nothing New Under the Sun," 46:1 24Kendall, Thomas, 50:1 2, 50:1 5Kendall and Voss spokeshave, 52:3 112Kendall Co., 53:1 32Kendall Whaling Museum, 45:4 99, 51:1 30Kenneday, Robert, 52:1 14Kennedy, Amelia Maria Carter, 56:1 1, 56:1 2, 56:1 3, 56:1 5, 56:1 8, 56:2 83Kennedy, Hannah, 53:2 60Kennedy, James, 48:3 50Kennedy, John F., Memorial, Washington, D. C., 58:4 148Kennedy, Kathrine May, 56:2 83Kennedy, L., 52:2 52Kennedy, L., Sr., 52:2 52Kennedy, L., & Co., 47:1 4, 52:2 53, 53:2 58Kennedy, L., Collins and Robbins, 52:2 53Kennedy, Leonard, 47:4 124–125planemaker, 41:3 59Kennedy, Leonard, Jr., 44:1 8, 44:1 9, 52:2 53plane factory, 52:2 52, 52:2 54, 53:2 55, 53:2 56, 53:2 58–60planemaker, 49:2 35Kennedy, Leonard, Sr., 44:1 9, 45:2 42Kennedy, Leonard White, 53:2 59

Kennedy, Miriam Parthenia, 53:2 58–59Kennedy, Parthenia, 52:2 53, 53:2 60Kennedy, Robert T., 49:4 117Kennedy, Samuel L., 53:2 58Kennedy, Thomas, 40:1 3Kennedy, William De Witt, 56:1 8Kennedy, W. J., 40:2 18Kennedy & Lewis, 53:2 58Kennedy & Way, 46:2 50–51Kent, A., & Bros., Hardware, 40:4 57Kent-style axes, 37:2 22, 38:3 51, 54:4 135Kent-style hatchets, 39:1 5, 40:1 16A, 57:3 90kerfin granite processing, 59:4 135kerf marks, 61:3 108, 61:3 109Kern, Abraham, 45:4 113Kern, Adam, 45:4 113Kern, D. F., 59:3 100, 59:3 101Kern, Esther, 45:4 113Kern, Henry, 45:4 113Kern, Jacob, 45:4 113Kern, Nicholas, 45:4 113Kern, Samuel, 45:4 113kerosene vaporizers, 54:1 23Kersey, Jesse, 46:3 80Kersh, Adam, 48:4 69cabinetmaker, 42:3 66Kershaw, Adolphus, 40:2 21–22Kershaw, James L., 40:2 21–22Kershaw bevel, 40:2 21–22"K&E Sliderules," 49:2 50–52Kesterton, John, 53:1 36Ketcham mowers, 42:2 52Ketchum, Frederick, 44:1 8Ketchum, William, 44:3 80kettlesbattery, 43:4 93Dutch, 46:1 9–10for hat making, 43:1 4, 43:2 52, 43:3 79–80hatters', 44:3 86–87

Keuffel, Adolf, 54:2 78Keuffel & Esser Co., 45:2 41, 52:2 62–66, 54:2 78, 54:3 114chemists' slide rules, 50:2 45–47KE-LON slide rules, 52:2 65Slide Rule Committee, 52:2 62, 52:2 64, 52:2 66slide rule markets, 52:2 62, 52:2 64–65slide rules, 49:2 50–57, 49:3 84, 50:3 95, 52:2 63, 52:2 65, 54:3 114, 54:3 116Thacher slide rules and, 50:4 125, 50:4 127Keune, A., 39:2 18Keyes, George, 49:4 110keyhole saws, 38:3 46, 39:1 17keymakers, 41:3 61, 41:3 back coverKeystone Clipper scythe, 56:1 5, 56:1 6Keystone hay fork, 57:3 104Keystone Mfg. Co., 41:3 54Keystone Mining Co., 44:2 44Keystone Saw, Tool, Steel and File Works, 61:1 11Keystone Saw Works, 38:2 18, 48:1 30Hayes, Rutherford B., tour of, 38:2 21Keystone Tool Works, 38:2 19Keystone Works, 38:4 69, 42:3 72Disston sons and, 38:4 67establishment of, 38:2 41purchased by Henry Disston, 38:2 19–20Key to Civil Architecture (Skaife), 57:1 1"Key to Dating Vintage Woodworking Machinery" (Batory), 57:1 12–15"Key to the Various Manufactories of Sheffield (1816)" (Smith), 41:2 34keyway blockgranite quarries, 59:2 43–44, 59:2 45Kidder, Jason, 47:3 74Kieffer, William, 47:1 2Kieffer & Auxer, 48:1 17Kier, Samuelpetroleum bottling, 53:3 87Kijowski, Gene, 44:3 79, 50:2 63Kilbourne, Albert Hector, 46:3 58Kilbride, Owen, 42:3 80, 42:3 81Kilby, Kenneth J., 41:3 80, 44:1 30, 51:3 93–94kilderkin, 52:3 92n8, 52:4 151, 52:4 152

Killam, J., 61:4 171kiln-dryinglumber, 58:1 26–30lumber quality and, 58:1 30, 58:1 30n.16modern technology, 58:1 29smoke-kilns, 58:1 29kilnsbrick, 58:1 29, 58:1 30n.16for charcoal making, 47:2 37lime, 44:2 46plank, 58:1 26, 58:1 28–29smoke-kilns, 58:1 29Kilton, J. J., 54:2 73Kimball, C. P., & Co., 48:2 40Kimball, E. D., Co., 54:1 24Kimball, Fiske, 58:1 22Kimball, H. C., 61:3 96Kimberly and Sons, 50:3 99Kim Hong-Do, 42:1 10King, Benjamin, 52:1 26, 52:1 27King, C. G., Co., 50:1 8King, Cockayne & Co., 43:2 48King, Corydon T., 43:2 48King, Gedney, 39:2 17, 50:1 2King, Gedney, and Son, 50:1 3, 50:1 4King, J. A.molding planes, 37:3 49–50King, James B., 59:4 148King, J. M., 48:1 19King, Juda, 42:4 88King, Morrisglove patents, 53:4 140–141King, Sidney D., 43:2 48King, Vince, 42:3 58, 42:4 101King axes, 44:4 116, 45:1 20–21king boltsreinforced, 61:4 137King & Co. (Hull), 55:1 39King & Cunningham, 61:4 171Kingsbury, Frank, 50:1 33

Kingsbury, Mary Alice, 50:1 33King's Chapel, Boston, 59:2 39Kingston, Massachusettsaugermakers, 53:3 120–122draw forging, 37:4 57, 38:1 5–9Drew, C., & Co. calking irons, 54:3 102–109Kingston Independent, 38:1 9kinks (machine belt punches), 44:3 72Kinney, John, 50:2 56Kinsey, Kenneth F., 40:1 16Kinsey, K. F., 37:4 72Kinsey, Ted, 39:1 12, 47:1 14, 47:2 45, 48:1 21, 48:3 56, 54:1 35, 54:4 165, 56:4 173Kirby, Buckeye and Woods mowers, 44:3 80Kirk, Peter, & Son, 58:4 173Kirk, W. A., 56:1 18Kirkwood, William, 51:2 53Kirlin, William, 51:4 115Kirn, G. M., 49:1 23"Kissing Cranes" logo, 49:3 73, 49:4 front coverkitchen dogs, 40:3 47kitchen fireplaces, 54:1 26kitchen implements and tools. See also household implementsedge tools, 49:3 94history of, 44:4 121parers, 59:4 152–154saw-knives, 47:4 104Victorian era, 44:4 120whatsits, 43:2 49, 44:4 113wooden, 54:2 48–49, 54:2 50kitchen matches, 44:2 43kitchensThanksgiving, 41:3 83kitchen staffNewport, Rhode Island., mansions, 53:2 70–71kits (containers), 47:3 70Klahr, Amalia Johanna Friederike, 48:2 49Kleeman, M., 44:4 100Klein, Henry, 44:4 105Klein, Henry, & Co., 44:4 124Klein, J. F., 43:4 88

Klenman, Allan, 43:2 30, 44:1 19, 45:2 60, 46:1 26, 50:3 104, 51:1 7Kley, Ron, 37:2 21Kliest, Daniel, 46:2 48Kline, John B., 51:2 38, 57:2 70Kline Creek Farm, 61:3 117Klinger, Margaret, 38:2 23Klingler, Archie, 53:3 88, 53:3 91Klingler, A. W., Co., 53:3 91Klingler, Eugene (Gene), 39:3 49, 40:2 36A, 42:1 16, 43:2 49, 43:3 78, 49:3 84, 56:3 113Klingler, George Howardpetroleum industry, 53:3 87–92Klingler, Joseph, 49:2 67, 49:2 back cover, 49:3 84, 53:3 87, 53:3 88Klingler, Leonard, 53:3 92Klingler, Peg, 41:2 23Klingler, Samuel, 49:3 86, 53:3 87, 53:3 88, 53:3 91–92Klingler, William, 53:3 87, 53:3 88, 53:3 92Klingler & Mitchell, 53:3 91–92Klingler & Roschycoiling device and turn-table, 53:3 91klompen (wooden shoes), 51:2 41Knapp, Charles B., 37:3 52Knapp, Frederick, 51:3 81–83Knapp, Geraldine, 51:3 83Knapp & Cowles Manufacturing Co., 50:2 63food choppers, 50:1 24Knapp Dovetailing Machine, 37:3 52"Knapp Dovetailing Machine, The" (Knight), 37:3 52Knauss, Sebastian, 46:2 47Kneass, Anna Justina (Feltman), 58:4 154Kneass, Anna Louisa (Finther), 58:4 160Kneass, Christian, 58:4 154, 58:4 158, 58:4 160silverplater, 58:4 157–158Kneass, Christopher, 58:4 154Kneass, Frederick Feltmanplanemaker, 58:4 154, 58:4 158–160Kneass, Horn Riley, 58:4 158, 58:4 160Kneass, Jacob, 58:4 154, 58:4 158Kneass, John, 58:4 154, 58:4 160copperplate printer, 58:4 156–157

Kneass, John Strickland, 58:4 157Kneass, Michael, 58:4 154, 58:4 156planemaker, 58:4 158–160Kneass, Napoleon Bonaparte, 58:4 158Kneass, Nelson, 58:4 160–161Kneass, Samuel Honeyman, 58:4 155, 58:4 158Kneass, Strickland, 58:4 156, 58:4 161Kneass, William, 58:4 156, 58:4 160engraver, 58:4 154–155Kneass & Co., 58:4 158, 58:4 159–161, 58:4 161Kneass & Dellecker, engravers, 58:4 154Kneass & Saurman, 58:4 156Kneass Young & Co., 58:4 154knee knockers, 44:4 110Knife in Homespun America, The (Grant), 52:1 35Knifemaking in Sheffield (Grayson and Hawley), 59:4 129knife sharpeners, 45:1 17, 57:3 86, 57:3 89Kniffen & Harrington, 57:2 61Knight, Asa, 42:3 70Knight, Edward H., 40:4 64, 45:2 53, 47:3 85, 47:3 95, 59:1 16, 61:3 92Knight, Richard, 50:4 129–130Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary. See American Mechanical Dictionary(Knight)Knight's Mechanical Dictionary, 40:3 47, 43:4 106Knights of Labor, 52:4 144knittinghand, 53:4 145–155hobby, 53:4 154machine, 53:4 145–155needle gauge, 44:4 127sheath, 45:1 27suppliers of knit-goods, 53:4 149–153for Union Army, 53:4 145–155knitting machines, 53:4 145–147, 54:1 39, 55:1 1–11. See also machine knittingGriswold Knitter, 38:3 47–49invention of, 57:3 111manufacture of, 57:3 112–113marketing, 57:3 111–118knives. See also hay knives

applewood handles, 37:3 55artists', 42:1 17asparagus, 42:3 80Barlow, 44:2 53, 44:4 126bee keepers', 42:3 80bench, 52:3 109block- or stock-, 45:2 45blubber, 41:4 75boarding, 41:4 74, 41:4 75bone handle, 45:4 99carving, 59:4 129chopping, 44:2 50"cold," 42:3 80corn, 50:3 103crooked, 45:4 99, 61:3 99–105dating, 51:1 24drawing knives (drawknives), 51:1 15, 51:2 back cover, 52:3 110, 54:2 63, 58:4169–170Dutch, 46:1 10fans carved with, 46:1 24–25farmers', 45:4 99Furness Barlow, 44:2 53guillotine, 44:1 24handles, 52:1 35–36Hawley Collection, 59:4 124, 59:4 125, 59:4 129hay, 57:2 54–71Henckels, J. A., 45:4 114honey comb capping, 42:3 80, 42:3 81hooked, 43:1 7"hot," 42:3 80making, 37:3 55Mangbetu, 43:4 103–104mincing, 41:4 74, 41:4 75, 44:2 50Nelson (combination knife/fork), 59:4 124notching, 41:2 34Nowil, J., 45:2 37palette, 42:1 17penknives, 46:2 42plinter, 48:1 33pocket, 44:2 53, 46:2 42–43, 58:1 16

poultry killing, 41:1 16, 41:2 36, 41:3 56–57, 42:1 25poured pewter, 52:1 35–36primitive, construction, 52:1 34–37printer's bodkin, 46:2 43putty, 44:3 79, 59:4 156, 59:4 158, 59:4 159race, 42:2 54Radiermesser, 41:3 57rasping, 43:1 22raw materials for, 52:1 35from recycled files, 40:3 40Revolutionary War soldier's, 44:4 126saw-knives, 45:3 94, 47:4 104, 48:1 19with sheath, 46:2 54, 49:4 134Sheffield knifemaking industry, 48:4 100–101shoe knives, 44:4 127silage, 57:2 61slasher, 42:2 53, 42:3 67spruce gum harvesting, 42:2 46stock-knives, 45:2 45, 52:3 109straw, 45:2 55, 45:3 83table, 59:4 125three-blade, 45:2 37typesetter's, 46:2 42–43uncapping, 46:4 108whatsits, 42:2 53, 42:2 54, 42:3 82knob and tube wiring systemsRobertson screws and, 50:2 61knot-mauls, 41:2 35knots, 51:2 35knotters, 60:3 132Knowles, Hazard, 44:4 102, 50:1 19, 52:3 111Knowles Type spokeshave, 52:3 112Knowlton, John L., 56:2 46Knox, Henry, 44:3 82Knox blasting methodfor brownstone quarrying, 56:3 93Knoxville Museum of Art, 58:4 148Kochera, Ron, 43:2 48Kodachrome, 37:1 11Kodak Cartridge cameras, 60:3 113

Koebor, Clara (Twining), 43:3 66Koehring Machine Co., 43:1 12–13concrete mixer, 43:2 53–54, 43:4 98Koehring Paving Mixer, 43:1 12–13"Koehring Paving Mixer in Use, The" (Reinier), 43:1 12–13Kohanski, Thomas P., 51:3 90Kohn, M., 56:1 21Kona Historical Society, 52:1 41Konigsberg, Charles, 42:2 31Konkel, Rudy, 43:4 90Koopman, Elias, 39:4 57Koopman Pocket Lamp, 39:4 57Koreaflour millers, 42:1 10Korlefors Bruk, 39:4 55Kosmerl, Frank, 40:3 53, 42:1 15, 50:1 23–25Kostrin, Murray, 40:4 64Kotten, Herman, 59:4 145Kou Yuan Shuai, 41:1 10Krack-All ice crushers, 61:1 34Kramberger, Mathias, 55:2 76–78Kraniner-Breitbeil (broad axe), 43:2 54Kranzhobels (wreathing planes), 59:4 162–163Kraus, Edward Henry, 60:3 98Kraus, John, Jr., 60:3 93workbench, 60:3 97–98Kraus, John D., 60:3 98Kraus, John Erhardtool chest, 60:3 92, 60:3 93–95tools, 60:3 95–98Kravic, F. J., 39:3 48Kreisler, Fritz, 43:1 17Kretschmer, Charles G., 47:2 41Kretschmer, Fred N., 47:2 41Kretschmer, Herbert C., 47:2 41Kretschmer Manufacturing Co., 47:2 41Kretschmer-Tredway Co., 47:2 41Kroll, Charlesplanemaker, 53:2 55

Krumbhaar, Alexander, 48:3 48Krupp, Alfred, 51:1 20, 51:1 22Krydsokse (Danish cross-axe), 38:2 30Kubel, S. J., 45:2 60Kugawa, Matt, 61:2 85Kuhn, W., 54:2 47Kujawa, Matt, 61:3 129Kuld, Howard, 53:1 30Kunst, Paul, Bakery and Ice Cream Plant, 43:1 18Kunz, F.hay knives, 57:2 69Kuralt, Charles, 46:4 113Kurz, George, 43:1 5Kushlan, Art, 57:1 31Kyle, W. S., 49:2 56LLabaree, B. F., 56:3 115La Belle Glass Works, 41:3 82label screws, 59:1 20–21labor. See also child labor; labor unions; wages; work day; working conditionsaccount book, 55:1 27–30brownstone workforce, 56:3 99–101coal industry, 52:3 114–121, 52:4 134–146days without pay, 55:1 29Disston, Henry, & Sons, 42:3 72domestic services market, 53:2 69–70, 53:2 72photographs, 40:3 41prison workers, 58:4 134saw gin manufacturing, 52:1 18–19wire grass industry, 58:3 91, 58:3 96–97"Labor and Coal: The Beginnings of a Regional Union in the Anthracite Fields ofPennsylvania, 1854-1874" (Landis)"Part I," 52:3 114–121"Part II," 52:4 134–146labor-saving devicesfarm machinery, 44:1 20horse-powered mowers, 44:3 80–81inventions, 44:1 3

Jefferson's inventions, 58:1 1–2Starrett Co., 49:3 69–70labor strikes. See strikeslabor unions. See also strikesanthracite coal mining, 52:3 114–121, 52:4 134–146in brownstone industry, 56:3 100–101Crescent Machine Co. and, 61:2 61Crescent Machine Division of Rockwell Manufacturing Co. and, 61:2 67–80in granite industry, 60:1 28, 60:1 30–31Southern Railway repair facilities, 50:3 85–86union labels, 51:4 109La Casse ice cuber, 60:3 125lace making, 55:1 1–2, 55:1 3LaChappelle, 59:4 163Lachman's ice tools, 60:3 125Lackawanna Iron and Coal Co., 52:3 114Lackawanna Railroad, 52:4 138, 52:4 143Lacohe, Yves, 60:1 3Ladd, A. W. P., 54:3 91, 54:3 92Ladd, Henry M.planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56ladies' maidsNewport, Rhode Island., mansions, 53:2 69lady's tool chests, 50:1 31–32"Lady With a Hatchet" (B. P.), 44:2 59Lafayette Point Bridge, 54:4 152, 54:4 153Lahoti, G. D., 37:4 60Laing, Alexander, 47:3 83Lair (Lehr), Daniel, 55:1 20–21, 55:1 23, 55:1 25n42Laird, Grimmond, 52:2 47Lajoue, Jacques de, 58:3 100Lake Ontarioice harvesting, 61:1 27–28Lakier, Aleksandr Borisovich, 52:3 114Lamb, Joseph G., 38:1 13Lamb, L. H., 44:2 36Lamb & Brownell, 37:2 33–34Lambert, Jack L., 51:4 111Lambert, John, 51:4 111

Lambert, William, 55:2 46–51, 58:1 32Lamb F. K. M. Co.knitting machines, 53:4 154, 54:1 39Lamb Knitting Machine Manufacturing Co., 57:3 112, 57:3 117Lammers, Henry, 44:3 71–72Lammers' Drug Store, 44:3 71–72, 44:4 118"Lammers' Drug Store" (Ogden), 44:3 71–72Lamond, Tom, 37:3 54, 52:3 108, 57:4 148–149, 59:1 16, 59:1 18, 60:3 110Lampert, Nigel, 45:4 122lampsplummet-lamp, 45:2 41Lams & Brownell, 49:4 115Lamson, Daniel, 44:1 28hoop cutters, 44:4 106Lamson, Ebenezer, 59:2 48Lamson, Silas, 51:4 126–127Lamson Lock Cutters, 45:1 10, 45:1 15Lamson Machine Co., 44:1 28Lancashire Hand Tool Industry, 41:1 5Lancaster County, Pennsylvaniaplanemakers, 37:2 28–29Lancaster County Historical Society, 37:2 28, 47:1 1Lancaster Machine and Knife Co., 53:2 63Lancaster quilts, 54:1 15lancetspoultry killing knives, 41:3 57landaus, 58:1 1Landers, Frary & Clarkfood choppers, 50:1 24ice shaves, 60:4 158, 60:4 159Landis, A. B., Tool Co., 50:3 98Landis, H. K., 39:2 24Landis, John A., 47:2 60Landis, Scott, 41:1 inside front cover"Landis Crankshaft Grinder" (Turner), 50:3 98Landis Valley Farm Museum, 39:2 25land rollers, 52:2 45landscaping granite, 59:2 42land surveyors' tools, 45:4 122Lane, A. H., 49:4 119, 49:4 120

Lane, Charles H., 46:1 15Lane, Charles S., 46:1 15Lane, Ellsworth S. (E. S.), 46:1 15–16Lane, Eva, 46:1 15–16Lane, Gaius, 48:1 12Lane, James, 46:1 15Lane, Jonathan Sewell, 46:1 15Lane, Lyman, 46:1 15–16, 46:1 16Lane, Samuel, 54:4 169–170Lane, Thomas H., 49:4 119, 49:4 120Lane, W. A., Co., 59:4 142Lane, W. B., 49:2 56, 49:2 57Lane, Willis A., 60:1 18Lane Brothers, 49:4 119Lane Manufacturing Co., 59:4 138Lanfair, Herbert, 60:3 129, 60:3 130, 60:3 131Lang, Gilman L., 44:4 117Lang, Herbert, 43:4 103Lang and Jacobs catalog, 42:4 95Langbein, Charles, 46:2 42Langdon, Albert, 60:4 165Langenberg Hat Co., 52:4 156, 52:4 157Langley, William, 56:1 29–30Langsner, Drew, 40:1 15, 41:1 inside front coverLangstroth, L. L., 46:4 108language"Blue Monday" expression, 45:1 25, 45:2 56, 45:3 91"bucket" expressions, 45:3 69"bull" expressions, 45:1 23, 45:4 126Dutch contributions to, 45:3 93"dyed in the wool" expression, 39:4 67"get down to brass tacks" expression, 39:4 67"hammer and tongs" expression, 39:4 67"hat" expressions, 45:3 72hatter's terms, 45:3 75"hew the line" expression, 39:4 67"I'll be there with bells on" expression, 39:4 67instructional rhymes, 37:4 65"lead pencil" origins, 45:2 57"let the chips fall where they may" expression, 39:4 67

loggerheads, 42:4 110, 43:1 24"monkey wrench" origins, 45:4 119old sayings about working hard, 37:4 65"out of sorts" expression, 39:4 67pencils, 42:4 95, 45:2 57picturesque speech, 45:1 27scrimshaw expressions, 45:1 29"sith" and "scythe," 41:1 9–10, 41:2 33"spider" frying pans, 45:3 91"square peg in a round hole" metaphor, 44:4 119"throwing an ox" expression, 45:4 102"too many irons in the fire" expression, 39:4 67Lansing, New Yorklivelihoods, in 1850, 39:3 35–36Lantz, Jackson, 53:2 44lapping granite, 60:1 14lard press, 41:2 36, 41:3 58Larkin's ice crusher, 61:1 32L'Armessin, Nicholas de, 40:2 27Larned, Sylvanus, 57:3 124La Rochefoucauld, Alexandre, 51:1 27–29La Rochefoucauld, François, 51:1 27–29Larrick, Louisa Stetson, 51:4 114Larsen, G, 52:3 88Larsen, Ray, 37:4 56Larson, Lars, 42:3 65Larson, Matt L., 61:2 60Larson, Melvin, 47:3 91, 47:4 133La Rural winery, Mendoza, Argentina, 40:2 31Lascinio, Carlo, 47:2 61, 47:4 133laser-etching machinesfor granite, 60:1 15Lashley, Arnold, 47:2 36Lasinio, Carlo, 46:4 101, 46:4 103, 46:4 108Lasswell, Patrick, 52:4 163"Last Days of K&E Slide Rules, The" (Feely), 52:2 62–66"Lastex" screwdrivers, 55:3 125last making, 52:3 108, 52:3 109Last of the Covered Bridge Builders, The (Graton), 54:4 148Laswell, Pat, 60:3 133, 61:1 39

lat (lath) axes, 52:3 111Latcher, J. W.glove patents, 53:4 140, 53:4 141latch needles, for knitting machines, 53:4 146LaTene periodiron fishing spears, 43:2 35Latham, Ebenazer, 38:4 73"Lathe Powered Sharpening Tool, A" (Roberts), 39:3 47–48lathe-powered sharpening tools, 39:3 47–48lathes, 41:1 20A, 45:1 28, 47:1 31, 47:3 99, 48:2 45Bergeron, 42:1 12Bonnier de la Mosson cabinet, 58:3 101–102, 58:3 104Colonial Williamsburg, 47:4 118for digging and measuring sweet potato hills, 42:2 30electric, 47:4 117foot-powered, 44:4 125, 47:4 115–118, 48:4 80–81, 48:4 87granite-cutting, 60:1 10–12granite-grinding, 60:1 11granite-polishing, 60:1 11grindstone, 49:4 125–129gunbarrel, 44:1 4gunstock, 44:1 4–5, 44:1 31, 44:1 back coverinventory lists, 39:3 43irregular turning, 44:1 5last-making, 52:3 109making, 46:4 122Monticello, 58:1 17, 58:1 35n.25pail, 47:3 71pattern, 44:4 114Peter I (the Great) and, 39:4 59, 42:2 44–45pole, 47:4 115–118, 47:4 133screw-cutting, 47:3 85, 56:2 66shaping spokes with, 52:3 108Singer Copying Lathes, 42:2 45for toymaking, 44:2 50–51treadle, 56:2 77turning, 49:4 127urn, 60:1 11water power, 44:4 114, 45:2 61–62wooden rose engine, 51:4 109

lathe work, 47:2 62Danner, Daniel, 47:1 15–26lathing hatchetsKraus tool kit, 60:3 97Lathrop, Azel J.planemaker, 53:2 55Latin American axes, 39:1 1Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, 58:1 7, 58:1 20, 58:1 22"corn cob capital," 58:1 31–35Latrobe, John H. B., 58:1 34latticework, 41:1 1Laufman, David, 49:4 122Laufman, P. H., & Bro., 49:4 122Laufman, P. H., & Co., 49:4 122Laufman, Philip Harrington, 49:4 122laundryNewport, Rhode Island., mansions, 53:2 71Lauraine Radio Pocket Lighter, 39:4 57–58Laurent, J. B., 37:1 2, 37:1 3Laurent, John B., 37:1 4Lausche, Frank J., 61:2 63Lautner, Joseph, 49:4 122–123, 49:4 123Lautner Hardware Co., 49:4 123Lavigne Micrometer Co., 45:4 115Lavoisier, Antoine, 50:2 44Law, P., 49:3 94Law, Philip, 39:1 4, 39:1 6lawn mowers. See also mowersAmerican-manufactured, 52:2 48chain-driven, 52:2 47Clemson precision, 42:3 71double-angled cutting cylinder, 52:2 49floating cutting cylinder, 52:3 93gang, 52:3 97gasoline-powered, 52:3 93gear-driven, 52:2 48history of, 52:2 43–50, 52:3 93–98import ban, 52:3 95patents, 52:3 95pony-powered, 52:2 45, 52:2 46, 52:2 49, 52:3 93, 52:3 95, 52:3 97

prices, 52:3 94as shears, 52:3 105split cutting cylinder, 52:2 49steam-powered, 52:2 50, 52:3 93, 52:3 94Lawn Mower Trial, 52:2 46–47lawnsmaintenance, 52:2 43, 52:2 49scything, 52:2 43–44Lawns for Sports (Beal), 52:3 99lawn sports tools, 52:3 99Lawrence, Amory Appleton, 55:1 8Lawrence, Amos Adams, 55:1 2, 55:1 7–8Lawrence, John Post, 52:2 48Lawrence, John R., & Co., 61:4 134Lawrence, Jotham, 54:3 96Lawrence, Richard, Shipyard, 44:2 40Lawrence, Richard S., 44:3 95Lawrence Engineeringchemical slide rule, 50:2 47Lawrence Manufacturing Co., 55:1 5laying presswith threaded wooden screws, 56:2 59Laylor, Harryice crushers, 61:1 34layout markson moulding planes, 61:2 83layout menin granite, 59:4 143Lazaruk, Alex, 43:1 21, 45:4 122, 46:1 22, 46:1 28, 49:3 71, 52:4 167Lazowski, Maximilien, 51:1 27–29"lazy shaft"in granite quarrying, 59:3 83Leach, Jim, 60:3 92Leach, Mehetable G., 47:2 51Leach, Pat, 59:1 31Leach & Elder, 49:1 12lead-based house paint, 42:4 109"lead" pencils, 45:2 57lead screws, 56:3 110–112

lead shot towers, 37:2 37–39Leadville, Coloradowoodworkers, 42:4 108Lear, Tobias, 58:2 63n.7leather beltingfor foot-powered machines, 44:1 27for sewing machines, 44:1 27leather-bound decorative books, 44:1 25leather carrierswhatsits, 45:3 85"Leather Cloth," 47:4 104leather clothing, 47:1 32, 47:4 104leather cutters, 45:3 83leather puncheswhatsits, 44:2 61leather shoe lasts, 52:3 108Leathersich, Glenn J., 42:4 96, 45:4 122leather washers, 47:4 126, 48:1 25–26leatherworking tools, 39:2 31, 50:2 68–69shank lasters, 57:4 162–163shears whatsit, 56:2 82–83stitching horse, 42:4 104Leaven, J. P., 59:2 74Leavens, Philip J.zig-zag rule patents, 56:2 73–75Leavitt Machine Co., 45:1 27Lebanon Valley Railroad, 56:3 97, 56:3 101–102Lebhar, Norman, 44:2 63LeBlanc, M. Bernard, 59:2 76"Ledger-Domain" (White), 42:2 47–49, 45:1 14–15, 45:2 48–50, 45:4 110–111"Bark Columbia Sails On, The," 42:4 101–102"Daniel T. Hewitt's House Account," 46:1 29–30"East and Mid-West of Tinsmithing, The," 43:4 101"Eighteenth Century Blacksmith Served Diversified Needs," 44:1 26–27"George Washington's Fort Loudoun Inventory, 1758" (Starr), 43:2 44–45"Getting the Good from Maker to Consumer," 46:2 49–50"In a Scrape with a Scraper," 44:2 57–58"Jottings from Craftsmen's Pens," 40:3 49–50"Record Book of the Bark, Columbia," 42:1 22–23"Sterling, Massachusetts, an Early 19th Century Seat of Chairmaking," 44:4 114–

115"Stoves for Plows," 40:4 69–70"To Build a House," 43:1 19–20"Tools of a Spendthrift," 41:4 78"Unturning of a Screw Manufactory, The," 44:3 77–78"Who Was Timothy Curtiss? And What Was His Trade?", 42:3 78–79Ledwith, Peter M., 42:4 105Ledyard, William, 61:1 40Lee, Ann, 47:3 69, 52:4 127, 52:4 132Lee, E. S., & Co., 53:1 22Lee, Howard B., 53:2 51Lee, Richard Henry, 54:2 58Lee, Ruth Webb, 43:4 92Lee Farm, 43:2 33Leetonia, OhioCrescent Machine Co. and, 60:4 138–156Leetonia Lighting Co., 60:4 145Leetonia Reporter, The, 60:4 138, 60:4 141, 60:4 142, 60:4 143, 60:4 146, 60:4 149, 60:4155, 61:2 61, 61:2 68–69left-handed devices, 45:3 76–77center bead planes, 45:4 103moulding planes, 45:4 103scissors, 52:3 102screw threads, 45:3 76–77wooden threads, 56:2 57, 56:2 63–64left-handedness, 45:3 76–77"Left-Hand Moulding Planes" (Ross), 45:4 103leg crooks, 52:2 71Le Guide du Carrossier, 48:2 38Lehigh Coal and Navigation Co. (LCNC), 52:3 115Lehigh Coal Exchange, 52:4 140–144Lehigh Valley Railroad, 52:4 139, 52:4 142, 52:4 143Lehmann, August, 47:4 129Lehmann, Gary, 47:4 128Lehr (Lair), Daniel, 55:1 20–21, 55:1 23Leiper, George G., 60:3 101Leisenring, John, 52:4 140Leisey, O. H., 47:1 5Leitz Co., 45:2 41Lejre Historical-Archeological Research and Experimental Center, 39:3 46

Lemon, James, 51:2 44lemon squeezers, 42:4 104lemon treesCalifornia, 42:2 34LeMoyne, Hannah, 45:3 82Leoffler, Louis, 39:4 57Leonard, Archie, 53:3 88Leonard, Charles, 54:3 front coverLeonard, Eben, 54:3 front coverLeonard, Ebenezer, 54:3 front coverLeonard, James, Jr., 53:1 34Leonard, Nathan, 37:1 8Leonard, Nathaniel, 46:1 27Leonard, Rufus, 46:1 30Leonard, Thomas, 53:1 34"Leonard Bailey: Cabinetmakers' Block Plane" (Jacob), 52:2 60–61"Leonard Benton Bidwell, Newark, West Virginia" (Welcker), 53:2 48–52Leonard & Kinsley, 41:2 32Leonardo da Vinci, 42:2 43, 42:3 82"Leonard's Boat Shop" (Swift), 54:3 front coverLeoni, George, 39:2 18Leopold, G. O., 49:2 56, 49:2 57Lerche, Grith, 45:1 11Lerner, Le Rue, 43:4 96LeRow, Silas, 37:1 4Leschen & Sons Wire Rope, 59:3 85"Lesson in Organization, A" (Armistead), 44:3 73Lester Improved Saw, 41:1 2Lester scroll saws, 47:2 47Lethersich, Charles, 52:2 66letter codes, 54:4 147letterheadProvidence Tool Co., 43:2 42letteringon plate-glass windows, 37:4 69Lettermann, Edward J., 45:4 102letterpress printing, 48:4 97"Letters from E. W. Carpenter, Lancaster" (Tannehill and Warner), 47:1 1–12"Letters of John Holmes, The" (Holmes), 37:2 20"Letters on Leather Washers," 48:1 25–27

"Letters on the Thunderbolt," 49:4 124"let the chips fall where they may" expression, 39:4 67Leukart, J., 49:4 137Leukart, J., Manufacturing, 49:4 137LeVan, Kenneth R., 61:2 75, 61:2 77levelscarpenters', 50:1 2cast iron, 52:1 29Cook's, 45:1 21Disston, Henry, & Sons, 38:4 68Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:3 117–118, 59:4 159iron, 61:1 13machinists', 51:3 82makers, 52:4 165plumb, German, 49:1 24Pool, 50:1 2, 50:1 6–8Stanley advertising signs for, 59:2 71tool catalogs, 61:1 12, 61:1 13lever pressfor brick making, 59:2 56levers, 52:3 106Levin, Ed, 59:4 165Levine, Charles, 43:4 89, 56:3 126Levisay, Clint, 40:2 27Levisay, Joel, 40:2 27Levitan, Elliot, 40:4 60lewis, 43:3 83Lewis (Monticello slave), 58:1 16, 58:1 17Lewis, Edward, 60:2 55Lewis, Helen (Birdsey), 56:1 12Lewis, Henry, 43:4 110Lewis, Henry, Hardware Store, 44:2 59Lewis, J. Howard, 60:2 58Lewis, John Lawrence, 55:3 99Lewis, Thomas, 45:2 62Lewis and Clark: Partners in Discovery (Bakeless), 43:1 24Lewis & Weeks Hardware Store, 44:2 59Leyland steam mower, 52:3 94Leyner, John, 59:2 47–48L'Hommedieu, Ezra, 46:1 20

L'Hommedieu twist bit, 45:2 40Libbey, William, 47:3 73Liberty Mutual Life Insurance Co., 37:3 54librariesmechanics' and apprentices', 61:2 55Library of Congress, 58:4 140bookbinding dictionary, 44:1 23–24Licht, Walter, 57:4 151Lichty, Benjamin, 55:1 20Lidgerwood Manufacturing Co., 59:3 89Lieb, J. J., 56:1 16Liebel, Lou, 44:1 29Life and Tradition on the Cotswolds (Brill), 38:1 12LifeGuard measuring tapes, 54:4 154–157, 54:4 158Life in an Old New England Country Village (Fennelly), 47:4 118Life of Abraham Lincoln, The (Holland), 42:2 44lifting dogs, 59:3 86, 59:3 87lifting jacks, 59:3 81, 59:3 82Light, Sarah, 39:1 inside front coverlighters, 38:4 inside front cover, 39:4 57–58cigar, 40:4 73Alightingfor photographing tool collections, 37:1 11"Lighting A Fire About 1830," 40:1 16lighting devices, 38:3 52–55history, 38:2 31–32for smokers, 39:4 57–58lightningelectric power and, 44:2 45, 44:2 62Lightning Hay Knife, 57:2 54, 57:2 55Lilins, T. W., 49:2 57Lilly, William, 52:4 141Lima Locomotive & Machine Co., 59:3 93limefor whitewash, 42:3 62lime kilns, 40:1 16A, 44:2 46"Lime Kilns" (West), 44:2 46limestone, 44:2 46granite vs., 59:2 38, 59:2 44

limonite, 54:3 105Lincoln, A., 42:4 97Lincoln, A. B., 42:4 97Lincoln, Abraham, 39:3 41, 43:3 75, 47:2 41, 49:3 92, 49:3 101, 53:4 147rail splitters' maul, 43:4 100Lincoln, F. W., & Co., 50:1 3Lincoln, Thomas, 39:3 41, 39:3 44tool kit, 42:2 44Lincoln Axe Co., 47:2 41"Lincoln Axe Company of Dubuque, Iowa, The" (Klenman), 47:2 41Lincoln Iron Works, 59:4 133, 59:4 135Lind, Jenny, 59:4 141Lindenberger, Christopher, 50:4 133–134Lindenberger, Ebenezer, 50:4 133–134Lindenberger, I., 61:4 171Lindenberger, John, 48:1 28, 48:3 35, 48:3 41–42, 50:3 88planemakers, 50:4 133–134Lindenberger, John, Jr., 50:4 133Lindenmann, William, 54:3 98Lindley, Johnson, & Whitecraft (Whitcraft), 38:2 18, 39:2 26, 39:2 27, 48:1 30–31, 57:4151–153Lindsay, Mary E., 53:2 69Lindsey, Andrew, 60:2 51, 60:3 99–100Lindsey, John, 60:3 104linear perspective, 61:3 91linen presswith threaded wooden screws, 56:2 60linen productionhatchels and, 58:2 50–51linen yarn, 51:2 35line palletsfor bookbinding, 44:1 24–25line winders, 44:3 84linseed oil, 39:1 12linseed processing mills, 38:2 35linsey, 52:4 130Linsky, John, 44:4 102, 44:4 103linstock (linpole), 45:4 126lint (ginned fiber), 52:1 12, 52:1 20Lintner, W. R., 44:3 86

Lippi, Fillippo, 46:4 106n.4listels, 48:2 57, 48:2 58Lister, George, 52:2 44"List of Tools Supplied to Immigrants to New York State from the PA-LATINATE in1709," 39:1 16Lithgow, Walterplanemaker, 48:1 22–24lithographer's shop, 45:3 79lithographic stone, 45:2 59–60, 45:3 79lithographycitrus fruit-crate labels, 42:2 33Little, Levi, 41:3 37Little Daisy Tool Chest (C. E. Jennings Co.), 50:1 32Little Falls, New Yorktoolmakers, 37:1 1–4Little Falls Axe Co., 37:1 16Little Gem lighter, 39:4 57"Little Giant" screwdriver, 56:4 139Little Giant wood boring machine, 44:4 126Little Kanawha Navigation Co., 53:2 51"'Little Matter, A': Jefferson's Moldboard of Least Resistance" (Stanton), 58:1 3–11Littlemestershay knives, 57:2 61Liu Thien Chun, 41:1 10"Livelihoods in Upstate New York in 1850" (Burchard), 39:3 35–36livestock, 55:3 87anti-fence climbing device, 45:1 17breeds, 47:3 98bull-control device, 45:1 17bull nosering, 45:1 15, 45:1 21living in, 50:1 11"Living In" (Klingler), 50:1 11"Living in" stamps, 40:2 25–26"Living in Wrentham" mark, 40:2 25–26, 52:2 77, 54:1 2, 54:1 3, 54:1 4, 54:1 6, 54:1front cover, 58:3 122dating, 38:2 27significance of, 46:4 92–93Livingston, William B., & Co., 45:4 100Livre des Metiers de Paris, Le (Boileau), 60:1 1–8"Lizzie Borden Chapter Amalgamated Tree Fellers Association" (Klenman), 46:1 31

Lloyd, Edward, 61:3 93Lloyd, Johncoal mining labor issues, 52:4 141, 52:4 143Lloyd, John, Jr.planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Lloyd, Lawrence and Co., 52:2 48, 52:3 94, 52:3 95Lloyd, Supplee & Walton, 43:2 31, 52:2 48Lloyd Smith Co., 53:3 91L. M. & K. Works, 45:4 101load-bearing masonry walls, 59:2 41Lobelia blue, 53:4 158"Locating the Steamshovel in Time" (Brundage), 42:1 18Locher, Floyd, 38:3 57, 38:3 inside front cover, 38:4 76Alock bedding machine, 44:1 3lock cutters, 41:2 34Locke, James, 46:2 45Locke, John L., 44:3 81Locke, Walter, 44:3 75Locklin, Patrickedge tool maker, 49:2 38lock mortisers, 37:2 40Lockridge, Kenneth, 56:4 146, 56:4 150locks, 51:1 7, 51:3 101makers, 51:1 7locksmith shops, 46:1 32illustration, 45:4 125signs, 45:4 125–126, 46:1 32lock-up tool, 51:4 105Lockwood, John H., 44:3 79Lockwood, Sally, 53:4 134Loco Foco (matches), 44:4 105locomotive cranesfor moving granite, 59:4 139locomotivesgeared, 59:3 92–93repair facilities, Spencer, North Carolina, 50:3 73–87Loeber, Charles, 44:3 71Loebs, Albert, 59:2 65, 59:2 67Loether, J. P., 55:3 100–101

Loewenherz screw thread, 55:3 113Loftus & Williamsice tools, 60:3 123Logan, George, 58:1 11n.5Logan, George B., 49:4 118Logan, J. F., 44:4 107Logan, John T., 49:4 117Logan, Wilson, & Co., 49:4 119Logan-Gregg Hardware Co., 49:4 117–118Logan & Kennedy hardware, 49:4 117, 50:3 91Logan's ice shaves, 60:4 162logarithmic scales, 49:2 50log buildingsin southern Indiana, 38:4 73log calipers, 46:1 15–16, 60:4 164"Log Church, A" (Starr), 42:1 17–18log constructionchurch, 42:1 17–18loggerheadsorigin of word, 42:4 110, 43:1 24loggerhead turtles, 42:4 110loggers, 45:4 105crews, 42:2 42, 56:3 129, 56:3 back coverlogging. See also lumber; timber and timber industry; woodin New England, 60:4 164tools, 46:1 15–16for wooden pails, 46:2 43–44"Log Into Lumber" (West), 44:4 125Log Log Duplex Decitrig slide rules, 49:2 51logosbutter molds, 51:2 50log rules, 48:1 29–30, 51:3 86formulas, 49:1 30log-scaling rules, 60:4 164log splittersmechanical, 49:3 77, 49:3 79Thunderbolt Splitting Tool, 49:3 82, 49:4 124lo-kao dye, 53:4 158London. See also England

early planemakers, 58:3 126–127edge-tool makers, 48:2 40guilds, 61:4 146hornmaking, 54:3 110–111tool-making and selling, 51:2 64–65London, Berry & Orton Co. (The Atlantic Works)tilting bandsaws, 56:2 55London, B. H. G., 46:4 121London Air Lift rules, 54:2 80London Assize capacity standards, 52:4 151, 52:4 152London Labour and the London Poor, 1851-1861 (Mayhew), 38:1 back coverLondon Museummedieval axes, 37:1 20ALondon Tradesman, The, 38:4 58Long, Derek, 61:4 inside front coverLong, Col. Stephen Harriman, 54:4 148, 54:4 149–150, 61:2 50longevityby occupational trades, 50:1 25, 50:2 71"Longevity" (Price), 50:1 25Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 44:3 75, 55:4 134Long Island, New Yorkagricultural tools, 40:4 64hardware and tool dealers, 44:2 59toolmakers, 44:2 58–59, 44:3 85tool resources, 45:4 121"Long Island Farmer," 40:4 64"Long Island Hardware and Tool Dealers," 44:2 59Long Island Railroad, 44:3 81"Long Island Toolmaker" (Reichman), 45:2 58–59longleaf pinecolonial timberyards, 54:2 56naval stores, 52:3 122–123Longo Industries, Inc., 49:4 118long pipe, 52:4 153Long Strike, 52:4 144"Lookalikes" (Reichman), 38:4 72lookalike tools, 39:2 29Loomis, G. P., 49:2 56Loomis, J. (or Issac), 46:1 30looms

Crehore, Benjamin, 47:3 94devices, 43:3 78fly-shuttle, 53:4 132power, 44:2 52, 44:3 89, 54:2 72–73Weaver's Delight, 43:3 72–73loop (tail) rope, 59:3 87Loosening the Bonds: Mid-Atlantic Farm Women 1750-1850 (Jensen), 52:3 86Lorbach, Val, 40:4 62Lords Cricket Ground, London, 52:2 50Lorenz, Hans E., 39:1 12Lorenzen, William, 46:4 110"Lore of the Abrasive Little Strawberry, The" (Armistead), 44:3 91–92, 44:3 120, 47:113–14Loring and Churchill Co., 50:1 8Lost Country Life (Hartley), 41:4 85Lothrop shoe shave, 52:3 112Lott, Edwin S., 43:3 72Lott, Gene R., 44:2 60, 44:4 110Lott, Jeremiah, 43:3 72"Lott's Lot" (Gedney), 43:3 72Loucks, Edwin, 37:3 41, 42:4 96Loudon, J. C., 49:1 26Loughborough, John, 37:1 17Loughborough, John Fletcher, 37:1 17Loughborough, John Norton, 37:1 17Loughborough, Nathan, 37:1 17Loughborough, William S., 50:1 16, 50:1 19–20plows, 50:1 13Loughborough, William Swaze, 37:1 17–20Loughran, Patrick (Patrick Locklin), 49:2 38Louis VII, King of France, 60:1 3Louis IX, King of France, 60:1 2Love, Andrew J., 39:1 3Love, Horace T., 56:3 108Loveage, William and Mary, 49:3 83, 49:3 84Lovecraft, J., 49:2 39–40Lovecraft, William and J., 49:2 39–40Lovejoy, Hubbard, 37:2 35, 37:2 36, 43:3 72Lovell, J., 61:4 172Lovell, Jacob, 38:2 22, 39:3 37, 46:4 110

Loving, William, 52:4 131Lowell, Francis Cabot, 44:2 52, 44:3 88–89, 44:3 89Lowell, James Russell, 42:2 44Lowell, MassachusettsAldrich clamps, 49:1 15–18City Directory, 49:1 15mill girls, 44:2 52, 44:3 89National Park Service guide to, 47:4 132–133Lowie, Steven W., 37:3 56"Lowly Adjustable Hollow Auger, The" (Grasso), 45:2 60Lowry, George, 58:3 90, 58:3 93LoyalistsDogget, Simeon, 48:3 35–47loyaltyduring World War I, 60:4 155Loyola, San Ignacio de, 60:2 79–80Lucarini, Carl, 43:3 83Lucarini, Pilade, 43:3 83Lucas, Herman S., 43:3 80Lucas & Shepard, 53:3 104Lucifers (matches), 44:4 105Lucker, H. H., 61:1 25Lucotte, J. R., 58:1 37Ludwig, Harry O., 37:3 40Lufburrow, Milton Randolph, 37:1 17Lufkin Rule Co., 54:1 31, 54:2 78lugged (ribbed) axes, 38:1 9Luiken, Jan and Kasper, 46:1 8lumber. See also timber and timber industry; trees; woodboard selling accounts, 55:1 28–29dimensional, 47:3 90–91kiln-dried, 58:1 26–30logging tools, 46:1 15–16Massachusetts lumbering industry, 42:2 42mills, Ohio, 40:2 27sawing logs into, 44:4 125scales, 52:2 79sizes, 53:1 35surveyors of, 52:2 78tool marks, 61:3 106–116

Lumberman Handbook (Disston), 51:1 16lumbermen's tools, 47:2 38ax, 38:2 22lumber scales, 46:1 15–16, 54:2 50, 54:2 52lumpersgranite, 59:4 143Lund, John, 49:3 83–84Lund, Mary, 57:3 95Lundenburg Foundry, 48:1 6Lunenburg County, Nova Scotiasteam-driven barrel stave mill, 41:2 31"Luther and Joseph Metcalf: Two Cabinetmakers/Planemakers of New England"(Blumenberg and Butterworth), 44:2 37–38luthiers' clampswith threaded wooden screws, 56:2 58Luzerne Union, 52:4 140, 52:4 142, 52:4 143Lydgate, John, 52:2 73lye (sodium hydroxide)for rust removal from tools, 37:2 32, 37:4 72lying ogee plane, 51:4 102Lynch, Kenneth, 40:3 52Lynch, Nellie, 53:2 72Lynn, Massachusettsshoemaking, 42:2 40MMabbett, T.ice shaves, 60:4 158, 60:4 159, 60:4 160, 60:4 161macadam roads, 49:3 91Macbeath, M. A., 61:2 60Maccubbin, R. W., 54:2 86Macdonald, Anne, 53:4 148, 53:4 150MacDonald, D. M., 40:1 3–6MacDonald, D. M., Co., 40:1 4–6Macdonald, John A., 37:2 22MacDougald, Joe, 46:2 39machine belt punches, 44:2 56, 44:3 72machine-cut fileswhatsits, 37:4 72

"Machine Drain, The" (Hermanek), 44:3 93machine knitting. See also knitting machineshosiery production, 55:1 1–11for Union Army, 53:4 145–155Machine Novae (Verantii), 44:3 94"Machinery Invades the Farm" (Kappeler), 44:1 20"Machines and the Cooper" (Gedney), 44:4 108"Machines for Making Bricks in America, 1800-1850" (Pulice), 59:2 53–58machine shopsgranite industry, 60:1 18machine tools, 43:3 81in agriculture, 44:2 53–54Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co., 43:3 71collecting, 44:3 93, 44:4 121defined, 43:4 94, 44:2 53miniature, 44:1 30for toymaking, 44:2 50–51machinists, 47:2 67Southern Railway, 50:3 80, 50:3 83machinists' toolslevels, 51:3 82screwdrivers, 55:2 63–64Mack, Royal L., 53:1 21Mack, William W., 53:1 21, 53:1 23MacKay, A. J., 40:1 3, 40:1 4Mack & Co., 53:1 22–23half-circle mark, 53:1 22, 53:1 23Mackenzie, William, 37:4 64Mackey, Elbert, 45:1 10Mack Tool Co., Inc., 53:1 24–25MacLachlan Woodworking Museum, 49:2 43, 55:4 169MacLeish, A. Bruce, 41:3 53MacLeish, Patty, 55:1 12, 60:3 110MacLeod, William Wallace, 40:1 5MacLeod Axe Co., 40:1 4, 40:1 5MacLeod/MacDonald Axe Making Machinery, 40:1 facing page 1Macomber, Ebenezer, 48:3 38Macone, Paul, 57:2 42, 57:2 43Madden, C. C., 43:3 74Madden, Edward M., 42:1 15, 42:3 72

Madden, Isaac P., 43:2 48Madden and Cockayne File Co., 43:2 48Madden & Clemson, 40:1 14madder dye, 53:4 157, 53:4 161n9madder plant root, 42:1 20Maddock, Mary P., 60:3 103"Made in California" (Glissman), 42:2 31–32"Made in Maine" exhibit, Maine State Museum, 42:3 75–76"Made in PHILAD A " (Bopp)"No. 1," 56:1 25–27"No. 2," 56:2 68–69"No. 3," 56:4 155–159"No. 4: The Veit Plane Makers," 57:1 16–22"No. 4: The Veit Plane Makers: Update," 57:3 101" No. 4: The Veit Plane Makers: Follow up," 57:4 156"No. 5: From the Distaff Side: Some Female Entrepreneurs," 57:3 96–101"No. 6: Henry Disston's Early History," 57:4 151–156"No. 7: Kneass: Six Brothers and a Friend," 58:4 154–161"No. 8," 60:1 19–26Madison, James, 58:1 7, 58:1 22, 58:1 31, 58:2 70threshing machines and, 58:2 56, 58:2 61Madonna and Child (di Bartolo), 46:4 101, 46:4 107n.20Madonna and Child (Ugolino), 46:4 98Madox, Williammetal-pad braces, 53:3 103planemaker marks, 52:1 32–33Sheffield brace, 53:3 102Madox planes, 49:2 61Magee, Kneass & Co., 58:4 158Magee, Rick, 43:1 9magenta dye, 53:4 156, 53:4 157, 53:4 158Magic Diamond glass cutter, 44:1 19–20, 44:2 38, 44:3 86Magic Lantern Projector, 45:3 94Magic Pocket Lamp, 39:4 57Magna View Box rules, 54:3 124magnetitein needle sharpeners, 47:1 14Magnolia (prototype auto), 38:4 70–71Magny, Alexis, 58:3 100mahogany, 47:2 57–59, 47:2 67

Honduran, axe cuts in, 48:4 94–95jackplanes, 39:1 4Mahoney, Ed, 54:3 118"Maid of Spotless Town, The: Domestic Service in Newport's Great Houses"(Woodbury), 53:2 66–75maidsNewport, Rhode Island., mansions, 53:2 70–71Maillard, Allie, 44:2 48Maillard, Allse, 43:4 87, 43:4 88Maineaxes, 50:2 43hand tool makers, 46:1 15–16historic photographs, 56:1 40, 56:1 41"Made in Maine" exhibit, 42:3 75–76planemakers, 44:3 67–70, 44:4 112–113, 45:2 35–37planes, 37:2 33–36rule making, 46:1 15–16Maine, Jonas C.account books, 45:4 110–111Maine Antique Digest, The, 38:1 14Maine Antiques Digest, 42:3 71Maine Business Directory, 40:1 2Maine Maritime Museum, 37:4 72AMaine State Museum"Made in Maine" exhibit, 42:3 75–76mainsail, 48:2 41maize. See also cornin Colonial America, 39:1 9, 39:1 10husking pegs and, 59:3 98Major, J. Kenneth, 47:2 61, 51:4 105"Make-Do, The: A New Life for the Broken Tool" (Klingler), 43:3 61make-do tools, 43:3 61in Alaska, 44:3 86files and rasps, 58:1 15n.8plows, 44:4 123Makepeace, Miltonhay knives, 57:3 102"Maker of All Tools" (Reichman), 42:4 100–101makers' marks, 41:3 49, 44: 4 116–117. See also name stamps; planemakers' marks

Bear, Christian, 58:2 76–77Beatty family, 60:3 106–110broad axe, 41:1 3Buttrick, Nathan, 57:2 42, 57:2 45buying and selling of, 50:1 12Chelor, Cesar, 38:2 2, 40:2 25–26, 46:4 93Coates, James, 50:2 50–51, 50:2 52Conley, George, 40:1 3date codes, 54:4 144–147Dominy planes, 57:2 7918th century, 40:2 25–26embossed, 59:3 103–105Hamburg planes, 48:2 48, 48:2 50–53Harmony Society, 51:4 104–105Hathaway, Braddock D., 54:2 63, 54:2 64, 54:2 65imprint variations, 61:1 41incused, 59:3 103–105incuse stamps, 46:4 121, 51:3 70, 51:3 71initials, 51:3 72–73irons, 37:4 72Aletter codes, 54:4 147masons' marks, 51:3 98, 51:3 back covername stamps on axes, 54:4 141Nicholson, Francis, 40:2 25–26, 46:4 92–93, 48:3 63–66planes, 37:4 72, 40:3 50, 51:3 70–73, 55:4 169, 59:3 105–108Sampson, Abel, 45:2 35, 45:2 36Scott, William, 50:3 92semicircular, 53:1 22, 53:1 23siths, 45:3 90Steele, William, 47:3 81, 47:3 82types of, 38:3 49–50Wheeling planemakers, 47:3 81, 47:3 82–83wooden shipping crate, 54:4 164Makers of American Machinists Tools (Cope), 50:2 67Makin, Harry, 54:2 87"Making a Needle in 1855," 40:1 16"Making a Spade, Step One" (West), 57:2 53"Making a Specification of a Patent" (White), 46:3 68, 46:3 86–87Making Ax Handles (Greear), 40:1 15"Making Brick in 1869" (Maxim), 37:1 10

"Making Cast Steel in Sheffield," 40:3 45"Making Circus Wheels...Nearly a Lost Art" (Olson), 41:4 61–63"Making Cutlery in Greenfield, Mass" (Gladden), 37:3 55"Making Little Ones Out of Big Ones: The Black Crusher" (Brundage), 44:1 18"Making Meaning, Making Butter: Tools as a Decorative Art," 50:2 39–42"Making of a Felt Hat, The" (Henderson), 52:4 155–169"Making of America" web site, 55:4 162, 55:4 165Making of an American, The (Riis), 37:4 67Making Screw Treads in Wood (Holder), 56:2 64"Making Shoes in Litchfield, Connecticut, 1795," 41:1 15"Making Snuff in 1869," 44:2 36Making Traditional Wooden Planes (Whelan), 60:3 133Makinson, John T., 41:1 1, 41:1 2Malayan fire piston, 38:2 31Malbone, Godfrey, 58:4 142Male, William, 43:4 93Malecki, W. J., 49:2 57mallets"beetle," 61:3 108dovetail joints on, 47:2 39–41fiber, 43:4 89handle with threaded wooden screws, 56:2 60–61inventory lists, 39:3 43–44with rolled paper heads, 43:3 81Mallett, Charles H., 49:2 55, 49:2 56, 56:4 134Mallett & Furbish, 56:4 134–135Malloch, D., and Sons, 59:1 31Mallory Co., 51:3 78Malone, Arthur, 56:2 82, 56:4 170Malone, Michael, 51:4 115Malott, Fred, 42:1 10Malpa's green corn shredder, 56:1 17Mammoth Cave, 39:4 68Man, David, 46:4 95Manada Furnace, 47:1 18wages, 47:1 26n9"Man Behind the Lawn Mower, The" (Brundage), 42:3 71Manchester, Gleave, 59:3 120Manchester Mills, 45:2 47Manchester quilts, 54:1 15

Manee, Abraham, 61:4 133Mangbetu peopletools of, 43:4 103–104manger forks, 38:3 37mangles, 57:3 97Mangone, Joseph, 46:4 103Manheim, Lancaster County, Pennsylvaniawood turning, 47:1 15–26manicure scissors, 52:3 103manila ropefor cable tool drilling, 53:3 89–90for granite quarrying, 59:3 84Mann, Austin, 42:4 95Mann, Julia De Lacey, 39:2 30Mann, Nathaniel, 41:3 49Mann, N. N., 45:2 55Mann, Timothy, 45:1 22Mann, Timothy, Jr., 45:1 22Mann, William, Jr., 41:1 3Mann, William, Sr., 41:1 3Mann Axe and Edge Tool Co., Ltd., 53:3 95Mann Axe and Tool Co., 37:2 22, 37:2 24Mann Axe Co., 37:2 23, 38:3 50, 38:3 51Mann Edge Tool Co., 41:1 3, 41:3 49, 43:2 30, 43:3 64, 47:2 41, 52:1 38in Canada, 53:3 95, 53:3 122Mannes twist bit, 56:3 112Mannheim, Amédée, 49:2 50"Mann Name in Canada, The" (Klenman), 53:3 95, 53:3 122Manny's Illinois Mower, 44:3 80Mansfield & Stimson Foundry, 59:4 135Manter & Blackmer, 45:1 20Manual of Carpentry and Joinery (Riley), 48:2 60"Manual of the Principles and Practices of Roadmaking, A" (Gillespie), 45:2 53Manuel du Tourneur (Bergeron), 55:4 145, 56:2 64Manufactories and Manufacturers of Pennsylvania of the Nineteenth Century, 60:2 51"Manufacture of Wooden Pails" (Martin)"By Manual Labor, The," 45:3 67–69"Logging and Bolting, Part I," 46:2 43–44Manufacturer and Builder, The, 60:1 38–39"Man Who Turned the Stanley Works Around, The: The Story of William H. Hart"

(Jacob), 58:4 163–168map holders, 54:3 131mapleburls, 57:1 28–29curly, 57:1 28Maplehurst Manufacturing Co., 53:2 46marblegranite vs., 59:2 38, 59:2 44hand saws for, 44:1 17marble cutters' tools, 43:3 83Marble, Webster A., 47:2 42marble cutters' tools, 43:3 83Marble House, Newport, Rhode Island.domestic services, 53:2 67–75Marble's Axe, 47:2 42"Marble's Axes" (Klenman), 47:2 42Marcelli, Orazio, 59:4 149Marcellus, Laurence, 40:4 65Marcellus, Lawrence, 41:1 9Marchbank, John, 54:3 93–94Marchini, Angelo, 38:4 76, 57:2 69Marcotte, Michele, 59:1 inside front coverMarcuarte, Simon, 38:3 49Marcy, Herman, 54:4 148, 54:4 152Marcy, L. J., 45:3 94Marcy Lumber Co., 41:2 22margin dressing, 56:3 96Maria logoreligious symbolism of, 60:2 77mariner's dry card compass, 39:2 17Mariners' Museum, 45:1 28Mariott, Steven, 41:3 83Maritime Edge Tool Co., 37:2 23, 37:2 24, 38:3 51, 53:3 95maritime industryconverting salt water to fresh, aboard ships, 61:2 48hemp cultivation for rope, 61:2 46marking gauges, 39:1 5, 50:4 130, 50:4 132, 50:4 139, 53:3 123–124, 53:4 171, 54:2 52German immigrants, 40:3 43locking devices, 53:3 123

whalebone, 45:1 30with wooden screw threads, 56:2 61"Marking Time: Jefferson's Spherical Sundial" (Wilson), 58:1 31–35"Marks and Countermarks" (Perch), 38:3 49–50Mark Well the Whale (Schmitt), 41:4 75Marley, Luke, 45:1 13marlin spikes, 41:3 52whale ivory handle, 45:1 31Marmon Group, 50:2 63Marmont, Paul, 48:3 57, 52:2 75Marples, Joseph, 55:4 168Marples, William, 57:1 5Marples, William, & Sons, 40:1 11, 40:2 36, 40:3 44, 45:3 78, 49:3 94, 51:3 88, 51:3 90,61:1 15marquetry, 42:4 111Marquis, Bill, 43:3 78"Marseilles quilts," 54:1 10, 54:1 11, 54:1 14–15Marseilles white work, 54:1 9–19Marsh, Albert, 49:2 43, 49:2 47, 49:2 48Marsh, Albert Ibbotson, 49:2 47–48Marsh, Ann, 49:2 47Marsh, Anne, 49:2 48Marsh, Hannah, 49:2 48Marsh, Isaac, 47:4 122, 48:1 12Marsh, James, 49:2 48Marsh, John, 49:2 43, 49:2 47, 49:2 48, 49:2 49Marsh, Robert, 49:2 48Marsh, Samuel, 49:2 47Marsh, Samuel Stevenson, 49:2 48Marsh, Sarah, 49:2 48Marsh, Thomas, 54:3 94Marsh, Walter, 49:2 48Marsh, William, 49:2 47, 49:2 48Marshall-Wells Hardware Co., 43:4 107Marsh Brothers & Co., 49:2 48, 49:2 49Marsh-Drury hardware, 49:2 43–49Marshes & Shepherd, 49:2 48, 49:2 49, 61:1 7Marsh Gauge Pole Co., 44:1 29"Marsh late Drury" hardware, 49:2 43, 49:2 47–49Marston, F. W., 38:3 43

Marston, George P., 57:3 112Marston, George P., & Co., 57:3 112, 57:3 113Martin, Benjamin, 61:3 92Martin, Ella Logan, 44:4 107Martin, Everard H., 55:1 7, 55:1 8Martin, Homer, 37:4 72AMartin, John, 45:3 67Martin, John Stuart, 39:2 31Martin, Michael, 50:1 13, 50:1 18Martin, Molly, 58:4 154Martin, Richard, 57:1 33Martin, Samuel, 50:4 111Martin, Thomas C., 58:2 61Martin & Brayer, 50:1 13Martini, Simone, 46:4 105Martin Mill, 46:2 43–44Martius, Carl, 53:4 157Martius yellow, 53:4 157MarylandEastern Shore threshing, 40:2 30Maryland State House, 61:3 95, 61:3 96Mary Rose (warship)planes recovered from, 60:1 44Masback, E. R., 38:3 49Masback, Robert J., 38:3 49Masback Hardware Co., 38:3 49Mason, John C., 44:2 47Mason, Michael, 52:1 32Mason and Parker, 52:4 148, 52:4 149Masonic lodges, 46:4 94–95Masonic master's chairs, 37:2 20, 37:2 front covermasonry wallsload-bearing, 59:2 41masons' marks, 51:3 98, 51:3 back covermasons' tools, 53:1 38mitres, 57:1 6Massachusetts. See also specific cities and townslumbering industry, 42:2 42planemakers, 42:2 37

Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association (originally, Massachusetts MechanicAssociation), 61:1 14, 61:2 54membership certificates, 61:4 143, 61:4 145–150, 61:4 153–156Massachusetts Historical Society, 58:4 140Massachusetts Tool Co., 45:4 115mass productionBlanchard, Thomas, and, 44:1 4power loom and, 44:2 52toys, 44:2 50–51woodworking machinery catalogs and, 58:3 108Mast, J. B., & Co., 43:4 87mast (shipwrights') axes, 54:2 62–63master craftsman symbolwhatsits, 43:2 50masterpiecesapprenticeship system and, 60:1 7masticators, 43:4 105matches, 41:1 20A, 44:4 104–105Boston, 44:4 105factory-made, 44:4 104–105friction, 38:2 35, 44:2 43, 44:4 104gunners', 44:4 104phosphorus, 44:4 104safety, 44:2 43sulfur, 38:2 32, 47:3 78n5"Match Holder and Match Striker, The" (Sayward), 44:2 43"Part II," 44:4 104–105match holders, 44:2 43, 44:4 104–105Vulcan Plow Co., 43:2 55, 43:2 back covermatchlock guns, 38:3 53match planes, 46:1 12–14children's, 57:2 52"double," 46:1 12unusual, 59:1 31"Match Planes--Old, New, Patented, and . . . Pirated? A Plane Talk Special Feature"(Kebabian), 46:1 12–14match strikers, 44:2 43Mateaux, Clara, 44:2 49Matelassé, 54:1 10material history

planes, 42:1 5–7mathawks, 40:4 65mathematical instruments, 48:3 66–67playing cards with illustrations of, 58:1 38–39Pool, 50:1 1–6scales for, 39:2 17–18Mather, Cotton, 46:4 96Mather, Daniel, 47:4 105Mather, Thomas S., 43:3 75Matheson, D., 48:4 74Mathieson, A., and Son, 54:3 126, 59:2 77Mathieson, Alexander, 57:1 5Mathieson, Alexander, & Sons, 40:3 44, 46:1 13, 57:1 5, 57:1 7Mathieson, Alex R., & Sons, Ltd., 59:3 120, 59:3 121Mathieson combination planes, 58:2 79, 58:4 173Mathieson & Son, 44:4 127mathooks, 40:4 66–67, 41:1 9Matin, Eugene, 55:2 81Matinicus Island, Maine, 56:2 85, 56:2 back coverMatson, Maryann, 41:2 36mattenbies, 40:4 67matt hawks, 40:4 65–66Mattheson's Australian Saw-Miller's Log and Timber Ready Reckoner (Matheson), 48:474Matthews, R. F., 39:2 16Matthews, Robert, 46:2 45mattocks, 45:3 89forging, 42:3 83Matzelliger, Jan, 37:3 43, 37:3 44, 37:3 46Mau, Jim, 57:2 71Maudslay, Henry, 55:3 112Maugham, Colin, 44:2 56maul, 45:3 67Maule, Joshua, 46:1 27mauve dye, 53:4 156, 53:4 157, 53:4 158, 53:4 162n30Mavor, William, 43:2 38Maw, Kergarth (Kirjarth or Kirgarth), 59:3 103Maw & Co., 59:3 103Mawson, Elinor, 37:2 22, 38:3 50Maw & Stanley, 59:3 103, 59:4 163

Maxim, Hiram, 39:2 31, 41:3 59, 42:2 43Maxim, Hudson, 41:3 59, 42:2 43, 56:1 41May, Edward S., 39:4 58May, Ellen (Robbins), 52:2 56–57May, Ida, 52:2 57May, John A., 52:2 57May, T., 49:2 61May, William, 52:2 56Mayer, E. L., 52:3 112Mayfield, New York, 40:4 67Mayhew, Henry, 38:1 back coverMayhew, H. H., Co., 45:4 115Maynard, Micah, 42:3 79Maynard primer, 49:1 31Mayo, George D., Machine Co., 55:1 9Mayor, A. Hyatt, 61:1 1McAdam, John, 49:3 91McArthur, John, 56:3 93Mc'Avity, Thomas, & Co., 49:2 45McBride, Hugh, 56:4 171McCafferty, J. E., 49:2 57McCaffrey, Edward V., 48:3 50, 48:3 51McCaffrey, Henry, 48:3 46McCaffrey, Hugh, 48:3 46, 48:3 49–51McCaffrey, James, 48:3 46McCaffrey, John, 48:3 46, 48:3 49–50, 48:3 50, 48:3 51McCaffrey, Joseph J., 48:3 50McCaffrey, Richard H., 51:1 14McCaffrey and Brother, 48:3 45–51McCaffrey File Co., 50:4 128, 50:4 back cover, 51:1 14Catalogue of Files & Rasps, 50:3 1041893 Columbian Exposition Exhibit, 51:4 125international expositions and, 48:3 45–51makers' marks, 48:3 48–49"McCaffrey File Company and the International Expositions, The" (McCaffrey), 48:345–51McCall, Charles H., 43:3 78McCall, James H., 43:3 78McCarty, J. C., Co., 49:2 56McClane, Louis, 40:3 50

McClintock, Hamilton, 53:2 50McClung, Archibald, 59:2 56McClure, A. S., 44:4 99, 44:4 100McColm, Matthew, 58:4 134McCormick, Cyrus, 39:4 61, 44:2 53–54McCormick, Stephen, 58:1 10"McCormick and the Machine Age," 43:4 94McCormick mowers, 44:3 80McCormick reapers, 43:4 94, 44:2 53–54McCow, N. C., 56:1 18McCoy, James S., 59:4 145McCracken, William T., 52:1 16–17McCrumb, Margaret, 46:3 80McCullough, Ann, 38:3 43McCullough, J., 39:3 43McCurdy, Andrew, 39:2 25McDiarmind, D. G., 48:2 40McDonald, Alexander, 59:4 139McDonald mechanical surfacers, 60:1 18McDonald surfacers, 59:4 139, 59:4 140McDougal, Craig, 39:1 12McDougall, Bill, 48:3 52McEathron, Alexander, 42:3 59McEathron, Lois (Collins), 42:3 59McElroy's Directory, 56:4 155–156, 56:4 158, 56:4 159McEntee, Margaret M., 50:2 71McEwen, Mary (Polly), 56:1 15McFarland, J. Horace, 56:3 91McFarland, Pete, 48:1 4McGarrity, William, 57:4 155McGee, Samuel, 54:3 94–95, 54:3 96McGinn, Bridget, 53:2 70McGrath, Nicolas B., 40:4 56McGregor, Rob Roy, 54:3 98McGrew, A. O., 49:4 123McHugh, M. D., 37:4 72AMcHugh, Michael, 37:4 72AMcIntosh, Gail, 58:1 33McKay, Donald, 42:2 44McKay, G., 52:3 88

McKay, Gordon, 37:3 43McKay, G. R., 45:2 41McKay stitcher, 37:3 43–44McKee, J. Edward, 38:3 46McKee, Michael, 38:2 24, 41:2 23McKeever, Nannie, 56:1 20McKenzie, Alexander, 41:1 6, 41:1 7McKiernan, John, 48:2 55, 49:2 61, 51:4 119McKim, Mead, & White, 55:1 35, 58:3 125McKinley, James, 52:4 137McKinley Tariff (1890), 51:1 24McKinney, L. O., 49:2 56McKnight, J. J., 43:4 87–88McLaughlin, Jack, 43:2 54McLaughlin, William J., 52:3 88McLean and Hollingsworth, 53:1 28M'Clintic, John, 42:1 24, 46:3 86McLoughlin, Thomas, 48:2 35McLure, John, 50:2 49McMaster, Alonzo D., 53:1 17McMaster, T. J., 52:2 68, 52:4 163, 53:1 17McMath, William, 50:4 113McMichael, Birdie, 53:3 88McMillan, Loring, 46:3 71McMillen, Bill, 56:4 171McMillen, J.hay knives, 57:2 67McMillen, Loring, 39:3 44, 43:1 10, 44:3 66McMullen, Johnknitting machine patents, 53:4 145McNeill, Henry, 37:3 41McNerney, Katheryn, 51:3 90McNiece, Williamsaw handles, 59:1 14, 59:1 19McPhee, John, 42:2 34Mead, Charles L., 51:4 120–122, 52:4 147Price List, 41:4 72Mead, Tillycabinetmaker, inventory, 41:2 29

Meals, S. W., 53:3 89, 53:3 92n6Meany, Janet, 45:3 85, 45:3 92Mease, James, 58:1 6, 58:1 7, 58:1 9, 58:1 36n.48measurementBurgos system, 56:4 164–165Cyrillic, 56:4 164–167French inches, 53:2 78–80Spanish system, 56:4 163–164"Measuring Instruments--A Diversity" (Stanley), 55:2 45, 55:2 58measuring stickwhatsit, 37:3 56measuring tapes. See also rulesadvertising on, 57:3 105–110angle, 57:4 133–134Chesterman, 50:1 18cinoline wire for, 57:4 129Defiance "push-pull," 57:3 108Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 159, 59:4 160patents, 57:4 130–131reel housing construction, 57:4 133Roe, Justus, 57:4 129–136slide rules, 50:1 22Stanley, 53:4 163–167, 54:1 31–34, 54:2 75–80, 54:3 121–125, 54:4 154–159,57:3 108–110steel, 57:4 129–136for surveying, 57:4 129–136measuring tools. See also rules; slide rulesclick reels, 51:2 35–38Doyle Log Rule, 51:3 86materials, 55:2 58specialized, 55:2 45, 55:2 58sticks, 50:3 105whatsits, 44:1 28, 44:3 75, 49:1 27meatmeat house, 55:3 89preparation, 55:3 88–89, 55:3 90tenderizers, 54:1 41, 54:2 59"Meat Chopper," 52:2 74meat choppers, 44:2 51, 44:3 88, 52:2 74meat cleavers

Carter, Israel, 50:1 27meat tenderers/tenderizers, 43:1 21, 43:4 92, 60:3 119, 60:3 121ice choppers vs., 61:1 32"Mechanical Aids for Artists in America: 'Making a True Draught'" (Fairbanks), 61:3 89–98Mechanical Dictionary (Knight), 40:4 64, 45:2 53. See also American MechanicalDictionary (Knight)Mechanical Exercises (Nicholson), 53:3 100"Mechanical Kitchenalia: Parers" (Turner), 59:4 152–154mechanicals, 50:4 138mechanical tools and processescorn pickers, 59:3 97drawing aids, 61:3 96granite surfacing machines, 59:4 139harvesters, 39:4 61log splitters, 49:3 77, 49:3 79rust removal, 37:2 32wood fasteners, 41:3 85mechanic and manufacturing societies, 58:4 134Mechanick Exercises (Moxon), 37:4 61, 43:1 6, 43:1 16, 43:2 46, 43:2 47, 53:3 96, 61:4150, 61:4 165Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing (Moxon), 48:4 97Mechanick's Workbench, 52:2 75–76mechanicsdefined, 61:4 143–144Mechanics and Engineers Handbook (Haswell), 51:2 41mechanics' associationsmembership certificates, 61:4 143–156Mechanic's Companion, or, the Elements and Practice of Carpentry, Joinery(Nicholson), 46:3 82mechanics' libraries, 61:2 55Mechanics MagazineR. Hoe & Co., 53:3 108–113Mechanics Own Book (Spons), 46:3 79"Mechanics' Song," 61:4 144mechanics toolsBarton, D. R., 53:1 15–16Mechanic's Tool Store (D. R. Barton), 53:1 15–16"Mechanization of the Cloth Cropper's Shear" (Reichman), 39:4 66medallion quilts, 54:2 70, 54:2 71

Medbury, A., 44:4 107medical equipmentglassware, 46:1 17Nursing Lamp, 44:1 13surgical, 51:1 26–27whatsits, 41:2 36, 43:1 22Medici, Giovanni di Cosimo, 46:4 106n.4medicinesherbal, 45:3 91, 58:2 78sold by peddlers, 44:1 14sold in drug stores, 44:3 71medieval axes, 37:1 20AMedieval Italy. See also Middle Agescarpentry tools and techniques, 46:4 98–107Medlicott Co., 55:1 7Meek, Caroline, 52:3 92n8Meeks' Drugstore, 44:4 118Meglio, Jean di, 41:3 83Meikle, Andrewthreshing machines, 58:2 54, 58:2 56, 58:2 58–59, 58:2 62n.2, 58:2 63n.9, 58:263n.10Meikle, George, 58:2 56threshing machines, 58:2 63n.10Meily, Charles, 55:1 20, 55:1 23Meily, Emanuel, Jr., 55:1 23Meily, Samuel, 55:1 23Mein, John, 61:2 47Meinecke, Gordon, 42:1 25, 42:3 72, 43:2 30Melhuish, Richard, 41:3 57Mellinger, John, 55:1 23Mellinger, Samuel, 55:1 23Mellinger and Nold Planing Mill, 60:4 140Mello, David P., 42:4 96Melnick, Howard, 46:2 42Melville, Herman, 38:3 49, 41:4 75Melville, Lewis, 41:4 77membership certificatesguilds, 61:4 146mechanics' associations, 61:4 143–156

"Membership Certificates of Nineteenth-Century Mechanics' Associations" (Wing andWing), 61:4 143–156"'Mem dm. of Carpenters Tools': Woodworking Tools at Monticello" (Self and Stanton),58:1 12–17, 58:1 35–36Memoirs of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, 61:2 53Memorial History of Boston, The, 46:2 39memorialsBarton, David R. (D. R.), 49:2 37Civil Rights Memorial, Montgomery, Alabama, 58:4 148Civil War, granite for, 59:2 40granite, 59:2 40Kennedy, John F., 58:4 148Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 58:4 147, 58:4 148, 58:4 149World War II, Washington, D. C., 58:4 149, 58:4 151Memorials of the Kneass Family (Kelly), 58:4 161"Memoris of a Hand-Cranked Saw" (Haughey), 37:3 53menhumor about, 44:2 51–52Men Against Granite (WPA), 60:1 26, 60:1 29Men and Manners in America, One Hundred Years Ago (Scudder), 42:3 75Mencken, H. L., 39:1 10, 43:4 106menhaden (mossbonkers), 45:2 51, 45:3 93Men of Progress (Sartain), 44:1 2, 44:1 5, 44:1 front coverMen of Subtle Craft (Lewis), 42:4 104men's hatspalmleaf, 40:2 20Mensuration (Stanley), 57:4 159Mercantile Agency Reference Book (Dun), 37:2 23Mercedes-Benz automobiles, 41:4 73Mercer, Henry, 61:2 74, 61:2 75Mercer, Henry C., 38:2 28, 39:4 62, 40:1 10, 40:3 37, 41:1 16, 42:3 65, 42:4 89, 43:1 6,43:1 16, 44:3 91, 45:2 46, 46:3 69, 46:3 75, 47:3 84–85, 53:3 125, 56:2 77, 57:4 164Mercer, John, 54:2 57–58Mercer Museum, Bucks County Historical Society, 50:4 117, 51:1 22, 51:2 46, 52:2 74,52:3 122, 54:3 111, 56:2 77Spruance Library, 39:2 16merchantable timber, 52:2 79merchant signs, 44:1 31, 44:3 70merchants' marks, 54:3 128–129

Merco Nordstom Valve Co., 61:2 61mercuryseparating gold dust with, 40:3 52Meriden Britannia, 49:4 132, 49:4 133Merino/Dudley Woolen Co., 55:3 114–115merino hosiery, 55:1 1–11Meriwether, William D., 58:2 61Merlingueche (Lunenburg Town), Nova Scotia, 41:1 8Merriam, Caleb, 50:1 4Merriam, J. Z., 57:3 112Merrick, Charles H., 40:2 19Merrick, George G., 37:2 35, 37:2 36Merrick Anderson Co., 46:3 89Merrill, George P., 56:3 92, 56:3 95Merrill, Hiram, 61:1 9Merrill, M.hay knives, 57:2 64Merriman, Andrews, 56:3 94, 59:4 133Merriman, Robert L., 37:4 60n4Merriman slitting shave, 52:3 112Merrithew, Sally, 42:3 73Merror, Joseph M.knitting machines, 53:4 145, 53:4 150Merwin, Thomas Benjamin, 48:4 93, 48:4 back coverMescelli, Mike, 51:4 130mesh (netting tool), 44:3 84Messinger, Henry, Rev., 53:1 33, 53:1 34, 53:1 35"Messrs. Hoe and Co.'s Printing Press Manufactory" (White), 53:3 108–113metal. See also ironbuttermaking and, 51:2 47husking pegs, 59:3 99–100shaves, 57:1 5shingle roofing, 55:2 66–67, 55:2 72snips, 44:4 117tapered metal-cutting saws, 59:1 16metal beer kegs, 61:1 25metal-pad braces, 53:3 96–104bits for, 53:3 96–99brass bodies, 53:3 100iron pads, 53:3 98–100

spring-catch pads, 53:3 100styles, 53:3 98–100thumbscrew system, 53:3 100metal planes, 45:1 18, 45:2 51, 46:3 77restoration of, 45:1 23metalworkingmachines, planemaking and, 43:2 41metal-workers block, 49:1 8sixteenth century, Nürnberg, 54:2 82–83"Metal Working Machines: Their Impact on Planemaking" (Brundage), 43:2 41metalworking toolsfor gun repair, 38:2 34metaphors"square peg in a round hole," 44:4 119Metcalf, Eleazer, 53:1 34Metcalf, Eliphalet, 41:4 73–74, 42:3 75Metcalf, Isaac, 43:3 72account books, 43:1 19–20Metcalf, John Calvin, 44:2 38Metcalf, Josephcabinetmaker/planemaker, 44:2 37–38Metcalf, Luthercabinetmaker/planemaker, 44:2 37–38Metcalf, Sarah, 40:2 26metric rules, 56:1 34–36, 56:4 160–164advertising on, 57:2 73Metropolitan Cutlery Co., 49:3 74Metropolitan Life, 60:1 27Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 45:4 116musical instrument-making tools exhibit, 43:1 17Metternich green, 53:4 159Meyers, Aphy, 45:2 35micain granite, 59:2 37mica schist, 43:1 11Michael (Michal), Johnplanemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Michel Ottin Ltd., 42:1 27Micmac basketry, 45:1 24"Micmac Basketry" (Reichman), 45:1 24

micro-crystaline wax, 39:1 12microlithic flint drills, 59:1 2micrometer marking gauges, 41:1 14micrometer surface gauges, 41:1 14microscopesmanufacture of, 39:2 18Mid-Atlantic Association for Living History Farms and Agricultural Museums, 46:4 123Mid-Atlantic regionfarm-produced butter, 52:3 85–92Middle Agesguilds, 60:1 1Italian carpentry tools and techniques, 46:4 98–107medieval scriptoriums, 42:1 25medieval stone crosses, with sculptured tools, 42:2 50medieval wall paintings, 41:3 53sixteenth-century tools, 54:2 81–85trade signs, 54:2 82Middleboro, Massachusettsplanemakers, 48:3 35–44Middleburg Stone Co., 60:1 41Middlebury Register, 49:4 110Middlesex Iron Co., 43:4 95Middlesex Quarry Co., 55:3 98–101, 55:3 106"Midget" Fuller slide rule, 50:3 97Midget lawn mower, 52:3 98Midway Village and Museum Center, 45:4 125Mid-West Tool Collectors Association (MWTCA), 37:3 53, 37:4 56, 40:1 12, 41:2 35,42:3 65, 48:3 58, 56:2 77Milano, John, 52:4 156mild steel, 54:1 21–22Miles, "Tommy," 55:4 147Miles & Lyons, 61:2 53military equipment, 43:2 44–45, 43:3 58, 43:3 64axes, 39:1 1–3, 39:2 21–23Military Journals of Two Private Soldiers, 45:1 24, 45:1 27milk. See also butter; cream; dairyingfat content of, 52:3 87watering, 52:3 88milkmaids. See dairymaidsmilk paint, 48:3 66

emoving, 42:3 83, 42:4 93, 42:4 109"Milk Paint," 48:3 66milk panswomen buttermakers and, 50:4 110Milks, E. D.hay knives, 57:2 67Millener, Joel P., 53:1 15, 53:1 18–19Miller, Albert S., 39:2 32AMiller, Albert Williammortising machines, 38:4 70–71Miller, Artemus, 56:1 3Miller, A. W., 37:1 16, 37:2 40Miller, A. W., Manufacturing Co., 37:2 40Miller, Charlescombination planes, 38:3 44, 38:3 57, 38:3 back coverMiller, Charles A., 52:1 5, 52:1 6Miller, Dick, 44:2 60Miller, Elizabeth, 53:2 43Miller, Emma, 38:4 70Miller, George, 51:2 61–63stair making gauges, 53:3 117, 53:3 118, 53:3 119Miller, Harbie, 39:2 32AMiller, I. N.children's plane maker, 57:2 51–53Miller, John, 56:2 80metal-pad braces, 53:3 103Miller, John M., 45:4 106Miller, Lewis, 58:4 133, 58:4 139, 58:4 140Miller, Mrs. Robert L., 41:3 47Miller, Steve, 47:1 33Miller, Thomasmetal-pad braces, 53:3 103Miller, Warwick, 51:2 52, 51:2 53Miller and Zinn, 52:1 5"Miller Lock Mortiser" (Brundage and Birbeck), 38:4 70–71Miller Mortise, 39:2 32Amillers' bill, 44:2 54"Millers Falls," 47:2 47–48Millers Falls Co., 45:2 51, 45:4 101, 45:4 115, 47:2 47–48, 55:4 150, 57:3 86, 57:3 89–90

formation of, 61:1 14tool catalogs, 61:1 12Millers Falls Manufacturing Co., 41:3 42tool catalogs, 61:1 13–14, 61:1 14Millers Falls Tool Works, 46:3 89, 46:3 back coverMillett, David, 52:1 32mill filesFour-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 155, 59:4 156mill girls, 44:2 52, 44:3 89"Mill Girls" (Gedney), 44:2 52millinerspalmleaf hats, 40:2 20milling machinescolumn and knee, 50:2 66planemaking and, 43:2 41universal, 50:2 64–67mill picks, 56:2 84millshistory of, 39:1 8pummeling, for corn, 50:3 103–104Mills, Eugene, 60:2 65Mills, G. H., 44:4 117mill-saws, 41:2 32Millspaugh, W., 46:2 46Millspaugh, William, 42:1 15–16, 43:3 74, 46:2 46"Millstone Pickmaker, A" (Hall), 56:2 84millstone picks, 44:3 94millstones, 52:3 107Milton, John, 39:2 29"Milton and William Aldrich: The Lowell Clamp Makers" (Boyd), 49:1 15–18Milwaukee School of Engineering, Grohmann, Eckhart G., Grohmann Collection, 57:3120–121mincing knives, 41:4 74, 41:4 75, 44:2 50mine cannonswhatsits, 37:1 16Mine Hill Preservation Committee (Roxbury Land Trust), 41:1 20Amineral paint, 42:4 99Miner's, Smelter's & Mechanics Friend, The, 61:2 49Miners' and Laborers' Benevolent Association (MLBA), 52:4 144Miners' Combination Rule, 55:2 57

miners' lamps, 55:4 159miniature advertising anvils, 41:3 84minimal-cash agriculture, 55:3 86–94minimum wageNew Deal and, 61:2 59mining industry. See also coal industrygarnet sand, 53:1 27–28, 53:2 82gold mines, 44:2 44–45housing, 52:4 137labor issues, 52:3 114–121, 52:4 134–146Minneapolis Institute of Arts, 43:1 27Minnesota Historical Society, 46:1 17"Minnesota Historical Society Acquires the Tools and Equipment of the Saint Paul Boatand Oar Works" (Anderson), 46:1 17Minnie Harvester, 58:3 93–94minnowing baskets, 42:1 10Minoan double-bladed axes, 40:3 52Minot's Ledge Lighthouse, 59:2 40Minott, Amos, 57:3 91Minott, Emily Flora, 57:3 92, 57:3 94Minott, Emily May, 57:3 92, 57:3 94Minott, Jonathan Eastman (J. E.)edge-tool maker, 57:3 91–95Minott, Jonathan Monroe, 57:3 92Minott, Joseph, 57:3 91Minott, Mary (Hardy), 57:3 91Minott & King, 57:3 94Minshall, Jacob, 51:2 53Misher, R. F., 42:3 66Mission, Monsieur, 52:3 85Mississippicotton gin industry, 52:1 13–21Mississippi Riverwaterfront commerce, 43:4 110Missouri Historical Society, 38:2 34Mistalske, P. J., 49:2 57Mistalske, S. J., 49:2 57Mitchell, Charles E.

ace jaw patent, 53:2 62–63concealed ratchet patent, 52:4 149screwdriver patents, 55:3 120Mitchell, F., 52:3 98Mitchell, HarryKlingler & Mitchell, 53:3 91–92Mitchell, H. B., Hardware, 53:3 91Mitchell, James, 49:1 21Mitchell, John, 52:4 144Mitchell, John F., 44:2 56, 52:4 144Mitchell, J. Roger, 53:1 26, 53:1 31Mitchell, Robert, 43:4 106Mitchel Mfg. Co., 38:4 61"miter and lap" joint, 58:3 128miter-angle markingson Thompson's bevel, 52:1 2miter boxesbacksaws for, 60:1 34, 60:2 84no. 50, 60:1 34–35no. 60, 60:1 34–35patents, 60:1 33–35, 60:2 84Stanley open front, No. 150, 60:2 84–87Traut, Justus, 60:1 33–35miter clampswith threaded wooden screws, 56:2 58miter-gage attachment for rules, 42:2 36mitre boxesStanley advertising signs for, 59:2 71mitred jointssash bars, 57:1 6Mittenberg, George, 43:3 79mittens, woolenfor Union Army, 53:4 148Mix, Tom, 51:4 116Mixter, J. W., Saw Tool Co., 44:3 94Miyazaki, Dean, 46:3 89M'Master, T. J., & Co., 51:3 96Moberg, V., 40:1 13Moby Dick (Melville), 38:3 49, 41:4 75Mo Ching (Mohist Canon), 41:1 10

Mockridge, Abraham, 48:4 93Mockridge and Francis, 48:1 17–18, 58:3 128molding planes, 37:3 49–50Mocotaugan (Jalbert and Jalbert), 61:3 102–103Model T Fordradio cap, 43:1 21Modern Carpenter, Joiner, and Cabinetmaker (Sutcliffe), 48:2 60, 53:3 117Modern Carpentry (Hodgson), 48:2 59–60"Modern Carriage Drafting, 1850s to the Present (Green), 48:2 34–40Modern Casting magazine, 41:3 61Modern Machine Shop, 44:3 93Modern Manufacturing Co., 42:2 31Modern Practical Carpentry (Ellis), 48:2 60Modern Practical Joinery (Ellis), 48:2 60, 57:1 1, 57:1 3Moe, Ira W., 47:4 123Moffat, Jim, 56:3 123, 57:1 34Moffett, Jim, 57:1 34Moffit, Jim, 56:3 123Mohawk & Hudson Railroad, 43:4 96Mohawk Valley, New Yorktoolmakers, 37:1 1–4Moir, R & J, 45:1 13moldboard of least resistanceJefferson, Thomas, 58:1 3–11recreating, 58:1 8–9molded butter, 52:3 87, 52:3 90–91molding devicesfor brick making, 59:2 54–57molding machines, 46:1 14molding planes, 61:2 83–85Barton, D. R., 53:1 23Cassebeer, Herman, 50:1 19center bead, 45:2 54, 45:2 63Chelor, Cesar, 38:2 26, 54:1 2collections, 51:4 108complex, 59:1 22–23, 59:3 120–121dating, 51:3 69–70Dean, Benaiah, 47:2 50defined, 54:1 1, 54:1 2Dominy family, 58:2 51

fences, 59:3 120German immigrants, 40:3 42–43Hand, E. P., owner, 37:3 49–50Harmony Society, 51:4 103–104identifying, 53:3 126irons, 53:1 37layout marks, 61:2 83left-hand, 45:4 103mirror-image pair, 53:2 81modified, 54:2 86–87Nicholson, Francis, 38:2 26, 54:1 2Nicholson, John, 38:2 26, 54:1 2ovolo, 61:1 10, 61:1 11, 61:2 83removing wedge from, 49:1 30, 49:2 65restoration of, 45:1 22–23for sash bars, 57:1 5, 57:1 7Schauer, John, 47:1 2, 47:1 3Stamm, John, 54:2 48–52statistical study of, 49:4 130–131unusual, 58:3 128–129wedge distortion, 48:3 61–62whatsit, 42:4 105wrong-sided, 47:4 113–114moldingscutting or sticking, 57:1 3ranking cornice, 55:2 72molding shaves, 52:3 108moldsfor butter, 52:3 85, 52:3 90–91for clay pipes, 53:2 77hinged pine, 51:2 41horn, 41:3 83mole trap, 48:4 74Molnar, Joseph, 42:3 83molotucks (hammers), 41:3 39Monadnock Building, Chicago, 59:2 41Monce, Ann E., 44:4 99Monce, Samuel G., 44:3 86, 44:4 99, 44:4 100, 57:3 85–88Monceau, Duhamel du, 42:1 4Moncton University

plane collection, 59:2 76Monday"Blue Monday" expression, 45:1 25, 45:2 56, 45:3 91Monessen Foundry and Machine Co., 61:2 62moneyscales (harnessmaking tools), 39:2 19Monie, H. (Harmony Society), 51:4 103, 51:4 104Monk, George, 61:4 153"monkey on a stick" toy, 45:4 119monkey wrenches, 44:1 11beryllium, 53:3 107with brace running up back, 43:2 31origin of term, 45:4 119, 46:1 26Monotype Bell typeface, 53:1 41Monroe, Samuel, 44:1 20Monson Historical Society, 40:2 19Montgomery, Charles F., 39:3 41Montgomery, J. A., 46:3 60, 46:3 62Montgomery, James, 54:2 72Montgomery & Co.chisels, 40:4 73Atool catalog, 58:2 52Montgomery Tool Co., 41:1 20AMontgomery Ward catalogs, 41:1 16, 41:2 36Export Catalog (1910), 45:3 69Monticello, 43:3 82aerial view, 58:1 back cover, 58:1 inside front coverdome, 58:1 19–20enslaved artisans, 58:1 10, 58:1 16–17framing, 55:2 67–70, 55:2 72–74Jefferson's farm machinery interests, 58:2 57Jefferson's personal tools, 58:1 12–13, 58:1 14–15Jefferson's survey of, 58:1 27joiner's shop, 58:1 17joiner's tool kit, 58:1 16lathe, 58:1 17latitude and longitude calculations, 58:1 31–32North and South Pavilions, 55:2 65–75"out-carpenters," 58:1 17parquet floor, 58:1 16plane collection, 58:1 15, 58:1 16, 58:1 17

plank-kilns, 58:1 26–30roofing, 55:2 66–67, 55:2 70–72, 58:1 18–25slave sawyers, 54:2 58spherical sundial, 58:1 31–35timberyard, 54:2 55–57tongue-and-groove flooring, 58:1 17wheat threshing machine and, 58:2 54woodworking tools, 58:1 12–27zigzag roofing, 58:1 20–23"Monticello's North and South Pavilions: A Revealing Look at Framing Details andRoofing, 55:2 65–75Monticello Visitors Centerre-creation of Jefferson's plow for, 58:1 8–9Montpeyroux, Pierre, 60:1 43–44Montrealplanemakers, 49:1 19–22Montreal Tool Store, 49:1 20–21Monty, A., 49:4 114Monty, A., Co., 55:4 169Monty, Adelard, 55:4 169Monty, Anna, 55:4 169"Monumental Brass to Thomas Edmonds, A" (Torno), 51:2 39–40monumental granite, 59:2 38Moody, George, 42:4 98Moody, John, 50:3 99Moody, John A., 40:2 17, 40:2 18Moore, Daniel, 59:2 62, 59:2 63Moore, Edwin, 59:2 62, 59:2 63Moore, H. J., Mrs.knit goods, 53:4 154Moore, J. C., & Co., 54:2 87Moore, John Hebron, 52:1 18Moore, Jonathan, 46:2 48Moore, Joseph C., 54:3 130Moore, Lennis, 40:2 36AMoore, Oliver, 44:3 77–78Moore, Peter, 50:4 111Moore, Robert, 48:1 16Moot, Edward, 48:1 16mops, 43:4 91

mop head fixtures, 43:4 92mop heads, 42:4 95types of, 43:3 63–64"Moral of a Farmer's Carpentry Tools" (Reichman), 42:1 53Moravian Church, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 46:2 47–48blacksmiths, 46:2 47–48General Economy, 46:2 47locksmiths, 46:2 48nailsmiths, 46:2 47Morcomb, Ross, 59:2 76–77More, Charles H., Co., 59:4 140More, Richard, 41:2 24, 41:2 25, 41:2 27"More about Hoyt's Calipers from New Hampshire" (West), 46:4 122"More About the 'Workers from Our Past'" (Knight), 41:1 14Moreau, Philippe-Jacques, 61:2 52Moreland, Watt L., 38:4 70"More Lookalikes?" (Stahl), 39:2 29"More on Borrowed or Purloined Tools" (Reichman), 38:1 13"More on Chestnuts and Walnuts" (Wright), 44:4 125"More on Corn Slitting" (Kinsey), 56:2 81"More on Cutting Edges" (Skinner), 53:1 41"More on Framing Squares" (White), 39:3 49"More on Joseph A. Rhodes, Saw Manufacturer, Williamsburg, L. I., N. Y." (Brundage),44:4 102–103"More on Lifting Imprints from Tools" (Price), 45:3 77, 45:3 95"More on Our Cover: Justice Court in the Backwoods" (MacLeish), 56:2 75"More on Scribe Rule vs. Square Rule" (Lewandoski), 38:4 70"More on Shingle Weaver's Punches" (Houston), 61:4 165"More on the Connecticut Arms & Manufacturing Co. A Whodunit? Feature Article"(Cope), 45:1 22"More on the Dietrich Saw Handle" (Gannicott), 39:4 65"More on the Lathes of Peter the Great" (Bond), 42:2 44–45"More on the Manufacture of Carriage Hardware" (Wisnieski), 38:3 56"More on Whetstones" (Armistead), 41:4 76"More Plane "Whatsits" (Whelan), 49:2 61"More Workers from Our Past" (Smith and Brown), 39:4 68Morgan, Calvin, 48:1 12Morgan, Frank, 53:2 72Morgan, John, 50:4 113Morgan, J. P., 50:3 74

Morgan, Orra, 48:1 8Morgan, Paul, 40:2 22, 57:4 151Morgan, Paul W., 39:3 52AMorgan, Thomas, 48:1 7–8, 48:1 11, 51:2 52, 53:1 13–14, 53:1 16Morgan, William J., 60:4 171Moriarty, Matthew, 37:2 34–35, 37:2 36Morley, William F. E., 52:1 27, 52:1 28"Morman Board," 45:1 23Morogh, Clifford, 46:1 17Morrell, Abelardo "Abe," 61:3 97, 61:3 98, 61:3 inside coverMorrill, Benjamin, 37:2 34, 37:2 36Morris, Daphne, 43:1 9Morris, Ezekiel, 37:1 1–4Morris, F. H., 59:2 60Morris, H. D., 37:1 4, 37:1 16ax maker, 37:4 68Morris, Henry, 37:3 41Morris, Henry D., 37:4 68Morris, Jonathan Flynt, 43:3 75Morris, Robert, 57:3 96Morris, Susan Windsor, 37:1 16Morris, Walter, 43:1 9Morris, William, 37:1 4Morris, W. J., 37:1 3Morris, W. J., Publishing Co., 37:1 3Morris Axe and Edge Tool Co., 37:1 4, 37:4 68Morris axe factory, 37:1 2, 37:1 16Morris frame saws, 55:4 145Morrison, James, 44:4 121Morrison, John H., 44:1 22Morrison, Rubert, 37:2 40Morrow coasting hub, 40:2 36Morse, Jacob, 42:3 70Morse, Phyllis, 59:1 2Morse, Thomas, 46:4 120Morss, Anthony, 42:4 92Morss, Charles H., 38:3 43, 38:3 44Morss, Franklin C., 38:3 43Morss, Joab, 38:2 18, 38:2 19, 38:3 42, 38:3 43Morss, Julia Ann, 38:3 42, 38:4 69

Morss, Thomas L., 38:2 41, 38:3 42, 38:3 43, 38:4 69Morss, William, 42:4 92Morss tools, 38:4 68mortar and pestles, 42:1 10mortar carriers, 46:1 11Mortimer, Lemuel, 55:2 51mortise axes, 55:1 15German, 49:1 24mortise chisel axes, 43:1 15mortise chisels, 53:1 19, 54:2 63, 54:2 64, 57:1 9Barton, D. R., 53:1 19mortise gauges, 54:2 52, 57:1 8mortising machines, 42:1 24, 46:3 86, 49:3 98–99, 49:4 137foot-powered, 48:4 84–85, 48:4 87hand-operated, 37:2 40Miller, Albert William, 38:4 70–71patents, 46:4 111–112mortising twibils, 38:2 28–30Morton, Epphrain S., 45:1 20Morton, Nathaniel, 48:3 39, 48:3 44Morton and Whiting, 43:1 10Morton & Black, 60:2 60mosaicsByzantine Empire, 38:2 36Moseley, Jamesplanemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Moseley, John, & Son, 40:2 35–36Moseley & Co., 49:3 83–84Mosely, John, 39:4 68A"Moses Wilder Blacksmith Shop Reconstruction" (Roemer), 60:2 68–76Mosier, J. L. H. (John Louis Hurd), 61:4 133–141Moss, Darrel, 52:3 125Moss, William, 49:3 83mossbonkers (menhaden or pogies), 45:2 51, 45:3 93Mosse, John, 37:3 56A"Most Unusual Tool, A" (Armistead), 55:1 41mote brush cylinder, 52:1 17moth balls, 42:3 62mother planes, 58:1 44. See also backing (mother) planes

defined, 61:2 84Evens, William, 48:3 55examples, 61:2 83–85"motorless chain saw," 55:4 148Motram iron, 50:4 130Mott, J. C., 45:4 121Moubray, Charity, 56:4 151–152moulding planes. See molding planesMoulson Bros., 57:1 9mount cutting planes, 60:2 88Mount Joy, PennsylvaniaStamm, John, 54:2 47–53Mount Pleasant Press, 56:3 91Mount Union College, 60:4 140mowers. See also lawn mowershorse-drawn, 44:3 80–81, 44:3 92Manny's Illinois, 44:3 80McCormick, 44:3 80mowing machines, 39:4 61mower's anvils, 41:1 18, 41:1 19, 41:2 33Mowry, George W., 55:2 79Mowry, Samuel, 38:1 14Mowry Axle and Machine Co., 38:1 14Moxon, Joseph, 37:4 61, 38:4 58, 39:1 4, 39:1 5, 39:1 6, 39:2 28, 40:1 9, 41:4 70, 42:364, 43:1 6, 43:1 16, 43:2 46, 43:2 47, 43:2 48, 46:1 11, 46:2 43, 46:3 77, 48:4 97, 50:4117, 53:3 96, 56:2 64, 61:2 45, 61:4 150, 61:4 165Moyers, Ambrose, 42:3 66M. P. Co., 52:3 96, 52:3 98"Mr. Bush's New Schooner Yacht: Creating Coronet" (Summers), 53:1 1–8"Mr. Hewlett's Tool Chest" (Gaynor)Part I, 38:4 57–60Part II, 39:1 4–8"Mr. Iske's Compound Implements" (Baird), 43:4 92"Mrs. Potts Patent," 42:2 31Mt. Vernonthreshing machines and, 58:2 62n.4mud spoonsfor granite quarrying, 59:2 45Mueller, H., Manufacturing Co.spiral screwdrivers, 49:1 3–5

Muir, John, 56:3 91, 61:2 78n2Muirhead, A., 39:2 18mules, 47:1 33mule team photograph, 41:1 20plowing with, 46:4 123"Mules, Horses or Oxen?" (Miller), 46:4 123Muller, Adolphus, 48:2 39Muller, Leonhard, & Sohnechisel axes, 43:2 54–55Muller, Norman, 46:4 108, 47:4 103Muller & Killen, 56:3 93Mullet, Sarah, 52:1 28Mullet, William, 52:1 28Mulliner Box and Planing Co., 55:4 166Mullins, W. H., 60:4 142multiplex radial arm sawsCrescent Machine Co. and, 61:2 64, 61:2 65, 61:2 68multipurpose tools. See combination toolsMultum lawn mowers, 52:2 49Mumford, Lewis, 41:4 75Munger, Daniel T., 43:3 74, 46:1 18saw patents, 43:3 73–74Munger's screw patents, 59:1 20Munn & Co., 37:1 17Munroe, R., 49:2 55, 49:2 56Munson last, 37:3 53Murchie, James, 38:3 50, 38:3 51Murdock, Benjamin B., Northfield, Massachusetts, 61:1 38Murdock, E., Co., 47:3 71, 47:3 73Murdock, Elisha, 47:3 73Murdock, Walterchuck patent, 53:2 64Murdock, William, 47:3 73Murdock Parlor Grate Co., 51:1 2, 51:1 4murexide, 53:4 156muriatic acidwashing granite with, 59:4 151Murland, John, 50:2 54, 50:3 104Murland, Tony, 48:3 59, 50:4 130, 52:2 74Murphey, Joseph, 58:2 85

Murphy, Dennis, 51:1 23, 51:1 24Murphy, D. W., 45:3 71Murphy, Edna M., 43:3 66Murphy, John, 54:2 57–58Murphy, R., 51:1 23Murphy, William J., 51:1 24Murphy, William K., Jr., 60:2 58Murphy, W. J., 45:3 71Murray, Christopher, 49:2 46Murray, Lee, 43:2 54Murtley, William, 47:2 56Muse, Louise, 51:4 127Museum of American Frontier Culture, 42:3 66Museum of Early American Tools, A (Sloane), 37:4 71, 38:2 30, 57:2 55, 60:4 171Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 58:4 152, 61:3 92, 61:3 96Museum of Knots & Sailors Ropework, 61:4 173Museum of the Suffolk County Historical Society, 45:1 12–13, 45:1 28–29museums. See also Colonial Williamsburg; Mercer Museum, Bucks County HistoricalSociety; specific museumstool collections, 59:1 7–12tool displays, 37:4 66musicEvens, William, 48:3 53–56musical instrumentsbass violins, 57:3 91construction and repair, 42:3 66Crehore, Benjamin, 47:3 92–94Mangbetu, 43:4 104shop, 55:2 76–78tools, 43:1 17, 55:2 76–78"Musical Note, A" (O'Connor), 43:3 73Muth, Charles F., 46:4 108Mutter, Georgesquare-tang bits, 53:3 99Mutual Label and Lithographic Co., 42:2 33M. & W. Job Press Lock, 52:1 31M&W patent lock, 52:2 50Mycenaean double-bladed axes, 40:3 52Myers, Antoinette, 44:3 71Myers, Lee, 44:2 54, 44:3 79, 44:3 94, 45:1 16

Myers, Stephen, 37:3 40Mylar coated imprint platesfor advertising measuring tapes, 57:3 110, 57:3 118Mylar measuring tapes, 54:4 154Myrick, Herbert, 58:3 98n.11MY series measuring tapes, 54:4 154–155"Mysterie of a Cordwainer, The" (Saguto), 37:3 53Mysteries of Paris (Sue), 61:2 53"Mystery Level," 52:1 29Mystery of Nature and Art (Bate), 61:3 89"Mystery of the Shoe Peg" (Townsend), 37:1 5–10"Mystery Picture, A" (Brown), 38:2 20Mystic River Hardware Co., 52:1 17Mystic Seaport Museum, 51:1 30, 56:2 49"Myth of the Sith, The" (Townsend), 41:1 9Nnaando root, 43:4 103Nachtrieb, Jonas, 44:2 38Nachtrieb, Joshua, 43:1 4, 43:1 5, 44:2 38nail factories, 48:1 7–8, 48:1 12nail grab, 46:2 55"Nail Making by Machinery: A Sometimes Overlooked Contribution to the Developmentof Industrial Growth" (Brundage), 43:4 94–95nail pry, 42:2 54nail pullershatchet, 41:4 66–67nails, 48:2 67defective, 48:1 26dog, 48:1 25, 48:1 26F (frost), 42:2 49for footwear, 37:1 6nailmakers, 44:3 95, 44:3 back covernail-making machines, 43:4 94–95rod, 42:2 49rose, 48:1 25used at Monticello, 55:2 72, 55:2 75n28women as nailmakers, 44:2 49wrought, 48:1 25

nail scissors, 49:4 front cover, 52:3 105name stamps. See also makers' marksBrooks, William, 57:3 96Dominy, Nathaniel, V, 58:2 49–51Hazlet, Hugh, 57:3 97Napier, Thomas, 57:3 97Veit, John, 57:1 16, 57:1 19White, Israel, 57:3 100Nance, J. T., 49:2 57Nancy (schooner), 39:3 52ANancy Island Historic Site, 39:3 52ANantrieb, Joshua, 43:1 4Nantucket baskets, 43:4 111Nantucket Driver, 41:4 75napraising, on wool fabrics, 45:2 38–39Napier, John, 41:2 25, 48:1 29Napier, Margaretplanemaker, 57:3 96, 57:3 97–99Napier, Richard C., 52:4 132n4Napier, Thomas, 46:4 121, 47:2 46, 50:3 88, 56:2 68, 56:4 156name stamps, 57:3 97planemaker, 57:2 80, 57:3 97–98Napoleon BonaparteCanadian timber industry and, 42:3 59Narragansett Machine Co., 47:4 109Narrimore, Henry Lyman, 61:4 171narrow-gauge railroad locomotives, 51:1 6Nartov, A. K., 42:2 44–45Nartov and His Theatrum Machinarum (Britkin), 42:2 44, 42:2 45Nash, Mary, 45:2 52Nash, William, 49:1 12Nash of Wandsworth, 52:3 96Nason, Leonard, 46:1 26, 48:1 19Nassau County Museum, 40:2 32Natchez Foundry and Gin Factory, 52:1 13, 52:1 14Natchez Trace, 52:1 14"Nathan Buttrick, Early Clampmaker in Massachusetts" (Boyd), 57:2 41–46"Nathaniel Potter: Could He Be Our Earliest Planemaker?" (Wheeler), 46:1 3–4

Nation, Carrie, 44:2 63National ArchivesNational Historical Publications and Records Commission, 38:1 16, 38:2 16National Association of Manufacturers, 48:3 49National Association of Woodworking Machinery Manufacturers, 61:2 67National Builder, 60:3 94, 60:3 96, 60:3 97National Cyclopedia of American Biography, 57:4 151National Export Exposition, 48:3 50National Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C, 58:4 148National Geographic Magazine, 45:4 102National Hammer Corporation, 45:4 119National Historical Publications and Records Commission (National Archives), 38:1 16,38:2 16National Inventory of Documentary Sources in the United States, 38:1 15National Park Service guide books, 47:4 132–133National Policy, Canada, 37:2 22=23National Recovery Administration (NRA), 61:2 59, 61:3 118National Rifle Association, 44:3 81National Rubber Machinery Co., 60:4 140National Saw Co., 39:2 26–27, 45:4 100, 46:1 18National Trust for Historic Preservation, 57:1 35National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections, 38:1 15Native Americanscrooked knives, 61:3 99–105, 61:3 inside front coverhusking pegs, 59:3 98shell beads and, 59:1 1–6in Stanley advertising signs, 59:2 70, 59:2 71native peoplesspear fishing by, 43:3 76tools of, 43:4 103–104nativism, 52:3 118natural dyes, 53:4 156naturalismin citrus fruit-crate labels, 42:2 33nautical compasses, 39:2 17Naval Iron Works (Columbus, Georgia), 52:4 164naval stores, 52:3 122–123Naylor, P., 41:2 23Nazro, Henry J., 50:1 14Nazro & King, tool dealers, 53:1 17

NBE (Never Buy English) philosophy of tool collecting, 47:2 55N. D. Co., 42:2 32Neames, Charles, 43:3 62"neatest manner," 52:4 131, 52:4 133n20Neave, Frances Caroline (Digby), 50:2 39–40Neave, Sir Thomas, 50:2 39–40, 50:2 42neck crooks, 52:2 71neck restswhatsits, 43:2 49, 43:3 78Needham, Joseph, 41:1 10, 46:2 54Needlepoint in America (Hanley), 45:4 117needlesmaking, 40:1 16netmaking, 40:2 34needle sharpeners, 44:3 91–92, 47:1 13–14sharpener/straightener whatsit, 43:2 51–52needle threaders, 44:4 118needleworkwhite work, 54:1 9–10Needlework Tools (Johnson), 43:4 95Neel, Samuel, 47:3 83Neeld, Sarahbrace pads, 53:3 101"Negro servants," 46:2 39"Negro's wear," 52:4 132, 52:4 133n23Negus, Nathan, 46:3 87Neil, Darlene, 60:3 98Neil, Jeff, 60:3 92Neill, JamesEclipse hack saw blades, 59:4 127Neilson, John, 58:1 13, 58:1 16, 58:1 17, 58:1 35n.4Nellis, Curtis, 41:1 3Nelson, Jim, 45:2 46Nelson, Richard, 46:4 121Nelson, Robert E., 49:2 61, 53:2 61n30, 53:3 126Nelson Concrete Culvert Co., 54:1 24Nelson Iron Works Ltd., 45:2 60Nelson knife, 59:4 124Neolithic cultures

double-bitted axe and, 40:3 51–52tools, 45:1 10, 45:3 79"Neolithic Origin for the Double-Bitted Ax, A" (Blumenberg), 40:3 51–52nepa (Mangbetu adze), 43:4 103–104Neponset River, 47:3 92Nerio, Ugolino di, 46:4 98–104, 46:4 107n.14Neshaminy Dell Farm, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, 59:3 97, 59:3 98Nessi, Luigi, 50:2 56, 50:4 137, 51:4 131, 53:2 83Nester, John, 44:4 111, 46:3 84Nestler "Chemiker" slide rule, 50:2 47NETCA News, 44:3 94Netherlandsplanes, 53:2 53, 53:3 127Netherlands Institute for Maritime Archaeology, 61:4 157netmaking needle, 40:2 34netting needles, 44:3 84netting shuttles, 44:2 55, 44:3 84, 44:4 100Neuville, George D., 46:1 27Neve, Richard, 48:1 25"Never Root" hog or pig snouters, 37:3 56New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, A (Gregory), 61:3 92New and Useful Improvement for Constructing Fireplaces, A (Jenkins), 61:2 45, 61:2 46New Bedford, MassachusettsHathaway, Braddock, 54:2 60–66New Bedford Republican Standard, 54:2 60New Bedford Whaling Museum, 51:1 30Newbegin, John, 44:2 48Newberry, J. S., 60:1 36Newbold, Charles, 49:3 101New Book of Knowledge, The, 52:2 81Newbould, J. A. and F. W., hardware store, 53:1 16Newbould, Thomaschisels, 39:1 6New Britain, Connecticut, 51:3 80New Britain Knitting Co., 55:1 5New Britain Machine Co., 46:2 52New Brunswickedge tools, 38:3 50–51

New Brunswick pattern axes, 37:2 23"New Brunswick Revisited" (Wyllie), 38:3 50–51Newbury, Massachusettsseventeenth century craftsmen, 42:4 91–93Newburyport, Massachusetts, 42:4 91Newcombe, Samuel, 38:3 42Newcomb Loom Co., 43:3 72, 43:3 78New Dealeconomic recovery and, 61:2 59New Departure Coaster Hub, 40:2 36Newell, E., 55:2 80–81New Englandarchitectural history, 57:1 35building history, 54:4 166–167domestic life, 47:2 65–66farm-produced butter, 52:3 85–92granite, 59:2 37–42logging in, 60:4 164planemakers, 54:1 1–8shoemaking, 42:2 39skilled workman shortage in, 54:1 4stones, 42:3 69textile mills, 47:4 132–133timber industry, 42:4 107village life (1845), 43:4 108–109New England Boyhood, A (Hale), 40:1 16–16A, 43:4 97, 44:4 104New England Business Directory (1873), 43:2 41New England Farmer, 38:1 3, 38:1 12New England Glass Co., 55:4 137, 55:4 140New England hay knives, 57:2 56New England Historical and Genealogical Register, 61:3 129New England Historic Genealogical Society (NEHGS), 48:3 35, 48:3 37New England Screw Co., 47:3 87New Era Rope Machine, 44:3 83Newfield, New Yorklivelihoods, in 1850, 39:3 35–36Newhall, Henry B., Co., 46:1 19New Hampshirehand tools, 38:4 73

New Hampshire Mechanic Association, 61:4 148"New Hampshire Shakers' Wooden Tub and Pail Industry, The" (Beale), 47:3 69–78New Harmony, Indiana, 43:1 3, 51:4 102New Hartford Village Cemetery, 52:2 57New Haven in Vermont (Farnsworth and Rogers), 49:4 110New Holland Machine Co., 39:4 62"New Honey Extractor, A" (Scientific American), 46:4 108Newhouse, Samuel, 38:2 18Newhouse Wolf Trap Wrench, 46:1 22Newill, J., knives, 45:2 37New Jerseyearly tools, 37:2 40toolmakers, 46:1 35New Jersey Central Railroad, 52:4 143"New Journal, A: Historic Trades" (Reichman), 41:4 80Newlands, James, 48:2 60New London, Connecticutburning of (1781), 61:1 40cabinetmakers, 61:1 40"New Marks for Madox" (Rees), 52:1 32–33New Mechanical Dictionary (Knight), 44:1 16New Method lighter, 39:4 57New Orleansornamental ironwork, 44:3 81photographs, 60:3 112–113"New Orleans, 1902" (Rees), 60:3 112–113Newport, Rhode Islandeighteenth-century window frames, 55:1 12–15Stevens, John, Shop, stonecutters, 58:4 141–153Newport, Rhode Island, mansionsarchitects, 53:2 74n2butlers, 53:2 67–68chauffeurs, 53:2 68coachmen, 53:2 68domestic services in, 53:2 66–75footmen, 53:2 68furnace room, 53:2 71housekeepers, 53:2 69kitchen staff, 53:2 70–71, 53:2 72labor issues, 53:2 69–70, 53:2 72

ladies' maids, 53:2 69laundry, 53:2 71servant living conditions, 53:2 73–74service space, 53:2 67superintendents, 53:2 68–69Newport Mercury, 56:1 29, 58:4 144–145Newport Restoration Foundation, 53:3 116, 55:1 12–15"Newport's Eighteenth-Century Window Frames" (Foley), 55:1 12–15New Practical Builder (Nicholson), 57:1 10"New President, A," 38:2 366A"New Rare Discovery?, A" (Lynk), 53:1 36newspapersadvertising, 61:1 2cylinder presses, 47:3 96mechanics' associations in, 61:4 154–156New Stone Agetool makers, 37:4 60, 37:4 60n5Newton, Alfredthree-lipped augers, 59:3 110three-pod augers, 59:3 111–112Newton, Charles Henry, 54:3 100Newton, Dan, 56:1 39Newton, F., 39:2 16Newton, G. B., 52:3 116, 52:3 119, 52:3 120, 52:4 142Newton, Levi W., 46:4 111Newton & Dewey, 46:4 111Newton triple twist bits, 56:3 110, 56:3 111"New Uses for Old Tools" (Grabb), 41:2 36New York Aid SocietyUnion Army clothing supplies, 53:4 149New York Central Railroad, 43:4 96New York Citycity directories, 58:4 161edge tools, 44:1 22New York Coach-Maker's Magazine, 48:2 35, 48:2 38, 48:2 39, 61:4 138New York Gazette, 37:4 67New-York Guild of Carriage-Makers, 61:4 139New York Historical Society, 59:1 3New York Journal /General Advertiser, 37:4 67New York Ladies Union Society, 53:4 150

New York Mechanick Society, 40:2 23–24New York Mechanics Library, 61:4 152New York Metal Ceiling Co., 59:2 70New York Public Library"Revolution in Print, France 1789" exhibit, 42:3 77New York Screw Manufacturing Co., 47:3 85New York Statelivelihoods, in 1850, 39:3 35–36New York State Agricultural Society, 39:3 51, 58:1 9New York Stone Ware Pottery, 45:3 92New York Times, The, 37:2 38–39, 41:2 32, 44:3 81, 44:4 101, 45:2 60, 61:4 141New York World, 52:4 142New Zealandshepherds crooks, 52:2 72"Nib Again, The" (Turner), 44:4 124nib irons, 51:4 126–127nibson axes, 37:1 20A, 37:2 20, 38:1 14, 44:4 117, 45:1 20, 45:3 90double, saw handles, 59:1 18, 59:1 19on handsaw blades, 43:1 16, 44:2 55, 44:4 124, 47:4 101–104, 49:4 133in saw handles, 59:1 19"Nibs Ain't Just for Writing" (Gauntlett), 47:4 101–104Nichols, J. L., 50:2 71Nichols, John Brooks, 37:3 43Nicholson, Edward Chamberssynthetic dyes, 53:4 157Nicholson, Elizabeth, 40:2 26Nicholson, F., 40:2 25, 44:2 37Nicholson, Francis, 46:3 71, 46:4 96, 55:1 27, 55:1 30, 59:1 22, 61:2 84, 61:4 171Chelor, Cesar, and, 42:4 87, 45:2 61, 46:2 39–42, 46:4 92–93dating imprints of, 38:2 27early marks, 48:3 63–66fenced table planes, 54:1 5–6library of, 46:4 92"Living in Wrentham" mark, 46:4 92–93, 58:3 122maker's marks, 40:2 25, 54:1 2–3planemaker, 42:2 55, 46:1 3, 52:2 76–77, 52:4 162, 53:1 33–35, 59:1 10plane production, 46:4 92–93planes, 38:2 25–27, 38:4 76A, 50:1 29–30, 54:1 1–8, 54:1 back cover, 54:1 frontcover, 58:3 120–123

sash fillisters, 54:1 5smoothing plane, 61:3 127–129spring planes, 47:2 46success of, 54:1 3–4training of, 58:3 126wedge-arm plow, 58:3 120–122will of, 46:2 39–41Wrentham location stamp, 38:2 26"Yankee" plow, 54:1 4–5Nicholson, I., 61:4 171Nicholson, John, 45:4 108, 46:2 39, 48:3 41, 48:3 42, 48:3 63, 52:4 162, 53:1 33–34, 53:141, 55:1 30, 58:3 120, 58:3 122, 61:2 49collecting tools of, 48:3 58dating imprints of, 38:2 27maker's marks, 54:1 2–3planemaker, 46:4 92–93, 59:1 10planes, 38:2 25–27, 38:4 76A, 50:1 30, 54:1 1–8, 54:1 back cover, 54:1 frontcoversmoothing planes, 61:3 127–128Nicholson, Mary, 58:3 122Nicholson, Mehitable, 58:3 122Nicholson, Mehitable Man, 46:4 92Nicholson, Mercy, 40:2 26Nicholson, Peter, 42:3 64, 45:4 108, 46:3 82, 53:3 100, 57:1 6, 57:1 7, 57:1 10, 58:1 45,59:2 54Nicholson, Sarah, 40:2 26Nicholson, Stanley, 46:1 21Nicholson, William, 52:4 165Nicholson File Co., 39:2 26, 40:1 1, 48:3 51cast-steel files, 38:4 76Nicholson John, 40:2 26Nicholson's blue, 53:4 158nickers, 56:3 128Nicols, Nick, 59:3 112Nicolson, John, 46:2 39Nielsen ice shaves, 60:4 161Nikerk, Frank, 45:1 23Niles, Hezekiahplanemaker, 50:4 135–136

Nilsson, Norm, 40:2 17Nind, Mondon, 59:1 19"Nineteenth-Century American Backsaw, The" (Baker), 59:1 13–2119th Century English Woodworking Tools (Roberts), 45:4 100nippers, 52:3 101nips, 52:3 105Nissley, John J., 56:3 91Nixon, Thomasmetal-pad braces, 53:3 103N. M. & T. Co., 41:3 54Nobles, Milton V., 45:1 6Nobles Mfg. Co., 41:3 43Noblit, John, 50:4 109, 50:4 113noisefrom anvils, 39:2 29in granite industry, 60:1 29–30Noiseux, Denise, 59:1 inside front coverNoiseux, Matt, 59:1 inside front coverNold, Sarah, 60:4 139Nolde & Degener, 42:1 20Nollet, Jean-Antoine, 58:3 100No-Name Hat Co., 51:4 110, 51:4 113, 51:4 114, 51:4 117n6non-ferrous metalsshaping block, 49:1 8non-reversing electric motors, 59:4 138non-sparking, non-magnetic beryllium copper tools, 53:3 105–107Nooitgedagt, Jan, 48:3 61Noorlander, H., 40:1 13Norcross, W., 57:2 44Norcross Brothers, 55:1 36Norcross Mill, 57:2 44Nordhoff, Charles, 38:3 48Nordman, Fred, 40:4 71Norlund, O. A., 52:1 38Norlund, O. A., Co., 43:2 30, 43:3 64Norris, B. F., 46:2 53Norris Brothers, 61:2 52Norris's Hand-Book for Locomotive Engineers and Machinists, 61:2 52Norris smoothing planes, 50:2 60, 50:2 61Norse axes, 37:2 41

North, Ralph G., 56:4 137, 56:4 144, 56:4 145North, Selden G., 56:4 144North American Print Conference, 61:1 39North American Review, 52:3 114Northammer Tools, 39:4 54North Brothers Manufacturing Co., 41:1 17, 41:2 36, 41:2 37, 41:2 back cover, 49:2 55–56, 50:2 57, 54:3 123, 56:4 133, 56:4 136, 56:4 137–138acquired by Stanley, 53:2 65Gem Ice Shaver, 44:4 126North Carolina Transportation Museum, 50:3 74, 50:3 87, 50:3 104North Cumberland (Simpson), 52:4 162Northfield, Massachusettsbuilder-architects, 61:1 38–39Northrup, Clay, 44:1 10, 59:3 112Northumberland Forge, 46:2 42Northup, Louis L., Co., 47:2 56Northup, Solomon, 37:2 36North Wayne Tool Co., 42:3 76, 57:2 67, 57:3 104North Western Grass Twine, 58:3 90Norton, E. and L. P., 45:3 92Norton, Edward, & Co., 45:3 92Norton, F. B., 45:3 92, 60:1 41Norton Co., 43:1 11Norton Emery Wheel Co., 60:1 41Norway, Nevil Shute, 50:3 97nose bits, 45:1 5nosing planes, 47:1 2, 47:1 5, 47:1 9notary stamps, 43:4 99notched bit tang, 45:1 6notching knives, 41:2 34notching planes, 59:4 163"Note on the Restoration of Old Tools" (Cooper), 45:1 22–23"Notes on a Visit to the Buff & Buff Surveying Instrument Factory, Jamaica Plain,Massachusetts, Monday, 3 June 1968" (Smith), 53:2 76, 53:2 80"Notes on Dietrich, Flint, and Shurly, Saw Makers" (Perch), 40:3 51"Notes on Hand Crafts in South America" (Wilkins), 40:2 31"Notes on New England Edge-Tool Makers: Ephraim L. Hardy (1801-1870), Edge-ToolMaker" (Smith), 58:4 169–171"Notes on the National Saw Company and Its Relationship to Henry Disston & Sons"(Bopp), 39:2 26–27

Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars of the Western Parts of Virginia andPennsylvania (Doddridge), 41:2 31Nourse, Joel, 44:2 47, 58:1 8–9Nouveau Petit Marechal (Garsault), 37:4 71novaculite, 43:1 11Nova Scotiadrawknives in, 38:4 inside front coverGerman immigrants, 41:1 8pattern axes, 37:2 23planemakers, 42:1 5–7Nova Scotia Hardwood Products Co., Ltd, 40:1 4Nova Scotia Museum, 40:1 4, 40:1 6Nowil, J., knives, 45:2 37Nowlin, William, 45:4 125Noyes, Nicholas, 42:4 92Noyes, Samuel Stone, 42:3 79Noyes, Silas, 42:3 79Noyes Foundry Co., 51:4 125N.R.S. & Co.food choppers, 50:1 24Nueman, G. C., 39:3 48Nunn, Lucien Lucius, 44:2 44Nunn, Paul, 44:2 44Nürnbergidentity marks, 54:3 128sixteenth century crafts, 54:2 81–85Nurse, C., & Co., 48:1 18, 57:1 8, 57:1 10, 57:1 11nursery dibbles, 51:1 12nursery spadesBarton, D. R., 53:1 23Nursing Lamp, 44:1 13nutcrackers, 44:4 118whatsits, 43:3 79, 43:4 105with wooden screw threads, 56:2 61nutcracker-style ice crushers, 61:1 34nutria felt hats, 52:4 155nuts and boltssixteenth century, Nürnberg, 54:2 83standardization of, 55:3 112–115

"Nuts and Bolts" (Kelleher), 55:3 112–115Nutt, James, 49:4 110Nutting, Ebenezer, 41:1 11Nutting, James, 53:1 34Nutting, Nathan, Jr., 37:2 35, 37:2 36Nutting, Truman, 41:1 11, 44:1 17Nuzum, Josephplanemaker, 53:2 48Nylin, Erik, 57:3 88, 57:3 89Nystrom, Paul, 53:4 161OOakland Hosiery Co., 53:4 151Oberüttfeld planes, 61:4 160–161ocarinas, 45:2 56occupational tradeslongevity by, 50:1 25, 50:2 71"O. C Hill, The Rhyming Carriagemaker," 48:1 21Ochsenkopf Co., 43:2 30O'Connor, Tom, 41:1 15, 41:3 79, 42:1 18, 42:2 42, 42:2 43, 43:1 10octagonal pegs, 41:2 35octagon scale, 42:1 4Odd FellowsMosier, J. L. H., and, 61:4 139"Odd Stretcher, An" (White), 40:2 28–29Odgen, Oliver, 46:3 80Odgen, Samuel C., 60:2 56Odgen, Sharon, 46:1 31Odiorne, Ebenezer, 43:4 94–95Odiorne, George, 43:4 94–95Odiorne, George, & Sons, 43:1 19–20Odiorne, Thomas, 43:4 94–95Offerman, Henry, 44:3 84Official Price Guide to Collector Knives (Parker and Voyles), 45:4 114Offineer, J.hay knives, 38:4 76offset printing, 48:4 97, 53:3 124, 53:3 126Ogden, Albert, 60:2 58Ogden, C. Edgar, 60:2 58Ogden, David Longworth, 56:1 10

Ogden, John C., 43:2 43Ogden, Mary Ann, 60:2 55Ogden, Mary Beatty, 60:2 51Ogden, Oliver, 43:2 41, 43:2 42, 43:2 52, 44:1 30, 44:2 39, 45:3 73Ogden, Samuel, 48:1 20, 54:2 72, 60:3 102Ogden, Samuel C., 60:2 55, 60:2 58Ogden, Sarah Amanda Judson, 56:1 10Ogden, Sharon, 44:3 89, 44:4 118Ogden Brothersmarker's marks, 60:3 107–108, 60:3 108ogee planes, 45:2 42, 51:3 91–92, 51:4 102, 61:1 40Oglesby, George, 47:1 10Oglesby & Hinckley, 47:1 10Oglesby & Pool, 37:2 28, 47:1 1–10Ogontz Tool Co., 46:3 79O'Gorman, Michael, 57:2 72OhioJacquard coverlet weavers, 55:1 16–26lumber mills, 40:2 27sandstone, 60:1 36–42Ohio Historical SocietyTimeline, 41:3 55–56"Ohio Lumber Mill, An" (Jenkins), 40:2 27Ohio Motor Co., 46:3 63Ohio Quarries Co., 60:1 40Ohio Stone, 60:1 36Ohio Tool Box, 41:3 56, 41:3 inside front coverOhio Tool Co., 45:2 40, 45:4 109, 46:3 78, 47:3 79, 47:3 81, 47:3 83, 48:1 28, 49:4 116,49:4 117, 49:4 118, 49:4 119, 49:4 121, 49:4 123, 49:4 131, 54:3 126, 56:2 80, 56:3 122,57:1 21plane irons, 46:3 60planes, 50:2 54, 57:1 31–34oil and water stones, 47:4 123oil-driller, 44:1 25oil hole drill bits, 47:1 27–30, 47:2 67oil sandfor cable tool drilling, 53:3 89oilstones, 42:4 111oil wells, 49:3 86

cable drilling tool, 53:3 88–89derricks, 41:1 cover, 41:1 inside front coverrotary drilling, 53:3 89spring pole drilling method, 53:3 88O'Keefe, Georgia, Museum, 58:4 152O'Laughlin, Dan, 44:4 113O'Laughlin, Nancy, 44:4 113Olcott, W., 56:1 21, 56:1 22Old Barns in the New World (Stevens), 51:1 17–18Old Bethpage Village Restoration (OBVR)Ritch, Lewis, Hat Shop, 45:3 72, 45:3 74Old Colony Foundry, Kingston, Massachusetts, 53:3 121"Old Drummer's Grip, The" (Streeter), 44:2 52Old Economy croze, 41:3 80, 41:3 82Old Economy Village, Pennsylvania, 42:2 30, 51:4 102Oldham, James, 58:1 15, 58:1 16, 58:1 17, 58:1 27, 58:1 28Oldham, Joshua, Saw Catalog, 42:2 43Oldham, Samuel, 59:4 145Old Master Drawings, 52:1 37Old Merchants of New York City, The, 44:1 31"Old Saws and Clever Tricks" (Knight and Green), 39:1 15"Old Saws for Tables" (Gauntlett), 51:4 128Old Schwamb Mill, 57:2 44, 57:2 45, 57:2 46Old South Meeting House, Bostonbarbells (pressed-glass doorknobs), 55:4 133–140Old Stone Bank, The: History of Rhode Island (Williams), 44:1 18Old Sturbridge Villageaxes, 37:1 20chip hat machine, 39:4 65flat-nosed tongs, 40:2 28–29Hapgood Carding Mill, 55:3 114Moses Wilder Blacksmith Shop, 60:2 68–76scythe stones, 42:3 69–70woodworking tools, 39:3 45"Old Time Picture Gallery""From the Collection of Bud Brown," 42:4 108"From the Collection of Kendall H. Bassett," 45:4 105"From the Collection of Norton K. (Bud) Brown," 45:4 104"Pennsylvania Scenes from the Collection of Bud Brown," 43:1 18

Old-Time Tools and Toys of Needlework (Whiting), 43:4 95, 52:3 101Old Tool Store, Marietta, Ohio, 53:2 48, 53:2 50Oldtown Folks (Stowe), 41:3 83"Old Universal Tool, An," 46:1 24Old Woodworking Machines web site, 60:4 156Olin, John M., 38:1 15Olin Corp., 38:1 15Olin Industries, 38:1 15olive presses, 56:2 64Oliver, John Howardplanemaker, 42:1 7Oliver, Peter, 48:3 36Oliver Bros. & Philips, 43:2 32"Oliver Evans and the Steam Digger" (Sargent), 42:3 67Oliver Machinery Co., 57:1 13, 58:3 108Oliver vise, 44:3 76Ollivier, Blaise, 54:2 55Olmsted, Frederick Law, 53:4 148Olney-Warrin Machinery, Tools & Supply, 45:1 20Olsen, Christopher H.spiral screwdrivers, 49:1 1–3Olson, C. H., 54:3 119Olson, E. A., Jr., 46:2 55Olson, Eric C., 49:3 82"One Collector's Small Frame Saws" (Crom), 55:4 145–150, 55:4 157"One Darn Thing After Another" (Cummings), 43:1 15100 Plus toolsStanley Rule & Level Co., 57:4 143, 57:4 144Oneida Community Ltd., 46:1 22O'Neil, Harry, 50:1 33O'Neil, J. H., Jr., 48:2 63, 48:2 64O'Neil, Walter, 61:1 33O'Neill, Harry J., 39:1 15, 39:4 67O'Neill, John, 60:3 100"One of a Kind?" (Sawers), 42:1 14–15onion dibble, 40:2 32–33Onions, Thomas, 55:3 116Only One Cummington (Foster and Streeter), 43:1 10Ontario Agricultural Museum, 37:3 56"On the Beech" (Wood), 42:3 72

"On the History of the Solid-Center Auger Bit" (Price), 44:2 35–36"On the Loss of Records" (Evans), 38:1 15–16A"On Tiring of a Wooden Wheel" (Armistead), 51:1 19–22Oodthoudt, J., 54:2 86open diesdraw forging and, 38:1 6open shop (American Plan) workplacesgranite industry, 60:1 28Operina (Arrighi), 58:4 147opodeldoc, 44:1 14optical instrumentsmanufacturing, 39:2 18optical lenses, 39:2 18Buff & Buff, 53:2 80Opus Ruralium Commodurum or The Advantages of Country Living (de Crescentius),52:3 99Orange Judd Co., 44:1 18–19orangesCalifornia, 42:2 34Oranges (McPhee), 42:2 34Orbine, Steve, 53:4 168Orchard, A. S., 41:3 41Orchard, The (Robertson), 49:2 63Orchard, William C., 59:1 2ore docks, Conneaut Harbor, 49:4 138–139, 49:4 back cover"Ore Docks of Conneaut Harbor, The" (Reek), 49:4 138–139Oregonshake-making in, 40:2 33–34organspipes, 43:1 17tools for cleaning and adjusting, 43:1 17organ tuner's coneswhatsits, 37:3 56–56AOriginal Wm. Beatty & Sons Edge Tools catalog, 52:1 33"Orlando Building a Ship in Panama" (DeBry), 51:3 87Orlofsky, Patsy and Myron, 54:1 18Orme, Philibert de L', 58:1 19–20ornament. See decorationornamental stone carvers, 59:4 149Orr, Douglas, 55:2 80

Orr & Lockett Hardware Co., 40:4 73AOrukter Amphibolos, 42:3 67, 43:1 24, 43:4 109Osborne, C. S., & Co., 60:3 116Osborne, John, 47:3 94Oseas, Jonathan, 60:4 171Osgood, J. Lester, 45:1 7, 45:4 101O'Shaughnessy, James F., 58:3 90, 58:3 96Oshkosh, Wisconsinwire grass industry, 58:3 89–90OSPHO, 39:1 12Otnes, Bob, 48:3 66–67Ott, Morgan L., 47:3 83Ott, Samuel L., 47:3 83Ottawa Business Directory, 40:4 57Ottawa Rivertimber rafting on, 42:3 60–61, 42:4 100Ottawa Valleytimber industry, 42:3 60–61Ott & Greer, 47:3 83Otto, Dr. Frederick, 46:2 47Otto, P. C., 61:2 63Otts & Co., 45:1 19Otts Wire Nail Hatchet Co., 45:1 19Oughtred, William, 41:2 25, 49:2 50"Our Back Cover," 41:1 20, 47:2 56. See also "Back Page History"advertisements, pre-1900, 44:4 127Bear Mill, 58:2 48Bergeron lathe, 42:1 26blacksmiths, 40:4 73A, 48:1 33, 48:4 93Blanchard's gunstock turning lathe, 44:1 31bow saw, 39:1 17bread slicing machine, 43:4 111British timber ships, 42:3 83chairmakers' bits, 58:4 132Chelor, Cesar, planes, 42:1 55clamp hand truck, 39:2 32Acoffee drying, 52:1 41company photograph (Toombs), 49:3 71cylinder press, 47:3 96Didactic Pictures of German Trades: The Carpenter (Heine), 49:1 23–24

file manufacture, 40:3 53files and other things, 52:2 77fret saws, 45:3 95, 45:4 127fruit-crate label, 42:4 111Garden Engine, 59:1 21, 59:1 inside front covergranite quarry workers, 59:3 80haymakers, 40:1 16ALeach, Jim, journeyman saddlemaker, 60:3 92McCaffery File Company, 50:4 128Monticello, aerial view, 58:1 inside front covernailmakers, 44:3 95pattern maker, shipbuilding, 39:3 52APennsylvania Railroad repairmen, 46:2 54plane collection (Whelan), 51:4 131plummet lamps, 45:2 63puddling operation, 47:1 26Sash Factory (Lehmann), 47:4 129shoe-maker, 39:4 68AShoemaker (Klingler), 49:2 67Simonds circular saw, 40:2 36Asmall parts manufacturing, 48:2 46Stanley baked enamel tin sign, 59:2 36Statue of Liberty, 43:3 83straw rollers, 50:2 56Thayer's Household Combination Tool, 44:2 51, 44:2 63Vulcan Plow Co. match holder, 43:2 55wagon factory workmen, 46:4 119Warren Axe Company, 50:3 104wire grass harvesting, 58:3 88Yankee plow, 46:1 35Our Country and Its People (Copeland), 44:3 79"Our Front Cover," 39:1 inside front cover, 39:2 16, 39:3 32, 47:2 56axes, 42:4 86, 42:4 front coverBlacksmith's Shop (Farnham), 51:4 125bucksaw, 59:2 36cabinet-maker's shop, 44:3 66carpenters, 52:1 31European thresher, 43:1 27E. W. Carpenter's Gothic pilaster plane, 47:3 95farriers' tools, 42:1 2

granite pit quarry, 59:3 80, 59:3 front coverhatchel, Dominy shop, 58:2 48haymakers, Hoboken, New Jersey, 39:4 52housebuilding crew, 40:3 36indexing machine for locating position of spoke mortises on wagon hub, 44:4 98Jefferson, Thomas (Sully), 58:1 inside front coverKraus, John Erhard, and tool chest, 60:3 92leatherworking, 46:3 68MacLeod/MacDonald Axe Making Machinery, 40:1 facing page 1Men of Progress (painting), 44:1 2metal working lathe, 43:3 5819th-century tool chest, 49:2 58–59Noah's ark, 46:4 108North Carolina Transportation Museum, 50:3 104Pennsylvania Railroad section gang, 43:4 86political campaign emblem, 46:1 2Providence Tool Company, 42:3 58Rack-Wing Compasses, 47:4 107scythestone makers, 44:2 34shaving horse, 58:3 88Shenandoah, 48:1 6stained-glass windows with tool designs, 59:1 inside front coverStevens, John, Shop, stonecutters, 58:4 132Straw Rollers from the Collection of Luigi Nessi, 50:4 137Teamster, Culler and Friend at the Square Timber Dump, 52:2 59tin roofing advertisement, 45:4 98tools in art, 50:2 54woodsawyer, 46:2 38outhouses, 42:2 55"out of sorts" expression, 39:4 67"Out of the Ath Inkwell," 44:2 50–52, 44:4 91–92, 44:4 120, 45:2 57, 45:3 91–92, 45:4117, 46:1 30"Out of the Inkwell," 43:1 14–15, 45:1 25–27outsoles (shoes), 37:1 5oval hoe, 57:1 26oval lathes, 41:2 37, 41:3 inside front coveroverhead bridge craneselectric, for granite, 59:4 138traveling, for granite, 59:4 137–138

Overhold, Bill, 61:1 41ovoloes, 45:1 8, 45:1 9, 45:2 42, 45:2 43ovolo molding planes, 57:1 6layout marks, 61:2 83in tool catalogs, 61:1 10, 61:1 11ovolo sash planes, 57:1 8owners' marksplanes, 38:2 26"Ox Bow Form" (Kinsey), 56:3 124–125oxbow keys, 52:2 66, 52:4 167oxbow shapers, 56:3 124–125ox brakes, 46:1 34–35ox hoistsfor lifting granite, 59:3 81ox shoeingphotographs, 37:1 12ox shovels/scrapers, 44:2 57–58ox slings, 45:4 102ox yokes, 42:2 49, 45:1 11, 51:2 60bow retainer clip, 52:1 167staples, 51:4 127oxen, 47:1 33covered bridge construction and, 46:4 114ox-drawn wagons for granite block transport, 59:3 91plowing with, 46:4 123shoeing, 46:1 34–35"throwing an ox," 45:4 102Oxford English Dictionary, 46:1 10"Oyster Was His Wood, The" (Hewertson), 61:4 165PPacemaker measuring tapes, 54:3 124Pacific Electric Heating Co., 42:2 32Pacific Northwest Tool Collectors, 41:2 21APacific Peerless iron, 42:2 31Pacific Railroad, 49:3 72pacing sticks, 45:3 83packagingbutter, 52:3 90–91packing boxes for glass, 55:4 166–167telescope, or double, box, 58:4 163–164, 58:4 168wooden shipping crate, 54:4 164

Packard, Bill, 44:1 15Packard, Manley, 53:2 75Packard, Zibeah, 50:1 2Packer, Asa, 52:3 114, 52:3 118, 52:4 139, 56:3 93Packham, Jim, 40:2 36A, 51:3 90, 51:3 94, 53:1 41, 56:3 128packing irons, 38:1 8pack saddle, 45:1 11Paddleford Bridge, 54:4 152–153Paddleford (Burr) Truss style, 46:4 114padlocks, 51:1 7padswith brass bodies, 53:3 100spring-catch, 53:3 100wooden, 53:3 96–97Paez, Zenon, 40:2 31Page Belting Co., 45:3 86pail bottom planes, 59:4 163pails. See also bucketsbuckets vs., 45:3 68covered, 45:3 69defined, 47:3 70industry growth, 47:3 74–75lathes, 47:3 71making, 40:3 50Shaker manufacturing of, 47:3 69–77shape of, 45:3 68wooden, bolting, 46:2 44wooden, hand manufacture of, 45:3 67–69wooden, timber for, 46:2 43–44Pain, James, 42:3 70Pain, William, 42:3 70Paine, Herbert F., 54:2 67Paine, Orvilla, 54:2 67Paine, Phebe, 54:2 67Paine, Thomas, 61:2 47, 61:2 48Paine, William, 57:4 129–130, 61:2 53Paine, Zilpha, 54:2 67Paine House, Coventry, Rhode Islandcotton quilts, 54:2 67–74paintJapan, 37:2 31lead-based, 42:4 109milk paint, 48:3 66mineral paint, 42:4 98painting supplies, 46:1 8scrapers, 44:3 79

supplies, 46:1 8white lead, 55:2 71paintbrushes, 55:3 118–119painted photographs, 41:1 13Painter, William, 60:3 122Painter's and Colourman's Complete Guide, The (Tingry), 56:4 170painters' cripples, 56:4 170–171painter's quadrant, 61:3 92"'Painting a Photograph'" (West), 41:1 13paint removers, 42:4 109for milk paint, 42:3 83, 42:4 93paint scrapers, 44:3 79"pair cornish" (cornice) planes, 47:2 46pair shearsHewlett's tool chest, 39:1 7Paisley, J. R., 49:4 113Paisley Calculator Co.slide rules, 49:4 113"Paisley Slide Rule, The" (Feely), 49:4 113Paladru plane, 61:4 163–164palamarkas, 60:4 171palette knives, 42:1 17palettes, 46:1 8Palling, Dave, 42:4 96Palmer, Martha, 47:3 80, 47:3 82Palmer, M. R., 40:4 60"Palmleaf Hat Manufactory, A" (Ball), 40:2 19–20palmleaf hat manufacturing, 40:2 19–20Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 48:3 50–51Pancoast, R. M., 56:1 18, 56:1 19, 56:1 20Pancoast, Samuel, 60:2 53panel cutting gauge, 57:1 20panel gaugeswhalebone, 45:1 30panel planesDoggett, Simeon, 48:3 back coverpanel-raising planes, 50:4 130, 54:2 51, 60:4 173panel saws, 46:2 51panel shaves, 52:3 108Panic of 1837, 50:1 4Panic of 1893, 60:4 138Panorama of Professions and Trades (Hazen), 47:2 57, 53:3 113pantaloons, 52:4 132pantographs, 61:3 97Papa, David, 40:3 45

Papa, Janet, 40:3 45paperfor colonial printing, 48:4 99machine-made, 61:1 10recycling, 45:1 26–27for tool catalogs, 61:1 10paper guillotines, 52:3 104, 52:3 105paper-hangers, 43:1 18paper-mill machinesgranite press rolls, 60:1 13"Paper Tool, A" (Turner), 48:4 74paper-wrapped handlesfor glaziers' chisels, 57:1 37for soldering irons, 57:2 50for tang handles, 57:2 50Pappus of Alexandria, 40:1 9, 56:2 64paradescraftsman floats, 43:3 80, 43:4 89, 44:1 30–31Fourth of July, Greenwich Village, New York, 38:4 60labor float, 46:1 6paraffin (kerosene)- powered lawn mowers, 52:2 50Paraguayhandcrafts, 40:2 31parallel jaw pliers, 44:2 34, 44:2 38whatsits, 43:1 23, 43:3 77Paramore, H. S., 41:3 41Parch, F. R., Manufacturing Co., 59:4 135Pardee, Ario, 52:3 118–119, 52:4 134, 52:4 137, 52:4 140–144parers, 44:1 3commercial, 59:4 154home use, 59:4 152–154paring chisels, 37:1 20paring twibils, 38:2 29Parish, Cyprian, 46:1 29, 46:1 30Parish, Matilda, 46:1 29Parish, William, 46:1 29Paris Universal Exposition of 1878McCaffrey File Co., 48:3 48–49Park, John, 59:2 39Park, Susan, 55:4 133Parke, Daniel, 39:2 29Parke, David L., 40:1 1Parke, David L., Jr., 41:3 54Parke, George, 49:4 118Parker, Alonzo, 44:3 88

Parker, Daniel, 53:1 28Parker, Harrychuck patents, 53:2 63, 53:2 65Parker, Henry, 57:4 155Parker, Homer Newtown, 52:4 149Parker, Hubbard & Co., 61:4 172Parker, Johnplanemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Parker, Snow & Brooks Co., 59:3 109Parker Hubbard & Co., 45:4 103Parker Ice Tool Co., 60:3 123Parkers, I., 44:2 48Parkersburg, Virginia, 53:2 49Parkersburg Gazette and Western Virginia Courier, 53:2 49Parkes, A. J., 44:2 48, 44:4 101Parkes, J., 44:4 101parkland maintenance, 52:2 43Parks, Edwin, 54:3 92–93, 54:3 94Parks, William, 49:2 44Parks & Ellisribbing machines, 53:4 147parlor curtainsstretching, 42:3 62Parmenter and Bullock, 52:4 147Parr, George, 60:3 97Parrish, Robertmetal-pad braces, 53:3 104Parrot, Aaron, 52:2 56"Parr's Improved" Pocket Tool Chest, 43:2 52–53Parson, Calvin, 56:1 8Parsons, Charles, 44:2 47Parsons, G. W.hay knives, 38:4 76, 57:2 65Parsons, John E., 38:1 15Parsons, John H., 49:2 55, 49:2 56partners (deck beams)for Coronet (schooner yacht), 53:1 4Partridge, A., Agent, 44:2 59Partridge, Eric, 43:1 24Partridge, F. R., 49:2 56Partridge, Michael, 41:2 28, 57:2 55, 57:2 56Partridge, S., 40:2 25parts kits, 52:4 166"Parts of the Sum, The" (Warner), 39:2 17–18Pascack Historical Society, 59:1 3, 59:1 6Pass and Snow, 56:1 25

Passe, Simon van der, 38:2 31"Passing the Block" (Hall), 56:4 168–169Passmore, C. L., 52:1 8P.A.S.T, 42:2 31Paston, Albert, 53:2 66–67Paston-Williams, Sara, 52:3 85pastoral fetes, 50:2 41–42Patch, Augustus Burnam, 49:2 63Patch, F. R., Manufacturing Co., 59:4 137, 59:4 138, 60:1 11, 60:1 12patchwork quilts, 54:2 70, 54:2 71Patent Act of 1790, 58:2 62n.1Patent Act of 1927, 55:4 161patent agents, 52:3 113"Patent Drawings Versus the 'Real Thing'" (Kosmerl), 49:4 136Patented and Transitional Metallic Planes in America (Smith), 59:1 11"Patented Hand-Held Ice-Reducing Tools" (Roger)"Part I, Ice Picks and Chippers," 60:3 114–125"Part II, Ice Shaves," 60:4 158–163"Part III, Ice Crushers," 60:1 30–34Patented Transitional & Metallic Planes in America, 1827-1927 (Smith), 37:1 17, 37:235, 38:4 76A, 40:2 17, 52:2 61, 57:1 31, 57:1 33, 57:1 34Patent Needle Hay Knife, 57:2 59"patent pending" patent searches, 55:4 162patents. See also U.S. Patent Officeadditional improvements (AI), 55:4 160–161"Anglet" rule, 55:2 52–54application process, 46:3 68, 46:3 86–87aquatic gloves, 53:4 143auger bits, 45:1 3augers, 49:4 136axes, 37:4 68bevels, 40:4 54–56, 42:2 35–36, 52:1 2–3bit braces, 42:4 110, 45:1 6–7bitstocks, 46:1 35, 52:4 147boring augers, 56:3 108–113brace jaw, 53:2 62–63braces, 40:2 34, 41:2 21–23, 47:4 130, 49:4 136, 53:1 9brickmaking devices, 59:2 53, 59:2 55–56bridges, 54:4 149, 54:4 150bucksaws, 59:2 59–69carpenters gauge, 51:2 62–63Chapin-Rust plow, 53:4 168–169chucks, 53:1 9, 53:2 62–65combination try square and bevel, 41:1 6–7concealed ratchet, 52:4 149–150cranberry separator and grader, 51:1 5

D'Elia Museum collection of patented planes, 59:1 10–12design, 55:4 160doorknobs, 55:4 135, 55:4 139, 55:4 140drawings, 49:4 136Furbish, Zachry T., 56:4 142–143gauntlets, 53:4 140, 53:4 141glass cutters, 44:4 99–100glass-faced croze, 41:3 80glove fastener, 53:4 138glovemaking, 53:4 138–140green corn shredders and slicers, 56:1 16–24hand drills, 60:4 165hay knives, 57:2 61–69, 57:3 103–104history of, 49:3 101ice crushers, 61:1 30–34ice reducers, 60:3 117–125ice shaves, 60:4 158–163iron squares, 51:3 86iron tires, 51:1 19–22knitting machines, 53:4 145, 53:4 146lawn mowers, 52:3 95measuring tapes, 54:1 31–34, 54:2 75–80, 54:3 121–125, 54:4 154–159miter boxes, 60:1 33–35, 60:2 84mortising machines, 46:4 111–112numbers, dating and, 57:1 12planes, 47:1 12, 52:2 61, 59:1 10–12plow planes, 51:1 11plows, 50:3 99plumb bobs, 58:1 40–43ratchet screwdrivers, 49:2 54–57reissued, 55:4 160ribbing machines, 53:4 146, 53:4 147Robertson screw, 50:2 57–59roofing double seamers, 51:1 24Sandusky Tool Co. patent infringement issues, 46:3 61saws, 43:3 73–74saw screws, 59:1 20saw sets, 54:3 129screwdrivers, 55:1 32–34, 55:2 59–63, 55:3 120–125, 55:4 151–155, 56:4 134–135self-boring barrel spigots, 54:3 91–101, 54:3 93–101, 54:3 127, 54:4 143, 55:4141–144shaves, 52:3 109, 52:3 113slide rules, 50:4 125–127spiral screwdrivers, 49:1 1–5, 54:3 118–120spokeshaves, 52:3 109, 52:3 111, 52:3 112–113

stair gauges, 51:4 123–125steel-frame hand drills, 61:1 35–37steel tools, 61:1 1tape measures, 57:4 130–131tholes, 51:4 126try square and bevel combinations, 41:3 40"Tuesday Rule," 55:4 162types, 55:4 160–161universal planes, 37:3 41–42utility, 55:4 160waterwheels, 45:4 106–107wood screws, 47:3 84–86woven jacquard coverlets, 55:1 23X-patents, 55:4 160zig-zag rules, 56:2 70–75, 56:3 116–120patent searches, 55:4 160–165. See also U.S. Patent Officeadvanced searches, 55:4 163–165category and subclass queries, 55:4 163"patent pending," 55:4 162pre-1927 patents, 55:4 162pre-1976 patents, 55:4 161"Patent Searches: Step-by-Step" (Pennington), 55:4 160–165Patent Wood Screw Manufacturing Co., 44:3 77–78Paterson, Benjamin, 58:2 56–57, 58:2 63n.12PATINA club auctions, Maryland, 48:3 58"Pat. Pending" planes, 59:1 12Patridge, Eric, 51:3 89Patten, Matthew, 40:3 49, 42:2 49Pattern Book of Tools and Household Goods, A, 61:1 3pattern books, 61:1 5, 61:1 6pattern lathes, 44:4 114patternmakersship building, 39:3 52A, 39:3 back coverpatternmakers' toolsshaves, 52:3 108shrinkage tools, 55:2 58vises, 46:1 26pattern shops, 47:2 56, 47:3 83Patterson, George, 40:1 3Patterson, Mary (Burton), 56:1 11Paul Revere and the World He Lived in (Forbes), 46:2 39Paumanok Picture, A (Whitman), 45:2 51"Pavement Layer's Concrete Mixing Machine, A" (Heatherly), 43:1 12pavers' hammerswhatsits, 44:2 47

paving-block cutters, 60:1 15paving blocks, 60:1 15–16granite, cutting, 60:1 15–16paving hammers, 60:1 16Pawlett, William, 46:1 27planemaker, 52:2 54, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Pawling & Harnischfeger, 59:4 138pawnshops, 51:4 107–108Pawson, Des, 61:4 173Pawtucket Enamel Co., 47:4 109Paxson, J. W., 57:2 73Paxton, James, 58:1 24Payne, Bill, 43:3 78, 43:4 105PDE powder, 42:4 93"P.D.'s Tool Finds a Mate" (Brundage), 41:3 51–52Peabody, H. W., & Co., 56:4 143Peabody & Essex Museum, Salem, Massachusetts, 46:3 88, 51:1 30Phillips Library, 61:1 6Peace, Harvey W., 45:2 54, 45:4 100backsaws, 59:1 19, 59:1 21sawmaker, 44:4 102, 44:4 103, 46:1 18–19, 46:1 21, 46:2 51saws, 45:4 100saw with unusual handle, 46:2 52–53Peace, Harvey W., Co., 39:2 26, 46:1 18–19Peach, Henry E., 44:2 42, 44:2 62Peacock, Job F., 55:4 141–142Peale, Charles Wilson, 58:1 6, 58:1 8, 58:1 9, 58:1 10, 58:1 12, 61:3 90–96Pearce, E. H., 52:2 69Pearce, Jonathan W., 44:3 95Pearl, Sarah, 42:3 73, 42:3 75, 42:4 109, 44:1 18, 45:3 92Pearl and the Pumpkin, The (West), 44:2 50, 44:3 90Pearly, J.shoe shave, 52:3 112Pearson, Henry Sleeper (H. S.)gauging rods, 53:3 93–95Pearson, Nehemiah, 44:4 114Pearson, Ron, 40:2 16, 40:4 73A, 45:1 6Pearson, Ronald W., 37:4 72A, 45:1 6, 49:4 136, 53:3 96, 53:3 114peatas fuel, 40:4 64Peatfield, James, 55:1 3, 55:1 4peat toolscutters, 49:3 90spades, 38:4 72Peavy, Lucky, 54:3 103Peck, Amelia, 54:1 16

Peck, Isaac, & Son, 44:2 59Peck, Obed, 42:3 68Peck, Seth, 46:2 49, 46:2 50Peck, Seth, & Co., 42:3 68Peck, Smith, & Co., 42:3 68Peck, Smith Manufacturing Co., 42:3 68Peck, Stow, & Wilcox Co., 41:3 44, 42:3 68, 46:3 83Peck, Stowe, & Wilcox, 61:1 9Peck & Crouch, 45:3 89Peckham, Henry, 55:1 15"Peck" jaw design, 42:3 68Peck Stow Wilcox Co., 60:3 97pedal-powered machines. See foot-powered machines"Pedal Pushers" (Brundage), 44:4 125–126peddlers, 44:2 50. See also salesmenaccount books, 43:4 101–102catalog, French, 58:1 39as drummers, 44:3 88files, 40:1 1perfumes, cosmetics, flavorings, and medicines, 44:1 14tinware, 51:2 53wagons, 39:1 3Pedersen, Al, 43:4 106Pederson, Al, 44:1 28pedicure scissors, 52:3 103peels (long-handled baking shovels), 39:1 11peening hammers, 46:1 33Peer, Robert, 41:1 11peg float (shoemakers' tool), 43:4 106whatsits, 44:2 60pegged footwear, 37:1 5–10pegging awls, 37:1 7, 37:1 9"Peg Makers" (Straffin), 40:3 37pegsmakers, 40:3 37making, 41:2 35peg-making tools, 40:3 37peg threading machines, 54:4 161Pei, I. M., 58:4 152Peiffer, Cathy, 47:1 1Peiffer, Richard, 47:1 1, 47:1 2"PEI Loggers" (Bunting), 56:3 129Peirce, John W., 44:3 95Pelton, Charles H., 61:1 11Pelton, O., 59:1 24

Pembroke, Lord, 42:1 4pencils, 39:2 32A"lead," 45:2 57origin of word, 42:4 95Pencz, Gerog, 52:1 37Pendleton, Nat, 54:2 87penknives, 46:2 42"pen machines," 47:4 133Penn, Hannah (Callowhill), 56:1 26–27Penn, Sam, 46:4 121Penn, William, 37:4 69, 45:2 43, 46:1 7Penna Tool Co., 60:2 60, 60:2 62–63Penniman, John Ritto, 46:3 87Pennington, Brian, 57:2 71, 59:3 110Pennsulvanian, The, 56:1 25Pennsylvania. See also specific cities and townsanthracite mining union, 52:3 114–121Beatty family, 60:3 99–111economic development, in 1840s, 47:1 16–17German immigrants, 47:1 24–25goosewing axes, 54:4 139–143petroleum industry, 53:3 87–92Pennsylvania Brown Free Stone Co., 56:3 90–93Pennsylvania Butter: Tools and Process (Powell), 52:3 88Pennsylvania Coal Co., 52:4 143Pennsylvania Dutch, 40:3 42–43Pennsylvania File Works, 48:3 45Pennsylvania Gazette, 50:4 135–136"Pennsylvania German Pioneers" (Strassberger & Hinke), 38:2 34Pennsylvania Germans, 40:3 42–43Pennsylvania hay knives, 40:4 64, 57:2 54"Pennsylvania Iron Furnace, A" (Chandler), 45:3 87–88Pennsylvania lawn mower, 52:2 48, 52:3 94Pennsylvania Magazine, 61:2 47Pennsylvania pattern broad axes, 60:2 62Pennsylvania Railroad, 40:3 41, 52:4 138, 60:4 149–150freight car repairmen, 46:2 54, 46:2 back coversection gangs, 43:4 86, 43:4 96, 44:1 18Pennsylvania Rock Oil Co., 53:3 87Pennsylvania Saw Manufacturing Co., 59:1 19"Pennsylvania's Goosewing Axes and Early Iron and Steel Technology" (Kosmerl), 54:4135–143Pennsylvania State House, Harrisburg, 59:2 41, 59:2 42, 61:3 95pennyroyal oil, 44:1 15pens, 39:2 32A

pentaptychs, 46:4 99Pepper, John, 55:1 5–6, 55:1 7knitting machine patents, 53:4 146pepper-box pistols, 52:2 44peppermint distilleries, 44:1 14Pepys, Samuel, 52:2 61"Pepys on Tools" (Semel), 52:2 61Perch, D., 40:1 13Perch, David (Dave), 44:1 16, 44:1 19, 44:4 123, 45:4 103Percival screw pod extension, 56:3 110–111percussion drilling. See cable tool drillingpercussion fire-making method, 38:2 31"Perfect Handle" wrenches, 51:3 97"Perfect Handle Wrenches" (Pozzato), 51:3 97Perfection Manufacturing Co., 49:3 99, 49:4 137periodicalstechnology disseminated in, 61:2 44, 61:2 45–55"Peripatetic Tool Prospecting" (Greenberger), 39:3 46–47Perkin, William Henrysynthetic dyes, 53:4 156, 53:4 158Perkins, Ed, 48:1 32Perkins, Jacob, 43:4 95Perkins, John, House, 42:3 73Perks, F., 44:2 47, 44:3 79, 44:4 116Perks • S mark, 44:2 47Perlez, Jane, 43:3 76Perpetual Calendar web site, 55:4 162Perry, George and Philip Fletcher, & Co., 46:2 49tinware manufactory, 43:4 101–102Perry, Henry D.planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Perry, John, 58:1 16, 58:1 17, 58:1 26planemaker, 53:2 55Perry, John M., 58:1 30n.16Perry, Reuben, 58:1 16Perry, Walter, 53:4 137, 56:1 9"Persistence of Hand Implements in Agriculture" (Reichman), 39:3 51personal care scissors, 52:3 103pestles, 45:1 27Peter I, czar of Russia, 39:4 59Peter Parley's Own Story (Goodrich), 54:1 27Peters, Frank, 48:4 98Peters, Margaret Walker, 48:4 69Peters, Richard, 58:1 9Peters, William, 50:4 109Peterson, Harold, 39:1 1

Peterson, Karl, 45:4 118, 46:1 24Peter the Greatax, 38:1 9, 38:1 13–14lathes, 42:2 44–45Petite Gazette, Tid-Bits of Useful Knowledge for Tool Collectors (Townsend), 52:3 110Petrella, A., 57:2 70Petrella, Anthony, 42:1 18Petrie, Flinders, 49:1 25Petrie, W. F., 40:3 52petroleum industrycrude oil, eastern vs. western, 53:3 92n5Drake well, 53:3 87early uses, 53:3 87Klingler family of Pennsylvania and, 53:3 87–92products, 52:4 161, 53:3 87well drilling, 53:3 88–92Pettengil Confectionery, 44:4 118petticoat factory, 41:1 14Petticoat Lane, London, 38:1 back coverPettyjohn, John S., Co., 50:3 74Peugeot Frères, 40:1 10catalog, 39:3 33–34, 49:1 26"Peugeot Frères" (Perch), 39:3 33–34pewtercautions about, 52:1 36leaded, 52:1 36lead-free, 52:1 36melting, 52:1 36poured, knives, 52:1 35–36Pexto brace catalog, 42:3 68Pfaff, Paula, 45:3 92Pfrank, Francis, 42:3 80pharmacies, 45:1 15Lammers' Drug Store, 44:3 71–72nineteenth century, 44:2 36Pharmacists' Journal, 44:3 72Phelphs, N. B., 53:1 21PHILAD A trademark, 56:1 25–27, 56:2 68–69, 56:4 155–159, 57:1 16–22, 57:3 96–101,57:4 151–156, 58:4 154–161Philadelphiaarchitecture, 58:4 155–156Brewerytown, 61:1 20city directories, 57:4 152–153, 58:4 154–161, 61:1 19, 61:1 20, 61:1 22cooperages, 61:1 19–26Disston's early history, 57:4 151–156Kneass family, 58:4 154–161

planemakers, 38:1 10, 57:1 16–22, 61:1 19, 61:1 20saw-making, 39:2 26–27, 39:3 52AState House, 61:3 94toolmakers, 56:1 25–27, 56:2 68–69, 56:4 155–159Veit, John, 57:1 16–22, 57:4 156women entrepreneurs, 57:3 96–101Philadelphia and its Industries, 57:4 151Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Co., 52:4 140, 52:4 144Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, 52:3 119, 52:4 139, 52:4 140, 52:4 143, 56:3 97, 56:3101–102, 60:2 58Philadelphia butter (Philadelphia print), 52:3 87Philadelphia Daily News, 42:3 72Philadelphia (Merchants) Exchange, 58:4 155–156Philadelphia ice axes, 52:3 123Philadelphia Packet, The, 61:3 95, 61:3 96Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, 58:2 55, 61:2 55Philippe August, King of France, 60:1 3Philips, Martin W., 52:1 15, 52:1 17Philipse, Frederick, 42:3 73Philipson, John, 42:3 65, 52:3 124Philip West, 51:3 74Phillips, Alonzo D., 44:4 104–105Phillips, Bill, 50:1 33Phillips, Eleanore, 56:2 76–79Phillips, Henry, 55:4 153–154Phillips, John Marshall, 56:3 121Phillips, Roger, 51:4 108, 52:3 124, 56:2 76–79Phillips and Clark Stove Co., 40:1 1Phillips head screwdrivers, 55:4 153–155Phillips head screws, 50:2 57, 50:2 62, 55:4 153–155Phillips Screw Co., 55:4 153–154Philllips, Thomas, Sirinventories, 38:4 71–72Phillps, Miltonplanemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56phleam, 45:3 84Phleps, Hermann, 45:1 24Phoenix Co., 58:2 66–68inverse imprint of stamp, 58:2 66–68Phoenix Iron Co., 49:1 31Phoenix Iron Works, 52:2 44phosphorus matches, 44:4 104boxes, 40:1 16, 41:1 20A, 44:4 104photography, 53:4 170exposure meter, 60:4 140old time gallery, 45:4 104–105

painting photographs, 41:1 13tintypes, 56:3 121–122of tool collections, 37:1 11–12traveling photographers, 56:3 129"Photo Illustrations," 39:2 29photo machines, 49:3 73photo-offset lithographycitrus fruit-crate labels, 42:2 33Phyfe, Duncantool chests, 46:2 45, 46:2 46"Pianoforte Clamp" (Boyd), 49:1 7–8pianoforte clamps, 49:1 7–8, 49:1 17piano makers' tools, 41:3 45–46, 41:3 84, 41:4 73–74pianos and piano making, 43:3 73Crehore, Benjamin, 47:3 92–94Metcalf, Eliphalet, 41:4 73–74piano fortes, 47:3 93piano making process, 43:3 73Steinway, 41:4 73piano tuners' bellows, 42:1 18, 42:3 77advertisement, 42:4 109–110uses of, 42:3 70–71piano tuners' brushes, 42:3 70Picard, Henri, and Frères, 55:4 149Pickens & Littlehalebroadsides, 61:1 5Pickering, Timothy, 58:1 5Pickett & Eckel slide rules, 49:2 51pickled food, 55:3 90pickling, 41:2 35picksmake-do tools from, 44:3 86millstone, 44:3 94twibils, 38:2 28–30pickup balers, 39:4 61–62picnic sets, 59:4 129picric acid, 53:4 156, 53:4 1581876 Pictorial Album of American Industry (Asher and Adam), 38:4 76APictou County, Nova Scotiaaxe making in, 40:1 3–6"Picture Puzzle," 39:2 23Pierce, E. G., 46:1 14, 61:4 171Pierce, Ephraim, 48:3 44Pierce, H., 46:1 30Pierce, Hattie, 58:4 171n.8Pierce, Henry, 46:1 30

Pierce, Ken, 53:1 30Pierce, Roland, 46:1 29–30Pierce, Rollin, 46:1 30Pierce cotton gins, 52:1 16piercing saws, 55:4 145–147, 55:4 149, 56:2 67Piercy, Frederick, 61:3 96, 61:3 97Pierpont, Sherman, 44:3 77Pierson, Thomas J., 38:4 73piggins, 47:3 70, 50:2 41pig iron, 54:4 137charcoal-produced, 47:2 35pig leadlead shot and, 37:2 38pigs, tinners' (tinkers' pig), 56:2 83, 56:3 126pig snouters, 37:3 56Pike, I.planes, 39:1 13Pike, Jarvis (Jervis), 39:1 13Pike, O. M., 44:3 86, 44:4 99, 57:3 88Pike Co., 43:1 11Pike familyplanes, 39:1 13Pike Manufacturing Co., 47:4 123"Pike of Deham" (West), 39:1 13pikes, 45:4 122, 45:4 126pike trench spear, 45:4 126pik (pick) (Flemish scythe), 41:1 10, 41:2 37pikhaak, 41:2 37pilaster planes, 54:3 126–127Carpenter, E. W., 47:1 1, 47:1 3, 47:1 6, 47:1 11Pilcher, Steve, 55:3 129pilesfor charcoal making, 47:2 37–38Pilgrim, Chuck, 56:3 126Pilgrim, Nathaniel, 52:1 26Pilgrim's Progress (Bunyan), 45:3 84Pilkenton, Thomas, 50:4 113, 51:2 55Pilkington, James, 37:2 36Pilkinton, Hunter, 42:4 109pilot schooners, 53:1 3Piltz, Otto, 57:3 121Pincher Jack, 37:4 64pinchers (harnessmaking tools), 39:2 20Pinchot, Gifford, 56:3 91Pinckney, Thomas, 58:2 56, 58:2 57, 58:2 60, 58:2 63n.12, 58:2 64n.12, 58:2 64n.13,

58:2 64n.14, 58:2 64n.20, 58:2 64n.21pin cushionswith needle sharpeners, 44:3 91–92, 44:4 120pine mold, 51:2 41pine treeseastern white pine (Pinus strobus), 42:3 59pin-jointed scissors and shears, 52:3 100–102, 52:3 106Pink, Thomas, & Sons Co., 45:3 71pinking scissors/shears, 49:3 72, 49:3 74, 52:3 103Pinkny's brass wheel, 39:3 52Aharnessmaking tools, 39:2 20pin (chain) lewis, 59:3 86"Pioneer Canadian Axe-Maker J. Warnock & Co." (Klenman), 42:4 94Pioneer History of Wirt County, A (Sewell), 53:2 49Pioneer Life on the Bay of Quinte (Morley), 52:1 27Pioneers, The (Cooper), 39:2 32A"Pioneers in Planemaking" (West), 51:3 69–74"Pipe: A Lost Part of Americana" (Walsh), 51:1 13–14responses to article, 51:3 93–94pipe and bolt wrench, 44:1 11pipe capacity, 52:4 151pipe clamps, 49:1 7pipefittersSouthern Railway, 50:3 82, 50:3 83pipe holders, 44:3 82pipe organsorgan tuner's cones, 37:3 56–56APiper, G., Co., 54:3 114Piper, George, 55:2 46pipesmolds, 53:2 77Shaker clay, 53:3 127pipes (casks), 51:1 13–14, 51:1 front cover, 51:2 41assize, 51:3 94capacity, 51:1 14hoops, 51:1 13letters, 51:3 93–94staves, 51:1 13–14, 51:3 93pipe tongs, 43:2 32, 43:3 62pipe wrenchesFour-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 155Pirce, J. W., 44:3 95. See also Pearce, Jonathan W.Pirie lathe disc sharpening machine, 60:1 18Pirie Tool Sharpening Machine Co., 60:1 18pistol lighters, 39:4 58

pistol routers, 52:3 124pistols. See also gunsConfederacy, 50:1 34–35pepper-box, 52:2 44piston-type drills, 59:2 47pitch, 52:3 122–123of planes, 48:1 17–19pitchfork paperweight, 57:2 53pitchforks, 38:3 37. See also wooden forksPeugeot Freres, 39:3 33pitch pine, 54:2 55–56pitch settingsfor plane irons, 45:4 109pithaak (madhaake), 41:1 10, 41:2 37"Pith of the Matter, The: A Response from Your Editor" (Sayward), 41:1 9–10pitman rod, 59:4 133pit saws, 39:1 7, 46:1 32, 54:2 57, 54:2 front coverPittsburgh, Pennsylvaniahardware company marks, 49:4 116–124planemakers, 47:4 124–125, 50:3 88–92, 50:4 132–133Pittsburgh Equitable Meter and Manufacturing Co., 61:2 61, 61:2 65renamed Rockwell Manufacturing Co., 61:2 62Pittsburgh Gazette, 50:3 88, 50:3 89, 50:3 90–91"Place for Everything, A" (American Agriculturist), 61:1 17–18"Place for Everything, A" (Kinsey), 60:1 17–18Place to Live and Work, A: The Henry Disston Saw Works and the Tacony Community ofPhiladelphia (Silcox), 57:4 151Plains Indiansshell beads and, 59:1 2–3"Plain Truth, The" (Armistead), 43:4 97"Plane Chatter" (Elliott)"Jonathan Brooks, Cabinetmaker & Patriot," 60:1 40–41, 61:1 40–41"Plane Chatter" (Goodson)"Early Totes: Some Variant Features," 60:4 172–173"Plane Chatter" (Humphrey)"Variations in the Number of Maker's Marks Used by Different Makers," 61:4171–172"Plane Chatter" (Ingraham)"Mother Lode, The," 61:2 83–85"Plane Chatter" (Kean)"Tribute to Jack Whelan on his Retirement, A," 60:3 133"Plane Chatter" (Lasswell)"Francis Nicholson Smoothing Plane," 61:3 127–129"Plane Chatter" (Whelan), 49:4 114–115, 52:1 30–31, 52:2 67–68"Another Plane to Puzzle Over," 51:4 118–119"Apothecary Plane," 58:2 78–79

"Ceiling Planes," 51:3 91–92"Chapin-Rust Patent Plow, The," 53:4 168–169"Chinese Planes," 57:4 164–165"Cock Bead Fillister, The," 55:1 39–40"Combination Plane," 50:2 53–54"Different Plow Design, A," 51:1 11–12"Double Wedge Planes That Change Their Pitch," 48:1 17–29"Enigmatic Plane, An," 54:1 35–36"Escapement for Tongue Plane/Tilted Wedge Mortise/Unusual Pair," 55:3 126"First American Planemaker?, The," 49:3 85–86"Five Unusual Planes," 60:2 88–89"Glass Check?/Meeting Rail Planes," 55:4 168"Glass Check Plane?/Unusual Escapement," 55:2 80–81"Grooving," 49:1 28–29"Grooving for Curved Panels--And a Puzzle," 52:3 124"Holtzapffel's Design for Irons," 53:1 37"Information Please," 48:2 54–55"L. Cormier Planes," 58:1 44–45"Making Useful Shavings," 56:4 172–173"Modified or Make-do Planes," 54:2 86–87"More Plane 'Whatsits'", 49:2 61"Pair of Unusual Molders, A," 53:3 81–82"Plane Chatter: Facing Planes," 59:3 120–121"Plane Chatter: Unfamiliar Cooper's Tools," 59:4 161–163"Plane Wedge Distortion," 48:3 61–62"Plane Whose Arms Are Too Long, The," 57:1 36–37"Plow Fence and Depth Stop Conflicts," 54:4 165"Plow Plane Fence Adjustment," 57:3 122–123"Puzzling Match Pair, A," 56:1 38–39"Puzzling Planes," 50:4 129–130"Screw-Adjusted, Slide-Arm Plow Plane," 59:1 32–33"Some Unusual Full Boxed Beads," 48:4 92–93"Spring Plane, The," 47:2 46–47"Stereotype Plane," 56:2 80–81"Those Tradesman-Made Planes," 47:3 88–89"Two More Puzzles An Unusual Dado," 51:2 59–60"Unusual Combination Match Plane," 58:4 172–173"Unusual Fence System," 52:4 163"Unusual Iron Mounting, An," 59:2 76–77"Unusual Match Plane," 54:3 126–127"Unusual Molding Plane, An," 58:3 128–129"Wheelwright's Plane," 56:3 127–128"Wrong-Sided Molding Plane Irons," 47:4 113–114"'Plane Chatter' Feedback--Jonathan Brooks," 61:2 85"Plane Collector's Prize, A" (Locher), 38:3 44"Plane Collector Talks about the Enrichment His Avocation Offers, A" (Humphrey), 43:4

97–98plane dealersDavies, Thomas, 49:3 83–84plane irons, 51:3 96, 53:1 37date codes on, 54:4 144–147English, 43:4 98–99Harmony Society, 51:4 105makers, 51:3 73mystery planes, 50:4 130Ohio Tool Co., 46:3 60sixteenth century, Nürnberg, 54:2 83planemakers, 40:3 50, 53:3 123account books, 45:1 8–10, 45:2 42–43, 45:3 80–83Adams, A., 43:2 46African-American, 46:2 39–42, 46:4 93–97, 53:1 41Allegheny Mountains, 50:3 88–92American, 48:1 28–29, 49:3 85–86American Colonial era, 61:1 40American Revolution and, 48:3 35Amherst, Massachusetts, 41:1 11–12apprenticeships, 40:2 26Bailey, Leonard, 52:2 60–61, 58:2 80–84, 58:3 113Barton, D. R., 58:2 70Benton, James, 49:2 35–36Bidewell, Leonard Benton, 53:2 48–52billheads, 41:1 4British, 49:3 83–84Brooks, Peter, 46:1 12–13Brooks, Rachel, 57:3 96–97Brooks, William, 57:3 96Brown, A., 45:1 19Burt, Spencer M. (S. M.), 42:2 37business sold by, 41:1 11–12cabinetmakers, 42:3 79Canada, 52:1 28, 55:4 169Carpenter, Emanuel W. (E. W.), 47:1 1–12Caruthers, Samuel, 50:4 135–136Chelor, Cesar, 38:2 25–27, 42:2 55, 42:2 back cover, 42:4 87–88, 45:2 61, 45:366, 46:2 39–42, 46:4 91–97, 48:3 41, 48:3 58, 48:3 63, 48:3 64, 50:1 30, 52:2 75–77, 53:1 35, 53:1 41, 54:1 1–8, 54:1 2–3, 54:1 back cover, 54:1 front cover, 55:130, 59:1 10, 59:1 22–23Clark, David, 52:4 162Coates, James, 50:2 49–52Coffman, Alexander Stuart, 48:4 69–73Cogdell, I., 58:1 45Connecticut Valley, 49:4 135

contemporary, 51:2 67Cormier, L., 58:1 44–45Crane, D. O., 49:2 36Crane, Samuel G., 49:2 36–37Crawley, Joseph, 42:1 6Dawson, John, 49:1 19–22Dean, Benaiah, 47:2 50–52Deming, Anthony, 42:1 5Doggett, Simeon, 48:3 35–44Dominy family, 57:2 79Duke, Mary, 57:3 96, 57:3 99–100early makers, 42:3 79–80England, 51:3 101Evans, Evan, 49:2 35–36Evans, James, 49:2 36Evens, William, 48:3 53–56, 50:4 131–132fire balloon fire, 41:3 59Fuller, D., 45:1 10Fuller, David, 44:3 67–70, 44:4 112–113, 45:1 10Fultz, Bennett D., 42:1 7Goldsmith, George, 56:4 155Goldsmith, Thomas, 56:4 155Goldsmith, William, 56:4 155–159Goldsmith, William, Jr., 56:4 156–159Granford, Thomas, 48:1 13–16Grant, Thomas, 38:3 57guidebooks to, 57:3 119guides to, 54:4 167–169, 57:3 119Haight, Henry, 49:2 37–38Hamburg, 48:2 47–53Hart, H. L., 49:4 135Hazlet, Hugh, 57:3 98–99Heiss, Dietrich and Jacob, 38:2 34identifying, 47:4 125as joiners, 48:3 42Jones, Jethro, 42:4 87–88, 43:2 42–43Kennedy, Leonard, 41:3 59Kneass, Frederick, 58:4 158–160Kneass, Michael, 58:4 158–160Lancaster County, 37:2 28–29Lindenberger, John, 50:4 133–134Lithgow, Walter, 48:1 22–24London, 51:2 64–65, 58:3 126–127Massachusetts, 42:2 37Metcalf, Joseph, 44:2 37–38Metcalf, Luther, 44:2 37–38

Middleboro, Massachusetts, 48:3 35–44milestones, 51:3 69–74Montreal, 49:1 19–22motivation of, 54:1 4Napier, Margaret, 57:3 96, 57:3 97–99Napier, Thomas, 57:2 80, 57:3 97–98New England, 54:1 1–8Nicholson, Francis, 38:2 25–27, 42:2 55, 46:1 3, 50:1 29–30, 52:2 76–77, 52:4162, 53:1 33–35, 54:1 1–8, 58:3 120–123, 59:1 10Nicholson, John, 38:2 25–27, 54:1 1–8, 59:1 10Niles, Hezekiah, 50:4 135–136Norris, with Robertson screw, 50:2 60, 50:2 61Nova Scotia, 42:1 5–7Oliver, John Howard, 42:1 7Philadelphia, 56:1 25–27, 56:2 68–69, 56:4 155–159, 57:1 16–22, 61:1 19, 61:120Pike family, 39:1 13Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 47:4 124–125, 50:3 88–92, 50:4 132–133Potter, Nathaniel, 46:1 3–4Robbins, Enos, Jr., 52:2 51–59Rochester, New York, 49:2 35–42Rodier, Louis, 59:1 12runaway apprentices, 48:3 54–55Sampson, Abel, 45:2 35–37Schauer, John, 47:1 1–10Schuyler, B. W., 49:2 38Scott, William, 50:3 88–92Sehner, J., 48:2 54–55Shenandoah Valley, 45:4 112–113Shepard, D. M., 49:2 37Silsby, Seth, 49:2 38Sleeper, John, 43:4 97–98Stamm, John, 54:2 47–53Steele, William, 47:3 79–83Swetman, James, 52:1 24–29Teal, John, 41:3 37–39Utica, New York, 52:2 51–59, 53:2 54–61, 56:1 39Veit, John, 57:1 16–22, 57:3 101Wells, Chester R., 59:3 104, 59:3 107–108Wells, Elisha Griswold, 59:3 105–108Wells, Robert, 59:3 103–108Wells family, 44:1 6–10, 52:2 51–52western Pennsylvania, 53:4 170–171Wheeling, WV, 47:3 79–83White, Charlotte, 57:3 96, 57:3 100–101White, Israel, 57:3 100–101

Wilbur, Joshua, Jr., 56:1 28–31, 56:1 37Williamsburg, Massachusetts, 42:4 100women, 55:4 169Wrentham, Massachusetts, 46:2 39–42Yeoman, F., 45:1 19Yeoman, Francis, 44:4 101, 45:1 19"Planemaker's Account Ledger, A" (Kelly)"Part I," 45:1 8–10"Part II," 45:2 42–43"Part III--Conclusion," 45:3 80–83Planemakers and Other Edge Tool Enterprises in New York State in the NineteenthCentury (Roberts and Roberts), 47:2 49, 53:2 54, 53:2 55n"Planemaker Sells Out, A" (Seremeth), 41:1 11–12planemakers float, 39:1 17"Planemakers' Floats," 38:3 46–47planemakers' floats, 38:3 46–47"Planemakers Heiss Continued" (Bates), 38:2 34"Planemakers in Utica, New York, City Directories: 1817-1867" (Kelly), 53:2 54–61planemakers' marks, 37:4 72A, 40:3 50. See also makers' marks"Living in Wrentham," 52:2 77, 54:1 2, 54:1 3, 54:1 4, 54:1 6Madox, William, 52:1 32–33Stam, John, 54:2 48, 54:2 50, 54:2 51"Planemakers of the 18th Century Shenandoah Valley" (Richmond and Williams), 45:4112–113"Planemaker's Runaway Apprentice Found 175 Years Later" (Prine), 47:4 124–125planemakers' tools, 44:1 30Colton, David, 38:1 10planemakingapprenticeships, 45:2 36metal working machines and, 43:2 41planersCrescent, 61:2 59, 61:2 70–71electric beltless, 61:2 59planes. See also early planes; plowsadjustable-iron block, 52:2 60–61adjustable sash fillisters, 54:1 5apothecary, 58:2 78, 58:3 127, 58:4 173artisan, 52:1 30–31Backenhobel, 59:4 163backing (mother), 53:2 60, 53:2 61n30backing out jack, 46:3 79badger, 45:4 103Badger-type, 44:4 127banding, 53:3 125–126, 54:1 36base, 58:1 14–15bead, 45:2 42

eech, 42:3 72, 60:1 45bench, 45:2 42, 45:4 108–109, 47:1 7, 51:2 66, 52:2 60, 54:1 1, 54:1 2, 54:4 144–147, 58:1 15, 58:1 17blades for, 47:1 7–9, 47:1 12n14boxmakers' jack, 46:3 79Brooks, Jonathan, 61:2 85bullnose, 48:2 55cabinetmakers', 39:3 42–43Canadian, 49:1 21–22carriage making, 39:3 37–38casement sash, 49:4 114, 52:1 30–31ceiling, 51:3 91–92center throat nosing (forkstaff), 47:1 2, 47:1 5, 47:1 9chair rail, 58:1 44chamfer, 56:1 38, 56:2 80–81children's, 57:2 51–53Chinese, 43:4 97, 44:4 109, 57:4 164–165chip, 56:4 172coach door, 53:3 125coach markers, 46:3 85cock bead fillister, 55:1 39–40collecting, 38:1 inside cover, 43:4 97–98, 47:2 55, 48:1 28–29collections, 51:2 65–67, 51:4 131, 51:4 back cover, 52:2 75–77, 52:2 81–82, 54:4167–169columbelle, 59:4 162, 59:4 163combination, 38:3 44, 38:3 57, 38:3 back cover, 40:2 17–18, 40:4 73A, 50:2 53–54, 54:3 126, 58:2 79, 58:4 172–173, 59:2 71combination match plane, 58:4 172–173complex moulders, 59:1 22–23consignment sales, 47:1 6, 47:1 12, 47:1 12n13coopering, 59:4 161cornice, 51:4 101, 54:1 2, 57:2 80–81counter check, 48:2 55crown molding, 48:2 56–61, 48:2 57, 51:4 101, 51:4 104, 52:2 77, 56:1 30, 59:122–23crows-bill, 52:2 67for curved panels, 52:3 124dado, 51:2 59–60, 51:3 92, 51:4 118–119dapping, 51:4 118–119date codes, 54:4 144–147dating, 51:3 69–73, 59:3 104daughter, 58:1 44decorated, 38:3 44, 59:1 22–23decorative design, 60:4 173demand for, 54:1 3depth stops, 51:4 118–119

Dietrich Brothers Manufacturers, 37:1 18Directory of American Toolmakers update, 53:2 75double door, 49:4 114double-marked, 50:1 12double wedge, 48:1 17–19drawer-bottom, 49:1 29Dutch, 46:1 9, 51:4 109, 53:2 53, 53:3 127early totes, 60:1 43–45, 60:4 172–173Emond, V. A., & Co., 51:3 91–92escapments, 55:2 80–81, 55:3 126"facing," 54:3 127felloes, 56:3 127–128, 56:4 173fenced table, 54:1 5–6first millennium, 61:4 157–165with fishbone symbolism, 60:2 81–82fore, 46:3 77, 47:1 7–8Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:3 118–119, 59:4 160French cormier smoothing, 60:4 173full boxed beads, 48:4 92–93full rounds, 54:2 86galley, 51:4 131German immigrants, 40:3 42–43German jack, 46:3 79glass check, 55:2 80Greek, 60:1 43grips, 60:1 43–44groove, 49:1 29, 50:1 19gutter, 53:3 115hack, 46:3 77handrail, 58:1 44Harmony Society, 51:4 101–105, 51:4 103–104history of, 44:3 80, 46:3 85, 47:1 32hollow, 42:2 30Hovey, 53:3 114–116information sought, 60:1 45inventory lists, 39:3 42–43inverse imprints of stamp, 58:2 66–68iron mounting, 59:2 76irons, 48:1 15–16, 48:1 19jack, 45:3 67, 46:3 76–80, 58:1 15Japanese, 44:4 109, 52:4 166Japanese pulled, 52:1 40joiner, 50:4 130joint, 54:1 1, 54:1 2jointer, 46:3 76, 46:3 78, 46:3 89Kendall patent, 59:2 76–77

left-hand center bead, 45:4 103left-handed bottom grooving, 49:3 82left-handed drawer bottom, 49:4 115left-hand moulding, 45:4 103London, 51:2 64–65long-arm filletsters, 57:1 36–37Mack Tool Co., Inc., 53:1 24–25Maine, 37:2 33–36makers' marks, 40:2 25–26, 47:3 81, 47:3 82–83, 48:2 48, 48:2 50–53, 48:2 54,51:3 70–73, 59:3 105–108, 61:4 171with Maria logo, 60:2 77marks left by, 61:3 111–112markup on, 45:3 80match, 46:1 12–14match combination, 54:3 126material history, 42:1 5–7metal, 45:1 18, 45:1 23, 45:2 51, 46:3 77misrepresentation of, 44:3 95modified or make-do, 54:2 86–87molding, 51:4 103–104, 51:4 108, 54:1 1, 54:1 2, 54:2 48–52Monticello collection, 58:1 15, 58:1 16mother, 48:3 55, 58:1 44mount cutting, 60:2 88museum collections, 59:1 7–12mystery, 50:4 129–130, 54:1 35with nickers, 56:3 128notching, 59:4 163obsolescence of, 46:3 65ogee, 51:3 91–92, 51:4 102owner names on, 47:4 125owners' marks, 38:2 26pail bottom, 59:4 163panel-raising, 60:4 173partially manufactured, 55:4 158–159patents, 47:1 12, 59:1 10–12"Pat. Pending," 59:1 12Peugeot Freres, 39:3 34pilaster, 54:3 126–127pitch angles, 47:1 5planemaking history, 49:3 100plow, 49:1 28–29, 56:1 26–27Pollak collection, 43:2 55preserving, 38:4 76price guides, 60:1 42prices of, 45:3 80–83, 47:1 3–10, 48:3 41prison-made, 44:3 94

production estimates, 54:1 1, 54:1 2, 54:1 8, 54:1 8n.11Quebec, 52:1 30–31rabbet, 44:3 70, 45:3 81, 49:3 101, 51:4 118, 53:3 125–126, 56:3 128razee (ship), 45:2 61razee jack, 46:3 79refinishing, 38:4 76reglet, 52:1 30, 58:1 45religious symbolism on, 60:2 80, 60:2 83restoring, 42:4 109, 44:4 121, 45:1 22–23, 56:3 122retail costs of, 58:2 70rhykenology, 45:1 21Roman, 60:1 43rosewood boxing, 59:3 107roughing, 46:3 76–77rounds, 54:2 86Sandusky Tool Co., 46:3 59, 46:3 65sash, 48:4 72, 54:1 4–7, 56:1 29sash coping, 54:2 86, 54:2 87sash molding, 58:1 45screw-adjusted, slide-arm plows, 59:1 30–31scrub, 46:3 77, 61:3 111second-hand, 50:1 12shoulder, 49:3 101, 49:4 114side rabbets, 60:2 89sixteenth century, Nürnberg, 54:2 83slat, 52:1 30sleeper wedge profile, 42:3 79Smart, 50:1 20Smith's Key plates, 61:1 4sole plate (skate), 52:2 67–68spelk, 56:4 172–173spill, 43:3 64, 43:4 92, 45:2 63, 56:4 172splint, 56:4 172Sprague collection of, 46:3 71spring, 47:2 46–47, 47:4 114, 48:2 56–61, 57:3 123, 58:1 15stairbuilders' match pair, 56:1 38Stanley, 50:2 69–70, 52:4 147Stanley Rule & Level shirt pocket catalogs, 58:2 80–84, 58:3 113–119stave, 45:3 67stereotype, 56:2 80stick and rabbet, 54:1 6–7stick and rebate, 57:1 4, 57:1 5surbase, 58:1 14–15tenoning, 53:3 126, 54:1 35–36, 54:4 165terminology, 50:4 120, 50:4 124tilted wedge mortise, 55:3 126

toats, 45:1 23Tolman-style, 44:3 70tonguing, 51:3 72–73tool catalogs of, 61:1 11toothing, 47:4 114, 48:2 55, 58:1 35n.8tradesman-made, 47:3 88–89transportation costs, 47:1 6universal, 37:3 41–42, 42:4 96unusual, 49:4 114–115, 51:4 118–119, 60:2 88–89unusual pair, 55:3 126V- (double-chamfer), 56:2 80–81varloper, 60:1 7, 60:1 8, 60:1 43V-groove, 51:2 60Walker adjustable face plane, 40:2 16, 40:2 17–18, 40:4 73Awashboard, 50:3 90wedge-arm, 50:2 50, 54:1 4, 54:2 50–52wedge distortion, 48:3 61–62wedges, 48:1 14–15with wedge under iron, 57:1 31–34whalebone, 56:4 172–173whatsits, 49:2 61, 49:2 67wheelwrights', 56:3 127–128wooden, 53:1 34with wooden screws, 56:2 61–63Worrell patents, 59:3 121wreathing (Kranzhobels), 59:4 162–163"Yankee" plow, 54:1 4–5plane sailing method, 45:1 16–17"Planes of Maine, The" (Brundage), 37:2 33–36Plane Talk, 50:3 99, 50:4 133"Plane Talk," 46:1 21"Plane Talk" (Graham), 45:4 103"Plane Talk: A Journal for Rhykenologists," 42:1 19"Plane that Bears the Imprints of Two Manufacturers, A: The Union Factory and thePhoenix Company" (Kelly), 58:2 66–68"Plane Truth, The" (Bopp), 44:4 109"Planimeter and Steam Engine Indicator, The" (Pozzato), 46:4 112planimeters, 46:4 112planing machines, 46:1 14for making staves, 47:3 71–72planing mills, 46:3 76plank, 54:2 56plank construction, 47:3 91planking kettlesfor hat making, 43:1 4, 43:3 79–80planking process

in felt hat making, 52:4 156, 52:4 157planking tables, 51:3 76, 51:3 77plank-kilnsburning of, 58:1 26defined, 58:1 26firewood for, 58:1 26, 58:1 28–29Jefferson, Thomas, 58:1 26–30plank roads, 45:2 53–54plank roofs, 55:2 71Plant, Bathsheba (Page), 56:1 9Plant, Catharine (Tomlinson), 56:1 10Plant, David, 53:4 135, 56:1 10Plant, Esther (Botsford), 56:1 10Plant, Hannah, 56:1 10Plant, James, 56:1 9Plant, Sarah (Bennett), 56:1 10Plant, Sarah (daughter), 56:1 10Plant, Solomon, 56:1 9–15double-flyer spinning wheels, 53:4 135–137planters' eye hoes, 46:3 62Planters' Machine Works, 52:1 16–17planting devicesfor corn, 50:3 101–102dibbles, 45:1 16, 50:3 87, 50:3 101, 51:1 12, 51:3 90Plants Manufacturing Co., 55:3 115plaster and corn mills, 61:2 54plaster modelsfor granite sculpture, 59:4 148plate-glass windowslettering on, 37:4 69plate iron, 54:4 136–137plate lifterswhatsits, 43:2 49Platt, R. B., 52:4 136Platt, William, 46:1 26player pianoscleaning tools, 42:3 71playing cardswith illustrations of mathematical instruments, 58:1 38–39Pleam, R. R., 56:3 103Pleasant Valley Colliery, 52:4 140"Plier Choir," 44:2 56plierscutting, 43:3 77flat-nosed jewelers', 43:3 77ice squeezers, 61:1 33, 61:1 34

ice tools, 60:3 124–125parallel jaw, 43:1 23, 43:3 77, 44:2 34, 44:2 38ring-holding, 38:1 11Schollhorn, 43:4 106, 44:1 27, 44:1 28, 44:2 56sixteenth century, Nürnberg, 54:2 84slide, 38:1 11, 38:3 57types of, 44:3 86whatsits, 40:2 34, 44:1 27–28, 44:2 56Plimpton, Henry, 49:3 87, 49:3 92"Plinter Knife," 48:1 33plinter knives, 48:1 33Pliny, 56:2 56Plomb Tool Co., 38:1 16Aplough clevises, with rings and wrenches, 43:2 31ploughsfor bookbinding, 44:1 24plow ironsKraus tool chest, 60:3 95plow planes, 49:1 28–29advertising, 61:1 8brass-armed, 49:3 85, 49:4 115Duke, T., 56:1 26–27fence adjustments, 57:3 122–123Kraus tool chest, 60:3 95Nicholson and Chelor, 38:2 26Schauer, John, 37:2 28–29Schauer, Nicklaus, 37:2 28–29screw-adjusted, slide arm, 59:1 30–31screw-arm, 57:3 98screw-fixed, 57:3 122–123wooden, 56:3 122–123wooden screw arms, 56:2 61–63plowsBarton, D. R., 53:1 18–19, 53:1 24Belgium, 53:2 82bookbinders', 44:1 30, 56:2 59cast iron, 46:2 49Chapin-Rust, 53:4 168–169, 54:1 36continental, 50:4 129, 51:1 11, 53:2 81–82with fences and depth stops, 54:4 165fence suspension, 50:3 99Loughborough, W. S., 50:1 13make-do tools, 44:4 123Nicholson, Francis, 54:1 4–5Nicholson, John, 54:1 4–5patents, 50:3 99

plate support, 52:4 163quick adjust, 50:1 19rack-and-pinion, 50:3 99–100screw-arm, 50:3 89, 50:3 92, 53:2 82singing, 41:3 55sole plate (skate), 52:2 67–68unusual, 51:1 11–12wedge-arm, 58:3 120–121"Yankee," 54:1 4–5plows (agriculture)barshare, 58:1 3cast-iron, 40:4 69–70Guillaume, Charles, 58:1 3, 58:1 6, 58:1 7Jefferson's moldboard of least resistance, 58:1 3–11repair, 44:1 26seventeenth-century tools, 43:2 39–40plow skate, 49:1 28"Plug and Feather: A Simple Tool Yet Very Effective" (Armistead), 47:2 43–45plug and feathers, 50:2 55–56for quarrying brownstone, 56:3 94for splitting rock, 47:2 43–45, 49:3 76, 49:3 77–78, 49:3 80"Plug and Feather Update, A: An Example of Tool Evolution" (Armistead), 50:2 55–56plug bits, 45:1 5plug drillers, 59:2 51–52plug hole drilling, 59:2 51–52Plumb, Fayette R., 37:4 70–71, 37:4 72APlumb, Fayette R., II, 37:4 72APlumb, Fayette R., Inc., 37:4 71Plumb, Fayette R., Ltd., 37:4 71, 38:1 16Aplumb bobs, 40:3 50, 45:2 41, 50:1 35adjustable, 58:1 40–41cast-iron, 58:1 42dating markings on, 58:1 42for granite block alignment, 59:4 139patents, 58:1 40–43Stanley Rule & Level Co., 58:1 40–43plumbers, 39:2 29plumbers' dressers, 52:3 99plumb levelsGerman, 49:1 24Plumbley, Charles, 46:1 32plumb lines, 41:1 10, 58:1 40plumbs, 61:1 12, 61:1 13Disston, Henry, & Sons, 38:4 68Stanley advertising signs for, 59:2 71

Plumb Tools, 37:4 70Plumer, Francis, 42:4 92Plumier, Charles, 56:2 64–65Plumier, R. P., 40:1 9, 40:1 10, 40:1 11Plummer, Francis W., Sr., 37:2 35Plummer, Silas, 37:2 35, 37:2 36plummet-lamp, 45:2 41plummets, 44:4 119plunger churns, 52:3 89plungerswhatsits, 45:3 85Pluta, Louis, 52:2 66Plymouth Colonybutter production, 52:3 85–86Plymouth Hammer Works, 45:1 20plywoodtool marks on, 61:3 116pneumatic carving hammers, 59:4 150pneumatic chisels, 59:4 150pneumatic hammers, 60:1 30for granite, 59:4 145, 59:4 148pneumatic plug hole drilling, 59:2 51–52pneumatic rock drillinggranite industry, 60:1 21quarry drills, 59:2 46, 59:2 48pneumatic surfacing machines, 60:1 27for granite, 59:4 139–140pneumatic tools, 60:1 31"poacher's spade," 45:1 16pocket knives, 44:2 53, 46:2 42–43Jefferson, Thomas, 58:1 16pocket micrometer calipers, 50:2 66pocket surveyors' compassPool, 50:1 8pod augers, 53:3 120Poellnitz, Friedrich, Baron von, 58:2 55poetryHill, O. C., 48:1 21, 48:3 56on personal property for taxation, 45:4 110–111pogies (mossbonkers), 45:2 51, 45:3 93Poillon, Cornelius and Richard, shipbuilding yard, 53:1 1, 53:1 3–5, 53:1 8Poinsett, Elisha, 45:4 120Poinsett, Joel, 45:4 120poinsettia, 45:4 120pointed work, 56:3 96

"Pointing to the Delectable Collectible," 43:4 99, 44:1 29–30, 44:2 54, 44:3 82, 44:4 126,45:2 51, 45:3 94–95, 45:4 124, 46:1 28Scrimshaw Expeditionary Force, 45:1 28–29"Points of View," 37:1 14–16, 37:2 30–32, 37:3 54, 37:4 66, 38:1 15–16APokett folding scissors, 49:3 72–74, 49:4 139Polaroid color filmfor photographing tool collections, 37:1 11Pole Arm Development Chart (Metropolitan Museum of Art), 39:3 48pole lathes, 47:4 115–118, 47:4 133Polhemus, Margaret, 58:4 157Poliniere, Pierre, 48:3 66–67polishing lathesfor granite, 60:1 11polishing machinesBonnier de la Mosson cabinet, 58:3 102–103for granite, 59:4 140–143polishing wheels, 59:4 142–143vertical, 59:4 142–143political bannerswrought iron, 46:1 6Pollak, Emil, 37:2 35–36, 38:1 10, 38:3 56, 38:4 76A, 40:2 25, 47:2 53–54, 50:1 33, 50:4133, 51:2 60, 52:2 57, 52:2 76, 52:2 80, 52:2 81, 52:4 163, 54:1 1, 54:4 167, 57:1 33–34,61:3 128Guide to the Makers of American Wooden Planes, A, 53:2 48, 53:2 54Pollak, Emil S., 42:1 19, 42:2 37, 42:3 83, 42:4 87, 42:4 96, 43:2 46–47, 43:2 55, 43:4107–108, 44:1 17, 47:2 53–54, 50:1 33, 50:4 133, 51:2 60, 52:2 57, 52:2 76, 52:2 80,52:2 81, 52:4 163, 54:1 1, 54:4 167, 57:1 33–34, 59:3 105Guide to the Makers of American Wooden Planes, A, 53:2 48, 53:2 54Pollak, John, 49:2 44Pollak, Martyl, 37:2 35–36, 38:1 10, 38:3 56, 38:4 76A, 40:2 25, 42:2 37, 42:4 87, 42:496, 43:2 46–47, 43:2 55, 43:4 107–108, 44:1 17, 47:2 53–54, 50:4 133, 51:2 60, 52:2 57,54:1 1, 54:4 167, 57:1 33–34, 59:3 105, 61:3 128Guide to the Makers of American Wooden Planes, A, 53:2 48, 53:2 54Pollard, Joel, 41:3 38–39Pollard, S., 49:2 43poll-axespreparing land for growing tobacco with, 38:2 22Polo, Marco, 57:4 164Polublank & Co.tilting bandsaws, 56:2 45polygraph machine, 61:3 96Polyphase Mannheim slide rules, 49:2 51polyptychs, 46:4 98–107dowels for, 46:4 103–104, 46:4 107n.18poplar for, 46:4 100–101

econstructing fragments, 46:4 99–100saw marks, 46:4 101–103Pomeroy, R., 39:4 68APomianek, Adam, Hammer Collection, 43:1 25pomona green, 53:4 159ponceau dye, 53:4 159Pond, R. C., 37:4 65pones (corn pones), 39:1 10Pont Fayette Covered Bridge, 54:4 149Ponting, K. G., 39:2 30pony-drawn lawn mowers, 52:2 45, 52:2 46, 52:2 49, 52:3 93, 52:3 95, 52:3 97Pool, Anthony, 50:1 6Pool, Charles B., 50:1 4, 50:1 5–9spelling variants, 50:1 9Pool, Frederick, 50:1 5Pool, Harrison, 50:1 7Pool, H. M., and Brothers, 50:1 7Pool, H. M., Co., 50:1 7–8mark, 50:1 3Pool, Horace Franklin, 50:1 7–8Pool, Horace Minot, 50:1 7–8apprenticeship, 50:1 2–3death of, 50:1 6mathematical instruments, 50:1 1–3, 50:1 7–9property employed by, 50:1 9spelling variants, 50:1 9Pool, J., & Co., 50:1 4Pool, J. & H. M., Co., 52:4 165establishment of, 50:1 3surveyors' compass, 50:2 front coverPool, John (son of John Jr.), 50:1 6spelling variants, 50:1 9Pool, John, Jr.apprenticeship, 50:1 2–3business established by, 50:1 3–4death of, 50:1 6debts of, 50:1 5–6mathematical instruments, 50:1 1–6property, 50:1 3–4spelling variants, 50:1 9Pool, John, Sr., 50:1 1, 50:1 2, 50:1 3, 50:1 7Pool, John Murray, 50:1 4, 50:1 6, 50:1 7, 50:1 8Pool, Joseph, 47:1 10Pool, Mary (Brown), 50:1 1Pool, Mary (sister of John Jr.), 50:1 6Pool, Nahum, 50:1 7

Pool, Samuel, 50:1 1Pool, William, 44:4 107Pool, Zibeah (Packard), 50:1 2pool cue tenonerswhatsits, 43:2 49Poole and Williams spokeshaves, 52:3 112"Pools of Easton, Massachusetts, The" (Vogel and Hands), 50:1 1–11"Poor Man's Ivory" (West), 45:4 99Poor Richard's Almanack (Franklin), 59:1 24Poplar Forest (Jefferson retreat)fire damage, 58:1 18roof leakage, 58:1 18, 58:1 25spherical sundial and, 58:1 31tin shingle roof, 58:1 18poplar woodfor altarpieces, 46:4 100–101chip hats, 39:4 63Poppenhusen, Conrad, 44:3 81Popular Technology, The American Mechanics Magazine, 61:2 55porcelaindecorative buttermaking tools, 50:2 39–42Porritt, John, 60:2 88portable brick presses, 59:2 57"Portable Hitching Post," 48:4 95portable summer furnacewhatsits, 43:2 50–51Portable Woodworking Machines, Crescent Machine Co., 61:2 57–58Porter, H. K., 48:1 31Porter, James R., 40:1 3, 40:1 4Porter, James R., Co., 40:1 5Porter, William Sydney (O. Henry), 44:2 36Portland, Connecticutquarries, 55:3 95–111, 56:3 89, 56:3 107quarry flooding, 55:3 100town quarry, 55:3 98–99, 55:3 100, 55:3 109Portland brownstoneblasting, 55:3 104building industry and, 55:3 107–109defined, 55:3 95deterioration of, 55:3 109geologic history, 55:3 95gravestones, 55:3 97–98, 55:3 109preservation of, 55:3 109, 56:3 107quarries, 55:3 95–111, 56:3 107quarry workers, 55:3 102–103, 55:3 106–107shipping, 55:3 105–106

steam technology, 55:3 104, 55:3 107stonecutting, 55:3 97–98Portland Brown Stone Quarries, 55:3 100"Portland Brownstone Quarries, The" (Guinness), 55:3 95–111Portland cement, 55:3 109Portland Cement Association, 44:2 46Portrait and Biographical Record of Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, 56:1 1–2Portrait of a Port: Boston 1852-1914 (Bunting), 53:4 170Portugalhandcrafts, 38:4 74"Possible Purpose of the Two-hand Saw Handle, A" (Feuerstein), 39:3 50Post, Emily, 53:2 67Post, Frederick, Co., 49:2 51post axes, 52:1 33"Posters Available," 50:3 104Postman, Richard A., 48:3 62potash, 61:2 47potato cutters, 48:2 67potatoespreventing heat flow in blacksmith work with scissors and swords, 37:3 52–53separating gold dust with, 40:3 52sprouting, 42:3 63potato mashers, 43:1 21, 45:1 27potato peelers, 59:4 153potato scoops, 43:3 78Potomac Antique Tools & Industries (PATINA), 47:2 54pot ovens, 39:1 10Potter, John, 46:1 4Potter, J. Sturgisknitting machines, 53:4 147, 53:4 148, 53:4 151Potter, Leonard, 46:1 27Potter, Mary, 46:1 4Potter, Nancy R., 48:2 63Potter, Nathaniel, 46:1 35, 49:3 86estate inventory, 46:1 4planemaker, 46:1 3–4tombstone, 46:1 4Potter, Rebeckah, 46:1 3, 46:1 4Potter, Robert, 46:1 3Potter, Thomas, 53:2 57pottery, 45:3 91–92candle molds, 46:3 80pottles, 43:4 91Pottorff, Robert W., 52:1 8Potts, Joanna Holland, 53:1 39Poulson and Eger, 45:3 95

poultry killer, 43:2 48poultry killing knives, 41:1 16, 41:2 36, 41:3 56–57, 42:1 25, 43:2 48as ink erasers, 41:3 57Pountney, Frank, 52:3 97poured pewter bolster method, 52:1 35Powel, Samuel, 58:2 55, 58:2 63n.7Powell, Caleb, 42:4 92Powell, Elizabeth, 42:4 92, 52:3 85, 52:3 88Powell, Fred T., 51:1 23Powell, William, 51:2 64–65Power, L., & Co., 57:1 14tilting bandsaws, 56:2 54, 56:2 55"Power Axe Wood Splitter" (Hall), 55:1 34"'Powerful Grace That Lies in Herbs, The'", 45:3 91power hammers, 37:4 58–60draw forging, 38:1 5–9rating, 38:1 9Powerlock measuring tapes, 54:4 156–159power looms, 44:2 52, 44:3 89Crehore, Benjamin, 47:3 94for Rhode Island quilt fabrics, 54:2 72–73Powers, D., 42:3 68power shears, 37:4 58power sources. See also electrical powergranite industry, 60:1 18–23Power Specialties Ltd., 52:3 98pow wows, 59:1 2Pozzato, Ronald, 48:2 46Practical Blacksmithing (Richard), 38:3 56Practical Builder (Nicholson), 57:1 1"Practical Carpentry, Joinery and Cabinet Making" (1837), 46:1 25Practical Carriage Building (Richardson), 42:3 64Practical House Carpenter (Paine), 61:2 53Practical (farm) Manual, A, 38:3 37Practical Treatise on Locomotive Engines upon Railways, 61:2 52Practical Treatise on Rail-Roads and Carriages (Tredgold), 61:2 51Practical Treatise on the Steel Square, A (Hodgson), 38:2 23Prairie Grass Furniture Co., 58:3 95Pratt, Abigail, 48:3 36Pratt, Chester, 56:4 168–169Pratt, Daniel, 52:1 15, 52:1 19Pratt, Elbridge S., 57:4 162–163Pratt, Elliot, & Tillinghast, 56:4 168Pratt, Ephraim C., 59:4 152Pratt, Francis R., 45:4 115Pratt, Henry L., 45:4 115

Pratt, J., 46:1 27Pratt, James A., 40:4 56Pratt, Nathan, 49:3 92Pratt, William M., 45:4 115Pratt cotton gins, 52:1 15, 52:1 16preachers (wooden clapboard gauge), 44:4 111precision combination square, 49:3 70"Pre-Eighteenth Century Bill Hook, A?" (Kappeler), 39:1 14prehistoric tools, 45:1 10stone cutting, 41:1 19Premier lawn mowers, 52:3 95Prentise Vise Co., 37:1 16Presbrey, Seth, 42:2 37Presbyter, Theophilus, 60:1 5Presbyterian Society Church, Holland Patent, New York, 59:3 107–108Preservation Society Newport County, 53:2 74n6President's House, WashingtonJefferson's roof design for, 58:1 22, 58:1 23pressed-glass doorknobs, 55:4 133–140Preston, Carl, 48:4 91Preston, Caroline, 58:4 171n.7Preston, Charles H., 48:4 90Preston, Edward, 48:4 90spokeshaves, 52:3 112, 52:3 113Preston, Edward, Jr., 48:4 90Preston, Edward, & Sons, Ltd., 37:2 27, 48:4 90–91, 52:3 113, 55:4 145, 57:1 1, 57:1 2,57:1 5, 57:1 6catalog, 44:3 92Preston, Fred W., 48:4 90Preston, James E., 48:4 90Preston, Samuel, 37:1 8"Preston Catalog Issued" (Stahl), 44:3 92Preston Catalogue (Rees), 48:4 91Pribble, Hiram, 53:2 49Pribble, Thomas, 53:2 49Pribble's Mills, Virginia, 53:2 48–50Price, Edith B., 58:4 143Price, James E. (Jim), 44:2 35, 45:1 4, 56:3 110, 56:3 113, 59:3 110price guides, 51:4 132–133Stanley Rule and Level Co., 60:1 42Stanley Tools, 50:2 69–70price listsfor tool catalogs, 61:1 4, 61:1 7prickers (harnessmaking tools), 39:2 19, 39:3 52Aprickers, in sailmaking, 45:3 85pricking wheels, 39:3 52A

Pride, Mary, 50:3 88Pride, Sarah, 50:3 88Priestman, Peter, 47:3 100Prim food choppers, 50:1 24, 50:1 25"Primitive But Effective Cupola Operation, A" (Dwyer), 42:4 98–99"Primitive Knife Construction: The Poured Pewter Bolster Method" (Hope), 52:1 34–37Prince, Samuel, 44:1 31Prince Edward Islandloggers, 56:3 129, 56:3 back coverPrinciples and Practices of Buttermaking (McKay and Larsen), 52:3 88Prine, Charles, 50:4 131, 57:1 31, 57:1 33Pringle, James Fulton, 54:2 54printed butter, 52:3 87, 52:3 90–91printer furniture lock-up, 51:4 105"Printer Leaves His Mark, A" (Ward), 46:1 31printers' bodkins, 46:2 43printers' lock-up tool, 52:2 50printers' planes, 57:1 19printers' rule, 55:2 58printingcalico, 46:1 31in Colonial America, 48:4 98–99ink, 48:4 99paper for, 48:4 99procuring type, 48:4 99typecasting, 48:4 97–98printing pressesacorn frame, 53:3 108–113chase, 52:2 50copy presses, 53:3 124, 53:3 126cylinder presses, 47:3 96development of, 61:1 11French Revolution and, 42:3 77hand presses, 48:4 99–100whatsits, 44:2 60prison workerschairmaking, 58:4 134prison-made planes, 44:3 94Pritchard, George, 39:2 18privateeringSampson, Abel, 45:2 36private recordspreservation of, 38:1 15–16Apublic access to, 38:1 16Pro Cathedral, Minneapolis, 59:2 42"Processing the Whale," 42:1 23

Proctor, Amos E., 53:1 16Proctor, George W., 44:4 103Proctor, John, 45:2 37product development theory, 55:4 135prohibitioncooperage business and, 61:1 22, 61:1 24"Promoting Disston Saws Before 1878," 41:1 15promotional items. See also commemorative itemstape measures, 54:2 78prong-hoes, 38:1 12, 40:1 14, 42:1 25forging, 42:3 72"Prong-hoe with a Difference, A" (Sawer), 40:1 14prongs (fishing spears), 43:2 36proportionDivine Proportion, 45:3 68"Protect Home Industries" banner, 46:1 6"'Protect Home Industries,' The Tools of American Labor Provide a Theme for PoliticalParades" (Blades), 46:1 6protractor-marked quadrant, 47:4 112protractorsPool, 50:1 1, 50:1 3Proulx, Earl, 41:2 36Proulx, Edward, 40:4 57Proust, Joseph Louis, 50:2 44provenience records, 42:4 89–90proverbsabout working, 37:4 65Providence, Pennsylvaniaedge tools, 56:1 1Providence (Rhode Island) Association of Mechanics and Manufacturers, 61:4 144Providence Gazette, 61:4 144Providence Tool Co., 44:3 69, 53:1 18, 60:1 45letterhead, 43:2 42Prudential Life Insurance Co., 60:1 27pruners, 52:3 105, 52:3 106–107whatsits, 44:1 28–29pruning chisels, 46:1 23pruning hooksDisston, 38:2 41pruning saws, 51:4 128pry barsberyllium, 53:3 107Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 155Pryibil Co.tilting bandsaws, 56:2 45

Pryor, Nicholas, 58:1 24Ptaszek, Nellie, 39:3 44public electric utility system, 57:1 14–15public vendues, 51:2 53publishingillustrated books and periodicals, 61:2 44, 61:2 45–55Puccio, Piero di, 46:4 99, 46:4 101, 46:4 103, 46:4 108Puccio, Pieru do, 51:3 87puddling, 47:1 26Puffer, E., 40:2 25Puffer, Elijah, 40:2 26Puffer, William, 40:2 26Pugh, Charles H., 52:3 97pug millsfor brick making, 59:2 53–54Puhl, W. H., 49:2 57Pulaski, Edward, 56:3 125"Pulaski Axe" (Pieroth), 56:3 125"Pulaski Carter: Manufacturer of Axes and Edge Tools, Providence, Pennsylvania"(Pieroth), 56:1 1–8pulled planes, 52:1 40, 52:1 166pulling jacks, 59:3 81Pullman, Herbert S., 55:2 59pull-push rules, 54:1 31, 54:1 33–34, 54:2 77–78, 54:3 121–122, 54:4 157pull-push tape measuresFour-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 159, 59:4 160pulp saws, 54:1 29Pulsometer steam pumps, 59:3 93, 59:3 95Pulson, Swen, 60:1 41pummeling millsfor corn, 50:3 103–104pump augers and rimmers (reamers)Ziegler, 50:1 18Pumphilly, John, 45:2 35pumpkin cutters, 45:1 16Punch, 41:1 12, 47:4 103punch and anvil saw sets, 49:1 12"Punch Decorated Stake, A" (Semel), 39:2 27–28punch-decorated tools, 39:3 52Aanvils, 51:1 25axes, 54:4 141puncheshollow (harnessmaking tools), 39:2 19kinks (machine belt punches), 44:3 72leather, 44:2 61

machine belt, 44:2 56, 44:3 72shingle weaver's, 61:2 74–78, 61:3 119, 61:4 165Purdew, Francis, 51:3 101purfling tools, 53:3 125Puritan (racing yacht), 53:1 8n11purple dyes, 53:4 158aniline purple, 53:4 158French purple, 53:4 158Hofmann violet, 53:4 157magenta, 53:4 156, 53:4 157, 53:4 158mauve, 53:4 156, 53:4 157, 53:4 158, 53:4 162n30push broomswith threaded wooden handles, 56:2 61putty knives, 44:3 79Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 156, 59:4 158, 59:4 159"Puzzling Dutch Plane, A" (van der Sterre), 53:2 53P. V. Manufacturing Co., 52:1 38pyrites (fool's gold)making fire with, 38:2 31QQuabbin (Underwood), 37:1 13Quadrant and Novelty Works of Milford, 47:4 112quadrantsprotractor-marked, 47:4 112Qualcast, 52:3 97, 52:3 98quarries and quarrying. See also granite quarries and quarryingbrownstone, 56:3 93–94company photograph, 49:3 71, 49:3 back covergranite, 43:3 69–70, 58:3 125, 59:2 38Hallowell Stinchfield granite quarry, 56:1 40–41with plug and feathers, 47:2 43–45, 49:3 76, 49:3 77–78, 49:3 80Portland brownstone, 55:3 95–111sandstone, 60:1 36–42sandstone grindstones, 49:1 18, 49:2 66tools, 43:1 14, 43:3 65–67whetstone, 42:4 98quarry air compressors, 59:3 95, 59:3 96quarry drills, 59:3 95broaching bits, 59:2 48, 59:2 49for granite quarrying, 59:2 45hammer-type, 59:2 47–48hand, 59:2 45piston-type, 59:2 47pneumatic, 59:2 46, 59:2 48silicosis and, 59:2 48

slot drills, 59:2 49steam-powered, 59:2 46wet drilling, 59:2 48quarry pumping, 59:3 93–95quarry railroads, 59:3 91–93quarry whistles, 59:3 95–96quarry workersrules for, 55:3 106–107wages, 55:3 102–103work day, 55:3 103quarter girth Hoppus Measure system, 49:1 30quarter girth rule, 49:1 30Quartermaster General, Union Army, 39:2 21hand knitting for, 53:4 147–153quartz, 43:1 11, 48:1 33in granite, 59:2 37in needle sharpeners, 47:1 13–14Quayle, Olive, 51:1 18Quebecplanes, 52:1 30–31Quebec Cullers' Act, 52:2 79Queen Post style, 46:4 114Queen tile spades, 49:3 89, 49:3 90, 49:4 139, 50:1 36, 50:2 71Queraxt (cross-axe), 38:2 30querns, 39:2 32A, 42:1 10"Query, A" (Riblet), 44:2 54"Question about the Machinery that Produced Lithographic Stone" (Coy), 45:2 59–60"Quibbles, Queries, and Comments," 45:1 25, 45:2 56–57, 45:3 91, 45:4 116"Quick Look at Dredge Development, A" (Riblet), 43:4 109Quidex, J. B., 55:4 147"Quill Pen Pointer," 47:3 91quill pen pointers, 47:3 91, 47:4 133Quill wheels, 56:1 11quilt cubes, 45:4 116"Quilting Cubes?" (West), 46:1 31quilts and quilting, 44:2 39, 44:3 89design, 54:2 70early power loom fabrics, 54:2 67–74Irish chain, 45:2 62Marseilles white work, 54:1 9–19quilt names, 44:3 89wedding, 54:1 12Quincey, Thomas de, 61:2 44Quincy, Edmund, 61:2 46Quincy, Josiah, 58:1 11n.29

Quincy Granite Railroad, 43:4 97Quing (Ch'ing) dynastyscissors, 44:1 21"Quintessential Yankee, A" (Sitterly), 45:4 110–111quiting cubes, 46:1 31Rrabbet planes, 44:3 70, 49:3 101, 51:4 118, 53:3 125–126, 54:1 35–36, 61:2 83account book records, 45:3 81adjustable, cabinetmakers', 59:1 25–31Chinese, 57:4 165coach, 48:1 17–18escapement, 55:2 80"jack," 44:4 121nickers and, 56:3 128skew, 50:1 19, 58:3 129rabbetsside, 60:2 89t-rabbet, 38:4 76A, 38:4 back coverrabbet shaves, 52:3 108rabbit felt hats, 52:4 155Rabone, John, & Sons, 37:2 27rules, 40:1 8raccoon hunters, 39:3 39race knives, 37:1 13, 37:1 21, 37:1 front cover, 42:2 54racing boats, 49:2 64racing yachts. See also schooner yachtsFortuna, 53:1 5"Rack-and-Pinion Plow" (Whelan), 50:3 99–100racks (threading gins), 51:3 90, 51:3 cover, 54:4 160–163rack-wing calipers, 47:4 105–107, 48:3 52"Rack-Wing Compass and Caliper, The" (Crom), 47:4 105–107"A Follow-up," 48:3 52rack-wing compasses, 47:4 105–107, 48:3 52, 48:3 62radiator cap ornaments, 44:4 127Radiermesser knives, 41:3 57radio screwdrivers, 55:3 122–123RAF Industries, 57:4 135–136rafter squares, 38:2 23. See also carpenters' squaresrag rug weaving, 45:3 92rail-lifting jacks, 43:4 96Railroad Journal, 61:2 52"Railroad Journey in 1831, A" (Pearl), 43:4 96railroad picks, beryllium, 53:3 107Railroad Quarry, 43:3 70railroads

allast, 44:1 18brownstone bridges, 56:3 101–102brownstone transportation by, 56:3 98–99coal industry and, 52:4 138–139, 52:4 140, 52:4 142–44craftsmen, 50:3 80–82depots, 44:3 81diesel age, 50:3 80granite industry and, 60:1 21granite transport by, 59:2 39–40, 59:3 87, 59:3 91–93, 59:4 139, 59:4 151history, 45:2 51iron-tired wheels, 51:1 21n.1journey description, 43:4 96narrow-gauge locomotives, 51:1 6section gangs, 43:4 96Southern Railway repair facilities, 50:3 73–87standardized measurements and, 52:4 154technology development, 61:2 51–52transcontinental, 41:3 60Windsor chair trade and, 58:4 138railroad spikeswooden, 43:3 69–70, 43:4 97rail splitters' maulLincoln, Abraham, 43:4 100"Railway Pioneer Visits the Quincy Granite Railway, A" (Casey), 43:4 97Rainey, C. Garland, 45:3 83raised rustic letteringgranite, 59:4 146raising gigs, 45:2 38Raistrick, John, 58:2 55–56, 58:2 63n.9Raitt, John, 44:4 101raker-tooth crosscut saws, 42:3 60raking cornice molding, 55:2 72raking outin charcoal making, 47:2 38Rálamb, Ake Classon, 42:1 3, 42:1 4Ralph, Bill, 54:1 37Ramapo Manufacturing Factory, 53:1 14"Rambles Midst the Brambles" (Stahl), 45:3 87Ramcotilting bandsaws, 56:2 55Ramelli, 44:1 12Ramsden, Jesse, 39:2 17–18, 55:3 112Ramsey, O. M., 56:3 126, 56:4 170, 57:3 102rams' hornsfor shepherds crooks, 52:2 73–74ranch hands

photograph, 41:1 20Rand, H. M., 39:1 3Randall, Henry S., 58:1 1–2, 58:1 12Randall, Leslie, 48:2 41, 48:2 42Randall, Richard H., 58:4 150Randall & Bebsen, 51:3 96Randolph, Anne Cary, 58:1 26Randolph, David Meade, 37:1 8Randolph, Thomas Jefferson, 58:1 17, 58:1 31, 58:1 36n.57Randolph, Thomas Mann, 55:2 66, 58:1 10, 58:2 56, 58:2 57Randolph, Virginia Jefferson, 55:2 66Randolph, Wayne, 58:1 8Rang and Rex, 48:3 46Ranger, Edmund, 44:1 23Ranney, Samuel, 44:1 14Ransome, Lemuel, 48:3 37, 48:3 38Ransomes lawn mowers, 52:2 45, 52:2 47–49, 52:3 93–98Raposa, Peter, 53:3 116Rapp, Frederick, 43:1 3Rapp, George, 43:1 3, 51:4 101, 51:4 102, 51:4 104Rapp, Harry, 39:1 14Rappleye, Jeremiah, 39:3 35"Rare Event, A: A Paintbrush Survives the Nineteenth Century" (Kinsey), 55:3 118–119raspberry shrub recipe, 45:4 117rasping knives, 43:1 22rasps, 39:1 17, 41:1 18, 50:3 104make-do tools from, 58:1 15n.8McCaffrey File Co., 48:3 45–51Monticello collection, 58:1 15whatsits, 37:4 72, 44:2 61rastrum (drag hoes), 46:1 5ratchet braces, 53:1 9–11, 53:1 10, 53:1 12, 53:2 63–64box, 52:4 150concealed, 52:4 150Victor, 52:4 150ratchet drillsengineer's, Hawley Collection, 59:4 125hand, 49:2 56"Ratchet Screwdriver, The" (Robinson), 49:2 54–57ratchet screwdrivers, 49:1 1, 53:2 63, 55:3 122Forest City, 56:4 140–144Furbish & Hamblen, 56:4 134–136North Brothers, 56:4 134, 56:4 144offset, 49:2 56patents, 49:2 54–57Yankee, 56:4 144

Rathbone, A., 53:2 49–50Rathbone, Val, 53:2 51Rathburn, Aaron, 55:2 81Rauhauser, Robert, 41:2 28Rause, John, 58:4 139Rawdon, Ralph, 61:4 148Rawlins, John, 41:2 37Rawlplug Co., 50:2 61Rawson, Marion, 45:3 87Raymond, Siney, 49:4 110Raymond, W., 41:3 47razee jack planes, 46:3 79razee (ship) planes, 45:2 61"Razee Rationale" (Haarmann), 45:2 61razor hone, 42:1 17razor strops, 45:3 86Read, Brian, 43:4 98, 60:3 132Read, Mary, 42:3 79Read, William, 48:3 46, 48:3 50Reading, Pennsylvaniaraccoon hunters, 39:3 39Reading Hardware Co., 56:1 21, 59:4 153"'Reading' Tool Marks on Furniture" (Williams), 61:3 106–116reamersbull-head, 44:4 110wheelwrights', 43:1 14reapers, 39:4 61McCormick, 43:4 94, 44:2 53–54"Reaping Hook," 49:1 22reaping hooks, 49:1 22rebate planes, 57:1 4, 57:1 5Reber, Lisa, 57:1 29"Rebuttal, A" (Reichman), 42:3 71recessed pivot-locking bevels, 40:4 54–56recess head screws, 50:2 57–63Recess Screws Limited, 50:2 61, 50:2 62recipesash cakes, 39:1 11bannock, 39:1 11–12blackberry cordial, 45:4 117cornbread, 39:1 12corn pones, 39:1 11elderblossom wine, 45:4 117fire cakes, 39:1 11–12hoe cakes, 39:1 11–12johnny cakes (jonakins), 39:1 11–12

aspberry shrub, 45:4 117rye 'n' injun (brown bread), 39:1 11spider cornbread, 39:1 12reciprocal motion, 50:2 43"Reciprocal vs. Rotary Motion," 50:2 43Reciprocity Treaty of 1856, 37:2 21–23, 37:2 22Recollections of a New England Town (Brackenridge), 59:3 109"Recollections of Spencertown" (Davenport), 38:2 36record books. See account books"Recreating Jefferson's Tool List: A Collector's Challenge" (Self), 58:1 14–15recreational boat building, 57:2 72rectangular-tang bits, 53:3 98Rectin, Louis E., 60:4 142recycled files, 40:1 1–2, 40:2 35tools made from, 40:3 40uses of, 40:3 53"Recycled Files" (Sawers), 40:1 1–2recyclinghusking pegs, 59:3 100waste paper, 45:1 26–27red cedar essence, 44:1 15Red Cross, 53:4 148Redd, Karen, 53:2 77Red Diamond merchandise, 38:3 49Red Giant Tool Corporation, 49:1 33red lead washfor paintings, 46:4 102, 46:4 107n.14Red Star Products, Inc., 61:2 64–65Reed, Brian, 60:4 171Reed, Charlesbacking (mother) planes, 53:2 60planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 60Reed, Daniel, 43:4 98Reed, Edwardplanemaker, 52:2 55, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Reed, Elbridge Gerry, 44:4 114–115account book, 45:2 61–62Reed, Ezekial, 43:4 95, 52:3 86Reed, Jesse, 43:4 95Reed, Jobplanemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Reed, John, 51:3 96plane factory, 52:2 55, 53:2 54, 53:2 55, 53:2 56, 53:2 59, 53:2 60Reed, Williamplanemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56

eeding tools, 52:3 113reed organpiano tuner's bellows for, 42:3 70Reed Plane Factory, 53:2 60Reek, Robert (Bob), 41:1 17, 41:1 20Reek, Robert J., 40:3 52reel mowers, 52:3 105Reemployment Agreement, 61:2 59Reenstierna, Jacob, Baron, 39:4 54Rees, Abraham, 39:2 30, 58:1 37Rees, Jane, 41:4 70, 46:4 120, 46:4 121, 48:2 67, 49:3 83, 52:1 25, 61:1 41, 61:3 117Rees, John F., 42:2 39Rees, Mark, 41:4 70, 46:4 120, 46:4 121, 48:2 67, 48:4 91, 49:3 83, 52:1 25Reflections on a Tin Kitchen (White), 42:1 11refrigerationice for, 60:3 114regional polarization, 47:1 16regional tool groups, 47:2 54–56reglet planes, 52:1 30, 58:1 45Regnier, Edme, 58:1 6, 58:1 7Regulation and Repair of Piano and Player Mechanisms (White), 42:3 71Reibel, Dan, 38:4 66, 42:2 30, 44:4 110, 47:4 114Reibel, Patricia, 51:1 12Reiber, G.hay knives, 38:4 76, 57:2 65Reichart, Frederick (Frederick Rapp), 43:1 3Reichman, Charles, 40:1 1, 41:1 13, 41:1 14, 41:3 58, 41:4 inside front cover, 42:1 12,42:2 44, 42:2 45, 42:2 49, 42:2 53, 42:2 54, 42:3 70, 42:4 86, 43:1 1, 44:2 34, 44:3 73,44:3 85, 44:3 91, 44:3 94–95, 44:4 125, 45:1 11, 46:1 2, 46:1 17, 53:1 41, 57:2 54, 57:255, 57:2 56, 57:2 61, 57:2 70Reid, A. H., 49:1 2Reid, David B., 50:2 45Reif, Rita, 44:4 101Reilly, R. M., 45:1 23reinforced king bolts, 61:4 137reinholders, 37:3 47Reis, John, 47:1 22–24Reisner Manufacturing Co., 49:3 70Reissman, Frederick, 42:2 36reissued patents, 55:4 160Reliance Machine Co., 52:1 17relief cuts, 61:2 52religious symbolscarpenters' use of, 60:2 77–83on European tools, 60:1 facing p. 1

"Religious Symbols: 'IHS' son of 'IOS' the Carpenter" (Adamowicz), 60:2 77–83Relihan, Thomas, 59:1 8"Remarkable Chest of Tools, A," 41:3 47Rembrandt, 46:1 8, 46:1 10Remedy, The (Robertson), 50:2 62"Remembering William Sprague" (Parke), 46:3 69–72Remington, Alfred M., 59:2 65, 59:2 66Remington Army Co., 44:2 53removable-blade measuring tapes, 54:3 121–122Remsen, Henry, 58:2 57Renaissance trade signs, 54:2 82Renard and Villet, 53:4 159Rendle lawn mowers, 52:3 98patent, 52:3 95Rennie, John, 46:1 25Renquist Associates, 46:1 30Renton, James A., 44:4 102, 44:4 103"Replacing Blades in Jewelers' Saws" (Thompson), 56:2 67Report of the Committee of Delaware County, The, on the Subject of Manufactories,Unimproved Mill-seats, Etc., in said County, 60:2 53Report on the Trees and Shrubs Growing Naturally in the Forests of Massachusetts(Stone Walls), 42:3 72reproduction tools, 48:3 59Rèséda dye, 53:4 158resiners' toolswhatsits, 37:4 72Resistol Hat Co., 51:4 117n5"Response to Ledger Domain December 1991, A" (McKiernan), 45:2 61"Response to the Response, A" (White), 45:2 61–62restoration, of antique tools, 52:2 79–81, 56:3 122Revere, Paul, 41:1 4engravings, 61:2 47hemp cultivation and, 61:2 46mechanics' association membership certificates, 61:4 143, 61:4 146, 61:4 147Revolutionary Soldier, A (Collins), 41:1 15, 42:4 106Revolutionary War. See American Revolutionrevolving saw setsDisston, Henry, & Sons, 38:4 67Rex, Samuel, 50:4 111Reyersen, Jan, 41:1 9Reynolds, Joshua, 61:3 92Reynolds, Robert, 51:3 78–79, 52:4 159, 52:4 160n12, 52:4 160n20, 52:4 160n21Reynolds, Steve, 55:4 162Reynolds, T., 54:2 86Reynolds, William, 58:3 126Rheame, Ann, 43:3 80

Rhind, Massey, 59:4 148Rhoades, F. H., 45:3 89Rhoads, J. E., & Sons, 37:3 54Rhoads, John, 37:3 54Rhoads, Richard, 37:3 54Rhode Island American, 44:1 18Rhode Island Quilt Documentation Project (RIQDP), 54:2 67–74Rhode Island School of Design, 58:4 146–147, 58:4 148Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry, 61:4 148Rhodes, Joseph A. (J. A.), 44:3 85, 44:4 103, 44:4 121, 45:4 100saw manufacturer, 44:4 102–103Rhodes, L. E., 54:2 56rhodochrosite, 49:3 79, 50:2 55, 50:2 56"Rhykenological Snippet" (Pomeroy), 42:4 100rhykenology, 45:1 21"Rhyming Carriage Maker, The, IV," 48:3 56"Rhyming Wagonmaker, The," 47:2 45ribbing machinespatents, 53:4 146, 53:4 147Riblet, Angela, 46:1 31Riblet, Weldon, 43:1 25, 43:2 52, 44:1 17, 44:3 87, 44:3 94Rice, Alfredaccount books, 46:2 49–50Rice, George, 60:1 40Rice, Henry W., 54:3 100Rice, Thomas D., 47:4 109Rich, Roxie Rich Bunnell, 54:1 10Richard, Francis, 60:1 34Richard, M. T., 38:3 56Richards, Calvin, 43:3 63Richards, D. C., 49:2 55, 49:2 56Richards, F., & Co., 51:2 59Richards, Hubert P. (H. P.), 56:2 71ball-bearing chucks, 53:1 10concealed ratchet, 52:4 150universal chuck, 53:2 62Richards, Joseph, 59:4 139Richards, Reuben, and Co., 46:2 49, 46:2 50Richards, Robert U., 37:1 8Richardson, Asa, 48:1 19Richardson, Carrie E., 58:4 171n.8Richardson, C. F., & Son, 45:4 115Richardson, Earl, 42:2 32Richardson, Elbeth, 45:1 25Richardson, Henry, 49:3 93Richardson, H. H., 58:3 125

Richardson, Samuel, 53:1 17Richardson, W. S.glove patents, 53:4 141Richardson Brothers, 39:2 26backsaws, 59:1 15, 59:1 18, 59:1 19, 59:1 20Richardson & Co., 54:3 114Richardson-Oliver Co., 49:3 70Richards Wilcox Manufacturing Co., 60:1 36Richelieu, Cardinal de, 60:1 3Richey, Claude, 53:3 92n4Richie, Dallas "Polk," 48:4 71Richmond, Harriet, 54:2 61Richmond, Lee, 46:1 21Richmond, Samuel H., 52:1 26Richmond & Allen, 47:2 58Rickard, Walter, 48:3 40Ricker, Charles E., 56:1 33, 56:1 34Ricketson, Daniel, 43:1 8ricks, of hay, 44:1 12riddells (riddles), 40:3 50Riddle, Kevin, 52:1 41Rider, Lucy, 41:3 78Rider, Nathanielinventory of estate, 41:3 78Rider, Perry B., 37:2 34, 37:2 36Ridge and Son, 40:4 54Ridgway, Jonathan, 54:3 92Ridgway & Thornhill, 41:1 18file manufacturers, 40:3 53Riebel, Patricia B., 50:3 87Ries, Heinrich, 56:3 92rifflers, 44:2 61riflesEnfield, 47:3 87rift, granite, 59:2 44–45rigger's fids, 41:3 51–52right-handedness, 45:3 76right-handed scissors, 52:3 102rigsfor Coronet (schooner yacht), 53:1 5–6Riker, James, 43:3 75Riley, Don, 45:4 102Riley, J. W., 48:2 60ring-holding pliers, 38:1 11Ringling Bros. Circus, 41:4 63rinsing butter, 51:2 49–50, 51:2 50, 51:2 51

Rionda, Benjamin, & Co., 42:1 20ripening, of cream, 52:3 87Ripley, J. L.hay knives, 38:4 76, 57:2 64Ripley, Roberts, & Co.advertising, 61:1 5rippingtool marks from, 61:3 114ripples (harnessmaking tools), 39:2 20rip saws, 43:3 73, 44:4 102Dietrich, 50:1 15double-handle, 50:1 15, 50:1 17foot-powered, 48:4 82, 48:4 87handles, 39:3 50, 40:2 31ripsawing, 40:1 15skewbacked, 45:3 79Rise of Silas Lapham, The (Howells), 42:4 99Risley, Ivan, 43:3 77, 43:3 81, 46:2 54, 49:1 33, 51:2 38, 51:4 105, 52:2 50, 54:1 41, 54:3131, 56:2 82, 56:2 83, 56:3 123, 57:1 34, 57:4 162Ritch, Lewisrestored hat shop, 45:3 72, 45:3 74Ritchie, Edward S., 39:2 18Ritchie, Frederick W., 41:1 7Rittenhouse, David, 39:2 18Rittenhouse, H., 57:3 97"Rivalling Nature in the Beauty and Brilliance of their Coloring: Synthetic Dyes andFashionable Colors in Godey's Lady's Book and Magazine 1856-1891" (Wass andAnderson), 53:4 156–162, 53:4 169Rivard, Paul E., 42:3 75–76Riverside Novelty Works, 53:2 46rivetingSouthern Railway, 50:3 81riveting hammers, 44:3 79Hewlett's tool chest, 39:1 6rivetsbacksaws, 59:1 20Rixford, O. S., 42:2 55, 45:2 39, 45:2 43"RKB--131 Years--And Still Going Strong" (Klenman), 48:3 60RKB Enterprises, Inc., 48:3 60RMF Co., 42:2 32Roach, John, 45:2 41Roades, R., 41:3 56–57road gangsphotograph, 42:4 108

oad scrapers, 44:2 57–58road wagons (speeding wagons, carriages), 61:4 135roadwayscharcoal paving materials, 47:2 37plank, 45:2 53–54stone crushing machine for construction of, 44:3 74–75, 44:3 84Roback, Frances, 38:2 31Robbins, Charles, 44:2 38Robbins, Eliza (Russell), 52:2 55, 52:2 56, 52:2 57, 52:2 58Robbins, Ellen, 52:2 55, 52:2 56Robbins, Enos, 44:1 9–10, 44:1 17Robbins, Enos, Jr., 53:2 54, 56:1 39apprenticeship, 52:2 52death of, 52:2 56, 52:2 57family, 52:2 55–56partnership with R. J. Collins, 52:2 52–54planemaker, 52:2 51–59, 53:2 55, 53:2 56unmarked planes, 52:2 57–58Robbins, Enos, Sr., 52:2 57Robbins, Judith, 52:2 52Robbins, Kendall, and Lawrence, 55:3 113Robbins, Mary, 44:1 6, 52:2 51–52, 52:2 54–56Robbins, Russell, 52:2 54, 52:2 55–57, 56:1 39Roberston, P. L., 54:1 39Roberts, Brooke, 60:2 87, 60:3 132Roberts, C. Kenneth, 44:2 47Roberts, E. L., and Co., 48:2 56Roberts, Hughplanemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Roberts, Hugh, Jr.planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Roberts, Jane, 37:4 68, 39:1 13, 44:4 121, 47:4 123, 48:1 7, 53:2 54Roberts, Kenneth D. (Ken), 37:2 35, 37:4 68, 39:1 13, 40:2 21, 41:3 49, 41:4 72, 42:2 41,43:1 6, 43:2 46, 43:2 47, 43:4 102, 44:4 121, 44:4 124, 45:2 48, 45:4 100, 45:4 103, 45:4120, 46:2 42, 46:3 82, 46:3 88, 47:2 49, 47:2 53–54, 47:4 123, 48:1 7, 48:1 24, 48:1 28,48:2 57, 49:2 49, 52:2 57, 53:2 54, 53:3 100, 55:4 148, 56:4 171, 58:2 66, 58:2 68, 59:18, 59:1 13, 59:3 120, 61:1 1, 61:1 16, 61:2 83Roberts, Levi, 59:2 63Roberts, L. H., 59:2 65Roberts, Malcolm, 37:1 3Roberts, Risley, Co., 41:3 54Roberts, Robertplanemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Roberts, Tyrone, 39:2 29, 48:3 59Roberts, Warren, 38:4 73, 40:1 1, 40:1 14, 40:2 32, 41:4 69, 58:3 113Robertson, A. C., 49:2 63

Robertson, Bill, 43:2 47Robertson, James L., & Sons, 46:4 112Robertson, Patrick, 39:4 57Robertson, Peter Lymburner (P. L.), 50:2 57–63Robertson, P. L., Manufacturing Co., 50:2 59–60Robertson, William, 55:4 149"Robertson Screw, The" (Packham), 50:2 57–63Robertson screwdrivers, 50:2 61–62Robertson screwdriver system, 50:2 57–63Robertson-Whitehouse Co., 50:2 63Robie, R. S., 44:4 124Robinson, Enoch, 55:4 135, 55:4 138, 55:4 139, 55:4 140Robinson, Georgeplanemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Robinson, George Washington, 55:4 135, 55:4 139Robinson, Isaiah J., 37:3 47–48, 40:2 21Robinson, Joel, 37:1 8Robinson, John, 51:4 105Robinson, Mary O., 37:3 48Robinson, Parthenia, 53:2 58. See also Kennedy, PartheniaRobinson, Thomas, 43:3 82, 58:1 12Robinson, Trevor, 49:3 101, 50:4 129, 52:1 31, 54:4 168, 56:1 39, 57:2 71Robinson, W. A., 56:1 23Robinson-style doorknobs, 55:4 135–136Rochester, Nathaniel, 47:4 119, 48:1 9Rochester, New Yorkedge tools, 47:4 119–123, 48:1 7–12, 49:2 35–42, 50:1 13–20, 53:1 13–25flood of 1865, 53:1 19–21Globe Building, 48:1 12Triphammer Building, 48:1 11Rochester, New York, Daily Democrat, 53:1 19, 53:1 20Rochester, New York, Saw Manufactory, 50:1 14–18"Rochester, New York: A 19th-Century Edge Tool Center" (Kosmerl)"Part 1," 47:4 119–123"Part 2," 48:1 7–12"Part 3," 49:2 35–42"Part 4," 50:1 13–20"Part 5: David R. Barton," 53:1 13–25Rochester, University ofweb site, 57:2 61"Rochester Pattern" edge tools, 53:1 16, 53:1 17Rockaway axe, 56:1 6Rockaway (New York) clamsbeads made from, 59:1 3rock crushers, 60:1 16, 60:1 17machines, 44:3 74–75, 44:3 84

ock drill bits, 47:1 30Rocker, R., 50:2 54rocker churns, 52:3 88, 52:3 89rock-faced granite surfaces, 59:4 144, 59:4 145rock-face finish, 56:3 96Rockford, Illinoisfurniture, 39:1 15Rockford Furniture Journal, 39:1 15Rock Miracle, 42:3 83Rock of Ages quarry, Barre, Vermont, 59:3 80, 59:3 95, 59:3 96Rockport Granite Co., 58:3 124–125"Rockport Granite Company, The" (Hall), 58:3 124–125rock splittingwith plug and feathers, 47:2 43–45, 49:3 76, 49:3 77–78, 49:3 80–81Rockwell, W. F., Jr., 61:2 69Rockwell, Willard, 61:2 61Rockwell International Corporation, 61:2 61–62Rockwell Manufacturing Co.Crescent Machine Co., subsidiary of, 61:2 62name change, 61:2 62Rodenbach, Jessie, 45:2 47Rodier, Louisplanemaker, 59:1 12rod (saddletank) locomotives, 59:3 93, 59:3 94rod nails, 42:2 49Rodocanachi, Emmanuel, 60:1 6Roe, Alred, 57:4 133Roe, Austin, 57:4 131, 57:4 132, 57:4 133–134Roe, Henry, 57:4 131, 57:4 132Roe, Howard, 57:4 130, 57:4 132Roe, Justus, 44:2 51, 57:4 130, 57:4 136Roe, Justus (grandson), 57:4 133Roe, Justus, and Son, 57:4 130Roe, Justus, and Sons, 57:4 129–136Roe, Nathaniel, 57:4 131–135Roe, Nathaniel (son), 57:4 133Roe, W. C., 49:2 57Roe International, 57:4 135Roemer, Mildred, 43:1 25Roger, Bob, 56:2 81, 56:3 126, 56:4 171, 59:3 110, 60:4 171, 61:1 27, 61:3 117, 61:3119, 61:4 165Roger of Helmarshausen, 60:1 5"Roger Phillips, World-Class Tool Collector" (Englund), 56:2 76–79Rogers, Ann, 50:4 109Rogers, Bob, 57:4 136Rogers, Bruce, 58:4 147

Rogers, C. B., 46:4 116Rogers, C. B., & Co., 46:4 116–119, 57:1 13casting room, 46:4 118machinist room, 46:4 118mortising machines, 46:4 119planer room, 46:4 116–118tenoning machines, 46:4 118wood room, 46:4 118Rogers, Gay Ann, 43:3 79, 43:3 80Rogers, Robert, 49:4 110Rogers, William, 49:4 122Rogers and Wilcox, 49:4 132Rogers Brothers Silver Plate, 49:4 132Rogers ice picks, 60:3 121, 60:3 122Rogers & Laufman, 49:4 122Rogers scroll saws, 47:2 47Rohrer, J. S., 56:1 19–20roller and shackles, 59:4 138roller cotton gins, 52:1 11, 52:1 21n5rolling pins, 45:1 27rolling pins (walking pins)for hat making, 44:3 87Rollins, J. L., 49:2 57roll-making tools, 45:1 16rollsfor bookbinding, 44:1 24Rolt, L. T. C., 50:3 98Romaine, Lawrence, 61:1 1, 61:1 16Romaine, Lawrence B., 44:4 127, 58:4 153Romaine catalog collection, 45:1 30Romance of the Shoe (Wright), 46:1 32Roman civilizationthreaded wood screws, 56:2 56, 56:2 64Roman planes, 61:4 157, 61:4 164Rombotis, Othon, 57:3 88, 57:3 89Romer, Andrew Charles, 46:1 11, 46:1 35Romer, John, 46:1 11, 46:1 35Romer, Nicholas, 46:1 35, 51:1 23axes, 46:1 11, 46:1 35Romer Bros., 46:1 11"Romer Legacy, The" (Klenman), 46:1 11, 46:1 35Roncallo, Marc, 40:4 64Ronson lighters, 39:4 57roofingclay tile, 58:1 24domes, 58:1 19–20

double seamers, 51:1 24flat, 58:1 22–24Monticello, 55:2 66–67, 55:2 70–72, 58:1 18–25plank, 55:2 71roof trusses, 59:4 164–165tin shingle, 55:2 66–67, 55:2 72, 58:1 18, 58:1 24tools, 57:3 95wood shingle, 55:2 70–72zigzag (Jefferson), 58:1 20–23Rook, William, 55:2 46, 55:2 49Rooker, Alfred, 54:3 95–96Rookery Building, Chicago, 59:2 41Roosevelt, Franklin DelanoNew Deal and, 61:2 59Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, Memorial, 58:4 147, 58:4 148, 58:4 149Roosevelt, Theodore, 39:1 2"rooster sheaves," 59:3 84Root, John Wellborn, 59:2 41Root, W., 43:2 42rooter's hatchet, 41:3 79ropeballing machines, 61:4 173hemp cultivation for, 61:2 46"Rope Bed Rails and Other Sinistral Devices" (Packham), 45:3 76–77rope-making tools, 52:1 41Roper, Henry, 45:2 62rope tables, 55:3 117Rose, Kimball & Baxter (RKB), 48:3 60Rose, Stephen, 48:3 60Rose, Walter, 48:2 60, 51:4 128, 52:2 66, 54:2 55, 54:2 57Rosebrook, Don, 49:4 115, 57:3 123rose engine lathesBonnier de la Mosson cabinet, 58:3 101–102Rose & Johnson brace, 41:3 44rose nails, 48:1 25Rosenberg, Paul, 52:2 62Rosenberg, R."Coaching," 61:2 44, 61:2 front coverRosenbrook, Don, 50:1 33Rosenfeld, Emma, 53:2 69Rosenthal, Gary, 52:4 157rosewood boxing planes, 59:3 107rosin, 52:3 122"rosin baked potatoes," 52:3 123Ross, John, 55:4 168Ross, Josiah, Co., 42:2 49

Ross, Peter, 46:3 68, 51:1 16, 58:1 9Ross, Stephen, 54:3 101, 54:3 127Ross, W., 49:1 21Ross, Walter, 46:1 33rossing machine, 45:2 54Rossington, Jane Amelia, 37:1 17rossing tools, 44:1 19, 44:4 123axes, 43:3 64rotary drilling, 53:3 89rotary glass cutters, 57:3 85, 57:3 86rotary motion, 50:2 43rotary peeling, 61:3 116rotary sawsfor granite, 59:4 136–137Rotch, William, 55:2 47Rotery, Augustus, 40:1 1Rothengatter, A. W., & Co., 40:3 41, 41:1 14Rothermel, Peter, 45:3 79Rothery family, 41:3 54Rothschild Petersen Patent Model Museum, 57:3 117rottenstone, 46:1 27Roubo, A., 55:4 145Roubo, A. J., 38:1 11Roubo, Andre Jacob, 40:1 9"Roughing and Jack Planes" (Whelan), 46:3 76–80roughing planes, 46:3 76–77Rouker, Robert, 48:4 74, 50:2 67"Round Float," 47:4 112round floats, 47:4 112round hooks, 59:3 85roundhousesSouthern Railway repair facilities, 50:3 74, 50:3 78–79, 50:3 84, 50:3 85rounding planewith threaded wooden screws, 56:2 62Rounds, Horace, 45:3 71routers, 49:1 28coachmakers' double-pistol, 57:1 18grooving, 52:3 124pistol, 52:3 124Routhe, H. L., & Son, 42:1 20Routledge, John I., 37:4 68–69Routledge, Joshua, 37:2 25Routledges' engineers' rules, 40:1 7–8Routledges' rules, 37:2 25–27Routledge-type slide rules, 54:3 114–117Rowan, C. A, 41:1 10

owboats, 48:2 43–44Rowell, S., 54:2 86, 57:3 123Rowell, Thomas, 37:1 8Rowe & Woodruff, 52:2 54row housesbrownstone, 55:3 108Rowland, Marilyn, 54:3 131Rowland, William, 48:1 19Rowland, William and Harveycarriage springs, 38:1 14Rowlands, Henry A., 39:2 18Rowley & Hermance, 58:2 73Roxbury India Rubber Factory, 37:3 43Royal American Magazine, 61:2 46, 61:2 47Royal Crescent in the Course of Construction, The (Malton), 54:2 56Royal Horticulture Society, 52:3 97–98Royal Mail coaches, 61:2 44"Roy Arnold, Man of Tools" (Englund), 51:4 106–109Royer, John, 60:4 140–141Roys, Franklin, 61:1 9Roys & Wilcox, 61:1 9broadsides, 61:1 6, 61:1 7rubberfor footwear, 37:3 43vucanization of, 37:3 43"rubberbacks" (wire grass workers), 58:3 91rubbingsbrass plates, 51:2 39–40Rucker, Julie, 60:4 156Rucker, Keith S., 60:4 136Rud, Frenes, 57:3 121Rudimentary Treatise on the Manufacture of Brick and Tile (Dobson), 59:2 54Ruell, David, 57:1 29Ruemelin, Richard, 60:1 29Ruemelin Manufacturing Co., 59:4 141, 60:1 29Ruffner, Peter, 42:1 17"Rufus Bliss: Premier Maker of Wooden Clamps" (Boyd ), 48:2 62–65Ruggles, Draper, 44:2 47Ruggles, Nourse, Mason & Co., 42:2 53Rugh, George, 53:3 88rugscarpet stretchers, 42:3 62, 60:3 116grass matting, 58:3 97, 58:3 98n.10wire grass for, 58:3 95–96Rule Concordance and Value Guide, A (Stanley), 57:4 159rule joints (table joints), 54:1 6

Rule Manufacturers Association, 41:4 72rules. See also carpenters' rules; measuring tapes; measuring tools; slide rulesadvertising, 57:2 73–78"Anglet," 55:2 52–54boxwood, 38:1 9, 39:1 4, 41:2 24–27, 51:4 120brass folding, 46:2 55calibration of, 39:1 4–5, 39:1 8n16calipers, 52:1 23, 53:2 78–80, 53:3 127collecting, 57:4 159, 57:4 163combination, No. 036, 55:2 55–58Cyrillic, 56:4 164–167engineers', 37:2 25–27English, 41:2 24–27folding, 55:2 55–58folding brass, 46:1 23, 46:1 33Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:3 117Gifford, Anthony, 55:2 46–51Gunter, 55:2 49–50IFFI tables on, 55:3 116–117"interior diameter," 46:1 23inventory lists, 39:3 43ivory, 38:1 9, 41:2 24, 51:4 120, 51:4 121for lumbering, 46:1 15–16measuring tapes, 54:1 31–34, 54:2 75–80, 54:3 121–125, 54:4 154–159metric, 56:4 160–164pattern makers', 55:3 129shrink, 47:2 56, 47:3 83sliding, 41:2 25–26Starrett steel, 48:1 27Stearns div., Stanley Rule & Level Co., 53:1 36Stephens & Co., 58:2 67–68tables on, 55:3 116–117tape measures, 53:4 163–167unusual, 42:3 72U.S. Standard, 55:2 50whatsits, 37:3 56, 46:1 33, 47:4 118, 48:2 61Whittam, W., 45:3 89wood, 51:4 121zig-zag, 53:4 163, 56:1 32–37, 56:2 70–75, 56:3 116–120, 56:4 160–167ruling machines, 61:1 9Rumford, Benjamin, 61:2 48Rumford, Count (Benjamin Thompson), 54:1 26Rummel, George, Jr., 39:2 22Rummer, Hiram S., 55:4 142Rumsey & Co., 41:1 16, 41:1 20Arunaway apprentices, 45:2 37, 48:3 54–55, 58:4 134

Runaway lawn mower, 52:3 94Runnel, John, & Co., 44:2 50, 44:3 88"runner down"for hat making, 43:1 5Run of the Mill, The (Dunwell), 42:2 42Rural Rides (Cobbett), 38:1 16A"Rural Rulemaker, A: Captain Anthony Gifford" (Wing), 55:2 46–51Rusher, George, 43:2 48rushesscattering on floors, 42:2 41Rushlight Club, 39:1 14Russel, Louis S., 38:1 16ARussell, Archibald, 53:2 50Russell, Carl, 43:3 79Russell, Carl P., 37:1 20ARussell, Eliza, 52:2 52Russell, Fanny, 52:4 135Russell, Harriet, 52:2 55Russell, John, 37:3 55, 37:4 59, 37:4 60n4cutlery maker, 38:2 16Russell, John, & Co., 44:3 88Russell, John, Cutlery Co., 37:4 59Russell, Judith, 46:2 41, 46:4 91Russell, Rufus A., 40:4 56Russell, Thankful, 52:2 54, 52:2 55Russell, Thomas, 53:3 120Russell, Timothy, 52:2 52, 52:2 57Russell, William, 42:3 79Russell and Patten quarry company, 55:3 100Russell, Burdsell & Ward Bolt & Nut Co., 51:3 97Russell-Colbath Homestead, Conway, New Hampshire, 61:3 119Russell & Erwin Manufacturing Co., 42:3 81, 43:2 42, 43:2 52–53catalog, 38:4 68, 41:2 34, 43:2 32, 43:4 89, 45:2 55, 57:2 56hardware catalog, 42:2 48, 42:3 59hay knives, 57:2 56Russell Harrington Cutlery, INc., 37:4 60n4Russell Manufacturing Co., 37:3 55, 38:1 16ARussel lorry, 50:3 98Russiaaxes in, 38:1 13–14"Russian Wields an Ax in Holland, A," 38:1 13–14Russo-Japanese Warfield fortifications, 39:1 2Rust, Samuel, 48:4 100, 53:3 113Rust, SolonChapin-Rust plow patent, 53:4 168–169

usticated work, 56:3 96rustic furniturechairs, 58:4 135making, 45:3 93rust-proofing, 45:3 95rust removalelectrochemical, 37:2 32, 37:4 72mechanical, 37:2 32from old tools, 37:2 31, 37:2 32sodium carbonate (washing soda) for, 37:4 72rust removal methods, 39:1 12Rust & Turney, 53:3 113rutabagas, 38:1 12Ryan, Pat, 50:4 130Ryan, Tom, 49:4 110Rybczynski, Witold, 56:2 63–64Ryder, M. H..hat blocking machine, 43:2 41Ryder, Thomas, 38:3 56, 39:3 37, 41:2 28rye 'n' injun (brown bread)recipe, 39:1 11rye whiskey, 40:4 71Ryle, Earl, 44:3 83Ryley, Johniron pads, 53:3 99, 53:3 102rynd, 51:4 105SSaalburg plane, 61:4 158Sabbathday Lake Shaker Community, 40:2 36ASabin, Christopher, 39:3 52sabot axes, 40:1 13, 40:2 36ASacke, George, 53:2 66–67Saddle Horn Tool, 43:3 78saddlemaking, 60:3 92"Saddle of the Conestoga Wagon Driver, The" (Tafel), 39:2 24–25saddlers' awls (harnessmaking tools), 39:2 19saddler's shop, 40:3 41saddlesConestoga Wagon drivers, 39:2 24–25side, 44:3 94saddletank (rod) locomotives, 59:3 93, 59:3 94saddle tree, 45:1 11Saddle Tree Factory, 45:4 120

sad iron (toy), 44:4 118Sadler, C. Webb, 46:3 66, 46:3 67n.14safetyin granite industry, 60:1 29–30jointers, 60:4 152table saws, 60:4 152safety matches, 41:1 20A, 44:2 43safety razor blade, 45:3 86Sager, Frank, 45:3 70Sager, Frank T., 51:1 23Sager, Jacob, 56:1 1Sager, Martin Luther, 45:3 70Sager, Sarah, 45:3 70Sager, William, 51:1 23Sager, William J.axe maker, 45:3 70–71Sager, W. Ross, 45:3 70Sager axes, 48:1 16chemical process axe, 45:3 70, 45:3 71"Sager Story, The" (Burkett), 45:3 70–71Sager-Warren axes, 51:1 23Sager & White Axe Factory, 56:1 2–3"Sag Harbor: The Story of an American Beauty" (Zayhowski), 45:4 112Sag Harbor Tool Co., 45:2 55, 45:3 89, 45:4 112, 45:4 118, 46:2 54"Sag Harbor Tool Company, The" (Skinner), 45:4 112Saguto, D. A. ("Al"), 37:3 53, 37:3 56A, 42:3 58, 43:1 23, 44:2 60, 44:4 124, 46:3 68sailingfinding position at sea, 45:1 16sailsbevel for laying out angles on canvas sails, 45:2 47sailmaking tools, 45:3 85sail-powered wagons, 58:2 85schooners, 48:1 4–5Saint Croix Riveredge tools, 37:2 21–23Saint John the Divine, Cathedral of, New York, 60:1 12Saint Monday, 45:1 25Saint Paul Boat and Oar Works, 46:1 17Sajen units, 56:4 164–167salad washers, 46:1 23

Salaman, Raphael Arthur (R. A.), 38:2 24, 38:3 47, 38:3 57, 39:2 28, 39:3 46, 39:3 47,39:3 50, 39:4 52, 40:1 13, 40:3 36, 40:3 37, 41:2 24, 42:3 64, 42:3 65, 43:1 6–7, 43:4106, 44:4 109, 45:1 4, 45:2 58, 46:1 32, 46:3 83, 47:4 106, 49:2 54, 51:1 15, 51:3 87,52:3 122, 53:3 119, 54:2 64, 54:3 91, 55:1 39, 61:2 83Salamander Great Bar Co., 45:1 26salamanders, 45:1 25–26Sale, Charles "Chic," 42:2 55Sale, Marie, 42:2 55Salem, Massachusetts, 44:4 108–109Salem, Peter, 46:4 95Salem Iron Co., 60:4 144"salesman's dog," 44:2 63salesmen. See also peddlersas "clickers," 44:2 63as "drummers," 44:2 52, 44:2 63, 44:3 88traveling, 44:2 52Salisbury, John, 47:4 109Salisbury, Samuel and Stephenbroadsides, 61:1 5Salmon, Pierre-Augustin, 58:1 37"Saloon Cigar Lighter" (Grabb), 40:4 73Asaloonssaloon cigar lighters, 40:4 73Asawdust on floors, 43:2 52Salsi, Claudio, 53:2 83saltbuttermaking and, 51:2 50–51, 52:3 90making, 61:2 48salt-peter, 61:2 47salt waterconverting to fresh water, aboard ships, 61:2 48"Salvaged From the Scrap Wood Bin" (White), 47:2 57–59Salzman, L. E., 52:3 99Sammarco, Anthony M., 47:3 92Sampson, Abel, 37:2 33, 37:2 36, 45:4 107autobiography, 45:2 35joiner, 45:2 36makers' marks, 45:2 35, 45:2 36planemaker, 45:2 35–37privateering, 45:2 36

Sampson, Martin, 58:1 39Sampson, Seth, 45:2 35, 45:2 36Samson, Charles, 37:2 36Samson, Jeremiah, 48:3 39, 48:3 41, 48:3 42Samson, Moses, 48:3 39, 48:3 40"Samuel Caruthers" (Lasswell), 50:4 135–136Samuelson lawn mowers, 52:2 46, 52:2 47, 52:2 49Sanborn, William, 49:2 38sand. See also sanding floors (scattering sand on floors)as floor covering, 45:3 92as ship's ballast, 42:4 109Sand, Norb, 44:3 95sandblastinggranite, 59:4 130, 59:4 147, 59:4 148stonecutting and, 58:4 148, 58:4 149Sandborn Map Co., 53:1 32n22sanderstool marks from, 61:3 115Sanders, Eugene, 43:3 77, 44:2 56Sanderson & Bros., 53:1 17Sandford, Joseph E., 40:4 68Sandford triple twist bit, 56:3 110sanding blocks, 52:4 163sanding floors (scattering sand on floors), 42:2 41, 42:3 73, 42:4 109cleanliness and, 42:3 73–74, 42:4 109drawing patterns in, 42:3 73sand-lime bricks, 56:3 104–105sand-molder tools, 50:1 21sandpapergarnet paper, 53:1 22–29garnet sand, 53:1 26, 53:2 82harnessmaking tools, 39:2 20inventory lists, 39:3 44making, 43:1 10Sands, A. E., 37:4 64Sands Point Preserve, Nassau County, 39:2 30sandstone, 41:1 11, 43:1 11, 55:3 95Berea grit, 60:1 36, 60:1 39, 60:1 40granite vs., 59:2 38

Ohio, 60:1 36–42whetstones, 60:1 40sandstone grindstones, 49:4 125–129quarrying, 49:2 66Sandusky, Ohio, 46:3 57–68Sandusky "C" imprint, 52:4 163Sandusky Shipyard Co., 46:3 58, 46:3 59Sandusky Tool Co., 46:3 57–68, 46:3 66, 46:3 77, 46:4 110, 46:4 112, 49:3 85, 49:4 116,49:4 122–123, 49:4 130–131, 50:1 18, 56:3 122, 57:1 21, 57:2 53American Fork and Hoe Co. and, 46:3 65–67Battery Park issues, 46:3 66–67catalog cover, 46:3 64employee age, 46:3 64establishment of, 46:3 58–59hoes, 46:3 60–61, 46:3 65lease issues, 46:3 65–66patent infringement issues, 46:3 61planes, 46:3 60, 46:3 65rehabilitation of, 46:3 63–64tornado damage, 46:3 62"Sandusky Tool Company Story, The" (Schwer and Risley), 46:3 57–67Sandusky Tool Corp., 46:3 66Sandvig Museum, 39:3 47Sandvikens Co., 59:2 69Sanford, C. E., 59:2 65Sanford, Charles, 59:2 63Sanford, Elias Bristoldouble-flyer spinning wheels, 53:4 134, 53:4 135Sanford, Isaacdouble-flyer spinning wheels, 53:4 134Sanford, Josiahdouble-flyer spinning wheels, 53:4 134–135Sanford, Nathaniel C., 44:2 35Sanford, Samuel, 44:1 26double-flyer spinning wheels, 53:4 134Sanford, William, 44:3 84Sangston, Sarah Stevens, 47:1 2Sanipass, Donald, 45:1 24Santa Fe Trailwagons and carriages for, 58:2 85

Santa Maria del Fiore Cathedral, Florence, 59:3 81santero (saint maker), 40:2 31Sapolio household soap advertisement, 53:2 66Sargent, Henry, 61:2 44, 61:2 51Sargent, John K., 43:1 24, 43:4 109Sargent, Leslie B., 46:1 16Sargent, P., 50:4 129Sargent, Samuel D., 40:2 21Sargent bevel, 42:2 36Sargent & Co., 54:4 166, 57:2 53Sarre plane, 61:4 163Sartain, John, 44:1 2Sarvie Tool Co., 41:3 58sash bars, 57:1 2–3cutting, 57:1 3–5jointing, 57:1 5–8mitering, 57:1 6profiles, 57:1 6reinforcing the joint, 57:1 8scribing, 57:1 6–7sash coping planes, 54:2 86, 54:2 87sash doweling bits, 57:1 8, 57:1 9sash doweling boxes, 57:1 8, 57:1 9sash factory, 47:4 129sash fillisters (filletsters), 50:3 99, 50:4 130, 57:1 2, 57:1 36–37, 58:1 15Nicholson, F., 54:1 5nickers and, 56:3 128Schauer, John, 47:1 1sash molding planes, 58:1 45sash mortise chisels, 57:1 9sash planes, 49:4 114, 57:1 2–11double-bladed, 48:4 72pairs of, 57:1 4Scott, William, 50:3 89screw-arm, 48:4 72, 57:3 99stick and rabbet, 54:1 6–7twin-iron, 57:1 4wedge-arm, 48:3 56, 50:4 131–132Wilbur, Joshua, 56:1 29with wooden screws, 56:2 61–62

sash pocket chisels, 57:1 2sash scribing gouge, 57:1 8sash scribing planes, 57:1 6–7, 57:1 8, 57:1 9sash scribing templets, 57:1 8sash shaves, 57:1 5sash squares, 57:1 9sash windowsarch top, 57:1 5tools for making, 57:1 1–11Sassetta, 46:4 107n.15, 46:4 108n.22Säters Yxfabrik, 39:4 55satinett, 52:4 130"'Satisfied Customer is the Best Advertisement, A': C. Drew & Co.'s Calking Irons," 54:3102–109Satterlee & Mory, 45:3 92Saturday Evening PostStanley-Four Square tools advertising, 59:4 155Saturday Night, 50:2 60Sau, Fred, 52:2 75Saugus Iron Works, 42:1 14, 48:4 96–97Saunders, Richard, 59:1 24sausage, 55:3 90sausage preparation machine, 44:1 13Savage, Seth, 51:3 80"savetiers" (shoemakers), 40:2 27, 40:2 36"Saving Saws" (Klingler), 47:3 100"Saw," 49:1 29Saward, Blanch C., 44:3 84saw bicycle, 45:3 91saw bladesin tool catalogs, 61:1 12saw blocks, 56:3 94splitting, in granite quarrying, 59:2 50–52sawbucks, 54:1 26–30n.7saw-cut blade hay knives, 39:1 17, 57:2 54–55, 57:2 64, 57:2 65, 57:2 66, 57:2 67, 57:268sawdustfor saloon/restaurant floors, 43:2 52

Sawers, John, 41:1 16, 41:1 18, 42:1 25, 42:3 65, 43:1 21, 43:2 54, 43:3 75, 43:3 76, 43:379, 43:4 91, 43:4 92, 43:4 107, 44:3 76saw gin manufacturing, 52:1 9–23black wage and slave laborers, 52:1 18–19carding brush, 52:1 17cotton gin production, 52:1 19–21gin development, 52:1 12–13, 52:1 13gin prices, 52:1 20–21Gullett, Benjamin D., 52:1 17makers, 52:1 11–19mote brush cylinder, 52:1 17production estimates, 52:1 20"Saw Gin Manufacturing Industry in Mississippi, 1796-1860, The" (Lakwete), 52:1 9–23saw guards, 47:4 101–104saw gummer cutters, 45:2 62saw gummers, 51:1 8–10"Saw Gummers" (Friberg), 51:1 8–10"Saw Gumming" (Brundage), 45:2 62saw handles, 39:1 17, 45:3 69backsaws, 59:1 14–15, 59:1 17–20Dietrich, J. C., 39:3 50, 39:3 51, 39:4 65, 40:1 14–15, 40:3 50, 40:3 51Disston, Henry, 59:1 14double-handled, 39:3 49–50, 40:3 51London pattern, 59:1 19McNiece, 59:1 14nibs in, 59:1 19rip saws, 39:3 50two-hand rip saws, 40:2 31saw horses, 45:3 94, 47:4 129Sawin, John, 41:3 37Sawin, Joshua, 41:3 37sawingsurface preparation, 61:3 111–112tool marks from, 61:3 106, 61:3 108–111, 61:3 111, 61:3 113–115waterwheels, 61:3 113"Sawing Through the Grit" (Brundage)"Part I," 43:1 9–10"Part II," 43:3 65–67"Part III," 44:2 41–42

Saw in History, The (Disston), 43:1 16saw-knives, 45:3 94, 47:4 104, 48:1 19"Saw-Knives" (Kosmerl), 47:4 104sawmakersbacksaws, 59:1 13–21Brooklyn, New York, 44:4 102–103Disston, Henry, 59:1 13Peace, Harvey W., 45:2 54, 46:1 18–19, 46:1 21, 46:2 51Rhodes, Joseph A., 44:4 102–103Wheeler, Madden & Clemson, 42:1 15–16Williamsburg, Long Island, New York, 44:4 102–103saw marksdating antiques with, 41:2 32–33on polyptychs, 46:4 101–103sawmills, 44:4 125board widths, 37:4 72Asteam-powered, 42:2 42timber guide, 48:4 74wind or water power, 41:3 60sawn plank, 54:2 56saw piercing, 59:4 128sawpits, 43:2 54in colonial timberyards, 54:2 55saw racksin tool chests, 46:2 46saws, 43:2 30. See also backsaws; bandsaws; bucksaws; cross cut saws; handsaws; ripsaws; scroll sawswith adjustable handles, 47:2 49amateur, 45:4 back coveramputation, 59:4 128Archimedian drill and double-nut hacksaw, 55:4 149asparagus, 43:1 21blade width, 59:1 16–17bolting, 46:2 44bramble, 45:3 87bucksaws, 59:2 59–69as ceremonial objects, 38:2 33circular, 50:1 15, 61:1 11–13cock, 55:4 147, 55:4 148collecting, 47:3 100

combination, 38:3 43combination sets, 47:2 49, 47:2 67combmaking, 54:3 113compass, 41:1 17, 47:3 100convex, 37:4 70coping, 55:4 149crescent icehouse, 37:4 70crosscut, 42:3 60, 46:1 32, 47:3 100, 50:1 17, 54:1 29curved blade, 38:2 33for cutting firewood, 54:1 27–30for dehorning cattle, 45:3 85, 45:4 123Disston, Henry, 41:1 15, 41:1 20A, 48:1 30–31Drury-Marsh, 49:2 45Flint, 50:1 14–18, 53:1 19floor, 38:2 33foot-powered, 47:4 115, 48:4 76–88Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:3 117, 59:4 155, 59:4 156frame, 47:4 133, 55:4 145–150, 55:4 157French stairmakers, 60:2 82fret, 44:1 18–19full back, 59:3 113German crosscut, 49:1 24German immigrants, 40:3 43for granite, 59:4 131–133, 59:4 135–137hack, 45:4 122–123hacksaws, 55:4 145, 55:4 148half back, 59:3 113handles, 47:4 102, 47:4 103Hawley Collection, 59:4 124history of, 44:3 80Hoe, Richard, 45:4 100ice, 38:2 33IMP stamps on, 40:2 36Japanese, 52:1 40, 52:4 166J. Flint, 39:4 65keyhole, 38:3 46for lumbermen, 47:2 38maintenance of, 51:1 8–10"motorless chain saw," 55:4 148nibs, 44:2 55, 44:4 124, 47:4 101–104, 48:1 33

nineteenth century, 60:1 7panel, 46:2 51patents, 43:3 73–74Peace, 45:4 100Peugeot Freres, 39:3 33–34Philadelphia manufacturers, 39:2 26–27piercing, 55:4 145–147, 55:4 149pit, 46:1 32, 54:2 57, 54:2 front coverplanemakers', 44:1 30pruning, 51:4 128reuse of, 39:1 15rip, 44:4 102rip-saw handles, 50:1 15, 50:1 17sharpening, 51:4 128Sheffield, 59:1 13stair, 53:3 119steam-powered machinery, 48:1 30stone-cutting, 56:3 94–95Swedish bow-saws, 43:1 23table, 47:4 115, 51:4 128teeth, 61:1 12tenon, 49:1 29three-sided, 43:3 81in tool catalogs, 61:1 11–13two-hand, 43:3 73–74types of, 52:2 81whatsits, 41:2 35, 56:4 171woodcutters', 43:1 23wooden backs, 59:1 13–15saw screws, 59:1 20–21cap screws, 59:1 20label screws, 59:1 20–21split-nut, 59:1 21saw sets, 54:3 129automatic band, 49:1 12–13collecting, 49:1 9–14hammer, 49:1 10setting blocks, 49:1 10–11setting stakes, 49:1 13–14simple lever, 49:1 13

spring, 49:1 9–10two-handled, 49:1 12types of, 49:1 9upset, 38:2 33whatsits, 45:1 18wheel, 49:1 11–12"Saw Setter Illuminated" (Gervazoni), 46:2 52saw setters, 46:2 52sawsmithing, 47:2 49, 47:2 67saw tablesCrescent Machine Co., 60:4 147, 60:4 151home woodworking machines, 61:2 57–58sawtooth croze, 59:4 162saw wrestswhatsits, 37:4 72sawyers, 54:2 57–58Saxby, Michael, 48:2 57Saxony wheels, 47:1 20Saxton, E. J., 45:4 101Saxton, Elijah R., 45:4 101Saxton & Amidon, 45:4 101Saxton & Osgood, 45:4 101Saxtons River, Vermontdistribution systems and, 46:2 49–50Sayle, Charles, 48:1 6Sayward, Elliot, 38:2 27, 43:1 9, 43:2 46, 44:2 41, 48:1 28, 48:3 57, 59:3 109scab, in sheep, 52:2 70scabbling picks, 56:3 94scabsSouthern Railway repair facilities, 50:3 85scaffoldswindow, 45:3 83scale drawingsdetermining scale, with carpenter's square, 47:4 128scale-like device, 43:1 22"Scale on the Square, The" (Pozzato), 47:4 128scalesfor lumbering, 46:1 15–16for mathematical instruments, 39:2 17–18

scallopped drawer-joints, 37:3 52scalpel lancets, 41:2 36Scandinavian axes, 37:2 41scantling, 54:2 56"Scenes in a Baltimore Shipyard before 1838" (Douglass), 37:3 55–56Schade, Albertchuck patent, 53:2 62Schade, Edmund A., 40:4 55, 52:4 150, 55:2 62, 55:3 121–122, 56:3 118chuck patent, 53:2 62, 53:2 63zig-zag rule patents, 56:2 72–74Schaffer, Erwin L. (Erv), 38:2 35, 39:2 26, 39:3 50, 39:4 65, 40:3 51, 41:4 61, 42:1 15,44:4 121, 45:3 69, 45:4 100, 47:4 101, 57:4 151, 59:1 16, 60:3 126Schairer, Dale, 54:1 41, 54:2 59Scharf, J. Thomas, 57:4 151Schauer, John, 37:2 28–29, 47:1 1–10Schauer, Nicklaus, 37:2 28–29Scheele's green, 53:4 156, 53:4 159Schelling, Ernest, 43:1 17Schetzer, C. H., 56:1 22–23Schiffer, Margaret, 39:3 41Schildback, O. H., 48:2 40Schildkrout, Enit, 43:4 103Schiller, Jim, 42:4 86Schleider, Theodore, 50:2 51Schlichthobel (smooth plane), 46:3 78Schliemann, Heinrich, 43:1 7Schmidt, Anton, 46:2 48Schmidt, George, 46:2 47Schmidt, John G., 46:1 17Schmidt, Max, 42:2 33Schmidt Lithographic Co., 42:2 33Schmitt, Frederick P., 41:4 75Schneider, Paul, 46:2 47Schneldewind, Dean, 47:2 52Schnell, Dave, 56:2 45Schoenhardt Architects, Inc., 59:1 8Schollhorn, W., 39:4 62Schollhorn, William, Co., 43:1 23, 44:2 56pliers, 43:4 106, 44:1 27, 44:1 28, 44:2 56

School of Decorative Arts, Lisbon, Portugal, 38:4 74school scissors, 52:3 100schooners, 48:1 1–6for granite transport, 59:2 39, 59:3 91, 59:3 93pilot, 53:1 3Shenandoah, 48:2 41–45shipbuilding, 49:2 64schooner yachts, 53:1 1–8Coronet, 53:1 1–8Falcon, 53:1 2–3, 53:1 5Fortuna, 53:1 5Grayling, 53:1 5Shenandoah, 53:1 1Schreiber, Conchare, and Westphal Co., 47:2 41Schreiber, Daniel, 51:4 103, 51:4 105Schreiber, J. F., publishers, 49:1 23Schroeder, BenSaddle Tree Factory, 45:4 120Schroeder's Antiques Price Guide, 57:1 12Schropphobel (horn shrup planes), 46:3 77–78Schudder, H. E., 42:3 75Schuermann, Antonspiral screwdrivers, 49:1 4, 49:1 5Schulz, Alfred, 45:4 118Schulz, C., 49:1 23Schulze-Görlittz, Johvi, 57:3 121Schusler, Dick, 52:2 67, 53:4 168Schussele, Christian, 44:1 2Schuykill Arsenal, PhiladelphiaUnion Army clothing supplies, 53:4 147Schuyler, B. W., 49:2 39planemaker, 49:2 38Schuyler & Sanborn, 49:2 38, 49:2 39Schwab (Schwalm) Mill, 41:3 inside front coverSchwamb, Charles, II, 57:2 44, 57:2 45Schwamb Mill, 57:2 44, 57:2 45, 57:2 46Schwartz, Michaelsaw handles, 59:1 13, 59:1 15, 59:1 19Schweinfurt green, 53:4 159Schwer, Albert, 46:3 60–62, 46:3 67n.11

Schwer, Earl V., 46:3 63Schwer, George Alfred, 46:3 63Schwer, Wilbert G., 46:3 63Schwer, Wilford, 46:3 63Science and Civilization in China (Needham), 41:1 10Scientific American, 40:2 36, 40:3 53, 43:4 88, 46:1 24, 46:4 108, 46:4 123, 55:2 48–49,55:4 165, 56:2 45, 57:2 61, 59:2 56, 60:4 140Scientific American Supplement, 58:3 93Scientific Canadian, The, 41:1 1, 45:4 103scientific instrumentsmanufacture of, 39:2 17–18Scientific Piano Tuning and Servicing (Howe), 42:3 71scissors, 49:3 99, 52:3 100–107. See also shearsbent, 52:3 101–102blunt-nosed, 52:3 100Chinese, 43:3 75, 43:3 79, 43:4 107, 44:1 21, 44:3 76, 44:4 127, 45:4 117defined, 49:2 60, 49:4 133derivation of term, 52:3 106English, 43:4 107folding, 49:3 72–74Gambia, 41:3 84Goss collection, 49:4 front coverJapanese, 43:3 75, 43:3 79, 45:4 117with large-loop handles, 43:3 75, 43:3 79left-handed, 52:3 102materials, 52:3 101origins of, 52:3 101pin joints, 52:3 100polished steel, 61:1 4potatoes for preventing heat flow, in blacksmith work, 37:3 52–53right-handed, 52:3 102shears vs., 52:3 106types of, 52:3 100–107unusual, 43:2 53whatsits, 45:1 18"Scissors and Shears" (Goss), 49:3 99Scissors and Yardstick: All About Dry Goods, 54:1 14–15"Scissors Grinder, The" (Johnson), 53:2 61scissors grinders, 53:2 61"Scissors or Shears???" (Goss), 49:2 60

scissors sharpeners, 57:3 86, 57:3 89scoops, 49:3 91hinged, 45:4 123scorp-like tools, 43:1 6–7scorps (scorpers), 43:1 6–7"Scorps and Scorp-like Tools" (West), 43:1 6–7"Scotch" brace, 53:3 100, 53:3 102Scotch Machine, 58:2 55Scotia Trawler Equipment Ltd., 42:3 60Scotlandmetal planes, 45:1 18shepherds' crooks, 52:2 73threshing machine development, 58:2 54, 58:2 56, 58:2 57Scotland, ConnecticutD'Elia Antique Tool Museum, 59:1 7–12Scott, Isaac R., 55:1 6Scott, James, 53:1 24Scott, John, Award, 56:4 143–144, 56:4 143–145Scott, Kenneth, 52:1 24Scott, Margaret, 49:1 19Scott, Mary, 50:3 89–90Scott, Robert W., 55:1 9Scott, Sarah, 50:3 92Scott, William, 48:1 24, 48:3 54, 48:3 56, 49:4 117, 50:3 88–92, 50:4 133, 51:4 103, 52:126makers' mark, 50:3 92Scott, William, Jr., 50:3 92Scotton, Amos, 55:1 11n39Scott & Williams Co., 55:1 1, 55:1 8–9scouring wool, 52:4 130Scovill, J. M. L., 43:3 80Scranton, George, 52:3 114Scranton, Philip, 57:4 151Scranton, Seldon, 52:3 114Scrap Book (New England Tool Collector's Association), 44:3 94scraper planesStanley advertising signs for, 59:2 71scrapers, 51:2 66, 52:3 109beryllium copper, 53:3 106for gunstocking, 57:4 148–150

for leveling roads, 44:2 57–58shod shovels, 44:2 57–58Stanley advertising signs for, 59:2 71whatsits, 43:2 50, 50:4 120scratch gauge, 43:3 70screw-adjusted slide-arm plow planes, 59:1 30–31screw-arm match planes, 54:2 50screw-arm plow planes, 50:4 129, 53:2 82, 57:3 98Scott, William, 50:3 89, 50:3 92screw-arm sash planes, 57:3 99screw augers, 53:3 120"Screw Box and Tap, The: Tool-Making Tools" (Packham), 40:1 9–12screw box and tap sets, 56:2 64–66screw boxes, 40:3 38, 56:2 67thread sizes and, 40:3 38screw boxes and taps, 40:1 9–12, 40:2 36Acollecting, 40:1 11makers, 40:1 11threaded bed rails, 40:1 11–12screw compasssixteenth century, Nürnberg, 54:2 83, 54:2 84screw-cutting lathes, 55:3 112, 56:2 66screw device, 51:3 101screw dies, 55:3 112screwdriver bits, 45:3 78screwdrivers, 40:1 1, 42:1 25Abrams, George, 45:4 109for Bell Telephone Co., 55:4 152beryllium copper, 53:3 106bolster-type, 55:4 152cast steel, 55:1 32combination screwdriver and drill, 56:4 137cross-grinding, 55:3 125Defiance, 55:2 61, 55:3 121Ellrich, 49:3 101"Flash-lite," 55:4 155–156Forest City Screwdriver and Drill Co., 56:4 133–145Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 158, 59:4 159Grip-E-Grip, 55:3 125handles, 55:1 33, 55:3 120, 55:3 124–125, 55:4 156–157

Hewlett's tool chest, 39:1 7history of, 54:1 39, 55:1 31–34, 55:2 59–64, 55:3 120–125, 55:4 151–157holster-type construction, 55:3 123"100 Plus" line, 55:3 123–124, 55:4 151Hurwood, 55:2 59–64, 55:3 120, 55:4 152inventory lists, 39:3 43Jack Knife, 55:4 156Kraus tool kit, 60:3 96"Lastex," 55:3 125London pattern, 55:1 31machinists', 55:2 63–64multicolor, 55:3 124patents, 55:1 32–34, 55:2 59–63, 55:3 120–125, 55:4 151–155, 56:4 134–135Phillips head, 55:4 153–155radio, 55:3 122–123ratchet, 49:1 1, 49:2 54–57, 53:2 63, 55:3 122, 56:4 133–145from recycled files, 40:3 40right- and left-handed threads and, 56:2 63–64Robertson, 50:2 61–62Scotch pattern, 55:1 31screw-holding, 49:1 1spark-testing, 55:4 153spiral, 47:4 114, 49:1 1–6, 54:3 118–120Stanley, 55:2 59–64, 55:3 120–125Stanley advertising signs for, 59:2 73, 59:2 74Stanloid handles, 55:4 156–157Thayer, W. E., 45:3 90tips, 55:1 31twenty-five cent, 55:3 124Victor, 55:2 61"Yankee," 41:3 84screwdriver-wrench combination, 38:4 68screw headsdressing (finishing), 47:3 86screw-holding screwdrivers, 49:1 1screw presses, 45:1 27for brick making, 59:2 56for pressing wool, 52:4 131screw principle, 55:3 112screws

it designs, 56:3 110–112blunt-ended, 47:3 84–85cap, 59:1 20double-threaded, 56:3 111Gimlet, 47:3 87helical threads, 56:2 64history of, 54:1 39label, 59:1 20–21left-handed threads, 45:3 76manufacture of, 44:3 77–78non-pointed, 59:3 104patents, 50:2 57–59Phillips head, 50:2 57, 50:2 62, 55:4 153–155pointed, 59:3 104Robertson, 50:2 57–63saw, 59:1 20–21split-nut, 59:1 21standardization of, 55:3 112–113threaded wood, 56:2 56thread sizes, in hand-made screws, 40:3 38–39wood, 41:3 50, 41:3 inside front cover, 46:3 65, 47:3 84–87wooden bench vise, 54:4 162–163in wooden clamps, 47:4 111wooden sets, 45:3 80screw taps, 40:2 36Ascrew thread gauges, 50:2 66screw tip spiral augers, 38:2 30screw vises, 56:2 56screw wrench (Hollandsche Schroefsleutel), 44:1 11scribe rules, 38:2 36square rules vs., 38:3 45–46, 38:4 70, 39:1 inside front cover"Scribe Rule vs. Square Rule" (Light), 38:3 45–46scribing hooks, 46:3 84Scribner's, 61:1 9scrimshaw, 51:1 29–31implements, 45:2 37, 45:2 39museum collection, 45:1 12, 45:1 28–29scriptoriums, 42:1 25scroll saws, 44:3 79. See also fret saws

foot-powered, 44:4 126, 48:4 75, 48:4 77–80, 48:4 87fretwork, 41:1 1–2, 45:3 93Miller's Falls Co., 47:2 47Velocipede No. 5, 49:2 64scroll wrenches, 39:2 29, 39:4 52scrub planes, 46:3 77, 61:3 111Scruggs, Steven, 45:2 55, 45:3 77sculpturegranite, 59:4 147–149sculptured tools, 42:2 50–51scythe anvils, 40:4 68, 41:1 18, 41:2 21A, 41:2 33, 41:2 37, 41:2 front cover, 41:3 60,41:3 61, 41:3 85, 41:4 75–76, 42:1 26, 42:2 41, 45:4 126Austrian, 41:3 39Dutch, 41:3 50French, 41:3 50Scythe Book, The, 43:3 81scythe-makers, 57:3 124–125scythe-rifles, 44:4 103scythes, 41:2 30, 42:2 52, 45:2 39Austrian, 43:3 81blades, 52:2 43–44Carter, Pulaski, 56:1 1–2, 56:1 4–5Dutch, 42:2 55Flemish, 40:4 65, 40:4 66, 41:1 9, 43:3 75handles, 51:4 127making, 42:3 69peening, 46:1 33sharpening, 42:3 69terminology, 41:1 9–10, 41:2 33whetstones for, 42:3 69scythe sharpening equipment, 42:1 26anvils, 41:3 60hammers, 41:4 76Ukrainian anvils, 41:3 39scythes men (mowers), 52:2 43scythe snath, 51:4 126Scythe Stone Industry Research Team, 43:1 9scythestones, 43:1 11, 43:3 65–66advertising broadsheet, 42:2 30, 42:3 58consumption of, 42:3 69

Indian Pond, 43:1 11makers, 44:2 34making, 43:1 9–10, 44:2 41–42Old Sturbridge Village, 42:3 69–70terminology, 42:4 111sea coal, 45:1 20seamstressesliving in, 50:1 11seamstresses' button gauge, 55:2 58"Search for a Planemaker of Yeoman Stock" (Humphrey), 44:4 101"Searching for Toolmakers" (Prine), 47:4 125Searing, J.molding planes, 37:3 49–50Sears, D. Richard, 56:2 82, 56:3 123Sears, Roebuck & Co.catalogs, 41:3 57, 42:1 8, 58:3 108, 60:1 41–42grindstones, 60:1 41–42hacksaws, 55:4 148poultry killing knife, 41:3 57tilting bandsaws, 56:2 54sea shellsas source of limestone, 44:2 46Seastrom, Myron, 44:4 116Seaton, Benjamin, 38:4 60, 38:4 60n12, 58:1 13tool chests, 46:2 45, 46:2 46, 47:3 97–98Seaton, Joseph, 46:2 46, 47:3 97, 58:1 13–14Seaton, Thomas, 41:1 1, 41:1 2Seavy, A. H., 60:4 164Seawright, George, 48:4 71Seawright Springs, 48:4 71Second Bank of the United States, Philadelphia, 58:4 155Second Great Awakening, 52:4 127second-hand tools, 50:1 12Secrest, John, 51:4 111, 51:4 112Secular Spirit, Life and Art at the End of the Middle Ages (Metropolitan Museum of Art),39:3 52ASedmiheadsky, A.glove patents, 53:4 143seeders, 40:2 32seed-sowing machines, 61:2 53

Seguin, Raymond, 56:3 126, 57:1 34Sehner, J., 48:2 54Seifried, F., and Co., 50:1 18seining, 45:2 51, 45:3 93Seitz, Alden, 46:3 63, 46:3 66Seitz, William F., Jr., 46:3 63Self, Robert L., 58:1 8, 58:1 9, 58:1 33self-boring barrel spigots, 54:3 92–101, 54:3 127, 54:3 back cover, 54:4 143adjustable bits, 54:3 94beer faucet, 54:3 95–96bit design, 54:3 97–98chip-collection chambers, 54:3 93, 54:3 95, 54:3 96chip displacement, 54:3 92, 54:3 94, 54:3 97, 54:3 101design issues, 54:3 93–94holding frame, 54:3 98patents, 54:3 94–101, 54:3 127, 55:4 141–144sliding thimble/sleeve, 54:3 99"Self-Boring Barrel Spigots" (Roger), 54:3 93–101, 54:3 127additions and errata, 54:4 143Sellars, Allan, 40:2 16Sellens, Alvin (Al), 42:3 81, 44:1 16, 44:2 47, 46:2 55, 48:2 57, 51:1 16, 51:3 87, 52:3122, 53:3 126, 57:1 33, 58:3 113, 59:1 4Sellers, Alvin, 38:1 inside coverSellers, Charles Coleman, 61:3 96Sellers, Frank, 45:1 22Sellers, J. Alan, 37:3 40Sellers, William, 55:3 113Selye, L., & Co., 47:4 122Selye, Lewis, 47:4 121, 47:4 122, 48:1 11, 48:1 12Semel, Dan, 39:3 52A, 41:1 15, 45:3 90Semiatin, S. L., 37:4 60semicircular marksBarton, D. R., & Co., 53:1 22, 53:1 23Mack & Co., 53:1 22, 53:1 23"Semi-Mechanical Potato Cutter, A" (Lux), 48:2 67Seneca Falls Manufacturing Co., 41:1 20A, 48:4 75Seneca Knitting Mills, 53:4 147Senefelder, Aloys, 49:1 23Sener, J., 48:2 54

Sentry Hardware Group, 38:3 49separating devicesfor buttermaking, 52:3 88Sergant, George, 37:4 69Sergeant, Henry, 59:2 46, 59:2 48Serio, Anne M., 42:2 54serpentine screw augers, 46:1 20serum (skimmed milk), 52:3 87, 52:3 88servantsNewport, Rhode Island, mansions, 53:2 66–75Servants' Directory (Glass), 42:4 109service tree planesPeugeot Freres, 39:3 34Servistar Hardware Stores, 45:4 118"Set of Plumb Bobs," 50:1 35setting sticks, 41:4 77, 42:1 12. See also dibbles"Setting Up Housekeeping in Detroit" (Clarke), 45:1 14–15sett work, 40:3 50"1710 Anvil" (Kosmerl), 51:1 25seventeenth century craftsmenNewbury, Massachusetts, 42:4 91–93"Seventeenth Century Craftsmen in Newbury, Massachusetts" (Blumenburg), 42:4 91–93Seventh Day Adventist Church, 37:1 17Severa, Joan, 41:1 14Severn, Bill, 53:4 139Sewall, Samuel, 40:3 50Sewell, Tommie, 53:2 49sewing aids and toolsscrimshaw, 51:1 31sewing bird, 49:4 132–133sewing stilettos, 60:3 116zinc, 45:2 57"Sewing Bird, The" (Goss), 49:4 132–133sewing machine beltsleather drive belts, 44:1 27, 44:1 28for pedal-operated machines, 44:3 79sewing machines, 54:2 72for footwear, 37:3 43for glovemaking, 53:4 139Heberling, 50:2 66, 50:2 67

for palmleaf hats, 40:2 20for quilting, 44:2 39shoemaking and, 37:1 9sewing machine toolsbelt pliers, 44:3 86drive belt combination tool, 44:2 56Sexton, Daniel, 54:3 91, 54:3 93Seybold, E. F., 56:3 122Seymour, Ebenezer, 61:4 171Seymour, John, 41:2 34, 42:3 73, 51:1 16Seymour & Churchill, 51:3 80, 51:3 82Seymour Past and Present (Campbell, Sharpe, Bassett), 44:4 124"S. Felch, Again" (Brundage), 44:1 21Sforza Castletools exhibition catalog, 53:2 83Shackelford, Kerry, 41:3 80shacklesfor hat making, 43:1 5Shafer, Edward, 44:2 61Shaffer, Barbara, 44:3 84Shaffer, Erwin, 59:1 13shagreen boardharnessmaking tools, 39:2 20Shailer double-threaded screw, 56:3 111, 56:3 112"Shake-Making in Southern Oregon, 1897," 40:2 34–35Shaker hood (hat), 40:2 19ShakersAfrican Americans and, 52:4 132clay pipe, 53:3 127clothing, 52:4 131–132colors used by, 52:4 130cooperage trade, 47:3 69–77fulling mill record books, 52:4 127, 52:4 128, 52:4 133n7fulling mills, 52:4 127–133gender equity and, 52:4 133n5history of, 47:3 69–70wooden tub and pail industry, 47:3 69–77Shaker Village, Canterbury, New Hampshire, 53:2 77shakes

making, 40:2 33–34, 45:4 124wood for, 45:4 124Shakespeare, William, 38:2 31Shaler and Hall Quarry Co., 55:3 98–101Shanagan, Mary Ellen, 50:1 27shank lasters, 45:4 124, 57:4 162–163"Shank Lasters--Beyond 'What?' to 'Why?'", 57:4 160–161shank lasting pincer, 44:3 72Shanks, James, 52:2 45, 52:2 47Shanks Mowers, 52:2 45, 52:2 47, 52:2 48, 52:2 49, 52:3 93, 52:3 94, 52:3 95Shannon, J. B., 40:1 1Shannon, J. B., Co., 43:2 32Shannon, J. B., & Sons, 57:1 17Shannon Tool Catalog, 40:4 54shape-carvinggranite, 59:4 147Shapiro, S. & Co., 42:4 109–110shark skin, for smoothing, 53:1 30Sharman, Thomas, 57:2 72Sharp, Joel, 61:2 68Sharp, William, 50:1 18, 53:1 17Sharpe, John, 44:2 59, 45:2 59Sharpe, Lucian, 43:3 71, 50:2 66Sharpe, Richard, 52:3 115–120, 52:4 135, 52:4 137, 52:4 139, 52:4 142Sharpe, W. C., 44:4 124Sharpe House, 52:3 119sharpening machinesBonnier de la Mosson cabinet, 58:3 102–103sharpening stones, 43:1 11emery, 43:3 80scythe stones, 43:1 9–10, 43:1 11sharpening toolslathe-powered, 39:3 47–48Sharpe, Belford and Co., 52:3 115Sharpe, Leisenring and Co., 52:3 115–116Sharpe, Weiss and Co., 52:3 114–121, 52:4 134, 52:4 135, 52:4 138Sharpless, Daniel, 60:2 52Sharpless, Henry, 60:2 54Sharpless, Townsend, 44:3 73, 44:4 125tool house of, 61:1 17–18

Sharps, Steve, 55:3 129, 57:1 28Sharrett & Newth, 45:2 37shatteringgranite, 59:4 130Shattuck, Lemuel, 57:2 42shaved ice, 60:3 115, 60:3 116shaves. See also spokeshavesadjustable, 52:3 109boxwood, 52:3 109coopers', 43:1 6double-cutter, 52:3 108edge, 52:3 109, 52:3 110flexible-bottom, 52:3 108for gunstocking, 57:4 148–150handrail, 52:3 112heel, 52:3 109, 52:3 110, 53:2 75iron-body, 52:3 111–113Lothrop shoe, 52:3 112Manley Packard, 53:2 75Merriman, 52:3 112molding, 52:3 108panel, 52:3 108patternmakers', 52:3 108rabbet, 52:3 108sash, 57:1 5shoe, 52:3 109, 52:3 110, 52:3 112single-cutter, 52:3 108slitting, 52:3 112Spear's patent, 52:3 109Spickler's patent double scraper, 52:3 112shaving horses, 45:3 67, 57:1 20, 57:1 21, 58:3 88, 58:3 99, 58:3 front covercast iron head, 61:1 20for smoothing shingles, 61:2 75Shavings, 46:3 75"Shavings," 37:4 66, 38:2 366Ashaving woodproducing shavings, 56:4 172–173spokeshaves for, 52:3 108–113Shaw, Andrew, 43:3 65, 44:2 41Shaw, Charles P., 39:4 57

Shaw, E., 38:4 70Shaw, Johnbrass-pad braces, 53:3 100Shaw, Nathaniel, 59:2 69Shaw, William, 50:1 27Shay, Ephraim, 59:3 92–93, 59:3 94Shay-geared locomotive, 59:3 94Shay Locomotives, 59:3 93shays, 45:2 56Shayt, David, 42:4 110, 43:1 25, 43:3 82shearing cloth, 39:2 30shearing wool, 52:4 130, 52:4 131, 52:4 133n20shears, 49:3 99, 52:3 100–107. See also scissorsBonsai, 43:3 75Browns' polished metal, 45:1 20Chinese, 43:3 75cloth croppers, 39:2 30defined, 49:2 60, 49:4 133derivation of term, 52:3 106fullers', 45:4 112, 53:1 41Gambia trademark, 43:4 98Hewlett's tool chest, 39:1 7horse hair trimmers, 43:2 53, 44:1 31Japanese, 43:3 75largest and smallest, 53:1 41pin-jointed, 52:3 106power, 37:4 58scissors vs., 52:3 106sheep, 49:3 99, 52:3 101, 52:3 104, 59:4 129sheet metal, 42:3 81weavers', 53:1 41whatsits, 42:2 53, 56:2 82–83"Shears and Scissors" (Packham), 52:3 100–107shed architecturegranite, 59:4 130–131"Shedding Light of a Glasscrate" (Smith), 55:4 166–167Shedrick, John, 49:4 110Sheehan, Kathy, 42:3 72sheep

eeds, 47:3 98dips, 52:2 70, 52:2 72fencing and, 52:2 70shearing, 52:2 71shepherds crooks, 52:2 69–74tail docking, 46:1 28, 46:1 30textile production and, 52:4 127–128Sheep, Farm & Station Management (Pearce), 52:2 69sheepsfoot blade, 42:3 82sheep shearing chairswhatsits, 43:3 77–78sheep shears, 49:3 99, 52:3 101, 52:3 104Hawley Collection, 59:4 129sheerlineCoronet (schooner yacht), 53:1 4Sheet, Jacob, 48:4 71sheet iron stoves, 40:4 69sheet metal shears, 42:3 81sheetrock saw, 56:4 171Sheffield, Englandbacksaws, 59:1 13, 59:1 17, 59:1 19cast steel industry, 40:3 45cutlery, 38:1 16Adirectory, 57:3 119–120edgetool manufacturing, 59:4 125–129Hilick (edge-tool maker), 38:2 24knifemaking industry, 48:4 100–101steel, 39:2 31, 47:2 66, 53:1 17United States and, 40:4 70Sheffield, James M. (J. M.), 44:1 22, 45:2 55Sheffield braces, 41:2 21, 41:2 22, 41:3 42, 45:1 5, 49:4 136, 52:2 80, 53:3 101–103bit braces, 52:2 80Sheffield Cutler's Guild, 49:2 60Sheffield Industries: Cutlery, Edgetools and Silver (Unwin and Hawley), 59:4 129Sheffield UniversityHawley Collection, 59:4 125–129Sheffield wimble, 45:4 120, 46:3 88Shelburne Falls Cutlery Co., 44:3 88Shelburne Museum, 37:4 72ASheldon, Bush & Co., 37:3 56A

Sheldon, Edgar H., 60:4 163Sheldon, Henry O., 49:4 125Sheldon, Josiah, 48:1 11Sheldon and Slason, 59:4 147shellacfor felt hats, 52:4 158Shell axes, 52:4 161shell beadsfrom conch beads, 59:1 2manufacturing, 59:1 1–6shell bits, 45:1 5shell casings, 60:4 155Shelley, George A., 41:1 6, 42:4 106shell gimlet, 45:2 40Shenandoah (schooner), 48:1 1–6, 48:2 41–45, 53:1 1"Shenandoah: A Survival of 19th Century Technology""Part 1" (Hall), 48:1 1–6"Part 2" (Hall), 48:2 41–45Shenandoah Valley planemakers, 45:4 112–113Sheneman, B., & Bro., 56:1 38, 57:1 16Sheneman, T. J., 57:3 122Shepard, D. M.planemaker, 49:2 37Shepard, Sidney, 44:1 8Shepard Hardware Co., 56:4 133Shepardson, H. E., 41:3 43Shephard, George, 44:2 59Shepherd, Thomas, 49:2 48shepherdsin Australia, 52:2 70–71Shepherd's Calendar, 42:1 26shepherd's crook gripfor planes, 60:1 43, 60:1 44shepherds' crooks, 52:2 69–74ceremonial, 52:2 74decorative, 52:2 72dipping, 52:2 71–72forged, 52:2 71functions of, 52:2 69in Great Britain, 52:2 72

leg, 52:2 71materials, 52:2 72–74neck, 52:2 71in New Zealand, 52:2 72origins of, 52:2 72–73whorls, 52:2 74shepherd's swede picks, 38:1 12Shepley, Rutan, & Coolidge, 59:2 41Shera, Jesse H., 61:2 55Sherman, Albert Keene, 56:2 83Sherman, Edward Albert, 56:2 83Sherman, Hazel Poole, 56:2 83Sherman, M., 60:1 40–41Sherman, Mary Baker, 56:2 83Sherman, Phebe (Curtiss), 56:1 13–14Sherman, William Albert, 56:2 83Sherman, William Anthony, 56:2 83Shetter, George, 44:2 35augermaker, 46:1 19, 46:1 20Shew, Richard, 48:2 43, 48:2 44shimstock containers, 38:3 57shingle rippers, 38:1 7, 38:1 8shinglesinstallation patterns, 61:2 78n3side-lap, 61:2 74–78shingle weavers, 44:4 120"Shingle Weaver's Punch, The" (Roger), 61:2 74–78shingle weaver's punches, 61:2 74–78, 61:3 119, 61:4 165shingling gauges, 42:1 25shingling hatchets, 42:1 25, 45:2 55ship ballastconch shells as, 59:1 3shipbuilder rabbets, 53:3 126shipbuilding. See also shipyardscalking irons, 54:3 102–109Essex, Massachusetts, 49:2 62–64pattern makers, 39:3 52A, 39:3 back coverpeg making for, 40:3 37ship models, 53:1 2–3

shipsmithing, 54:2 61–62wooden schooners, 53:1 1–8shipbuilding toolswhatsit, 38:4 75ship carpenters' axe, 60:2 59ship carpenters' rulesEnglish three-fold, 42:1 3–5ship caulkers' tools, 37:4 58ship caulking irons, 37:4 56Shipley, A. B., 60:3 106Shipley, A. B., & Son, 60:3 106Shipley, Rutan and Coolidge, 49:3 93Shipley Mills, Lower Brandywine River, 61:3 90Shipman, A. H., 44:4 119shipmast locust trees, 43:2 55ship mastscutting and shaping, 42:3 60Shipmate Stove Co., 48:2 42shippingbutter and cheese, 52:3 86chair distribution, 58:4 137–138by flatboat, 46:2 50shipping crateswooden, for glass, 54:4 164ship (razee) planes, 45:2 61Shippy, W. S.hay knives, 57:2 68ship rabbets, 44:3 70shipscoopering, 42:1 20ship's ballastsand as, 42:4 109shipwrights' (mast) axes, 54:2 62–63shipwrights' bevels, 41:4 70–72shipwrights' carpenters' rules, 42:1 3–5shipwrights' rabbit (rebate) planes, 42:1 7shipwrights-style fore plane, 57:1 18–19shipwright's toolslipped paring chisels, 37:1 20shipyards. See also shipbuilding

colonial timberyards, 54:2 55–59Essex, Massachusetts, 48:1 31–33slavery in, 37:3 55–56Shire albums, 37:1 13shirt pocket catalogsStanley Rule & Level Co., 58:2 80–84, 58:3 113–119shocks, of hay, 44:1 12Shodell, Elly, 45:1 10shod shovels, 44:2 57–58"Shoe and Bootmaker, The: A Manual for Master Journeymen and Apprentice Shoe andBootmakers," 42:1 40shoeing machinesfor shoeing oxen, 46:1 34–35Shoemaker, Charles, 38:4 67shoemakers' tools, 39:4 68A, 39:4 back cover, 45:2 45–46, 46:1 32, 46:3 68, 46:3 86bull dog pincers, 43:4 106clickers, 44:2 63, 44:3 82, 44:4 103, 44:4 105fuddle sticks, 41:2 32hammers, 43:3 81Henry Arthur Price List, 44:3 70peg float, 43:4 106as sculptural adornment, 42:2 50, 42:2 51shank lasting pincer, 44:3 72shoe hammers, 42:4 111, 43:1 10, 43:1 24, 43:3 81shoe knives, 44:4 127White, Daniel, 44:3 72shoemaking, 41:1 15apprenticeships, 42:2 39, 42:2 40attachment methods, 37:1 5–9itinerant shoemakers, 42:4 106machines for, 37:1 8mechanization, 37:3 43–44, 37:3 46riveted, 42:2 39sewing machines and, 37:1 9shoemakers, 40:2 27, 40:2 36Stevens, John, 58:4 142teaching, 42:4 109vertical attachment, 37:1 5–6, 37:1 8wooden shoe pegs, 37:1 5–10

shoe pegging, 42:2 38–41, 42:3 58shoe-pegging machines, 37:1 8"Shoe Pegging Re-Visited: A 19th Century European Perspective" (Saguto), 42:2 38–41shoe pegs, 37:1 5–10, 37:3 56A, 42:2 38–41shoeslasts, 52:3 108nails for, 37:1 6New England footwear industry, 37:3 43–44pegged footwear, 37:1 6–9polisher, 43:4 106repair, 37:1 6rubber for, 37:3 43stretchers, 52:1 8wooden, 40:1 13, 50:2 71, 51:2 41shoe shaves, 52:3 109, 52:3 110, 52:3 112Shonk, P., 54:2 47"shook" containers, 42:1 20shoot board and plane, 57:1 19Shope, Jacob, 56:3 97shopping list prices (1869), 44:3 92shop signs, 45:2 63ironmongers, 46:1 27locksmith shops, 46:1 32"Shop Signs" (Goodman), 37:4 68–69shop ticketsfor granite cutting, 59:4 143, 59:4 144shop tools, 42:1 24, 52:1 41Short, George, 39:2 17Short, Henry, 42:4 92Short, Jim, 51:3 96Short, William L., 37:3 56short-handled axes, 38:4 73, 52:3 123"Short History of the Crescent Machine Company, A" (Rucker)"Part I: 1894 to 1920," 60:4 137–156"Part II: 1920 to Present," 61:2 56–73Short History of the Worshipful Company of Horners, A (Fisher), 54:3 110short pipe, 52:4 153short-staple cotton, 52:1 21n5short weight, 45:3 71"Shot From Above" (Colwell), 37:2 37

shot towers, 37:2 37–39, 37:3 56A"Shoulder Gauge," 48:4 93shoulder gauges, 48:4 93shoulder planes, 49:3 101, 49:4 114shovel makers' shaves, 43:1 7shovels. See also spadesAmes Shovel and Tool Co., 44:3 82, 45:1 22, 49:3 87–93cast-steel, 49:3 89–90D-handles for, 49:3 87–88draining spades, 45:3 83–84scoops, 49:3 91snow, 49:3 91spades vs., 49:3 93Stanley garden tools, 57:1 26–27T-handled spade, 49:3 91tree space, 45:2 45two-handled, 49:3 89U.S. Army, 49:3 89Show, 45:1 20Showplace of America: Cleveland's Euclid Avenue 1850-1910 (Cigliano), 56:3 102–103Shrake, Andy, 53:3 116Shreckhise, Daniel K., 48:4 71shrink rules, 47:2 56, 47:3 83Shupp's Grove Flea Market, 61:2 83Shurly, C. J., 40:3 51Shurly, Cosmas J., 50:1 18Shurly, Cosmos J., 39:3 49Shurly, Elizabeth F. (Flint), 50:1 18Shurly & Dietrich, 50:1 17–18Shurly, Dietrich, and Atkins, 50:1 17–18Shurts, Merek, 41:1 11, 41:1 19Shute, Nevil, 50:3 97Shutt, G. Frank, 59:3 97, 59:3 98Shutt, Oliver Perry, 59:3 97, 59:3 98"Shuttle Craft," 45:3 92"Shuttle Craft" (Sanford), 44:2 55Shuttle-Craft Book of American Hand-Weaving (Atwater), 44:3 89shuttlesfishnet, 43:4 100, 44:2 55netting, 44:3 84

Sibley, Amos, 57:3 125Sibley, Ezra, 57:3 124–125Sibley, Ezra Taft, 57:3 124Sibley, Frank Arthur, 57:3 124Sibley, Perley, 57:3 125Sibley Scythe Co., 57:3 124–125"Sibley Scythe Co., North Newport, N. H." (Hall), 57:3 124–125sickle-edge blade hay knives, 57:2 57–59, 57:2 65side axes, 57:2 49side filesDisston, 38:4 67side gripsfor planes, 60:1 43side-lap shingles, 61:2 74–78, 61:3 119side-length formulason Thompson's bevel, 52:1 2side saddles, 44:3 94"side vise," 45:2 51Sidney Machine Tool Co., 57:1 13Siegele, Herman Hugo (H. H.), 42:1 26, 48:2 57, 48:2 59Siegmund, Otto, 41:2 32Siena, Italyguilds, 46:4 100–105polyptychs, 46:4 99sieves, 45:2 47Siffert, A., 49:3 101Signal Corpscamp axes, 39:2 23"Sign of the Jointer," 52:4 163sign painters, 39:4 68signsfor drug stores, 44:4 118–119merchants', 44:1 31, 44:3 70, 44:4 105sugar loaves, 44:4 119wrought iron, 44:3 81silage knives, 57:2 61Silcox, Harry C., 42:3 72, 57:4 151Silens Messor lawn mowers, 52:2 47, 52:3 98High Wheel, 52:3 95silicon carbide, 41:1 11

abrasive, 60:1 41silicosisgranite industry and, 60:1 23, 60:1 26–29quarry drills and, 59:2 48sandstone industry and, 60:1 39silkflower-making tools, 50:1 21production, by Harmony Society, 51:4 102stockings, 55:1 2Sill, Richard, 50:4 109Silliman, Benjamin, 61:2 51Silsby, Samuel, 48:1 11–12Silsby, Samuel & Co., 48:1 11Silsby, Seth, 48:1 8, 48:1 11axes, 53:1 14planemaker, 49:2 38Silsby & Rand, 49:2 38silverornaments, sewing bird, 49:4 132–133presentation trowels, 60:2 78solder can, 48:2 45, 48:4 94Silver & Deming, 60:4 142"Silver Grit," 43:1 10Silver Lake News, 38:1 9Silverman, Irving I., 44:1 25Silver Manufacturing Co., 60:4 141silverplatingKneass, Christian, 58:4 157–158"Silver Solder," 48:2 45Simcoe, J. G., 38:2 34–35"Simeon Doggett, Loyalist Planemaker" (Wing and Wing), 48:3 35–44"Similar Tools with a Different Purpose" (Turner), 50:1 21–22Simitiere, Pierre du, 61:2 47Simmonds, Joseph A., 43:2 49Simmons, Alfred, 53:2 71Simmons, Benjamin, 45:1 9, 45:3 80Simmons, David, 41:3 82, 44:1 15Simmons, William A., 52:1 19Simmons Co., 45:2 43Simmons Hardware Co., 42:3 59, 42:4 105

Simms, J. R., 37:1 2Simms lawn mowers, 52:3 93–94Simon, Henry, 41:3 41Simonds, William, 55:2 48Simonds Manufacturing Co., 45:2 44, 47:2 63bucksaws, 59:2 59, 59:2 66circular saws, 40:2 36ASimone and Skidmore, 41:3 41Simons, Edmund L., 44:2 59simple lever saw sets, 49:1 13Simpson, A., & Son Ltd., 45:4 122Simpson, F.glove patents, 53:4 143Simpson, Harriet, 49:2 48Simpson, Robert, 52:4 162Sims, Onie, 56:3 123Sinclair, John, 58:1 4, 58:1 7, 58:1 8Sinclair, Peter, 45:3 90Sines, Margaret W., 38:3 43Siney, John, 52:4 144Singer, Isaac, 37:3 43, 54:2 72Singer Co.glovemaking sewing machines, 53:4 139Singer's copying lathe, 42:2 45singing plow, 41:3 55single-cutter shaves, 52:3 108single-handled blades, 57:2 56"Single-Line Railway" (Swett), 61:2 44, 61:2 back cover"Single Rail Railway" (lithograph), 61:2 51Singleton, Theresa, 46:2 39single-twist augers, 46:1 20sinistral devices, 45:3 76–77sinopia (red chalk underdrawings), 46:4 101sintering furnace, 40:1 16ASioux fire/pipe bag, 38:3 53sisal twine, 58:3 94Sites, John, 59:2 56"sith and hook," 43:3 75Sithin Orderglove patents and, 53:4 138

siths, 41:1 18, 41:2 33makers' marks, 45:3 90terminology, 40:4 65–66, 41:1 9–10"Sith vs. Scythe, Another View" (Fridlington), 41:1 9Sitterly, Glen, 45:4 110sitting gauge, 48:3 67six-penny brace, 41:4 64"16th Century Axe from a Canadian Grave, A" (Sawers), 45:3 87"Sixteenth Century Nürnberg Tools" (Mackenstein and Crom), 54:2 81–85sixteenth-century toolsaxes, 45:3 87Nürnberg, 54:2 81–85Skaife, Thomas, 57:1 1, 57:1 6, 58:3 122skate (sole plate), 52:2 67–68skatesice, 53:1 18, 54:4 171skeins, 51:2 35skewbacked handsaws, 47:2 38skewbacked ripsaws, 45:3 79skew rabbet planes, 50:1 19, 58:3 129SKF Industries, 57:1 13skimmed milk (serum), 52:3 87, 52:3 88skimming butter, 51:2 49skimmers, 52:3 87Skinner, Robert, 46:2 54, 46:2 55, 50:2 71, 51:4 127Skinner, William E., 47:4 112"Skinner's Patent Quadrant," 47:4 112Skokloster Castle, 39:3 46–47skyscrapersgranite, 59:2 41–42Slack, Charles, 61:2 55slack barrel, 52:4 154"slack" coopers, 42:1 19Slaney, Rick, 56:4 169slasher knives, 40:1 facing page 1, 42:2 53, 42:3 67"Slashers: A 'Whatsit' Illustrated" (Ball), 42:3 67slategranite vs., 59:2 38slate-axes, 43:4 106Slater, J. M., 46:1 21

Slater & Byram, 46:1 21slaters hammer, 51:1 16"Slaters Rest and a Dog, The" (Turner), 51:1 15–16slaters rests, 51:1 15–16slaters ripper, 51:1 16slaters saxe, 51:1 16slaters stakes, 51:1 15slat planes, 52:1 30Slaughter, Arthur, 52:4 133n23Slaughter, John, 40:2 34slaughtering implementswhatsits, 44:2 60slaveryabolished in Massachusetts, 46:2 39industrialization and, 52:1 10in Maryland shipyards, 37:3 55–56Monticello slave artisans, 58:1 10, 58:1 16–17"Negro servants," 46:2 39slave laborersas apprentice planemakers, 52:2 77learning to write, in shipyards, 37:3 55–56in saw gin manufacturing, 52:1 18–19timber preparation work by, 54:2 57–58Slaymaker, Samuel, 47:2 60sledgesfor granite block transport, 59:3 91Sleeper, I, planesmarked IH by John Hovey, 53:2 50, 53:3 114Sleeper, John, 48:3 35, 50:3 88planemaker, 43:4 97–98, 53:3 114planes, 53:3 114Sleeper, Sherburne, 43:4 108Sleeper, Thomas, 42:4 104sleepersfor plank roads, 45:2 53–54sleeve braces, 52:4 150, 53:1 9, 53:1 10, 53:1 12slicks, 45:2 55, 54:2 63, 54:2 64slide axesBeatty, William, 60:2 52

slide pliers, 38:1 11, 38:3 57"Slide Pliers" (Johnstone), 38:1 11Slide Rule (Shute), 50:3 97slide rules, 48:1 29–30accuracy of, 50:3 97applications of, 49:2 50chemical, 50:2 44–48computers and, 52:2 65–66cylindrical, 50:4 125–127data table errors, 40:1 7dating, 49:2 52decline in use of, 49:2 51errors on, 54:3 116Fuller, 50:3 93–98Gunter scale, 54:3 114–117KE-LON, 52:2 65Keuffel & Esser, 49:2 50–57, 49:3 84, 52:2 62–66markets, 52:2 62, 52:2 64–65Paisley rotating band, 49:4 113patents, 50:4 125–127Pickett & Eckel, 49:2 51production, 52:2 62–66Routledge-type, 54:3 114–117special purpose, 49:2 52Stanley Rule & Level Co., 49:2 50, 54:3 114–117tape measure, 50:1 22Thacher (Thatcher), 49:2 50–51, 49:3 84, 50:3 95Thacher (Thatcher) cylindrical, 50:4 125–127"Slide Rules of the Stanley Rule & Level Company and other American Makers"(Wyman), 54:3 114–117sliding rules, 41:2 25–26sliding T bevels, 40:4 55, 40:4 56sliding tongs (harnessmaking tools), 39:2 20sliding weight (hammer) ice picks, 60:3 117–118Sligar, Ann, 51:2 60Sliker, John, 40:3 44slip joint pliersFour-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 156, 59:4 158slip (Fresno) scraper, 45:1 23"Slitting Gauge," 48:3 67

slitting shave, 52:3 112slitwork, 47:2 67n3Sloan, Alexander, 46:1 19Sloan, Eric, 43:1 15, 49:3 76Sloan, Samuel, 59:2 54Sloan, T. G., 47:3 85Sloan, Thomas J., 50:2 57Sloane, Eric, 37:4 71, 38:2 30, 42:3 75, 42:4 90, 43:1 15, 49:3 76, 57:2 55, 57:2 56, 57:260, 57:2 61, 60:4 171sloopsgranite transport by, 59:2 39, 59:3 91slot drills, 59:2 49Slusser, F.hay knives, 57:2 68, 57:3 102Small, Ira C., 44:4 122, 45:2 52Small, James, 58:1 36n.53smallpoxvaccination, 46:4 96in Wrentham, Massachusetts, 46:4 96Smallwood, David, 39:3 49Smallwood, I. & D., 39:3 49Smallwood, John, 39:3 49Smallwood, M. O. R., 39:3 49"Small World: The Chronicle Connects Wilbur Planes and Pulaski Axes" (Pieroth), 56:283Smart, George W., 56:4 137Smart, James, 37:3 45–46Smart, James, Manufacturing Co., 37:3 45–46, 38:3 51, 50:1 20, 53:3 95Smart, Thomas, 46:3 88"Smart Axel, The" (Klenman), 37:3 45–46"Smart Manufacturing Company" (Klenman), 50:1 20"S. M. Burt: Turner, Wheelwright--and Planemaker?" (De Avila), 42:2 37Smedley, Ambrose, 50:4 109Smedley, Elizabeth, 50:4 108–114, 51:2 43–44, 51:2 48, 51:2 51, 51:2 54, 51:2 55Smedley, Enos, 46:3 80Smedley, John H., 53:1 27Smedley, Joshua, 50:4 109Smedley, Thomas, 50:4 109Smedley, William, 50:4 108, 50:4 113, 51:2 52, 51:2 54Smedley & Co., 46:3 80

Smiles, Samuel, 50:2 64Smith, Aaron, 42:2 37, 43:2 46, 48:3 42–43, 50:3 88, 61:2 83, 61:4 171Smith, Aaron Mason, 42:4 97Smith, A. Cary, 53:1 5Smith, Alfred C., Agent, 44:2 59Smith, Alpheus, 44:4 112Smith, Alvin, 44:4 111Smith, A. S., & Co., 44:2 59Smith, Badger & Co., 50:1 14Smith, Charlton L., 45:2 61Smith, Chileab, 44:1 17Smith, C. S. & T. W., 60:2 53Smith, Davic S. C. H., 46:3 86Smith, Dorothy, 58:3 97Smith, E., 41:3 47Smith, Edmund, 42:3 80Smith, E. L., 59:2 42, 59:3 80Smith, Eleazar, 44:2 56Smith, Eli, 41:3 40Smith, Esther Fisher, 58:4 147Smith, Ezekiel, 42:4 97, 49:4 131Smith, Ferdinand Ellis, 52:1 19Smith, Francis H., 59:2 56Smith, Frank, 51:2 62Smith, H. B., Machine Co., 57:1 14catalog, 58:3 109–111Smith, H. D., Co., 51:3 97Smith, Henry V., 42:3 68Smith, Hinman L., 61:2 79Smith, H. M.hay knives, 38:4 76A, 57:2 63Smith, Jabob, 54:4 148Smith, James, 45:4 108Smith, John, 59:3 98Smith, Joseph, 40:3 38, 41:2 34, 43:2 42, 58:1 10, 58:1 36n.50, 58:1 38Key, 61:1 4, 61:1 6Smith, Joseph (early author), 47:1 12n14, 53:3 100Smith, Joseph (planemaker), 52:2 54, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Smith, Joseph, Monument, 60:1 25, 60:1 facing p. 1Smith, Julia (Williamson), 56:4 148, 56:4 152

Smith, Karen, 39:3 52ASmith, Lawrence, 53:2 67Smith, Levarna (Packard), 50:1 4Smith, L. H., Co., 49:4 121Smith, L. Heber, 53:1 39Smith, Margaret Bayard, 43:3 82, 58:1 1, 58:1 12Smith, Mary E., 60:3 106Smith, Mike, 57:4 160Smith, N., 45:1 14Smith, N., & Co., 43:4 101–102Smith, Peter, Acorn Frame Press, 53:3 108–113Smith, Raymond L., 46:2 54Smith, R. H.backsaws, 59:1 19Smith, R. H., & Co., 50:1 17Smith, Richard, 42:3 67Smith, Robert, 39:3 32, 42:4 87, 58:1 36n.50, 61:1 1, 61:1 16Smith, Robert K., 40:2 17, 40:2 18, 40:2 25Smith, Roger, 38:3 44, 38:4 76A, 39:3 49, 43:2 42, 43:2 47, 44:1 16, 45:1 6, 45:2 55,57:1 31, 57:1 33, 57:1 34, 58:3 113Smith, Roger K., 37:1 17, 39:4 52, 41:1 20, 41:3 40, 41:3 41, 42:1 19, 42:4 96, 43:2 42,43:2 47, 44:1 16, 45:1 6, 45:2 55, 46:1 13, 46:1 14, 46:1 32, 50:3 99, 52:2 61, 52:2 76,54:4 144, 54:4 146, 57:1 31, 57:1 33, 57:1 34, 58:3 113, 59:1 8, 59:1 10, 59:1 11, 59:3121Smith, Roswell H., 50:1 17Smith, S., & Sons, 45:3 78Smith, Samuel Ferguson, Rev., 50:3 90Smith, S. J., 42:2 53Smith, Theophilus H., 56:4 148, 56:4 154Smith, Thomas, 42:4 92gimlets, 39:1 7–8Smith, Walter, 46:3 82Smith, William, 56:3 98Smith, William (oil well driller), 53:3 87–88Smith, William P. (blacksmith), 48:1 8Barton & Smith, 53:1 16Smith, William Scott, 50:3 91Smith & Brothers, 60:2 54Smith & Co. Ship Yard, 54:2 54, 54:2 55Smith Covered Bridge, 54:4 148–153, 54:4 front cover

"Smith Covered Bridge, The" (West), 54:4 148–153Smither, James, 61:2 47Smith & Hemenway Co., 57:3 86, 57:3 87, 57:3 89–90"Smith in His Smithy, A" (Caine), 45:3 87Smith Joseph, 44:2 53Smith's, Peter, Press, 48:4 100"Smith's Key," 54:3 91Smith's Key, 38:2 34–35, 42:3 64, 46:2 43, 52:3 110, 52:3 111, 57:1 9, 61:1 4, 61:1 6Smithsonian, 49:4 137Smith's Printing Press, 53:3 112–113Smith & Stuart (Steward), 43:2 41Smith and Terry, 53:1 3Smith & Wesson, 45:1 22Smith-Woodwell, Inc., 49:4 121smokehouse, 55:3 89smoke-kilns, 58:1 29smoker's lighting devices, 39:4 57–58"Smokers' Lighting Devices" (Gerber), 39:4 57–58smoothers, 51:2 66, 52:3 108, 52:3 110smoothing materials, 53:1 29–30smoothing planes, 45:4 108chamfers for, 61:3 127Chelor, Cesar, 38:2 26, 61:3 127–128Chinese, 57:4 165Dominy family, 58:2 53inventory lists, 39:3 43Nicholson, Francis, 38:2 26, 61:3 127–129Smyth, Alexander, 48:1 23snaggers (fishing spears), 43:2 37snailhorn, 45:3 78snap joint tools, 46:3 88–89, 47:2 45Snap-On Tools Corp., 46:1 30snap saw tooth setter, 46:2 52Snare, Fred, 38:2 32"snatch ring," 44:2 57snaths/snaiths, 40:4 64Snediker, William E., 41:1 20ASnell, L.shoe shave, 52:3 112

Snell, Norman, 59:2 68, 59:2 69snips, 45:1 21, 49:2 60, 52:3 100, 52:3 103Wiss, 49:4 front coverSnow, Peter, 45:1 20snow knockers, 49:3 98Snow & Neally Co., 52:1 38snow shovels, 49:3 91snuffers, 52:3 103snuff making, 44:2 36Snyder, John, 54:2 47Snyder, John and Ken, 45:3 90Snyder, Siegfreid, 50:2 48Snyder, Simon, 48:1 22soap shaver, 45:2 44–45soapstone, 45:2 57"Soapstone" (Malden), 45:2 57Sobon, Jack, 38:3 45Sobon, Jack A., 59:4 165social statushats and, 46:3 80Société d'Agriculture du Département, 58:1 6Society for Promoting Agriculture & Domestic Manufactures, 61:4 148–150Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (SPNEA), 41:2 32, 55:3 109Society of Ironmasters (Jernkontoret), 55:3 127Society of Jesus (Jesuits), 60:2 79Society of Master Sailmakers, 40:2 24Society of Middlesex Husbandmen and Manufacturers, 61:2 52Society of Printers, Boston, 58:4 147sock darners, 43:1 15, 43:1 26, 43:2 48, 43:2 52, 43:3 80socket chiselsFour-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 156, 59:4 157socketsfor making golf balls, 39:2 31socket shackles, 59:3 85, 59:3 86socksfactory-knit, 55:1 1–11hand-knit, for Union Army, 53:4 148, 53:4 149–151, 53:4 149–154"Socks and Stockings, Shirts, Drawers, and Sashes: Hand and Machine Knitting for theUnion Army" (Candee), 53:4 145–155

soda fountains, 44:3 72sodium carbonate (washing soda)for rust removal from tools, 37:4 72solarization, 55:4 138soldering ironspaper-wrapped handles on, 57:2 50Soldiers Aid SocietiesUnion Army clothing supplies, 53:4 148sole plate (skate), 52:2 67–68Soles, Earl L., Jr., 41:3 80solid-center auger bits, 44:2 35–36solid-center augers, 46:1 20Solomon, Kin, 42:4 100–101"Solomon Plant and His Customers" (Feldman-Wood), 56:1 9–15sombreros, 51:4 113Some 19th Century English Woodworking Tools (Roberts), 43:4 102, 44:2 47, 46:2 42"Some Additional Notes on the Butteris" (Reichman), 38:1 12–13"Some Early Records of Carpenter's Tools in Ancient Chinese Religious Texts"(Blumenberg), 41:1 10–11"Some European Tools on the American Continent" (Lazaruk), 41:3 39"Some Further Questions About the Lamson Hoop Lock Cutter" (Grabowski), 44:4 106"Some Horton History" (Semel), 45:2 59"Some Medieval Italian Carpentry Tools and Techniques" (Muller), 46:4 98–108Some Nineteenth Century New York Level Makers, 38:3 49Some Nineteenth Century Woodworking Tools (Roberts), 59:1 13"Some Notes About Sharpening Stones" (Armistead), 43:1 11"Some Notes on Koehring Concrete Mixers" (Borkowski), 43:4 98"Some Notes on Masback Hardware" (Wilson), 38:3 49"Some Old Time Practices Brought Down to Modern Days" (Lynch), 37:3 52–53"Some Prerequisites to Fueling the Hay Burner" (Brundage), 42:3 68–69"Some Questions About H. D. Morris, Ax Maker" (Carman), 37:4 68"Some Unmarked Braces Identified" (Pearson), 42:1 16"Some Unusual Rules" (Finch), 42:3 73"Some Vermont Marble Cutter's Hand Tools" (Johnson), 43:3 83"Some Workers from Our Past" (Smith and Brown), 39:3 39Sonn, Albert, 48:1 26Sons of Liberty, 48:3 38Soop, Hans, 41:4 70Soper, P. O.hay knives, 38:4 76A, 57:2 58, 57:2 62

Sorby, I., 49:3 94Sorby, Robert, 49:3 94"Sorting Out the Goodell Companies" (Cope), 45:4 115"Sorting Out the Hartmans, Nineteenth-Century Coverlet Weavers of Central Ohio"(Gunn), 55:1 16–26Sosnoski, David, 50:4 129Soukup, Philip A., 44:2 56Soukup, Vin, 50:4 130Soule, Henry, 53:3 120Soule, Jabez, 48:3 40Soule, Lewis S., 37:2 35, 37:2 36Sourcebook of United States Patents for Bitstock Tools and the Machines That MadeThem, A (Price), 56:3 113, 59:3 110SouthConfederate facilities, 52:4 164Confederate small-arms manufacturing, 50:1 34–35cotton gin and, 52:1 9–11industrialization, 52:1 10–11, 52:1 20Windsor chair trade, 58:4 137South Americahand crafts, 40:2 31South Brooklyn Rust Proof Iron and Steel Works, 45:3 95South Carolina and Georgia Almanack (Tobler), 45:4 120South Carolina Society for Promoting and Improving Agriculture, 58:2 54"South East View of Christ's Church, Phila, A" (Peale), 61:3 94, 61:3 96Souther, John, 42:1 18Souther, John, & Co., 43:4 109Southern Railwayfounding of, 50:3 74steam locomotive repair facilities, Spencer, North Carolina, 50:3 73–87Southern Railway's Spencer Shops, 1896-1996 (Galloway and Wrinn), 50:3 87Souther steam excavator, 42:2 44Southington, Connecticutdistribution systems and, 46:2 49–50South River Cutlery Co., 44:3 88South Union, KentuckyShaker community, 52:4 127–133Southworth, William, 55:1 5, 55:1 6Souveroff, Irma, 42:4 103spacerite lettering system

for granite, 59:4 148Spachman, Henry S., Engineering Co., 56:3 104spades. See also shovelsdraining, 45:3 83–84four-bladed, paperweight, 57:2 53shovels vs., 49:3 93Stanley garden tools, 57:1 26–27tiling, 49:4 139, 50:1 36spade-style hay knives, 57:2 59–69, 57:3 102spading forks, 57:1 24, 57:1 25Spalding, George, 53:1 6–7, 53:1 8n4Spangler, William, 58:4 140Spanish American Warcamp axes, 39:1 2Spanish marks, 38:3 49Spanish measurement system, 56:4 163–164spanner wrenches, 45:4 122spare parts, 50:1 32spark-resistant axes, 52:4 161Sparks, Joseph, 37:1 2–3spark-testing screwdrivers, 55:4 153Sparrow, Erastus, 45:1 23–24spatial learning, 44:1 3spattles, 43:3 64spatulasberyllium copper, 53:3 106Spaulding, Nathaniel, 39:3 35, 51:3 96, 57:2 52Spaulding, Susan Sophia (Carter), 56:1 1Spear, Harlan, 57:4 148–150Spear, James, 60:3 103Speare's Sons, Aldon, & Co., 43:2 50spear fishingby native peoples, 43:3 76Spear & Jackson, 47:2 63catalog, 51:1 16food choppers, 49:3 94modling planes, 37:3 49–50spear-point blade hay knives, 39:1 17, 57:2 56–57, 57:2 66Spear's patent shaves, 52:3 109"Spear's Shaves and Scrapers Were Made for Gunstocking" (Perrin), 57:4 148–150

Specialist, The, 42:2 55"Specialist Tools for Sash Window Making" (Rees), 57:1 1–11"Special Purpose Square: A Puzzler" (Finch), 45:4 113–114"Specialty Carriage Building in 1750," 41:4 77spectacle lenses, 39:2 18"Spectacular Letterhead, A" (Wood), 43:2 42"Speculations About the Origin of the World 'Mathook'" (York), 40:4 66–67speculumsveterinarians', 47:4 129speeding wagons, 61:4 135Speedwell lawn mower, 52:3 94spelk planes, 56:4 172–173Spencer, C. F., 49:2 56Spencer, Charles, & Co., 55:1 7Spencer, Countess, 50:2 40Spencer, Daniel, 50:4 111Spencer, North Carolinafounding of, 50:3 74incorporation of, 50:3 75YMCA, 50:3 77, 50:3 78Spencer, North Carolina, Southern Railway steam locomotive repair facilities, 50:3 73–87back shop, 50:3 76, 50:3 84boiler shop, 50:3 77car repair shed, 50:3 77–78coal shute/storage field, 50:3 77construction of, 50:3 74craftsmen, 50:3 80–86blacksmiths, 50:3 81boilermakers, 50:3 80–81, 50:3 83carmen, 50:3 81–82carpenters ("car knockers"), 50:3 81company inspectors, 50:3 80electricians, 50:3 81hostlers, 50:3 83, 50:3 84machinists, 50:3 80, 50:3 83painters, 50:3 82pipefitters, 50:3 82, 50:3 83tinsmiths, 50:3 82unions, 50:3 85–86

diesel locomotives, 50:3 86–87employment, 50:3 78, 50:3 80apprentices, 50:3 82clerks, 50:3 82laborers, 50:3 82erecting shop, 50:3 76fleet maintenance, 50:3 82–84flue shop, 50:3 79freight yard, 50:3 77Great Depression and, 50:3 79–80interchangeable parts and, 50:3 83–84, 50:3 86less-than-carload transfer facilities, 50:3 77machine shop, 50:3 74–75, 50:3 76machine tools, 50:3 76master mechanic, 50:3 75roundhouse, 50:3 74, 50:3 78–79, 50:3 84, 50:3 85safety, 50:3 80, 50:3 86sand house, 50:3 75stockyards, 50:3 75storehouse/office complex, 50:3 77terminal facilities, 50:3 75woodworking shop, 50:3 75working conditions, 50:3 85–86World War II and, 50:3 80Spencer, Samuel, 50:3 74, 50:3 76Spencertown, New York, 38:2 36Spens, Richard, 50:2 67Spera, Hannah, 54:2 47spermaceti, 42:1 23sperm whale, 42:1 24spherical sailing method, 45:1 17Spickler's patent double scraper shave, 52:3 112spider cornbread recipe, 39:1 12"spider" frying pan, 45:3 91, 45:3 94spider websfor crosshairs for surveying instruments, 53:2 76, 53:2 80Spiegel, Phil, 38:3 49Spier, Robert, 43:3 77Spier & Co., 43:3 74spigots

arrel, self-boring, 54:3 93–101, 54:3 127, 54:4 143, 55:4 141–144spiked hatchets, 57:2 50ice hatchets, 43:3 79Spiller, Bettina, 48:1 33Spiller, Charles S., 44:2 40Spiller, George S., 44:2 40Spiller, Hanford B., 44:2 40Spiller, Harold F., 44:2 40, 48:1 33Spiller, Mark Dole, 44:2 40, 48:1 33Spiller, M. D., & Son, Co., 44:2 40Spiller, Norman W., 44:2 40, 48:1 33Spiller, Samuel, 44:2 40Spiller Axe & Tool Co., 44:2 40Spiller & Burr, 50:1 34–35Spiller familyaxes, 44:2 40spill holders, 43:4 92"Spill Holders" (West), 43:4 92spill planes, 43:3 64, 43:4 92, 45:2 63, 56:4 172spills, 43:3 64, 43:4 92spindlesdoorknobs, 55:4 137spinel, 46:1 27spinninghand, 51:2 35productivity of, 53:4 132–133, 53:4 137as women's work, 53:4 131spinning deviceswhatsits, 61:3 118"Spinning Gold: The Wire Grass Industry of St. Paul" (Nelson), 58:3 89–99spinning jenny, 38:1 1, 38:1 2, 38:4 76Aspinning machines, 61:2 47water-powered, 42:2 42for wire grass twine production, 58:3 93spinning tool, 52:1 41spinning wheelsbobbin/flyer unit, 53:4 132Burton, Silas, 56:1 11common (bobbin and flyer), 38:1 1–2Danner, Daniel, 47:1 15–26

double-flyer, 53:4 132–137, 54:1 37–38great (walking) spinning wheel, 38:1 1–2harnessmaking tools, 39:2 20makers, 53:4 133–137Plant, Solomon, 56:1 9–15, 56:1 15spinning jenny, 38:1 1, 38:1 2with threaded wooden screws, 56:2 59, 56:2 60treadle-operated, 44:1 26vertical spinners, 38:1 1–4, 38:4 76Awheel structure, 53:4 132–133Spinning Wheel Sleuth, The, 54:1 37spinsters, 56:1 15spiral augers, 41:2 21, 45:1 4, 45:1 5spiral bits, 45:2 40spiral-ratchet screwdriversForest City Screwdriver Co., 56:4 137, 56:4 139, 56:4 140–143spiral screwdrivers, 47:4 114, 54:3 118–120bi-directional, 49:1 5Decatur, Illinois, 49:1 1–6"Eureka," 54:3 118–119extra-long model, 54:3 120Forest City Screwdriver and Drill Co., 56:4 136–143Greene, O. Z., 49:1 3–5interchangeable bit model, 54:3 120Mueller, H., Manufacturing Co., 49:1 3–5North Brothers, 56:4 134Olsen, Christopher H., 49:1 1–3patents, 49:1 1–5reversible, 56:4 137"Spiral Screwdrivers" (Fales), 47:4 114"Spiral Screwdrivers of Decatur, Illinois" (Fales), 49:1 1–6"Spiral Screwdriver Update, A: The Decatur Coffin Company" (Fales), 54:3 118–120spirit blue dyes, 53:4 157, 53:4 158spirit levels, 61:1 12, 61:1 13spittoons, 45:4 116splicing toolssplicers, 45:4 127for wire rope, 53:3 89, 53:3 90splint planes, 56:4 172splints

of hatters felt, 46:3 86split-nut screws, 59:1 21"splitter canes," 50:2 55splitting mauls, 49:3 79splitting-out hatchets, 39:2 28splitting toolsThunderbolt, 50:4 132Spofford, N., 41:3 42Spofford, Nelson, 53:1 9Spofford braces, 41:2 21, 41:3 42, 41:3 44, 60:3 96bit, 53:1 9sleeve, 53:1 9Stanley, 53:2 63spoke pointers, 45:3 79spokes, 52:3 109spokeshaves, 52:3 108–113. See also shavesfor bookbinding, 44:1 24defined, 52:3 108, 52:3 109–110Hand, E. P., 37:3 49–50iron-body, 52:3 111–113patents, 52:3 109, 52:3 111, 52:3 112–113Smith, Badger & Co., 50:1 13types of, 52:3 108wood-body, 52:3 111–113"Spokeshaves and Similar Tools" (Lamond), 52:3 108–113spoke shave scorpers, 43:1 6spoke tenoning tool, 42:4 104, 42:4 105whatsit, 42:3 82spoke tenon machines, 43:1 21spoke trammels, 45:3 86Sponseller, Greg, 60:4 156spontoons, 45:3 83, 45:4 122, 45:4 126spoon bits, 45:1 5, 47:3 100"Spoon Bits" (Armentrout), 47:3 100spoon breast augers, 41:3 48Spooner, Wing, 55:1 15spoonshorn, 54:3 113sporting goodsice skates, 53:1 18, 54:4 171

Spotswood, Alexander, iron works, 39:2 29Sprague, Asa, 49:2 39Sprague, Ruth A., 52:1 22n12Sprague, Sue Ann, 50:1 33Sprague, William B., 38:2 27, 40:2 28, 53:2 77, 58:2 51legacy of, 46:3 69–72tool collecting approach, 46:3 69–75Sprague ice tools, 60:3 121spray sheep dip, 52:2 70sprilng fullers, 38:1 5–9Springate, Roger, 51:1 11–12spring-catch pads, 53:3 100spring cleaningmemories of, 42:3 62–63"Spring Cleaning in Great Grandmother's Day" (Steele), 42:3 62–63Springfield Armory, 44:1 4spring gaff (fishing spears), 43:3 68spring housesbutter storage in, 52:3 87spring moldings, 47:2 46"'Spring' Plane, The" (Gauntlett), 48:2 56–61spring planes, 47:2 46–47, 47:4 114, 48:2 56–61, 57:2 80, 57:3 123Monticello collection, 58:1 15spring pole lathes, 47:4 115–118spring pole method (well drilling), 53:3 88spring saw sets, 49:1 9–10spring swages, 54:3 108Sprout, A. B. (Amos Burrow)hay knives, 57:3 103–104Sprout, A. B. (Ariel)hay knives, 57:2 60, 57:2 61, 57:2 62, 57:2 63, 57:3 103–104Sprout, Andritz-Bauer, 57:3 103Sprout, Carl, 57:3 103Sprout, Ebenezer, 57:3 103Sprout, Louis B., 57:3 103Sprout, Samuel B., 57:3 103Sprout, William, 37:2 36Spruance Library, Mercer Museum, 39:2 16spruce gum, 41:4 76–77, 42:1 2, 42:1 25, 42:4 107"Spruce Gum Harvesting Knife" (West), 42:2 46

spruce gum harvesting knives, 42:2 46spruce oil, 44:1 15sprues (metal tabs), 60:4 147spudders, 42:1 12. See also dibblesSpurrier, John, 51:2 44Squanto (Native American), 59:3 98"square peg in a round hole," 44:4 119square-recess head screws, 50:2 57–63"square-round" tapes, 54:4 154, 54:4 155, 54:4 156square rules, 39:2 32ACooper, James Fenimore and, 39:3 52scribe rules vs., 38:3 45–46, 38:4 70, 39:1 inside front coversquares, 44:4 116–117. See also carpenters' squaresboxwood, 45:4 113–114Chinese, 41:1 10, 41:1 11diagonal, 49:3 95–96Dutch, 46:1 9folding boxwood, 39:2 32framing, 39:3 49Hawes, Silas, 42:4 105iron, 51:3 85–86mahogany and brass, 39:1 5make-do (repaired), 43:3 61mystery, 49:3 74numbers on, 39:4 68Aprecision combination, 49:3 70tailors', 39:2 32Topps, 49:3 74try squares, 56:1 26Wheatley, A., 45:1 19square-tang bits, 53:3 97–99Squire, William, 49:3 84, 50:1 12Squires, Luman, 48:1 12stable equipmentseventeenth century, 43:2 39Stace, George, 37:4 65Stack, Albert, 45:1 22Stackpole, Greenleaf, 45:1 6Stackpole brace, 41:3 42, 41:3 43stacks, of hay, 44:1 12

stadda (gauge-leaf saw), 54:3 113"Staff of Life in Colonial America, The" (Gedney), 39:1 9–12Stafford, John L., 42:3 69, 43:1 10Stafford, J. S., & Co., 42:3 69–70Stafford's Patent Buggy Wrench, 43:2 32stage coaches, 42:3 82, 61:2 44, 61:2 front coverHempstead Stage, 42:4 100transportation, 42:2 43–44"Stage Coach Transportation in the Mid-Nineteenth Century" (Kappeler), 42:2 43–44Stager, Henry W., 48:1 8, 48:1 10–11, 53:1 14, 53:1 15, 53:1 16, 54:2 47Stager & Barton, 48:1 10Stager & Guild, 48:1 10, 48:1 11staging brackets, 56:4 170–171Stahl, Gus, 39:1 inside front cover, 39:2 28, 39:4 52, 42:1 26, 42:2 41, 42:3 58, 42:3 82,45:4 1123, 46:1 22, 46:1 32, 46:1 33Stahmer, H. F., 48:2 40Staicer, John M., 45:1 11stained-glass pattern scissors, 52:3 104–105stained glass windowswith tool designs, 59:1 inside front coverstairbuildingmatch pair planes, 56:1 38Miller, George, 51:2 61–63skirting boards, 51:4 123stair making gauges, 53:3 117–119, 53:3 122American, 52:1 4English, 52:1 4Giffin, John E., 51:4 123–125"Stair Making Gauges" (Nelson), 53:3 117–119stair saws, 53:3 119stakes (anvils)decorated, 39:2 27–28Staley, A. N.hay knives, 38:4 76AStamets, William K., Co.Enterprise Division, 61:2 70Stamm, Elizabeth, 54:2 53Stamm, Elizabeth Brady, 54:2 53Stamm, Hannah, 54:2 52, 54:2 53Stamm, John, 54:2 47–53

Stamm, John Spera, 54:2 48, 54:2 53Stamm, Joseph, 54:2 51, 54:2 52Stampe, Jacob, 46:1 31stampsfor bookbinding, 44:1 24, 44:1 25butter, 52:3 85, 52:3 91tool and trade, 46:1 28Stanbrough, Catherine (Williamson), 56:4 146, 56:4 150, 56:4 152Stancliff, James, 55:3 97, 55:3 98, 55:3 100Standard Axe & Tool Works, 45:3 71standard barrel (tierce), 52:4 151standard deviation, 49:4 130standardization. See also interchangeable partsof nuts and bolts, 55:3 112–115of screw threads, 55:3 112–113Standard Rule Co., 40:1 7–8, 54:3 114standardsbarrel and cask capacity, 52:4 151–154keeper of, 52:4 151railroads and, 52:4 154Standards of Organization (ISO), 40:1 11Standard Supply and Equipment Catalog, 61:1 1, 61:1 10Standard Tool Co., 49:4 130"standing" barrels, 42:1 20Stanhope, third Earl of, 48:4 100Stanley, A., & Co., 52:4 147, 52:4 165, 54:3 114, 54:3 115acquisition of Seymour & Churchill by, 51:3 80, 51:3 82establishment of, 51:3 80–84measuring tapes, 53:4 163Stanley, A. N.hay knives, 57:2 64Stanley, Augustus, 51:3 80, 51:3 83, 52:4 147, 53:4 163–167Stanley, David, 37:1 13Stanley, David, auctions, 48:3 59Stanley, Frederick T., 58:4 162–163Stanley, Gad, 51:3 80–84Stanley, Henry, 51:3 82–83, 51:4 120–122, 52:4 147Stanley, James, 51:3 81–83Stanley, Oliver, 51:3 83, 51:4 120Stanley, Philip (Phil), 42:2 36, 43:2 47, 47:2 49, 54:3 114–115, 55:3 129, 57:2 80

Stanley, Philip E., 41:4 72Stanley, Theodore A., 51:3 83–84Stanley, Timothy W., 51:3 80, 51:3 84, 51:4 120Stanley, W. F., Co., 49:2 51, 49:3 84Fuller slide rules, 50:3 93, 50:3 95–97Thacher (Thatcher) slide rules, 50:3 95, 50:4 125Stanley, William, 59:3 103"Stanley Advertising and Imprinted Tape Rules" (Jacob), 57:3 105–110, 57:3 118"Stanley Advertising Zig-Zag Rules, Their Variety and Types" (Jacob), 57:2 73–78Stanley Catalog Collection, The, 43:1 27, 43:2 48Stanley Co.ship carpenters' bevels, 41:4 72try square and bevel combinations, 41:3 40"Stanley Garden Tools" (Jacob), 57:1 23–27"Stanley Hand Drills" (Jacob)"Part II, The Early Twenties," 60:4 165–171"Part III, Early Twenties Steel-Frame Drills," 60:1 35–37, 61:1 35–37"Part I: The Beginning," 60:3 129–132"Part IV, Solid Gear Wheels," 61:2 79–82"Part V, Stanley's Popularly-Priced Model 620 and Later Variations," 61:3 120–126"Part VI, Defiance Brand Hand Drills," 61:4 166–170Stanley Handyman tools, 61:3 123–126Stanley logos, 58:4 167–168cut label, 59:1 29script logo, 59:2 36, 59:2 70–74sweetheart trademark, 59:1 29"Stanley Non-Sparking Beryllium Copper Tools" (Jacob), 53:3 105–107Stanley Plane, The (Sellens), 38:1 inside cover, 58:3 113"Stanley Plumb Bobs" (Jacob), 58:1 40–43Stanley Rule & Level Co., 37:2 27, 45:3 79, 52:4 165, 53:4 163–167, 57:3 92. See alsoStanley Works; sweetheart (SW Hart) trademark, Stanley100 Plus tools, 57:4 143, 57:4 144adjustable cabinetmakers' rabbet planes, 59:1 25–31advertising imprinted tape rules, 57:3 105–110advertising rules, 57:2 73–78advertising signs, 59:2 70–74aircraft gas gauge, 56:3 118–119baked enamel tin signs, 59:2 36, 59:2 70Bedrock bench planes, 54:4 144, 54:4 145

evels, 40:2 21, 40:4 54–56, 42:2 35–36braces, 52:4 147–150, 53:1 9–12, 53:2 62–65broadsides, 58:3 113Canadian planes, 54:4 146Chapin, H., & Sons acquired by, 55:2 57Christmas promotions, 57:4 140–147clapboard siding markers, 46:3 84collecting tools made by, 48:3 58combination try square and bevel, 41:1 6companies acquired by, 52:4 147, 53:1 12date codes on planes, 54:4 144–147Defiance hand drills, 61:3 121–123, 61:3 125, 61:4 166–170Engineer's Rule, 56:3 120establishment of, 51:3 80–84export business, 59:2 73factory practice, 46:1 21Four-Square tools, 53:2 63, 54:1 31, 57:4 141, 57:4 142Fray braces, 53:1 9–12, 53:2 62, 53:2 63Fray & Co. acquired by, 53:1 12Fray Division, 60:3 129–132Fray Division plant, 60:4 165gauging rods price list (1892), 53:3 95"gift-wrapped" boxes, 57:4 142–147hand drills, 60:3 129–132, 60:4 165–171, 61:1 35–37, 61:3 120–126Handyman line, 61:4 168Hurwood Co. acquired by, 55:2 62ice tools, 60:3 119, 60:3 121identifying and valuing, 50:2 69–70imp character, 58:3 113–115logo, 58:4 167–168machinists level, 51:3 82merger with Stanley Works, 58:4 167, 59:1 29, 59:2 74, 59:3 119, 59:4 160miter boxes, 60:1 33–35, 60:2 84–87North Brothers Manufacturing Co. acquired by, 53:2 65planes, 50:2 69–70, 51:4 132–133, 52:4 147, 58:2 80–84, 58:3 113–119plumb bobs, 58:1 40–43poster board signs, 59:2 36, 59:2 70, 59:2 71Powerlock measuring tapes, 57:3 118price guide for plane collectors, 60:1 42screwdriver history, 55:1 31–34, 55:2 59–64, 55:3 120–125, 55:4 151–157

shirt pocket catalogs, 58:2 80–84, 58:3 113–119slide rules, 40:1 7–8, 49:2 50, 54:3 114–117Spofford braces, 53:2 63Stearns, E. A., acquired by, 51:4 120–122Stearns rules, 53:1 36story poles, 37:4 70sweetheart (SW Hart) trademark, 56:3 116, 56:4 166"swing-fence" planes, 58:4 172tape measures, 54:1 31–34, 54:2 75–80, 54:3 121–125, 54:4 154–159trademarks, 54:4 144–146zig-zag rules, 56:1 32–37, 56:2 70–75, 56:3 116–120, 56:4 160–167"Stanley Rule & Level Company, The""Charles L. Mead and the Acquisition of E. A. Sterns" (Jacob), 51:4 120–122"Historic Beginning, The" (Jacob), 51:3 80–84"Stanley's Adjustable Cabinetmakers' Rabbet Planes" (Jacob), 59:1 25–31"Stanley's First Combination Try Square and Bevel" (Johnstone), 42:4 106"Stanley Shirt Pocket Catalogs" (Jacob)"Part I," 58:2 80–84"Part II," 58:3 113–119"Stanley's Open-Front Miter Box, No. 150" (Jacob), 60:2 84–87"Stanley Tapes Measure the World" (Jacob)Part I, 53:4 163–167Part II, 54:1 31–34Part III, 54:2 75–80Part IV, 54:3 121–125Part V, 54:4 154–159Stanley Tool Co.tool restoration, 37:2 31Stanley Tool Division of Stanley Works, 59:2 74Stanley Works, 51:3 80, 56:3 116. See also Stanley Rule & Level Co.; sweethearttrademark (SW Hart), StanleyDefiance line, 50:2 69, 54:2 79–80, 54:3 123, 55:2 61, 55:3 121, 59:4 156, 59:4160measuring tapes, 57:3 108–110Forest City Screwdriver and Drill Co. acquired by, 56:4 145Four-Square household tools, 59:3 114–119, 59:4 124, 59:4 155–160, 59:4 backcovergarden tools, 57:1 23–27hand drills, 61:1 35, 61:2 79–82Hart, William H., and, 58:4 162–168

measuring tapes, 53:4 164–167merger with Stanley Rule & Level Co., 58:4 167, 59:1 29, 59:2 74, 59:3 119, 59:4160non-sparking beryllium copper tools, 53:3 105–107Stanley Tool Division of, 59:2 74, 59:3 119, 59:4 160sweetheart (SW Hart) trademark, 58:4 162, 58:4 166zig-zag rules, 56:2 75Stanloid-handle screwdrivers, 55:4 156–157Stannington Barlow knives, 44:2 53Stansbury, W. K., 42:1 16Stanton, Lucia C., 44:3 84Staples, George A., 56:4 136, 56:4 137Staples, H. P., Co., 42:4 109Starbuck, David R., 53:2 77Starcross of California, 44:4 127Starkey, W. C., 49:2 57Star of Piccadilly, The (Melville), 41:4 77Starr, Nicholas, 61:3 inside front coverStarr, Richard, 38:4 69, 40:1 9, 40:1 11, 40:3 45, 40:4 62, 40:4 63, 41:2 34, 43:3 58Starr, Richard F. S., 44:1 26Starr, Voight, & Co., 56:4 143Starret steel rules, 48:1 27Starrett, Arthur H., 49:3 70Starrett, Frank, 49:3 70Starrett, Laroy S. (LeRoy), 45:1 25, 49:3 69–70clothes washing machine, 44:2 51food squeezer, 45:1 20hasher, 44:2 51, 44:3 88Starrett, L. S., Co., 44:2 51, 49:3 69–71, 55:4 150catalog, 43:1 27Starrett, W. D., 49:3 71Starrett food squeezer, 45:1 25Starrett Hasher, 45:1 25"Starrett Wheels That Led to More Wheels, The" (Turner), 49:3 69–71star saw setsDisston, Henry, & Sons, 38:4 67Star Tool Co., 40:4 54, 60:3 96Statement of the Arts & Manufactures of the United States of America for the Year 1810,A, 60:2 52"Statistical Study of Some 19th-Century Wooden Molding Planes" (Welcker), 49:4 130–

131Statue of Liberty, 43:3 83stave cutting machines, 44:4 108stave jointing machines, 44:4 108stave planes, 45:3 67staves, 40:4 71, 52:3 109butter churns, 51:2 46–47forming, 45:3 67–68machine for dressing, 46:3 87pipes (casks), 51:1 13–14, 51:3 93Shaker manufacturing of, 47:3 71–72St. Catherines Saw Works, 40:3 51St. Clement, 52:4 155steak hammers, 60:3 119"SteaMarvel" iron, 42:2 31steam boats, 43:4 101Windsor chair trade and, 58:4 138steam derrick hoists, 59:3 83steam-digger dredge, 44:1 31steam diggers, 42:3 67, 45:4 123steam enginesindicators, 46:4 112publications on, 61:2 52steam locomotivesgranite industry and, 60:1 21Southern Railway repair facilities, 50:3 73–87steam powerbarrel stave mill, 41:2 31channeling machine, 59:2 48concrete mixing machine, 43:1 12Conneaut, Ohio ore docks and, 49:4 138drill (ditcher), 44:1 15felt-making process and, 51:3 77glovemaking pressing equipment, 53:4 139, 53:4 140granite industry and, 60:1 20–21, 60:1 22history of, 39:1 8lawn mowers, 52:2 50, 52:3 93, 52:3 94Portland brownstone quarries, 55:3 104, 55:3 107rock drills, for granite quarrying, 59:2 46sawmills, 42:2 42

spinning/knitting mills, 55:1 1, 55:1 4steam-digger dredge, 44:1 31steam shovels"steam digger," 42:1 18Stearns, Calvin, 61:1 38–39Stearns, C. W., Co., 60:1 39Stearns, E. A., 41:2 24, 41:4 72Stearns, E. A., & Co., 40:1 7, 52:4 147, 53:1 36, 54:3 114, 55:2 50acquired by Stanley Rule & Level Co., 51:4 120–122Stearns, E. C., 45:2 60Stearns, Edward A., 55:2 48, 55:2 51Stearns, F. M., Co., 60:1 39Stearns, George, 59:2 39, 61:1 38–39Stearns, John, 55:2 48Stearns, Samuel, 61:1 39Stebelton, Max, 61:3 119Stedman, Christopherboxwood rules, 39:1 4Steed, Isaiah, 53:2 51steekkar (hand trucks), 43:4 99steelDisston, Henry, & Sons and, 59:1 15folding rules, Kraus tool chest, 60:3 95–96high-speed, 61:1 1ink erasers, 41:2 36, 42:1 17, 42:1 25, 42:3 82making holes in, 39:1 15mild, 54:1 21–22plows, 41:1 20Apuddling, 47:1 26rope, 59:3 85for tape measures, 54:1 31–32steel-brush gin, 52:1 17steel casting, 52:3 113Steele, John, 58:1 29Steele, William, 47:3 79–83, 50:2 49–50planemaker, 53:2 48Steele & Forsyth, 47:3 80, 47:3 81Steele & Rider, 47:3 81steel forkswooden forks vs., 38:3 37

steel-frame hand drillspatents, 61:1 35–37steel industryfor axe production, 54:4 137–138blister steel, 54:4 136, 54:4 137–138England, 51:1 28–29history of, 51:1 32–33Steelman, Jonas, 38:3 43Steelman, Julia Ann, 38:3 42, 38:3 43Steelman, Mary, 38:3 43, 38:4 67Steelmaster measuring tapes, 54:4 158steel toolspatents, 61:1 1Steeltown Ironworks, 49:3 71steel wire cablefor granite quarrying, 59:3 82, 59:3 84–87steering gearschooners, 48:2 42steeyards (harnessmaking tools), 39:2 19Steffen, Randy, 45:4 122Steiger, G.spokeshave, 52:3 112Stein, Geoffrey N., 40:1 15Steiner, Gottleib, 46:2 47Steinman, John F., 47:2 60Steinman, John F., Jr., 47:1 9Steinman and Son, Hardware Store, 47:1 9, 47:1 12n20Steinway, Johan Engelhard, 41:3 45Steinway, John, 41:4 73Steinway, William, 41:4 73Steinway and Sons Piano Co., 41:3 45Steinway-Daimler-Mercedes, 41:4 73–74Steinway Piano Co., 41:4 73piano factory, 43:3 73"Steinway Pianos, A Longtime American Industry" (Borkowski), 41:3 45–46Stelle, J. P., 41:3 49, 41:3 84Stember, I. A., 42:1 21stencil-cutting machinesgranite, 59:4 147

Stephens, C. A., 45:3 90Stephens, Deloss B., 52:1 6, 58:2 67, 58:2 68Stephens, D. H., & Co., 54:3 114Stephens, Harry L., 37:1 15Stephens, L. C., 52:1 6Stephens, L. C., & Co., 52:1 6, 55:2 55–57combination rule/level/bevel tool, 52:1 6rulemakers, 58:2 67–68Stephens, Lorenzo, 52:1 6, 55:2 55Stephens, Lorenzo Case, 58:2 67Stephens, T., 43:3 76Stephenson-Peach, W. J., 52:3 93stepped gauges, 37:3 51Stereometry (Everard), 41:2 25stereotomy, 56:3 95stereotype planes, 56:2 80Sterer, J. C., 42:3 81Sterling Oil Co. (Quaker State), 53:3 92n4"SterlinG" trademark, 49:4 118Sternberg, Harlow, 51:4 108, 56:2 77Stetson, Henry (nephew of Henry T.), 51:4 113Stetson, Henry T., 51:4 113Stetson, John B., Co., 51:4 113Stetson, John B., University, 51:4 115Stetson, John Batterson, 51:4 110–117Stetson, Joshua, 49:3 87factory, 45:1 22Stetson, Napoleon, 51:4 113Stetson Hat Co., 54:1 40Stetson hats, 51:4 110–117"Stetson Myth, The" (Henderson), 51:4 110–117stevedores' toolsJapanese, 47:3 100Stevens, A. V., 49:2 40Stevens, Gustavus V., 49:2 39Stevens, Harry L., 43:4 98, 44:1 31Stevens, J., 59:3 120Stevens, J., Arms & Tool Co., 49:3 70Stevens, James M., Jr., 55:2 46Stevens, John (first), 58:4 141–143

Stevens, John (second), 58:4 142, 58:4 143–144, 58:4 145, 58:4 153n.1Stevens, John (third), 58:4 144–145Stevens, John, Shop, stonecutters, 58:4 132, 58:4 141–153account books, 58:4 141–144, 58:4 153n.1web site, 58:4 152Stevens, Lauren R., 51:1 17Stevens, Levi, 47:3 72Stevens, Lysander, 58:4 145Stevens, Marcy, 58:4 141, 58:4 144Stevens, Nathan S., 43:1 10Stevens, P., and Sons, 58:4 145Stevens, Philip (father), 58:4 142, 58:4 145Stevens, Philip (son), 58:4 145Stevens, P.'s Son, 58:4 145Stevens, Scott, 41:3 53Stevens, Thomas A., 56:3 108, 56:3 113Stevens, William H., 56:4 133, 56:4 134, 56:4 136, 56:4 137, 56:4 144, 56:4 145Stevens & Co., 49:2 39, 49:2 40, 53:1 17Stevens Hat Co., 51:4 115Stevenson, Frances, 48:1 22Stewart, Alexander T., 53:4 149–150Stewart, Henry A., 53:2 48Stewart, J. S., 51:3 95Stewart and Bergen, 41:3 53St. George, Robert, 40:1 14St. Hugh's bones, 44:2 63stick and rabbet sash planes, 54:1 4, 54:1 6–7"stickering" the plank, 54:2 56sticking boards, 57:1 1, 57:1 3, 57:1 4"sticking Tommy," 41:1 18Stickley, Gustav, 44:3 94stick planes, 57:1 4, 57:1 5stiff-leg derricks, 59:3 82Stiles, James, 41:3 37, 58:1 39"Still Another Piece on Peace" (Brundage), 46:2 51Stillman, W., 47:4 104, 48:1 19"Still More on Saw Handles" (Weinstock), 40:2 31stiltsas tools, 55:1 41

Stimpson, James, 37:3 52Stinemetz, B. H., 43:4 88stitching frameswith threaded wooden screws, 56:2 59stithydefined, 42:4 95St. Johannis Friedhöfe (cemetery), Nürnberg, 54:2 82–85St. Johnsbury Tool Co., 37:3 47–48, 40:2 21, 40:2 22, 61:4 154"St. Johnsbury Tool Company, The" (Robinson), 37:3 47St. John Sewing Machine Co., 57:3 111stlpik (Czechoslovakian scythe), 41:1 19St. Mary's Wheel & Spoke Co., 41:4 61Stocker, Jane E., 44:4 99Stocker, J. C., 61:2 52Stocking, Kathy, 56:2 75stock-knives, 45:2 45, 52:3 109Stockwell, Henry Irving, 39:4 58Stockwell Self-Lighting Gas Burner Co., 39:4 57Stokes, John, 50:1 18Stokvis, R. S., 41:3 85, 46:1 33Stolp, D., 46:1 24stonelithographic, 45:2 59–60splitting, with plug and feather, 47:2 43–45Stone, 56:3 97Stone, Edmund, 41:2 27, 48:3 66–67, 50:4 122Stone, Henry, 61:2 51Stone, Herbert P., 45:3 70–71Stone, John, 46:1 29Stone, Robert G., 53:4 132stone carvers' tools, 59:4 150"Stone Crusher Inventor Blake Identified and More" (Armistead), 44:3 74–75stone crushing machines, 44:3 74–75stonecutters and stonecuttingarchitectural and monumental, 58:4 148–153Benson, John Everett, 58:4 147–149Benson, John Howard, 58:4 145–148brownstone, 55:3 97–98, 56:3 100–101"dead fingers" in, 59:4 140granite, 59:4 143–144

gravestone inscriptions, 58:4 142–146handwriting books for, 58:4 147–148labor unions, 60:1 28lettering and shape carving, 59:4 146–147Portland brownstone, 55:3 97–98prehistoric tools, 41:1 19sandblasting and, 58:4 148, 58:4 149Stevens, John, Shop, 58:4 132, 58:4 141–153stone-cutting saws, 56:3 94–95technique, 58:4 147work of, 59:4 149stonecutter's TB ("white death"), 60:1 26stone-cutting saws, 56:3 94–95Stonehill College, 44:3 82, 49:1 18, 49:3 90, 49:3 92, 49:3 93shovel collection, 49:3 93stone lewis, 59:3 86–87stone lifting and moving devicesfor granite quarrying, 59:3 81–87stone-lifting tongs, 59:4 138Stoneman, Howard, 49:4 115stone masons, 39:1 16stone masons' hammer, 43:1 14stonesNew England, 42:3 69Stones for Building and Decorating (Merrill), 56:3 92stone tools, 43:1 14, 43:3 76Stone Walls, 42:3 72stone workers, 43:1 18. See also stonecutters and stonecuttingtypes of, 59:4 149–150stone working machinerystone picking machines, 44:1 19water powered, 44:2 41Stone Working Machinery (Bale), 59:4 131–132Stony Creek pink granite, 55:1 35–36"Stop-Cock," 54:3 92stopping brushesfor hat making, 43:1 5"STOP PRESS! A Tool Maker's Dozen" (Aldinger), 44:3 92storageof farm implements, 44:2 55–56, 44:3 73, 44:4 125

Storer, Joshua P., 37:2 34, 37:2 36"Storing Farm Implements" (Reichman), 44:2 55–56"Stormer" bicycles, 60:4 139Storms, John C., Museum, 59:1 3Storrs, Joshua P., 37:2 34Storrs, Madisonplanemaker, 53:2 55Story, Arthur D., 48:1 32, 49:2 64Story, Brad, 49:2 64"Story of Benaiah Dean, The" (Bacheller), 47:2 50–52Story of New Netherland, The (Griffis), 42:3 73Story of the Life of George Stephenson: Railway Engineer, The (Smiles), 50:2 64Story of the Saw (Jones and Simons), 38:2 33story poles, 37:4 69–70Story shipyard, 49:2 64stossaxt, 43:1 25Stothert family, 52:1 25Stout, M. & M., 49:1 29Stoutenberg, Carl, 42:4 106stove lid lifters, 46:1 22Stoverdale Brownstone Co., 56:3 91stovescast-iron, 40:4 69firewood, 54:1 27whatsit, 52:3 125Stow, John, 38:1 14Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 41:3 59, 41:3 83, 42:2 34Stowell, Austin L., 54:2 75–80, 54:3 123–124, 54:4 156, 54:4 157, 55:4 152, 55:4 153,61:2 79measuring tapes, 54:1 33–34universal chuck, 53:2 65St. Paul, Minnesotawire grass industry, 58:3 89–99St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Holland's Patent, New York, 59:3 107–108St. Peters, Bob, 49:2 61, 50:4 130, 51:4 118–119, 52:1 31Strader, Tom, 57:3 122–123, 59:1 30–31Straffin, Dean, 40:2 16, 40:4 62, 41:2 34, 41:2 35, 43:1 14–15, 43:1 25, 43:2 30, 43:2 49,43:2 54farriers' tools, 42:1 2

"Straffin Article Inspires a Look at Some Further Considerations" (Torno), 43:1 14–15straight razordeer antler, 45:4 99straight trimmers, 52:3 101straining butter, 51:2 48–49, 51:2 54Strange, Sidney, 51:4 108"Strange Device, A: The Whatsit Department," 45:1 16–18, 45:2 44–47, 45:3 83–86, 45:4122–123, 45:4 127, 46:1 22–23, 46:1 33, 46:2 55Stratton, Charles M., 61:1 13Stratton, Edward, 61:1 13Stratton, Ezra M., 61:4 134–135, 61:4 138Stratton Brothers, 52:4 165spirit levels, 61:1 12, 61:1 13tool catalogs, 61:1 12, 61:1 13Stratton Level Co., 45:4 115Stratton-Porter, Gene, 55:1 17, 55:1 18Straubing plane, 61:4 161–162strawberry needle sharpeners, 44:3 91–92, 44:4 120, 47:1 13–14Strawbery Banke Museum, 54:4 166straw knives, 45:2 55, 45:3 83straw rollers, 48:4 90, 50:2 56, 50:2 back cover, 50:4 137"Straw Rollers from the Collection of Luigi Nessi," 50:4 137Streeter, A. W., 41:2 23, 44:3 88Streeter, Bill, 39:3 51–52, 44:2 41Streeter, N. B., 38:4 72Streeter, Nelson B., 41:2 32Streeter, Nelson R., 44:2 52, 50:1 24Streeter, N. R., & Co., 44:2 52Streeter, William W. (Bill), 42:3 58, 42:3 69, 43:1 9, 43:1 10, 43:4 106, 44:2 41"Streeter Scythe Stone Relic Finds a Friend, The" (White), 42:3 69–70Streibich, Fred, 42:2 47Streibich, Ignatius, 43:4 101blacksmith, 42:2 47–49Strelinger, Charles, 61:1 1Strelinger, Charles A., & Co., 43:3 62, 44:2 36, 45:4 109, 56:4 139Stretcher, T. W., 43:3 77Strickland, Rena, 46:1 15Strickland, William, 58:1 5, 58:4 154, 58:4 155–156, 58:4 161, 61:1 6, 61:1 8, 61:2 49strike-a-light, 38:2 35strikes

coal mining, 52:3 117, 52:4 134–141Crescent Machine Co., 60:4 146–147, 61:2 56Crescent Machine Division of Rockwell Manufacturing Co., 61:2 67–80granite industry, 60:1 31McCracken cotton gin factory, 52:1 17Newport, Rhode Island., domestic staff, 53:2 72Southern Railway repair facilities, 50:3 85"Striking a Light" (White), 38:2 31–32, 38:2 35Part II, 38:3 52–55striking hammers, 59:3 87striking tools, 52:2 82Stringham, Tom, 49:4 110string instruments, 55:2 76–78bass violins, 57:3 91Crehore, Benjamin, 47:3 92–94violins, 47:3 92viols, 47:3 92–93strip quilts, 54:2 70, 54:2 71St. Rochus Friedhöfe (cemetery), Nürnberg, 54:2 82–85Strohler, John B., 54:4 138Strong, Ceiver, 42:4 98Strong, Charles, 43:3 66Strong, Charles E., 42:4 98Strothman, John, 54:3 97Stroudsburg Daily Times, The, 53:2 46Stroutenberg, Carl, 56:4 140Struthers & Sons, 59:4 135St. Stephen, New Brunswick, 37:2 21St. Stephen Edge Tool Co., 37:2 23, 37:2 24, 38:3 51Stuart, Benjamin, 44:4 115Stubbs, Graham, 59:2 36Stubbs, Jean, 45:4 102Stubbs, Peter, 61:1 7Stubs, Peter, 41:1 5, 47:4 105–106, 55:4 146, 55:4 148Stubs, P. S., Co., 55:4 145, 55:4 147Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Co., 48:2 35, 48:2 40, 48:2 67Studebaker Wagonmaker, 41:3 56Studies in the History of Machine Tools, The (Woodbury), 42:2 43Studley, G. L., 43:3 80"Study of Planes Made by Francis and John Nicholson and Cesar Chelor, A" (Pollak and

Pollak), 38:2 25–27Stuessy, Norm, 61:1 26stufftechnical definition of, 47:4 116stuffing wedges, 39:2 31Stump, I. E., 49:2 56stump pullers, 57:1 30Sturdevant, Johndouble-flyer spinning wheels, 53:4 134, 53:4 135, 53:4 136Sturdevant, John, Jr., 54:1 37–38Sturdevant, John S., 54:1 37, 54:1 38Sturdevant, John Sandford, 54:1 37, 54:1 38Sturdevant, Mary, 54:1 37Sturdevant, Sarah, 53:4 133, 54:1 37Sturgeon, Tom, 43:4 93Sturt, George, 42:3 64, 54:2 55, 54:2 57, 54:2 58Sturtevant, B. F., Co., 41:1 13, 41:3 57Styles, J. J., 48:1 19Subject Collections: A Guide to Special Book Collections and Subject Emphases asReported by University, College, Public and Special Libraries and Museum in the UnitedStates and Canada, 38:1 16Subject Matter Index of Patents for Inventions 1790-1873, 47:3 85subsistence agriculture, 55:3 86Sue, Eugene, 61:2 53Suffield, Bruce, 46:4 107n.20Suffolk Works, 59:4 128–129sugar-cane bills, 45:4 119sugar loaves, 44:4 119sugar pine shakes, 61:2 78n2sulfate turpentine, 52:3 122sulfurdistillation of, 61:2 48sulfur matches, 38:2 32, 44:4 104, 47:3 78n5Sullivan, James, 37:4 64Sullivan, Johanna, 53:2 71Sullivan, John, 39:3 35Sully, Thomaspainting of Thomas Jefferson by, 58:1 inside front coversumitsubo (inkline tool), 47:4 131Summer, James, 43:3 80, 52:3 93

Summers, Robert, 49:2 44Sumner, Hannah, 55:3 97sump pumpsfor granite quarries, 59:3 93Sunderland, Phil, 55:3 126sundialsspherical, Thomas Jefferson, 58:1 31–35recreating, 58:1 33Sun Flower (Native American man), 59:1 6Sunset Distributing Co., 42:2 31supplemental capacity standards, 52:4 151Supplement to American Wooden Planes (Pollak and Pollak), 43:4 107–108"Supplying the Cities with Horsefeed" (Umstead), 43:1 13–14surbase planes, 58:1 14–15surface gauges, 43:2 55surface grindersfor granite, 60:1 14surface platesgranite, 59:2 42surfacing machines, for granitemechanical, 59:4 139surgical instruments, 51:1 26–27surgical scissors, 52:3 104surtouts, 52:4 132, 52:4 133n23surveying instrumentsBuff & Buff factory, 53:2 76, 53:2 80crinoline wire for, 57:4 129Pool, 50:1 1–8, 50:1 3, 50:1 6, 50:2 front coversteel measuring tape, 57:4 129–136surveyors' chain, 44:2 61surveyors' compasses, 50:1 3, 50:2 front coversurveyors' wye level, 50:1 6surveyorsLane, Samuel, 54:4 170"Surveyor's Plummet-Lamp, The" (Beeks), 45:2 41survival index, 44:4 113suspender adjusters, 44:3 76Sutcliffe, G. Lister, 48:2 60, 53:3 117Sutcliffe & Winkler, 44:1 25Sutterby, Mark, 37:2 40

Sutter's Mill Gold Rush, 40:3 52Sutton, Bartholomew, 50:4 113Suzie-Q, 56:3 126Swacick, J. D.hay knives, 57:2 58, 57:2 68swages, 44:4 110, 51:2 60Swaging Machine (Daniels), 41:3 50–51swaging machines, 41:3 50–51Swain, William C., 54:2 62Swaledale ram, 52:2 74"Swamp Fox" (Meriwether Jeff Thompson), 52:1 5Swan, James, 45:3 78Swan, James, Co., 44:3 75–76, 44:4 124"Swan of Seymour" (Warnock), 44:4 124Swany, C. M., 51:2 62"sweat shops," 40:3 41Swedenimmigrants from, 55:3 101–102industrial espionage, 55:3 127–128tools, 41:3 39swede picks, 38:1 12"Swedish Axe in North America, The" (Wyllie), 39:4 53–56Swedish axes, 37:2 41defunct manufacturers, 39:4 55in North America, 39:4 53–56present-day manufacturers, 39:4 54–55Swedish bow-saws, 43:1 23Swedish Steel Producers' Association, 55:3 127sweep braces, 53:1 12Sweet, Moses, 61:4 171Sweet, P., 59:2 55sweetheart (SW Hart) trademark, Stanley, 54:4 145, 54:4 146, 56:3 116, 56:4 166, 58:4162, 58:4 166, 59:1 29Sweetman, James, 52:1 25. See also Swetman, Jamessweet potato (ocarina), 45:2 56sweet potato hills, 42:2 30Sweney, Ada Black, 60:2 48Sweney, B. Hillyard, 60:2 48Swenson Granite Co., 59:2 42

Swetman, Hughes, & Co., 50:3 91, 50:4 133, 52:1 25–27, 52:1 26, 52:1 28–29Swetman, James, 52:1 24–29marks, 52:1 24Swetman, Jerome, 52:1 25, 52:1 27, 52:1 28Swetman, Ray, 52:1 29Swett, E. D., Inc., 54:4 149, 54:4 151Swett, Moses, 61:2 51back cover, 61:2 44"Single-Line Railway," 61:2 44swift (yarn winding tool), 51:1 31Swift, Clement Nye, 54:3 front coverSwift, Edward, 52:4 163Swift, Madisonplanemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56swine, 47:3 98Swineford, G. A.hay knives, 57:2 58, 57:2 68swing (cradle) churns, 52:3 89"swing-fence" planes, 58:4 172Swingle's Quarry, 43:3 69–70Swint, Lillian B., 60:2 64Switzer, Dave, 42:4 96swordspotatoes for preventing heat flow, in blacksmith work, 37:3 52–53Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest Trees (Evelyn), 39:3 47Sym, Johnmetal-pad braces, 53:3 102, 53:3 103symbolismChristian, 60:2 79–82on European tools, 60:1 1–9, 60:2 77–83Symmons, Edward, 53:2 68"Symposium: Questions About Dutch Agricultural Tools in America," 40:4 65–66Syndenham, Lord, 45:2 53"Synoptic Scale of Chemical Equivalents, A" (Wollaston), 50:2 44synthetic dyesdevelopment of, 53:4 156–157fashion colors and, 53:4 156–162reaction against, 53:4 159–160System of Artillery (Mordecai), 39:1 1Széchényi, Count

utler of, 53:2 67Széchényi, Countess, 53:2 68, 53:2 73TTaber, Henry, 38:3 56Taber, Lucinda Pamelia, 38:3 56Taber, Wing H., 59:1 10Taber's Patent Hose Spanner, 43:2 31table forks, 47:2 64table joints (rule joints), 54:1 6, 54:1 31–34table knives, 59:4 125table planesNicholson, Francis, 54:1 5–6table saws, 51:4 128Crescent Machine Division of Rockwell Manufacturing Co., 61:2 64, 61:2 70–71foot-powered, 47:4 115, 48:4 83home woodworking machines, 61:2 57–58operator safety, 60:4 152table-top fret saws, 44:4 118Tabor, L. L.glove patents, 53:4 143tack machine, 44:1 4Tacoma Building, Chicago, 59:2 41–42Tael, Caroline, 49:2 45Tael, James, 49:2 45Tael, John, 49:2 45taffy cutter, 48:2 46Taft, D., 46:1 27Taft, E., 40:2 25Taft's Factory, 54:2 73Taggart, Thomas R. (T. R.), 45:2 58calipers, 46:4 122Taghkanic basketmakers, 39:3 44Tahk, Christopher, 47:2 39"tail holes," 59:3 87tailors' measuring tools, 55:2 45, 55:2 58tailors' points (scissors), 52:3 102–103tailors' square, 39:2 32tail (loop) rope, 59:3 87"Taking a Turn in the Barrel" (Riblet), 44:4 107"Taking Note for the Future: Material History as Exemplified by Five Wooden Planesfrom Nova Scotia" (Wyllie), 42:1 5–7Talbot, G. H., 49:2 56Talcott, James, 55:1 5Tales from the Gangway (Dwyer), 42:4 98Taliaferro, Lawrence, 58:2 61

Talisman lawn mower, 52:3 94Talley, James, Jr., 55:4 142–143Tallmadge, Benjamin, 41:1 15Tallman & McFadden, 41:1 2Tallow Chandlers' Co., 58:3 126tambour frameswith threaded wooden screws, 56:2 59"Taming the West with Electrical Power" (Wright), 44:2 44–45, 44:2 62tampers, 49:2 66whatsits, 49:1 27tamping picks, 43:4 96tang bits, 41:2 21notched, 45:1 6tanged bladesfor knives, 52:1 36tanged chisels, 39:1 6tang handlespaper-wrapped, 57:2 50Tannehill, John, 48:2 54Tanner, Adoph, 48:2 35Tanner, Jerome, 52:2 56tanners, 50:2 68Tannewitz Co.tilting bandsaws, 56:2 54–55Tannewitz-Ramco Co.tilting bandsaws, 56:2 54tannic acid, 39:1 12tansy, 44:1 14tap and die setswoodworkers, 38:3 57tap augers, 44:2 48tape measures. See measuring tapestaper bits, 45:3 78tapestry frameswith threaded wooden screws, 56:2 59tap-hole augers, 54:3 91tapping axes, 52:3 123tapping gins, 54:4 160–161tapping squares, 45:4 124taps, 41:1 19tar, 52:3 122Tarbox, F., 37:2 35, 37:2 36"target" measuring tapes, 54:2 75, 54:2 76"taring" containers, 42:1 21tarkel, 52:3 122tar kilns, 52:3 122

"Tasty Shavings" (Cole), 58:3 127Tatham, William, 38:2 22, 41:1 15TATHS, 51:4 108T-augers, 45:1 5, 45:2 58handles, Kraus tool kit, 60:3 96Tautz, Herbert, 61:2 64taxesbased on tire size, 51:1 22Civil War and, 60:2 57, 60:3 104–105on personal property, 45:4 110–111Wrentham tax lists, 46:2 42"Tax List" (Maine), 45:4 110–111Taylor, Augustine, 47:3 90–91Taylor, Bob, 42:3 59Taylor, F. J., 39:1 3Taylor, G. M. T., 49:4 119Taylor, J., 41:2 22Taylor, Jeremy, 42:3 68Taylor, Joel, 43:1 4Taylor, John, 58:1 3–4Taylor, Michael, 53:4 134Taylor, Paul, 52:1 38Taylor, Thomas, 50:4 109, 51:2 55Taylor, William, 50:4 113Taylor Instruments, 50:1 14Taylor's green corn shredder, 56:1 17Taylor & Thomas Co., 55:1 11n39Teal, Johnplanemaker, 41:3 37–39Teal, Sally, 41:3 37, 41:3 39Teal, Thomas, 41:3 37Teale, Josiah, 41:3 37teamstersbrownstone transportation and, 56:3 97–98Tease, Earl, 43:4 105teasels, 39:2 30, 45:4 116fullers', 45:2 38–39technical educationcarriage making, 61:4 139–140Technical School for Carriage Draftsmen and Mechanics, 48:2 39technologybooks and periodicals disseminating, 61:2 44, 61:2 45–55promise of, 38:2 22telephone transmitters, 50:1 31telescope box, Stanley, 58:4 163–164, 58:4 168telescopes, 60:4 140

manufacture of, 39:2 18Telford, George, 37:1 18–19Telford, John, 37:1 19Telluride, Coloradogold mines, 44:2 44–45Teman, Chloe, 52:4 133n5Tempco Electric Motor Co., 44:4 116temperance movement, 44:2 63Temple of Industry, 52:1 13tenderers, 60:3 119, 60:3 121ten-hour day, 47:1 18Tenney, L. H., 46:3 59Tenney (Tenny, Tinney), Cornelius, 46:2 51, 46:2 52, 47:3 100tennis gloves, 53:4 143tenoning machines, 48:4 85, 48:4 87tenoning planes, 53:3 126, 54:1 35–36, 54:4 165tenon saws, 49:1 29Tepworthfood choppers, 50:1 24, 50:1 25terminalfrom window cleaner's belt, 43:4 105terne-plate roofing technology, 45:3 95Ternullo, Gaetana, 56:1 24Terrio blueing, 45:3 91Terry, Douglas, 44:2 56Terry, Elijah, 44:2 59tertain, 52:4 152–153Tesla, Nicola, 44:2 45, 44:3 75n.4"Testing the Pudding" (Whitman), 44:1 14"Test Your Tool Knowledge," 43:2 43, 43:2 55, 43:3 70, 43:3 82, 43:4 108, 44:1 25, 44:254, 44:2 56, 44:3 87, 44:3 95, 44:4 101, 44:4 103, 44:4 127, 45:4 120tether weights, 49:1 22. See also "horse weights"Tevis, E. L., 56:1 17Textile Colorist, 53:4 160Textile History Forum (EAIA), 53:4 131textiles and textile production. See also cotton; woolen clothing; woolen textilescheese cloth, 51:2 54, 51:2 55dyeing, 52:4 129–130early power loom fabrics, 54:2 67–74editor's note, 53:4 131fulling mills, 52:4 127–133Harmony Society, 51:4 102from India, 54:1 12jacquard coverlet weavers, 55:1 16–26Marseilles white work, 54:1 9–19quilts, 54:1 9–19, 54:2 67–74, 54:2 70

Shakers and, 52:4 127–133shearing wool, 52:4 130, 52:4 131, 52:4 133n20technology and, 61:2 47terminology, 54:1 9–10textile tools, 39:2 30threaded wooden screws used in, 56:2 59–60as "women's work," 53:4 131Thacher, Edward, 50:4 125–127"Thacher Cylindrical Slide Rules" (Feely), 50:4 125–127Thacher (Thatcher) slide rules, 50:3 95. See also Thatcher Calculating Instrumentcylindrical, 50:4 125–127Thackery, Terry, 50:4 133T-handles, 50:1 36for augers, 59:3 109for spades, 49:3 91whalebone, 45:1 30Thanksgiving kitchens, 41:3 83Thatcher, Edwin, 49:2 51, 49:3 84Thatcher, George H., 51:1 20Thatcher Calculating Instrument. See also Thacher (Thatcher) slide rulesslide rules, 49:2 50–51, 49:3 84thatching, 37:3 51thatching needles, 39:1 16"That Ubiquitous Salamander" (Armistead), 45:1 25–26Thaxter, Samuel, 50:1 2Thayer, Horrace, 37:1 2–3Thayer, Lawson, 47:4 121Thayer, Olive, 43:1 26Thayer, Philip S., 44:4 123Thayer, Richard, 37:4 61Thayer, W. E., 45:3 90, 49:2 56Thayer, Wheelock, 56:1 1, 56:1 3Thayer, William E., 45:3 90, 49:2 56Thayer, Willison, 45:3 90Thayer and Harmon, 53:2 62Thayer's Household Combination Tool, 44:2 51, 44:2 back coverTheatre of Machines (Keller), 44:3 87"Theft as the Inspiration for Wit in 1828" (Boardman), 45:1 23–24theme displaysat tool meetings, 37:3 54"Theme Displays at Tool Society Meetings" (O'Connor), 37:3 54themosiphon, 52:3 94Theobald, Mary Miley, 45:3 92thermal-volume changein iron, 52:3 107thermometers

Pool, 50:1 2, 50:1 5, 50:1 6"The Way It Used to Be," 41:1 15Thewlis & Griffith, 55:4 147Thibaut granite-working machines, 59:4 143Thielen, Heinz-Willi, 40:1 15thimble nutsStanley, 52:4 148Thimble Skein-Wrench, 43:2 32thinning snips, 52:3 104Thiout, Antoine, 55:3 112, 55:4 145Thirteenth Amendment, 52:1 10thistle hooks, 46:2 55thistlesraising nap on wool fabrics with, 45:2 38tholes, 51:4 126–127"Tholes" (White), 51:4 126–127Thomas, A. W., 56:1 20Thomas, Brice, 48:2 38Thomas, Isaiah, 42:3 77, 46:3 68Thomas, Isaiah, Press, 38:1 12Thomas, James Augustus, 38:2 16Thomas, J. J., 39:3 51Thomas, John B., 41:3 81Thomas, M., 52:2 65Thomas, Martin L., 52:1 13Thomas, Rufus, 47:3 84"Thomas Crane and N. F. Hopkins Market the Crane Knitter, 1867-1876" (Candee), 57:3111–118"Thomas Davies, Early English Plane Dealer" (Burchard), 49:3 83–84"Thomas Davies and Others" (Rees and Rees), 50:1 11Thomas F. Bayard (pilot schooner), 53:1 3Thomas F. McManus and the American Fishing Schooners (Dunne), 49:2 63"Thomas Harvey and the Manufacture of Wood Screws" (Kebabian), 47:3 84–87"Thomas Jefferson's First Threshing Machine" (Reynolds), 58:2 54–65"Thomas Jefferson's Plank-Kilns" (Self), 58:1 26–30Thomas Napier, the Scottish Connection (Bates), 56:2 68, 57:3 99Thompson, Benjamin (Count Rumford), 54:1 26Thompson, Carr, & Co., 60:3 103, 60:3 111n.26Thompson, Dave, 48:1 19Thompson, Dennis, 44:3 88, 45:3 83Thompson, Douglas, 59:2 77Thompson, Graham, 45:4 103Thompson, Isaac, 41:3 38–39Thompson, John, 41:3 38Thompson, Mary, 46:1 4Thompson, Meriwether Jeff, 41:3 40

agent marking, 52:1 3bevel booklet, 52:1 7bevel design limitations, 52:1 7bevel patent, 52:1 2–3bevels, 52:1 1–8bevel square, 52:1 2maker marking, 52:1 3patent marking, 52:1 2Thompson, R. W.glove patents, 53:4 142Thompson & Babbit, 60:3 111n.26"Thompson Bevel Mysteries" (Nelson), 52:1 1–8Thompson bevels, 52:1 1–8Thoreau, Henry David, 38:2 22, 39:1 16, 39:3 36, 42:2 43, 42:4 95, 44:2 50, 44:3 88as carpenter, 43:1 7historic archaeological writings of, 43:1 7–8, 43:2:33–35Walden tool box, 41:4 67–69Thorne, W. H., & Co., 37:2 23thrashing drum, 52:2 44thread chaserswhatsits, 44:2 60thread chasing, 40:1 9threaded bed rails, 40:1 11–12threaded wood tools, 56:2 56–67, 56:3 128bookbinders' tools, 56:2 59coopers' tools, 56:2 62–63handles, 56:2 61history of, 56:2 56–57left-handed, 56:2 57, 56:2 63–64planes, 56:2 61–63presses and clamps, 56:2 57–59textile production tools, 56:2 59–60thread-making, 56:2 64–67types of, 56:2 57–63threaders, 60:3 132threading gins, 54:4 160–163"Threading Gins" (Packham), 54:4 160–163"Threads in Wood" (Packham), 56:2 56–67thread snipperswhatsits, 60:2 87threads per inch (TPI), 40:1 113G Construction Co., 54:4 149–153"Three Bag Batch Mixer," 43:1 13Three Centuries of Sheffield Steel (Pollard), 49:2 43three-fold English carpenters' rule, 42:1 3–5"Three Generations of Hovey Craftsmen" (Elliott), 53:3 114–116

300 Years of Housekeeping Collectibles (Franklin), 45:3 92, 46:1 23300 Years of Kitchen Collectibles (Franklin), 56:1 18, 56:1 20three-lipped augers, 59:3 109–110"Three-Pod Auger, The" (Roger), 59:3 111–112three-pod augers, 59:3 111–112threshing, 40:4 62–63twine or band-cutting, 41:2 34threshing machines (threshers), 40:2 16, 40:2 29–30, 40:2 35, 43:1 27, 61:2 47development of, 58:2 54–65photograph, 42:4 108"Threshing on the Easter Shore" (Starr), 40:2 30threshing ring, 40:4 63throating planes, 57:1 10"'Throwing and Ox' Is Not Throwing the Bull" (Armistead), 45:4 102thrust axes, 42:4 89thumbscrew pads, 53:3 100Thunderbolt Splitting Tool, 49:3 82, 49:4 124, 50:4 132"Thunderbolt Splitting Tool," 49:3 82Thuro, Catherine M. V., 38:1 16AThursday's Child (sailing yacht), 42:2 44Thurston, David, 44:2 38Thury screw thread, 55:3 113Thwing, Annie Haven, 37:4 61Thynn, 37:1 6Tibbals, Brooks & Co., 59:3 109–110, 59:3 112Tibbals, Chloe, 59:3 109Tibbals, Isaac I., 59:3 109, 59:3 110, 59:3 111–112Tibbals, Samuel, 59:3 109Tice, Patricia M., 37:3 52Tidcombe, Marianne, 55:3 128Tidgewell Co., 40:4 54tied Beiderwand technique, 55:1 17Tiemann, Harry D., 58:1 29Tien, John, Co., 55:4 140tierce (standard barrel), 52:4 151Tiffany & Co.silver wrench, 48:2 46TIFF viewers, 55:4 161tight barrel, 52:4 154"tight" coopers, 42:1 19Tilden, W. S., 44:2 56tile spades, 50:1 36, 50:2 71, 51:2 38Tileston, P. A., 61:4 171Tileston, T., 41:3 47Tileston & Hollingsworth Co., 53:1 28Tilford, J., 52:4 133n19

tiling, of wetlands, 50:1 36tiling spades, 49:4 139, 50:1 36Tillotson, Thomas, 44:3 69Tillotson, Thomas, & Son, 44:3 69tilt hammers, 37:4 60tilting bandsaws, 56:2 45–55timabel iron, 45:2 56timber and timber industry. See also logging; lumber; trees; woodCanada, 42:3 59–61colonial timberyards, 54:2 54–59cubic measurement of, 41:2 24culling and scaling, 52:2 59, 52:2 78–79framing, in Japan, 52:4 166load tables, 55:3 116upper New England states, 42:4 107for wooden pails, 46:2 43–44timber auction broadside, 38:2 36, 38:2 back covertimber dogs, 51:1 15Timber Framing journal, 59:4 164Timber-Measure by a Line of More Ease (Coggeshall), 41:2 25"timber-perch," 54:2 56timber rafting, 42:3 60–61, 42:4 100timber sawyersAsian, 42:1 11timber slides, 42:3 60time detectors, 42:3 82"Timeline, A Superior Historical Society Publication," 41:3 55–56Timeline magazine, 41:3 55–56, 41:3 85, 44:1 15"time watches," 42:2 41, 42:2 44, 42:3 82Timmins, R., & Sons, 39:1 7Catalog, 45:4 120, 46:3 88Timmons, R., 49:3 94Timon of Athens, 38:2 31Tindall, John L., 52:1 17tinder, 38:2 32tinderbag, 38:3 53tinderboxes, 38:2 31, 44:4 104cast steel, 38:3 53household, 38:3 52Japanese locket-type pistol (hiuchi), 38:3 55personal, 38:3 52–53pocket cases, 38:3 52–53tin, 38:3 52wheel, 38:3 55, 39:1 14–15wooden, 38:3 52

tinder horns, 38:3 53tinder peddlers, 38:2 31tinder pistols, 38:3 53–54combination, 38:3 55pocket, 38:3 55tinder tubes, 38:3 55Tingry, P. F., 56:4 170tinhorns, 45:1 14Tinker, Nathan, 38:1 13, 44:2 59tin kitchens, 42:1 11tin mines, 37:4 64tinners' pigs (tinkers' pigs), 56:3 126whatsit, 56:2 83tinners' stove, 52:3 125Tinney, Cornelius, 45:4 100, 46:1 18tinnitus, 60:1 29tin-plate roofing technology, 45:3 95tin shears, 42:3 81tin shingle roofing, 55:2 66–67, 55:2 72, 58:1 18, 58:1 24tinsmiths, 45:1 14account books, 43:4 101Asian, 42:1 11Southern Railway, 50:3 82tinsmiths' rule, 55:2 58tools, whatsits, 57:1 29tin snips, 52:3 104–105tintypes, 56:3 121–122tinwarebuttermaking equipment, 51:2 52–53Dover Stamping Co. catalog, 49:1 32–33peddlers and, 51:2 53purchases of, by E. W. Carpenter, 47:2 60–61Tin Woodman (The Wonderful Wizard of Oz), 45:4 117tip cat (toy), 44:3 89Tipton, Tom, 43:2 30"Tire Rim Assembly Tool," 49:1 33tiresiron, 51:1 19–22taxes on, 51:1 22tire rim assembly tool, 49:1 33Titan one-cylinder gasoline engines, 58:2 76Titcomb, Cummings, 42:3 79Titcomb, David, 42:3 80Titcomb, John, 41:3 59Titcomb, Joseph, 42:3 79Titcomb, Solomon, 42:3 80

Titus, E. P., 45:4 121Titusville (Oil Creek), Pennsylvaniaoil well derrick, 41:1 cover, 41:1 inside front covertoats (totes), 45:1 23, 51:3 89tobaccohogsheads, 41:1 15, 52:4 152–154making snuff, 44:2 36pipe mold, 40:2 28preparing land for growing, with poll-axe, 38:2 22smoke, as insecticide, 44:4 126"Tobacco Pipe Mold, A" (West), 40:2 28Tobey, Thomas & Co., 52:1 13Tobler, John, 45:4 120Tocqueville, Alexis de, 52:2 83Todd, Charles Burr, 42:3 73, 44:1 10, 44:1 17, 44:3 85Todd, Edwards, 38:3 45Todd, Payne, 58:1 31–32toddy sticks, 44:4 119toe-nail snippers, 52:3 103Tofias, Arnold B., 44:3 82, 49:3 90Industrial Archives, Stonehill College, 49:3 90toiles piquées (quilted fabrics), 54:1 12, 54:1 13Toland, William, 39:2 27, 57:4 153–155Toler, Henry P., 43:3 75Tolles, Elisha, 44:3 77toll gates/houses, 45:2 53tollickers, 45:3 73, 45:3 74for hat making, 43:1 5Tolman, J. R., 44:3 68, 44:3 70Tolman-style planes, 44:3 70Tolstoi, Leo, 47:4 117tomahawks, 39:1 1, 43:3 79tombstonestools depicted on, 54:2 81–85"tomehakes," 46:2 47Tomkinson, L., 49:3 83Tomkinson, S., 49:3 83Tomlinson, Catharine (Plant), 56:1 10Tommey, V. R., 51:3 95Tompkins County, New Yorklivelihoods, in 1850, 39:3 35–36Tondu, B., 60:2 82tongs, 45:1 17blacksmiths', 60:1 17ice, 60:3 117, 60:3 118, 60:3 120

Tongue, S. J., and Co., Edge Tool Works, 40:4 58tongue and groove jointsmatch planes for, 46:1 12–14tongue and groove planescombination, 58:4 172tongue-and-groove whatsit, 38:1 16Atongue planes, 46:1 12, 51:3 72–73Tontz, Clay, 49:1 27Tooker, Ruth (Clark), 56:1 12–13Tooker, W. S.gauntlet patents, 53:4 141Tool and Trades History Society, 37:4 56tool and trade stamps, 46:1 28"Tool Baskets" (Smith), 52:2 66tool basses, 47:4 103, 51:3 87–90tool boxes, 51:3 87. See also tool chests; tool kitseighteenth century, 42:1 14Walden (Thoreau), 41:4 67–69tool catalogs, 39:3 33advertising and, 61:1 2in booklet form, 61:1 11cloth bound, 61:1 14collecting, 61:1 1collections, 44:4 127Crescent Machine Co., 61:2 57dealers' and wholesalers', 61:1 14–15engravings for, 61:1 2, 61:1 9history of, 61:1 1–16manufacturers', 61:1 1–14paper for, 61:1 10price lists, 61:1 4, 61:1 7printing process, 61:1 9–10reprints, 41:3 60testimonials in, 61:1 8"Tool Chest, The, 1901" (Reibel), 52:1 39tool chests, 51:3 87, 51:3 88, 51:4 109. See also tool boxes; tool kitsboys', 50:1 32compartments, 46:2 46contents of, 38:3 inside front cover, 38:4 73, 60:3 94–95Federal era, 46:2 45–46"gentlemen's," 46:2 45Hardwick, Pete, 41:3 60, 41:3 77Hewlett, William, 38:4 57–60, 38:4 cover, 38:4 inside front cover, 39:1 4–12,39:2 16Howe, Elijah, 41:3 47Jefferson, Thomas, 43:1 24, 43:2 54, 43:3 75, 43:3 82, 44:3 84, 58:1 12

Kraus, John Erhard, 60:3 92, 60:3 93–98ladies', 50:1 31–32Matthews, R. F., 39:2 16restoring, 49:2 58–59, 49:2 front coversaw racks, 46:2 46Seaton, Benjamin, 47:3 97–98sold with tools, 52:1 39tradesman's, 41:3 53–55types of, 49:2 59tool collectingaddicts, 38:1 inside coverantique fakes, 45:1 22antique tools and instruments, 57:4 158–159Arnold, Roy, 51:4 106–109auctions, 45:2 59, 48:3 57–59, 51:4 108Barnes woodworking machines, 48:4 87–88bitstocks, 52:2 76British planes, 46:4 120–121carpentry tools, 52:2 81–82chisels, 47:2 55, 52:2 82compasses, 39:4 62–63crown molders, 52:2 77East European coopers' tools, 40:3 48edge tools, 52:2 82enjoyment of, 43:4 97–98in Europe, 39:3 46–47guidebook for, 49:2 62history of, 46:3 85lookalike tools, 39:2 29mail order dealers, 48:3 57molding planes, 51:4 108NBE (Never Buy English) philosophy of, 47:2 55Nicholson and Chelor planes, 52:2 75–77Phillips, Roger, 56:2 76–79photographing collections, 37:1 11–12planes, 48:1 28–29, 51:2 65–67, 51:4 131, 51:4 back cover, 52:2 75–77, 52:2 81–82price guides, 49:2 62, 51:4 132–133publications about, 43:2 46–47, 43:2 55, 43:4 111regional, 47:2 54–56reproductions and, 48:3 59responsibilities of, 37:1 21restoration and, 37:2 30–32rules, 57:4 159, 57:4 163saws, 47:3 100saw sets, 49:1 9–14

spokeshaves, 52:3 108Sprague, William, approach to, 46:3 69–75tool chests and, 38:3 inside front covertool prices, 47:2 53–56tool value and, 42:4 107trends, 48:3 57–59Tool Collector Magazine, 50:1 36tool dealer directory, 45:1 31tool displaysin museums, 37:4 66theme displays at meetings, 37:3 54tool dressersfor cable tool drilling, 53:3 88tooled work, 56:3 96tool exhibitsagricultural tools, 40:4 64building trades, 42:4 103tool housesfor farm implements, 44:2 55–56Sharpless, Townsend, 61:1 17–18tool arrangement in, 61:1 17–18tooling implementsfor bookbinding, 44:1 24tool inventories. See inventory liststool kits, 52:2 81. See also tool boxes; tool chestsartist's, 42:1 17Lincoln, Thomas, 42:2 44Stanley Christmas promotions, 57:4 141, 57:4 142, 57:4 147tool makersAsian, 42:1 10blacksmiths, 42:4 100–101toolmakersHamburg, 48:2 47–53Little Falls, New York, 37:1 1–4Long Island, New York, 44:2 58–59"Tool Makers' Directory on Computer," 38:2 366A"Toolmakers of Hamburg in the 19th Century: The Manufacture of Tools of theWoodworking Trades" (Heine), 48:2 47–53"Toolmakers of Little Falls, New York" (Barshied), 37:1 1–4, 37:1 16toolmaking centers, Englandcottage shops, 61:1 4tool market, London, 38:1 back covertool markson furniture, 61:3 106–116, 61:4 165hewing, 61:3 106–108human-powered processes, 61:3 106–112

mechanical processes, 61:3 112–116sawing, 61:3 108–110, 61:3 113–115surface preparation, 61:3 108–110surfacing, 61:3 115veneer/plywood, 61:3 116tool names, 50:4 116, 50:4 120, 50:4 124, 50:4 130, 50:4 132, 50:4 139tool organizations, 46:3 75tool pledging, 44:1 7tool prices, 47:2 53–56, 51:1 33retail, 58:2 70value of collectibles, 44:1 23"Tool Production in the Moravian Community of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1756-1762"(LeCount), 46:2 47–48tool restoration, 52:2 79–81appropriateness of, 45:1 22–23buffing, 37:2 31methods, 37:1 14–15, 39:1 12pros and cons, 37:1 14–15, 37:2 30–32rust removal, 37:2 31, 37:2 32, 39:1 12wax for, 39:1 12wooden tools, 43:1 24–25, 43:2 48tools19th century wood engraving, 37:2 41, 37:2 back coverin art, 41:3 51, 48:4 89–90, 50:2 54, 52:1 37borrowing, 61:1 18cleaning, 41:1 19, 41:2 30as cultural heritage, 37:2 20as historical documents, 37:1 15loss and recovery of, 37:4 71make-do, 43:3 61, 44:3 86, 44:4 123, 58:1 15n.8museum collections, 59:1 7–12provenience records, 42:4 89–90stolen or borrowed, 38:1 13supplied to immigrant Germans, 39:1 16Tools and Devices for Coppice Crafts (Lambert), 42:3 67"Tools and Machinery of the Granite Industry" (Wood), 59:2 37–52Part II, 59:3 81–96Part III, 59:4 130–151Tools and Trades Historical Society, 37:4 64Tools and Trades of American's Past (Mercer Museum), 52:3 122"Tools for Special Purposes in the Carriage Building Trade" (Reichman), 39:3 37–38"Tools for the Brace""Part I" (Klingler), 45:1 4–5"Part II" (Klingler), 45:2 40"Part III--Conclusion" (Klingler), 45:3 78–79

Tools for the Job (Rolt), 50:3 98Tools for the Trades and Crafts (Roberts), 42:2 41, 53:3 100, 56:4 171Tool Shed, The magazine, 40:4 66, 41:1 9, 50:1 33, 50:4 123, 52:2 80Tool Shop Auctions, 52:2 74"Tools in Art: Ceiling Drawing," 52:1 37"Tools in Art: Our Front Cover," 50:2 54"Tools in Art: The Floor Planers" (Reibel), 48:4 89–90"Tools of Alexander Craig, An 18th c. Harnessmaker" (West), 39:2 19–20"Tools of Buttermaking, Part III" (Parsons), 51:2 43–58Tools of New Jersey (Farnham), 40:3 36"Tools of the Colonial Cook" (West), 40:3 46–47, 41:2 35Tools of the Maritime Trades (Horsley), 41:3 52"Tools of the Quilter" (Ogden), 44:2 39"Tools That Fueled the Fretwork Frenzy, The" (Reichman), 41:1 1–2Tools Used in Building Long Houses in Indiana (Roberts), 41:4 69Tool Talk, 53:4 164"Tool Trivia" (Reichman), 41:4 77"too many irons in the fire" expression, 39:4 67tooth burnishersfor bookbinding, 44:1 25tooth-chisel finish, 56:3 96toothing ironsStanley advertising signs for, 59:2 71toothing planes, 45:4 109, 47:4 114, 48:2 55, 58:1 35n.8, 61:3 111–112inventory lists, 39:3 43topmastsfor Coronet (schooner yacht), 53:1 5–6Topp, G. A., 41:3 41Topp, G. A., & Co., 41:3 41Toppan, Abraham, 42:4 92Topps Framing Tool, 49:3 74tops, 44:3 90toras nosings, 61:2 84tornadoesSandusky Tool Co. damage, 46:3 62–63totes, 45:1 23, 51:3 89early, 60:1 43–45, 60:4 172–173offset, 60:4 172touch marks, 38:3 50"Tour de France" apprenticeship system, 60:1 7"Tour of Doctor Syntax in Search of the Picturesque, The" (Combe), 50:2 41tow, 52:4 133n23Tower, Jonathan, 61:4 171Towle, William F., 44:2 58Town-Country Old Tools (Wood), 57:2 56Town Lattice Truss bridge style, 46:4 113–115

Townsend, Jas., & Son, Inc., 44:4 126Townsend, Job, 58:4 143Townsend, John, 55:1 15Townsend, Massachusettscoopers shop workers, 39:3 39Townsend, Raymond, 37:1 5–10, 37:1 20ATownsend, Raymond R. (Ray), 39:1 17, 39:4 68A, 40:4 66, 41:1 9, 41:3 56, 41:3 insidefront cover, 43:3 69, 43:4 105, 43:4 106, 47:2 46, 49:3 83, 52:3 110, 57:2 54, 57:2 56,57:2 57, 57:2 58, 57:2 59, 57:2 60, 57:2 69, 57:3 97Townsend, William, 53:1 3–4, 53:1 5Townsend Sharpless Tool House, 44:4 125, 45:1 30"Townsend Sharpless' Tool House" (Barrick), 44:4 125Towsend, Miner, 49:3 83"Toymakers and the Lathe" (Ward), 44:2 50–51toys and toymakingadvertisements for, 61:1 2catalogs, 61:1 2lathe and, 44:2 50–51sad iron, 44:4 118tip cat, 44:3 89tops, 44:3 90t-rabbet, 38:4 76A, 38:4 back covertrace chains, 46:1 27track gauges, 43:4 96tractor repairby blacksmiths, 54:1 22–23Tracy, Christopher C., 37:2 38–39Tracy, Terence T.account books, 42:1 19–21Tracy, Thomas, 44:4 122trade cardscalico printer, 46:1 31Trade Catalog Collection, Winterthur Library, 58:1 37–38trade catalogs. See also catalogscollecting, 58:3 107defined, 58:3 108value of, 58:1 38Winterthur Library collection, 58:1 37–38trademarksaxes, 50:2 inserton base-metal tableware, 44:4 108Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co., 50:2 66–67butter prints, 52:3 91dating, 54:4 144Dorpian, 50:4 128

egistration of, 50:2 insertStanley Rule & Level Co., 54:4 145, 54:4 146trade namesaxes, 50:2 inserttrade signs, 60:1 8Hathaway, Braddock D., 54:2 60Middle Ages/Renaissance, 54:2 82tradesman-made planes, 47:3 88–89Trade Wampum: New Jersey to the Plains (Williams and Flinn), 59:1 2Traditional Country Craftsmen (Jenkins), 42:3 67Traill, Catherine Parr, 43:2 36Traité de l'Horlogerie (Thiout), 55:4 145"Trammel, The" (Packham), 49:2 53trammel points, 53:3 118–119trammels, 49:2 53spoke, 45:3 86Transatlantic Industrial Revolution (Jeremy), 38:1 4transcontinental railroadconstruction of, 41:3 60transfer carsfor granite transport, 59:4 131"Transformation of the Blacksmith, The" The Chesebro Blacksmith Shop, 1914-1920,"54:1 20–25transit, 39:2 16, 39:2 front cover"transition" rules, 56:4 164transplant trowels, 57:1 24transportation. See also railroadsaccount books, 46:2 49–50of brownstone, 56:3 97–99of butter and cheese, 52:3 86by horse, 43:1 13stage coaches, 42:2 43–44Windsor chair trade and, 58:4 138"Transporting Tobacco in the Hogshead, 1799, Conveyance by Rolling in Hoops," 41:115transverse gripsfor planes, 60:1 43trapswhatsits, 56:3 126Trask, George W., 37:1 16Trask, Ira F., 37:1 16Trask, Issac, 37:1 16Traut, Frank, 56:1 36Traut, Justus A., 40:4 55, 42:2 35, 56:1 32–37, 56:1 34, 56:1 35, 57:2 73, 58:1 40, 58:3115

cabinetmakers' adjustable rabbet planes, 59:1 25miter box, 60:1 33–35Traut Vial Marketing Machine, 52:4 165traveling bridge cranes, 59:4 137–138traveling salesmen. See also salesmenstories about, 44:2 52trawls, 45:4 127treadle-powered machinesBarnes, W. F. and John, Co., 48:4 76–88spinning wheels, 44:1 26treadle grindstones for grinding beads, 59:1 3, 59:1 4treadle lathes, 41:3 60, 56:2 77Treadwell & Co., 49:3 88"Treasure Chest of Late-Nineteenth-Century Tools, A: John E. Kraus's Tool Chest"(Neil), 60:3 93–98Treatise of Hemp-Husbandry (Quincy), 61:2 46"Treatise on Land Surveying, A" (Gillespie), 37:3 56A"Treatise on the Chisel Axe, A" (Straffin), 42:4 89–90Trebon, Theresa Lee, 45:3 92Tredgold, Thomas, 61:2 50, 61:2 51Tredway, A., and Sons, 47:2 41treenail augers, 37:4 58, 53:3 122, 54:3 106German, 49:1 24treenailsfor Coronet (schooner yacht), 53:1 4peg making with, 40:3 37treenail-making machine, 53:1 4trees. See also lumber; timber and timber industry; woodAmerican chestnut, 43:1 16black poplar, 46:4 100–101black walnut, 44:2 63cedar, 44:4 125chestnut, 44:2 63poplar, 46:4 100–101red cedar, essence of, 44:1 15shipmast locust, 43:2 55western red cedar, 44:4 125white poplar, 46:4 100–101tree space, 45:2 45tree trimmers, 52:3 106–107Tregaskis, James, & Son, 43:2 38Treherne, W. C., 57:3 123Treman & Brothers, 39:3 35"Trends in Tool Collecting" (Englund), 48:3 57–59trestle frame saws, 61:3 109Trezzini, D., 39:4 59

triangular compasses, 39:4 62trident (fishing spears), 43:2 35trigonometers, 61:3 92trigonometric Fuller slide rule, 50:3 96Trimmer, P.hay knives, 57:2 65trimmersscissors, 52:3 100tree, 52:3 106–107trimming axes, 54:2 63trimming boards (paper guillotines), 52:3 104, 52:3 105trimming hats, 52:4 159–160Triphammer Building, Rochester, New York, 47:4 121, 47:4 122–123, 48:1 11triphammers, 43:1 14, 54:3 107–108triple-pod twist auger, 56:3 110triptychs, 46:4 105Trist, Hore Browse, 55:2 71Trist, Nicholas, 55:2 71Tri-State Concrete Co., 43:1 13Tritsch, Electra, 39:1 13, 45:3 89Triumph lawn mower, 52:3 95Trivette, Donald, 60:3 128, 60:4 171trolley cars, 45:2 51tropical hardwoodsfor tools, 41:2 30Trotter saws, 59:1 20trotting wagons (speeding wagons, carriages), 61:4 135Troup, Greg, 37:1 21Troutman, A. L., 49:2 57Troutman, E. B., 49:2 57Trowbridge, Thomas, 41:1 15trowels, 57:1 24, 57:1 25Peugeot Freres, 39:3 33silver presentation trowels, 60:2 78Troy, Theodore, 49:2 56Truchet, B.axes, 46:1 26trucksRussel lorry, 50:3 98"true draughts," 61:3 90True Read Mouth measuring tapes, 54:3 123, 54:3 124Truesdale, Dave, 38:2 34True Temper, Inc., 46:3 66–67Truitt, Garfield and Evelyn, farmhouse, 55:3 88, 55:3 89, 55:3 91, 55:3 93–94Trumansburg, New Yorklivelihoods, in 1850, 39:3 35–36

Trumbauer, Horace, 53:2 74n2Trumble, Francis, 58:4 137Trumbull, Faith, 42:3 75Trumbull, John, 42:3 75Trumbull, Jonathan, 41:4 73, 42:3 75Trumbull Mansion piano, 41:4 73–74Trump, Daniel, 58:1 14, 58:1 15Trunick, C., 49:2 57trunnelsfor covered bridges, 46:4 114"Trussing of Staves, A: A Miscellany of Pieces on Coopers, Barrels, and RelatedSubjects" (Daniels), 44:4 106–108, 45:1 13"trussing the cooper," 44:4 107Tru-Tape measuring tapes, 54:2 76–77try and miter squaresFour-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 158, 59:4 159trying (fore) planes, 45:4 108inventory lists, 39:3 43Tryon, Clarissa, 53:2 48Tryon, David, 53:2 48Tryon, Dency (Stephens), 53:2 48Tryon, Emeline, 53:2 48try squares, 40:1 1, 41:4 70, 56:1 26bevel combinations, 41:1 6–7, 41:3 40–41, 42:4 106Disston & Morss, 38:2 19piano makers', 41:3 45Robinson, Isaiah J., 37:3 47–48T-shaped bench dogs, 40:3 36T.S. Negus (pilot schooner), 53:1 3tuberculosisgranite industry and, 60:1 26–29tub making machines, 44:4 108tubsindustry growth, 47:3 74–75lathes, 47:3 71Shaker manufacturing of, 47:3 69–77whalebone, 45:1 30Tucker & Appleton, 61:4 171"Tudor Farming, Thomas Tusser and American Tools" (Keller), 43:2 38–40"Tuesday Rule," in patents, 55:4 162"Tuff-Mister" iron, 42:2 32Tufts, Otis, 53:3 113tuggers (pulling jacks), 59:3 81Tukarana headrest, 43:3 78Tull, Jethro, 38:1 12Tully, Christopher, 61:2 47

Tuners' Supply Co., 42:3 71Tung oilfor tool restoration, 39:1 12Tungsten light, 37:1 11Turbek, John, 52:2 67turfing tools, 52:3 99mallets, 52:3 99Türk, Klaus, 57:3 120–121, 57:3 125turkey processing, 55:3 86Turner, Fay, 44:4 124Turner, H. O., 57:2 59hay knives, 57:2 65, 57:3 102–103Turner, James, 61:2 46Turner, Kenneth (Ken), 43:4 90, 44:4 124, 45:2 56, 45:4 119, 46:2 53, 46:4 108, 48:2 45,52:2 66, 56:4 171Turner, Melinda, 45:4 110Turner, Nathaniel, 49:4 103Turner, Naylor & Co., 51:3 90Turner, Pat, 55:1 11n39Turner, Phineas, 46:4 121Turner, Russ, 61:2 68Turner, Seymour & Judds, 61:1 13Turner, T., 52:1 31"Turner, The" (Campbell), 47:1 31, 48:2 45Turner, Thomas, 59:4 128–129Turner, William J., 39:3 37Turner and Davies, 59:1 13Turner Co.tilting bandsaws, 56:2 55"Turner's Tool?, A" (Stahl), 38:4 73turning, 47:1 31, 47:3 99, 48:2 45as aristocratic hobby, 47:4 117sixteenth century, Nürnberg, 54:2 85Turning and Mechanical Application (Holtzapffel), 54:4 160Turning and Mechanical Manipulation (Holtzapffel), 49:4 133, 57:1 9"Turning Fork," 48:3 51turning forks, 48:3 51"Turning Room in Bonnier de la Mosson's Cabinet of Curiosities, The" (Robertson), 58:3100–106turning saws, 47:4 133turnip topper, 40:1 2"Turn of the Screw, The: The History of the Stanley Screwdriver" (Jacob)Part I, 55:1 31–34Part II, 55:2 59–64Part III, 55:3 120–125Part IV, 55:4 151–157

turnscrews, 55:1 31. See also screwdriversHewlett's tool chest, 39:1 7turpentine, 52:3 122hemlock gum, 41:4 76–77turpentine ax, 41:1 16–17turret lathesplanemaking and, 43:2 41Turtolet, Alexander, 52:2 56T.U.S.S. Cooperative Society Combination sheep shears, 49:3 99Tusser, Thomas, 38:1 13, 41:2 33, 41:4 85, 43:2 38–40Tuttell, Thomas, 58:1 38–39Tuttle knitting machine, 57:3 117Twain, Mark, 44:2 53Twelve Brothers' Charitable Home for Older People, 54:2 81Twelve Mile House, 42:1 7Twelve Years A Slave (Northup), 37:2 36"20th Century House Brands and Trade Names Used on Axes" (Klenman), 50:2 insert"Twentieth Anniversary, An E.T.C. Miscellany," 42:4 95twibilsaxe handled, 38:2 28–30twinebinder twine cutters, 39:4 60–62sisal, 58:3 94wheat harvest and, 58:3 89wire grass, 58:3 89–99twine balls, 61:4 173twin-iron planes, 57:1 4Twiss, H. J.hay knives, 57:2 68twist (pod) augers, 46:4 103–104twist drill bits, 45:2 40, 47:1 27–30twist drillsbits, 45:2 40, 47:1 27–30for drilling beads, 59:1 4twist gimlet, 45:2 40twivels. See twibils2x4s, 47:3 90–91twobills. See twibils"Two Burls Are Better Than One" (West), 57:1 28–29"Two Dissimilar Scythe Anvils" (Kebabian), 41:3 50two-drum derrick hoist, 59:3 83"Two Early American Agricultural Photographs" (Streeter), 37:1 12"Two Elizabethan Inventories" (Goodman), 38:4 71–72"Two Handgrip Saw, A" (Weinstock), 39:3 50two-handled saw sets, 49:1 12"Two Items of Interest" (MacLeish), 60:1 39

"Two Lancaster County Planemakers" (Peiffer), 37:2 28–29, 37:2 36"Two Plane Questions" (Graham), 45:4 103TY3ME measuring tapes, 54:4 157Tyler's tongs, 60:3 117Tyng, Edward, 37:4 61typecasting, 48:4 97–98typesetters' knives, 46:2 42–43typesettingsixteenth century, Nürnberg, 54:2 85"Type Study of the No. 036 Combination Rule" (Lynk), 55:2 55–58typhoid feverin Wrentham, Massachusetts, 46:4 97Tyrod hammer, 45:4 119Tyzack, J. (Joseph), & Son, 51:1 15Tyzack, Josh, & Sons, 49:3 94Tyzack, W. A., & Co., 57:2 56UUcklow, William T., 51:3 73Ukrainian toolsin Canada, 41:3 39Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, 50:4 112Ultimate braces, 42:4 111"Ultimate Wrench, The," 48:2 46Ultimatum bit braces, 52:2 80umbilical scissors, 52:3 104Umstead, Russell, 42:1 15, 43:3 58Unadilla Laminated Products Co., 54:4 150–151unboxed bead planes, 48:4 92Underhill, Harold A., 42:1 4Underhill, Roy, 40:3 37, 47:4 118, 54:4 161, 59:3 109Underhill, Roy Edgerton, 41:3 80Underhill Co., 51:4 130Underhill Edge Tool Co., 43:2 48undertakersCoffman, Alexander Stuart, 48:4 70, 48:4 72–73Underwood, J. G., 59:1 19Underwood, Richard, 47:2 61"Unfinished Business: Deconstructing a Plane Construction" (Kinsey), 55:4 158–159Unger, Richard, 51:3 87Unified Thread Standard, 55:3 114Union Army. See also Civil Warhand and machine knitting for, 53:4 145–155Union Canal, 56:3 97Union Factory, 58:2 66–68Union Factory/H. Chapin, 47:1 2, 49:4 116, 49:4 117, 49:4 121, 49:4 123, 50:3 91

Union Fork and Hoe Co., 49:1 26, 57:2 53, 57:2 61Union Furnace Co., 39:4 56Union Hardware, 54:4 171union labels, 51:4 109Union Pacific Railroad, 49:3 92unions. See labor unionsUnion Sand Paper and Emery Wheel Co., 53:1 31, 53:1 32n19Union Sand Paper Co., 53:1 27, 53:1 31Union Saw & Tool Co., 52:1 6Unionville, Connecticutwood screw manufactory, 44:3 77–78United Construction Workers of AmericaLocal Union No. 175, Crescent Machine Co., 61:2 61, 61:2 66United Empire Loyalists, 54:1 25United Kingdomironmongery in, 46:1 28United Shoe Manufacturing Co., 45:2 45–46United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing. See ShakersUnited States Arsenal, Springfield, Massachusetts, 57:4 148United States Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia (1876)fashion dyes, 53:4 160, 53:4 161Universal Asylum, 61:2 48Universal Belt Pliers, 44:2 56universal diesdraw forging and, 38:1 5, 38:1 6Universalist Cemetery, New Hartford, Connecticut, 52:2 57universal planes, 42:4 96patents, 37:3 41–42Williams, Stephen, 37:3 40, 37:3 41–42, 37:3 front coverUniversal Products, Inc., 54:3 109universal tools, 46:1 24. See also combination toolsuniversal chucks, 47:2 47, 53:2 65universal milling machine, 43:3 71, 50:2 64–67Universal Wood-Worker (Crescent Machine Co.), 60:4 137, 60:4 153–154"Unlocking the Door to The Chronicle: A Comprehensive Index" (MacLeish), 54:3 131"Untangling the Beattys--A Hundred Years of Edge-Tool Makers" (Beatty)"Part I," 60:2 49–67"Part II," 60:3 99–111"Unusual Cooper's Tool, An" (Barshied), 44:4 107–108"Unusual Hacksaw, An" (Banfield, attributed to West in error), 51:2 42correction, 51:3 74"Unusual Handsaw Appurtenance, An" (Kronmueller), 46:2 52–53"Unusual Plane Configuration, A" (Cox), 57:1 31–34"Unusual Saw Label Sheds Light on Philadelphia Saw Making, An" (Webb), 39:2 27"Unusual Twist, An" (Wright), 45:2 58"Unusual Use of Potatoes, An" (Brundage), 40:3 52

Unwin, Joan, 59:4 124, 59:4 129"Update on Hay Knives" (Roger), 57:3 102–104, 57:4 136Upper Lehigh Colliery, 52:4 140upright drills, 41:1 12upright (compact) hammers, 38:1 5"Upset Sawset, The" (Kappeler), 38:2 33upset sawsets, 38:2 33upsetting (blacksmith technique), 38:1 5–6Upson Nut Co., 54:3 114Urafors Yxfabrik, 39:4 55urn lathes, 60:1 11U.S. Armyentrenching shovels, 49:3 89footwear, 37:3 53U.S. Cavalryfootwear, 37:3 53U.S. Christian CommissionUnion Army clothing supplies, 53:4 149U.S. Custom House, Philadelphia, 58:4 155"Useful But Uncelebrated Implement Gets Some Well-Deserved Notice, A" (Sawers),43:3 63–64"Useful Machine for Shoeing Oxen" (Landis), 46:1 34–35Usener, Charles, 39:2 18"'Use them Once and You Will Use No Other'--Leonard Fenn Axes" (Hall), 57:4 157U.S. Forest Service, 45:2 60U.S. Gallon, 52:4 154n3"U.S. Ind. Department, The" (Grahams), 38:2 34"Using a Weatherboard Gauge" (Reagan), 37:4 69–70"U.S. Military Axes" (Rila)"Part I," 39:1 3"Part II," 39:2 21–23U.S. Mint, 58:4 154, 58:4 156U.S. Patent Office. See also patents; patent searchesfire (1836), 55:2 54, 55:4 134, 55:4 160–165glove patents, 53:4 138–144Patent Act of 1927, 55:4 161web site, 55:4 161–65U.S. Sanitary CommissionUnion Army clothing supplies, 53:4 148, 53:4 149, 53:4 150U.S.S. Constitution, 51:1 22n.2U.S. Standardrule mark, 55:2 50U.S. Tape, 57:4 135–136U.S. Tariff Commission, 58:3 97Utica, New York

City Directory, 52:2 53, 53:2 54planemakers, 52:2 51–59, 53:2 54–61, 56:1 39Utica Intelligencer, 53:2 59Utica Sentinel & Gazette, 53:2 58"Utility" combination tool, 57:3 88utility patents, 55:4 160utility quilts, 54:2 70–71, 54:2 73–74Utley, G.hay knives, 57:2 62Vvacuum liftersfor granite, 59:4 138Vaill, Howard, 39:1 15Vallé, B. L., 38:2 34valley forges, 37:1 13valley furnaces, 37:1 13Valley Novelty Basket Co., 53:2 46Van Buren, Martin, 45:4 120, 47:1 16, 47:1 18Vance, William, 52:1 25Van de Mast, A., 42:2 38, 42:2 40Vanderbilt, Alice, 53:2 67Vanderbilt, Alva, 53:2 69Vanderbilt, Cornelius, II, 53:2 66–67Vanderbilt, William Kissam, 53:2 74n2Vandercook, Sharon, 45:2 44vander Sterre, Gerrit, 49:1 33Van Herk, M., 48:2 40Van Keuren, Rachel, 53:2 43Van Rensselear, Schuyler, 45:3 93Van Sickle, E., 49:2 57Van Valckenborch, Luscas, 45:4 125Van Vechten, Barney, 37:1 4Van Vleck, Henry, 46:2 48Van Vliet, Charrick, 53:2 43Van Vliet, Dirk, 53:2 43Van Vliet, Hannah Barry, 53:2 43Van Vliet, Jan Jorisetchings of crafts and trades, 46:1 7–11Van Vliet, Warren Charrick, 53:2 44Van Vliet, Warren Edgar, 53:2 44, 53:2 47Van Vliet, Warren R.baskets, 53:2 46–47canning jars, 53:2 43, 53:2 44–45cash registers (cash drawers), 53:2 46, 53:4 167inventions, 53:2 43–47

multipurpose instruments, 53:2 45–46washboard, 53:2 45Van Vuren, Barbara S., 56:3 114Van Vuren, Robert E., 56:3 114Van Wagenen, Jared, 40:4 65, 40:4 66, 41:1 9–10, 45:2 43Van Wagenen, Jared, Jr., 40:4 66Van Wagner, Anna M., 50:1 27Varga, Jim, 47:3 100Various and Ingenious Machines of Agostino Ramelli, 42:2 43, 44:1 12Varken plow, 52:2 68varloper planes, 60:1 7, 60:1 8, 60:1 43varnishcopal, 37:2 36Varnish, 61:4 140Varro, 38:3 37Varvill & Sons, 57:1 5, 57:1 6Vaughan & Bushnell, 51:3 95Vaughan knitter, 38:3 48Vaughn, Charles, 42:3 76Vaughn, Ephraim, 60:1 37Vaughn, Jonathan, 60:1 37Vaughn, W. C., Co., 55:4 135, 55:4 140V-chisels, 42:3 64Veazy, John, 38:3 51Veeder, C. S., broom shop, 45:4 105Veeder Root Co., 48:2 46vegetable boring tools, 46:1 34vegetable choppers, 44:3 88vegetable slicers, 45:3 84vehicle hardware, 39:2 28–29"Vehicle Hardware in the 18th Century" (Stebbins), 39:2 28–29Veit, Barbara, 57:1 20, 57:3 101Veit, Charles, 57:1 20, 57:1 21, 57:1 22, 57:3 101Veit, Henry, 57:1 20, 57:3 101Veit, John, 59:4 163, 61:1 19, 61:1 20, 61:1 26name stamp, 57:1 16, 57:1 19planemaker, 57:1 16–22, 57:3 101, 57:4 156Veit, John G., 57:4 156Veit, William, 57:1 20, 57:1 22, 57:3 101Veit, W. L., 61:2 63velocipede (pedal-powered) machines, 45:2 51. See also foot-powered machinesamateur scroll saws, 48:4 77, 48:4 79, 48:4 87Barnes, W. F. and John, Co., 48:4 76–88circular saws, 48:4 81–83, 48:4 87grinding and polishing machines, 48:4 85–86lathes, 48:4 81, 48:4 87

mortising machine, 48:4 84–85, 48:4 87scroll saws, 41:1 2, 48:4 77–80, 48:4 87, 49:2 64walking arm saw, 48:4 78wood former (shaper), 48:4 83–84Velocipede No. 5 Scroll Saw, 49:2 64veneersaws, 41:3 84tool marks on, 61:3 116toothing planes for, 47:4 114water-powered saws, 47:2 58–59"vent-gimlet," 55:4 142venting tools, 50:1 21–22Verantii, Fausti, 44:3 94Verantius, Faustus, 44:3 87Vermontgranite industry, 60:1 23, 60:1 28, 60:1 30Vermont Directory and Commercial Almanac (Atwater), 46:4 110Vermont Marble Co., 43:3 83Vermont Register and Farmers' Almanac (Walton), 46:4 111"Vermont's Legendary Chopper" (Klenman), 48:1 16vertical attachment (in shoemaking), 37:1 5–6, 37:1 8vertical polishing machinesfor granite, 59:4 142–143"Vertical Spinner, The: An Effective But Short-Lived Domestic Machine" (Goody), 38:11–4vertical spinners, 38:1 1–4, 38:1 16A, 38:1 inside cover, 38:4 76A, 41:3 58vert lumière, 53:4 159Verville, George, 45:4 119"vest pocket rules," 54:2 76Vestuto, Russel J., 50:2 71, 50:3 100veterinarians' speculums, 47:4 129"Veterinarians' Speculums" (Kosmerl), 47:4 129V-groove planes, 51:2 60"V" grooving tool, 42:4 104–105vice jaws, 45:2 44Vickers, Albert, 39:2 31Vickers, Thomas, 39:2 31Vickery, Frank, 47:4 127Victorian and Albert Museumchina bowls, 38:4 66Victorian Catalogue of Tools for Trades and Crafts, The (Walker), 56:4 171Victorian erafretwork, 41:1 2glass, 43:4 92housewares, 44:4 118, 44:4 120tools, 56:4 171

Victorian Glass Handbook (Lee), 43:4 92Victorian Housewares, Hardware and Kitchenware (Barlow), 44:4 118Victor ratchet braces, 52:4 150Victor rules, 56:1 35–36Victor screwdrivers, 55:2 61Vidonov, S. S., 42:2 44, 42:2 45Vieira, John, 61:2 85, 61:3 129Viet, John, 56:4 159View of South Carolina (Drayton), 61:2 53Vignettes (Berwick), 54:2 56Village Blacksmith, The (Watson), 60:2 74Village Carpenter, The (Rose), 48:2 60, 54:2 55Village Green, Pennsylvania, 60:3 99–101, 60:3 102, 60:3 110Villard de Honnecourt, 60:1 5–6Villiers Engineslawn mowers, 52:3 97Vincent, Margaret, 54:1 11Vineyard, Ken and Don, 46:1 16violins, 47:3 92bass, 57:3 91Viollet-le-Duc, 47:4 133viols, 47:3 92–93Virgil, 38:3 37Virginiabrick making in, 59:2 53Virginia, University ofbrick making and, 59:2 53Jefferson's zigzag roofing design for, 58:1 22–23plank-kilns used in construction of, 58:1 28Rotunda, 58:1 20Virginia Frontier Culture Museum, 61:2 74Virgin IslandsWindsor chair trade, 58:4 137vises, 45:4 124bench, 52:4 167, 56:2 58carpenters', 56:2 58–59with eccentric lock, 46:1 32Emmert's patternmakers', 44:2 60, 44:3 76Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:3 117, 59:4 124, 59:4 159hand, 38:1 11jaw, 59:4 124, 59:4 159, 59:4 back coverjewelers', 52:1 167Oliver, 44:3 76patternmakers', 44:2 60, 44:3 76, 46:1 26with quick-lock feature, 44:4 126screw, 56:2 56

Stanley advertising signs for, 59:2 73, 59:2 74whatsit, 42:3 81vise screws, 54:4 162–163"Visit to a Paint Maker, A" (York), 42:4 99"Visit to a Shot Tower" (New York Times), 37:2 38–39Visscher, Claes Janszoon, 43:4 91"Visualizing Invention, from Tools to Machines in the Career of Thomas Blanchard(1788-1864) (Cooper), 44:1 3–6visual learning, 44:1 3Vitek, Charles, 39:4 58Vivian ice products, 60:3 115Vogel, Bob, 44:3 94voltaic gloves, 53:4 143Volz, Frederick, 54:1 31–34, 54:2 77, 54:3 121chuck patent, 53:2 64–65Von Clausen, Baron, 43:2 42–43"Voorloper," 51:4 109V. & O. Press Co., 61:2 61Vorhees, Dan, 52:2 75Vose, Charles, 53:1 27, 53:1 28, 53:1 31Voss, Vern, 57:1 37, 57:2 50"Voyage 'Round the Horn" (Gedney), 42:2 44Voytt, Eucharius, 54:2 83V-planes, 56:2 80–81V-style measuring tapes, 54:4 157–158V-sunk letteringgranite, 59:4 146Vulcan automobilehood ornament, 43:2 30, 43:2 coverVulcan Plow Co.match holder, 43:2 55, 43:2 back coverVulcan Saw Works, 44:4 103, 45:2 54WWabbe (Indian), 40:4 59Wade, Garrett, 42:4 109Wade & Butcher, 44:3 82Wadsworth, David, & Sonhay knives, 57:2 56, 57:2 57waffle irons, 44:2 49wages. See also laborin 1840s in Pennsylvania, 47:1 17–19brownstone industry, 56:3 100coal industry, 52:3 117, 52:4 134, 52:4 137, 52:4 139–141in granite industry, 60:1 31Hopewood Furnace, 47:1 25n9

Manada Furnace, 47:1 26n9quarry workers, 55:3 102–103for women, in wire grass industry, 58:3 96–97Wagner, Lewis, 49:3 71Wagner, Walter, 61:2 68Wagner, William, 37:1 2–3Wagner's chippers, 60:3 120Wagoner, Karl, 52:4 160wagon jacks, 40:3 45wagonsbraking, 59:3 91building, 41:4 61freight, for Santa Fe Trail, 58:2 85for granite block transport, 59:3 90, 59:3 91parts, whatsits, 51:3 74sail-powered, 58:2 85wagon factory crew, 46:4 119, 46:4 back coverwagon trains, photograph, 41:1 20wagons (goldbeaters' tools), 44:2 54wagon wheels, 54:1 35–36felloes, patterns for, 58:2 76iron tires, 51:1 19–22spoke tool, 42:4 105Wait, Daniel, 42:3 78Wakeman, Jesup, 53:4 137Wal & Co., 41:3 85Walden (Thoreau), 43:1 7–8Walden, Joseph, 40:4 65Walden Pond, 43:1 8Walden tool box (Thoreau), 41:4 67–69"Walden Tool Box of Henry David Thoreau, The" (Kappeler), 41:4 67–69Waldo, G., 44:1 22Walen, S.hay knives, 38:4 76AWales, R. C., 37:3 43–44Walker, Alfred, 40:4 69Walker, Amasa, 61:2 54Walker, E., Tool Co., 40:2 18Walker, Edwin, 40:2 17–18, 41:1 14chisels, 40:4 73Atool advertisements, 40:4 73AWalker, F. A., 56:1 18Walker, George, 40:2 17n1, 40:4 69Walker, George, & Co., 40:4 69Walker, James, 40:4 69–70Walker, J. F., 49:2 49

Walker, John, 39:4 58, 43:4 102, 44:4 104, 49:4 120Walker, Joseph, 37:1 9, 40:4 69Walker, Mae Creekin, 40:2 17n1Walker, Mary, 40:2 17n1Walker, Philip, 40:2 33, 41:1 18, 41:2 37, 43:1 27, 43:4 92, 47:2 61, 51:4 108, 56:4 171Walker, William, 53:1 17augermaker, 49:2 40Walker adjustable face plane, 40:2 16, 40:2 17–18, 40:4 73A"Walker Adjustable Face Plane, The" (Pearson), 40:2 17–18Walker chisels, 40:3 51"Walker Chisels, The" (Pearson), 40:3 51Walkers, Henry T., 40:4 58walking pinsfor hat making, 44:3 87walking wheels, 60:4 164Walkowiak, John, 48:2 55, 49:3 85, 50:2 54, 52:4 163, 54:3 127, 56:2 80, 58:3 129Wallace, Alex, & Son, 49:1 19, 49:1 20Wallace, Alexander, 55:4 169Wallace, Alexander, Mrs., 55:4 169Wallace, Don, 61:1 26Wallace, Fred, 43:4 93Wallace, Henry, 59:3 98Wallace and Davis (store), 50:4 111Wallis, George, 47:3 87wallpapercutters, 39:1 15, 45:2 44gadgets, 45:4 123installing, 42:3 62plain paper edges, 39:1 15removing, 42:3 62whatsit device, 38:4 76Wall's trigonometer, 61:3 92walnut (wood)uses of, 44:4 125Walnut Bottomiron furnace, 45:3 87–88Walpole Emery Mills, 53:1 28Walrath, Henry H., 37:1 4Walrath, Levi, 37:1 4Walrath Brothers, 37:1 3Walsh, James, 51:2 41Walsh, John R., 60:1 40Walter, Henry, 51:3 81–82Walter, Henry S., 56:3 118Walter, John, 51:4 132–133, 53:2 48, 53:2 50, 53:3 114Walter, W. P., 41:1 7

Walters, Betty Larson, 39:3 40Walters, David, 40:4 58Walters, George, 40:4 58Walters, H., & Sons, 40:4 58Walters, Harry, 40:4 58Walters, Henry T., 40:4 57, 40:4 58Walters, James D., 40:4 58Walters, James G., 40:4 58Walters, John, 40:4 58Walters, Morley Punchon, 40:4 58, 40:4 59, 40:4 60Walters, P., & Sons, 41:1 17Walters, William G., 40:4 58Walters, William P., and Soncatalog, 44:1 16Walters, William P., & Sons, 38:4 69, 60:2 85Walters Axe Co., 40:4 57–61"Walters Axe Company of Hull, Quebec, The" (Perch), 40:4 57–61Walton, Allen, 56:3 90–91, 56:3 91, 56:3 97, 56:3 98, 56:3 99, 56:3 100, 56:3 105, 56:3106Walton, B., 40:2 25Walton, Benjamin, 48:3 35Walton, I., 40:2 25Walton, I. B., 40:2 25Walton, John, 48:3 41Walton, Robert, 56:3 91, 56:3 104, 56:3 106Walton, William J., 56:3 91wampumdefined, 59:1 2drilling machine, 59:1 5, 59:1 6manufacturing, 59:1 1–6"Wampum Manufacture in New Jersey" (Morse), 59:1 1–6Wanamaker, John, store, 46:1 6Wanderer (whaling bark), 54:4 back coverwanderjahre, 46:1 32wanderschaft, 46:1 32Wangunk Indians, 55:3 96Wansbrough Patent, 52:3 95wantage rods, 50:4 124Dominy family, 58:2 49, 58:2 52–53Pearson, H. S., 53:3 93–95Wanton, William, 58:4 142War and Peace (Tolstoi), 47:4 117War BondsCrescent Machine Co. and, 61:2 61Ward, Artemas, 52:3 85Ward, G. C., 58:1 45

Ward, George, 58:2 67Ward, G. & W., 46:1 30Ward, Henry V., 55:1 5, 55:1 6Ward, Horace, 58:2 67Ward, Karen, 41:3 59, 43:2 54, 43:3 82, 45:4 116Ward, Stanley, 37:4 65Ward, Vern, 48:3 57, 52:2 75Ward, W., 37:4 64Ward & Payne, 57:1 8Catalogue, 42:3 83Wardwell, George, 59:2 48Ware, Eleazer, 53:1 33Ware, Eliazer, 40:2 26Ware, Hannah, 46:4 94Ware, John, 40:2 26Ware, Mary, 40:2 26, 53:1 33Ware, Mercy, 40:2 26Ware, Rebekah, 40:2 26Ware, Robert, 40:2 26Ware, Sarah, 40:2 26, 53:1 33Wareham, J & G, 45:3 89Wareham, Jim, 51:3 73"Wareroom, The," 37:3 51, 37:4 68–72, 38:1 12–14, 38:2 33–35, 38:3 45–51, 38:3 56,38:4 70–73, 39:1 13–15, 39:2 26–29, 39:3 46–51, 39:4 64–67, 40:1 14–16, 40:2 27–31,40:3 51–52, 40:4 73A, 41:3 49–52, 41:4 73–77, 42:1 12–18, 42:1 42–46, 42:3 67–68,42:4 96–101, 43:1 11–15, 43:1 26, 43:2 41–43, 43:3 72–73, 43:4 96–98, 44:1 18–20, 44:255–56, 44:2 63, 44:3 84–87, 44:4 124–125, 45:1 22–24, 45:2 58–60, 45:3 86–88, 45:4112–115, 46:1 24–25, 46:2 52–53warming pans, 46:1 10Warner, Charles Dudley, 39:2 29, 41:3 83Warner, Emerson, 55:3 125Warner, George, 55:1 3Warner, William, 47:1 1, 47:3 96, 58:2 66Warner & Diggs, 58:2 66, 58:2 68Warner & Swasey, 39:2 18Warnock, J., & Co., 42:4 94Warnock, James, 42:4 94War of 1812, 52:1 24Beatty family service in, 60:3 100butter trade and, 52:3 86cotton mills and, 54:2 73privateering and, 45:2 36warp knitting machinespatents, 53:4 146Warren, J. W., & Co.tool catalogs, 61:1 15, 61:1 16

Warren, William L., 61:1 39Warren Axe (and Tool) Co., 45:3 70–71, 48:1 16, 50:3 104, 51:1 24handling shop, 54:2 back coverWarren & Heald, 61:4 171WASA (warship), 41:4 70washboard planes, 50:3 90washboards, 42:4 95Warren G. Van Vliet, 53:2 45Washburn, Albert S., 40:4 57Washburn, Christiana Drew, 53:3 121Washburn, Fanny, 42:4 97Washburn, G., 40:4 58Washburn, Johnscrew augers, 53:3 120Washburn, Louisa A., 40:4 57Washburn, Oscar, 42:4 97Washburn, S., 40:4 58Washburn, Sara F., 40:4 57Washburn, Seth, 37:4 57, 54:3 103Washburn, Seth, Jr., 53:3 120, 53:3 121Washburn, Sexton Albert, 40:4 57Washburn, William, 40:4 57Washburn, W. L., 41:1 11, 42:4 97Washburn screw patent, 59:1 20"Washday Wonder, A" (Thompson), 44:2 51washer cutters, 45:3 79washersleather, 47:4 126, 48:1 25–26washing machines, 44:3 89electric, 43:4 91gasoline-powered, 43:4 91hand-cranked, 43:4 91, 44:1 13Starrett, 44:2 51, 49:3 70Washington, George, 41:2 37, 42:3 75, 54:2 55, 57:3 96, 57:3 97, 61:2 49carpenters' tools, 53:3 96, 53:3 100, 53:3 104Fort Loudoun inventory, 43:2 44–45threshing machines and, 58:2 54, 58:2 55, 58:2 56, 58:2 60, 58:2 61, 58:2 62n.4,58:2 62n.6Windsor chairs used by, 58:4 140Washington, Pennsylvaniaplanemakers, 50:2 49–52Washington Iron Works, Franklin County, Virginia, 39:4 68Washington Press, 48:4 100washing tubs, 40:3 50wash tub bench, 44:1 13waste granite processing, 60:1 10

crushed granite, 60:1 16, 60:1 17waste paper re-use, 45:1 26–27watch crystal gauges, 46:2 53watchesadvertising about, 37:4 67watchmakers' machines, 46:3 68watchmakers' toolsmetal-pad braces, 53:3 97–98watchman's time detectors, 42:3 82watch manufactories, 42:1 27Watco finisher, 39:1 12Waterbury and Detroit Copper Co., 43:3 80Waterbury Brass Association, 50:2 66water casks, 60:3 112water jet channeling, 59:2 49water-levels, 41:1 10Waterloo Bridge, 46:1 25Waterloo Gasoline Engine Co., 41:3 61Waterman, Benjamin, 61:4 171Waterman, Charles, 49:4 132–133, 49:4 133Waterman, Henry, 44:4 103Waterman, Thomas, 37:2 36watermills, 51:4 105water powercarding machines, 38:1 2chairmaking and, 58:4 135cotton gin, 52:1 9granite industry and, 60:1 19–20industrial inventions, 44:1 3–4knitting mills, 55:1 2, 55:1 4lathes, 44:4 114, 45:2 61–62planemaking machines, 46:4 110saw or grist mills, 41:3 60screw manufacturing company, 44:3 77spinning machines, 42:2 42stone working machinery, 44:2 41veneer saws, 47:2 58–59water pumps, 43:1 26Waters, Asa, 49:3 87Waters, Asa, Jr., 44:1 3–4Waters, Asa Holman, 44:1 3Waters, Bruce L., 50:4 120Waters, S. and A., 40:4 67, 45:3 90water screw, 56:2 56water transportation

for butter and cheese, 52:3 86canal, for brownstone, 56:3 97canal, granite barges, 59:3 91for chair distribution, 58:4 137–138sloop or schooner, for granite, 59:2 39, 59:3 91, 59:3 93water turbinesgranite industry and, 60:1 20waterwheels, 45:4 106–107granite industry and, 60:1 19–20overshot, 45:4 107sawing motion, 61:3 113Watkins, Bill, 52:1 8Watkins, William, & Son, Planemakers, 38:3 47Watney, Bernard M., 46:3 89Watson, Aldren, 42:3 82, 45:4 102, 60:2 74Watson, David, 58:1 4, 58:1 13, 58:1 35n.11, 58:2 64n.17Watson, John, 39:3 52, 42:2 49, 45:1 7, 45:2 46Watson, John F., 42:3 75Watson, John S., 41:4 inside front coverWatt, James, 51:3 75, 53:3 124Watts, Alice, 53:4 148Watts, J., Co., 51:2 41, 54:3 114Watts, James, 61:3 92Watts, Joseph, 55:2 46, 55:2 50Watts, Lawrence, 55:2 46Watts, Lawrence B., 39:2 18Watts, Lewis, 44:1 22Watts, L. M. and W. M., 45:2 55Watts, William, 37:3 56Awaxfor tool restoration, 39:1 12waxing irons, 50:1 21Way, A. F., Co., 45:4 115"Way It Used to Be, The," 37:1 10, 37:1 13, 37:2 36, 37:3 55–56, 37:4 67, 38:2 22, 39:116, 39:2 29, 39:3 36, 40:1 16, 40:2 33–34, 40:3 45, 41:3 59, 41:4 83" Apprenticeship in a Herkimer County, New York Blast Furnace" (Bopp), 39:456"Cocktail in 1847, The," 44:3 69"Crime in 1753 and 1812," 45:3 71"Drugstore in the Last Quarter of the 19th Century, The," 44:2 36"Learning A Trade in South Carolina in 1775," 42:4 106"Making Shakes in 1897," 45:4 124"Making Snuff in 1869," 44:2 36"New England Village About 1845, A" (Meservey), 43:4 108–109"Nineteenth Century Fishermen Go Seining for Mossbonkers," 45:2 51"Reduced Rum Ration Ruins Raising, 1823" (Streeter), 43:1 26

"Way It Used to Look, The," 45:1 10"Oriental Version Common Culture Department," 42:1 10–11Wayne, John, 51:4 116Wayne Tool Co., 40:4 64, 57:2 59Way of the Carpenter, The (Coaldrake), 61:3 106Weare, Jonathan, 45:1 20weatherboard gaugesusing, 37:4 69–70weatherboardinghorizontal, 46:3 83–84Weathers, Al, 59:3 110weather-stripping installation saw, 56:4 171weather vanes, 45:1 30Weaver, Barry, 56:1 37Weaver, John, 48:3 50Weaver, W., 50:2 57Weaver, W. D., 49:2 57Weaver's Delight, 43:3 72–73"Weaver's Delight and its Accessory"(Whiting), 43:3 72–73Weaver's Friend, The, 45:3 92weavers' shears, 49:3 99, 49:4 front cover, 53:1 41weavingfly-shuttle looms, 53:4 132Jacquard coverlet weavers, 55:1 16–26Marseilles white work, 54:1 13–15power looms, 54:2 72–73Webb, Hugh, 54:2 87Webb, Rodolphus L., 54:3 99Webb and Polson ice choppers, 61:1 32web saws, 41:3 84Web searchesfor patent information, 55:4 161–165Webster, Daniel, 44:3 82, 46:1 6Webster, E. Z., 43:4 88Webster, John W., 61:2 51Webster, Noah, 46:1 27Webster, Stephen C., 43:3 72Webster backsaws, 59:1 20–21wedding quiltswhite work, 54:1 12wedge-arm planesEvens, William, 48:3 56match tongue, 50:2 50plank match, 54:2 50–52plow, 54:1 4

sash, 48:3 56, 50:4 131–132Scott, William, 50:3 88wedge-arm plowsNicholson, Francis, 58:3 120–122wedge mortises, 56:3 127wedge pattern axes, 37:2 23wedge planesdouble, with changeable pitch, 48:1 17–19wedgesapplications of, 49:3 75–81composition of, 49:3 75Granford, Thomas, 48:1 14–15hydraulic-driven, 49:3 79–80under the iron, 57:1 31–34plug and feathers assembly, 49:3 76, 49:3 77–78, 50:2 55–56power sources, 49:3 79–80for quarrying brownstone, 56:3 93, 56:3 94removing from molding planes, 49:1 30, 49:2 65shapes of, 49:3 75–77for splitting rock, 47:2 44–45stock penetration, 49:3 80–81Wedgwood, Joshua, 55:4 146decorative buttermaking tools, 50:2 40Weed, Alfred, 54:3 91, 54:3 94–97, 54:3 back cover, 54:4 143, 55:4 143, 55:4 144Weed, Fellows, 49:2 39edge tool maker, 49:2 40weeding toolshand weed cutters, 57:1 25whatsits, 43:2 49, 43:3 77, 43:4 106Weekly Mercury, 37:4 67Weeks, A., 45:3 78Weeks, Henry A., 43:3 66Weeks' "Know-Nothing" mower, 44:3 80Wegman, John, 50:1 18Weidenschilling, Paul, 50:1 33weights and measures. See also measuring tapes; measuring toolsbarrel and cask capacity standards, 52:4 151–154standardization of, 52:4 154Weinberger, Dan, 40:3 51Weinstock, Daniel (Dan), 38:4 76, 39:3 35, 39:3 49, 40:1 14, 42:1 15, 43:3 73, 45:3 69Weisbach's lamp, 45:2 41Weiss, Francis, 52:4 142Weiss, Joh., & Sons, 46:1 14, 46:3 78Weiss, John, 51:4 131, 56:2 67Weisz, Albert Richard, 39:4 58Weitz, Herb, 44:1 23–25

Weitz, Leo, 44:1 23Weitz, Weitz, & Coleman, 44:1 23–25Weitzner Bros. & Papper, 59:4 143Welch, E. M., Clock Co., 44:4 100Welch, Thomas, 44:2 59Welch, William, 61:1 9Welch & Griffithbacksaw eagle marking, 59:1 15Welcker, Peter, 53:2 75Weld, Isaac, 58:4 140Weld, Morton, 46:1 27welding compoundsfor band saw blades, 60:4 140Welland Vale Manufacturing Co., 42:4 94well carsfor granite transport, 59:4 151well diggers, 38:1 4"Well Diggers, The" (Brown), 38:1 4well-driller, 44:1 25Welles, Joseph, 44:1 6well pumps, 42:1 26wooden, 41:3 83Wells, A., 56:1 20Wells, Absalom, 39:3 42Wells, Arietta, 59:3 103Wells, C., & Sons, 50:1 19Wells, Charles, 59:2 68Wells, Chester R. (Chester Robbins, C. R.), 44:1 7–10, 45:2 42, 45:2 43, 53:2 60account ledger, 45:1 8–10, 45:3 80–83planemaker, 44:1 6, 59:3 104, 59:3 105, 59:3 106, 59:3 107–108Wells, Chester Robbins (C. R.), 44:1 7–10planemaker, 44:1 6Wells, David A., 55:1 7Wells, E. G.imprint, 59:3 106–107Wells, E. G. & R., 44:1 9imprint, 59:3 106, 59:3 108Wells, Elisha, 44:1 6, 44:1 8Wells, Elisha Griswold (E. G.), 44:1 7–9imprints, 59:3 105–107, 59:3 108planemaker, 44:1 6, 59:3 105–108Wells, Frederick, 59:3 103Wells, Freegift, 44:4 114Wells, H., 61:4 172Wells, Henry, 44:1 10, 44:1 17, 45:3 90Wells, James H., 44:1 9, 44:1 10, 44:1 17

Wells, John, 44:3 77Wells, L. E., 52:4 166Wells, Leslie, 47:2 45Wells, Robert, 44:1 7, 44:1 9, 52:2 51–52imprints, 59:3 103–105, 59:3 108planemaker, 44:1 6, 59:3 103–108Wells, Samuel A., 46:3 87Wells, Seth, Jr., 44:1 9Wells, Seth, Sr., 44:1 6, 44:1 7Wells, T. E., & Co., 60:3 96Wells, Ted, 45:3 95, 45:4 122Wells, Terry, 51:4 116Wells, William, 49:4 104Wells & Burr Forming machine, 51:3 77Wells familyplanemakers, 44:1 6–10, 52:2 51–52"Wells Family Planemakers, The" (Kelly), 44:1 6–10Wells Lamson Quarry Co., 60:1 14Welsbach, Carl Auer von, 39:4 58Welsh, John, 52:4 143, 52:4 145Welsh & Griffithsbroadsides, 61:1 6, 61:1 9Welsh stick (Windsor) chairs, 47:2 52Wendel, William E., 60:4 155Wentz, George, 52:3 118Wentzell, Erlon, 46:1 16Werschock units, 56:4 164–167Wessman, G. C., 39:2 18West, Benjamin, 61:3 92West, Carl, 39:3 52AWest, Carl J., 41:2 35West, Carl W., Jr., 41:1 20AWest, Karl H., Jr., 43:4 97, 45:2 55, 45:2 58, 46:1 21, 46:2 55, 48:1 25, 48:1 27, 49:2 66,49:4 115, 50:3 87, 51:3 98, 54:3 130, 54:4 159, 56:4 169, 57:3 123, 57:4 137West, Paul, 44:3 90West, Philip, 51:2 42West, Robert, 54:4 156plumb bob patents, 58:1 43Westby, Joseph, 46:2 42West Coast Lock Collectors, 53:4 167Western Cartridge Co., 38:1 15western crude oil, 53:3 92n5"Westerner Comments on the Bossing Hammer, A" (Wilson), 43:4 89Western Lithographic Co., 42:2 33Western Massachusetts, A History (Lockwood), 44:3 79Western New York Antique Tool Collectors' Association, 39:1 12

"Western Pennsylvania Militia Captain in War of 1812, Walter Lithgow, Planemaker"(Prine), 48:1 22–24Western Railroad, 52:4 138, 52:4 143western red cedarfor electric line poles, 44:4 125Western Reserve of Connecticut, 45:4 110Western Rhode Island Civic Historical Society, 54:2 67western stateselectrification of, 44:2 44–45, 44:2 62Westervelt, Francis A., 59:1 4Westfield, Massachusettswhip making shop, 39:3 39Westinghouse, George, 44:2 44, 44:2 45Westinghouse Electric Co., 57:1 14Westley, Bob, 50:2 54, 51:3 91, 52:1 29, 52:1 30–31West Newbury, Massachusetts, 42:4 91Weston, Edward, 56:1 8Westport, Massachusettsrulemakers, 55:2 46–51"wet" coopers, 42:1 19wet grindstones, 46:3 63Wetherel, H., 40:2 25, 61:4 171Wetherel, Henry, 48:3 41, 54:1 8Wetherel, Margaret, 42:2 37wetlandstiling and draining, 50:1 36Wetmore & Morse Quarry, 59:3 94Wetterling, S. A., axe factory, 39:4 53, 39:4 54–55, 39:4 55Weymouth, George F., 39:1 17, 40:4 64, 42:3 76Weymouth, G. F.hay knives, 38:4 76A, 57:2 54, 57:2 55, 57:2 58, 57:2 65whaleboneartifacts, 45:1 29–30, 45:4 99bows, 39:1 15carved tools, 45:1 27planes, 56:4 172–173as tool material, 45:2 37whalecraft, 54:2 61–62Whalen, Jack, 50:1 33Whalen, John (J. M., Jack), 41:1 19, 43:2 47, 49:3 82, 49:3 101, 51:3 90, 54:4 168, 57:133, 58:3 127, 61:1 39retirement of, 60:3 133Whalen, S.hay knives, 57:2 56, 57:2 61whales

ivory artifacts, 45:1 29–30processing, 42:1 23–24scrimshaw, 45:1 28–29, 51:1 30whale oil and coopering, 42:1 20–21whaling voyages, 45:1 29Whale Ships and Whaling (Church), 41:4 75whaling barks, 54:3 104, 54:4 back cover"Whaling Cooper, The" (Reichman), 41:4 75whaling gear, 42:2 46, 42:3 82inventory, 42:1 22–23whaling tools, 41:4 74Long Island, New York, toolmakers, 44:2 59museum collection, 45:1 12–13whaling cooper, 41:4 75"Whaling Tools" (Reichman), 41:4 74"Wharf at Matinicus Island, The" (Bunting), 56:2 85Wharton, Joseph, 38:2 21"What a Difference a Chronicle Makes" (West), 41:3 49"What a Difference a Mark Makes" (Barsheid), 41:1 3"What Have You Got For Openers?", 44:1 13"What's in a Name" (Risley), 50:4 116, 50:4 120, 50:4 124, 50:4 130, 50:4 132, 50:4 139"What's in a Name?" (Saguto), 40:2 27whatsits, 37:2 40–41, 37:4 72, 41:2 35–36, 41:3 79, 43:1 21–23, 43:2 49–52, 44:2 47–48,44:2 60–62, 44:3 75–76, 44:3 83, 45:2 44–47, 45:3 83–85, 45:3 93, 45:4 122–123, 46:122–23, 46:2 55, 50:3 87adjustable bevels, 39:2 32African wooden pillows or neck rests, 43:2 49, 43:3 78agricultural devices, 60:3 128agricultural tools, 43:2 51air pump, 41:1 16anvils, 51:2 60, 54:2 87artificial limb gripping mechanism, 42:4 104asparagus saws, 43:1 21automobile jack, 54:3 130automotive pliers, 41:3 58axes, 39:3 52, 41:3 58balling machine, 61:4 173belt axe weapon, 43:3 79bench, 56:2 82bench dogs, 47:2 56bench tools, 47:2 52bench vices, 52:4 167bicycle spoke tool, 38:3 55blade, 44:4 111boarding axes, 43:3 79bookbinders' tool, 43:3 78

ootmakers' float, 44:2 60braiding machine, 43:4 106burnisher, 43:3 79butterises, 37:2 41card hammers, 43:2 50carpenter's ax, 39:2 32cast iron machine, 40:3 53cast iron objects, 50:4 134, 55:4 165champagne pliers, 56:4 171cheese press, 43:3 77chisels, 49:4 115, 50:3 87cigar molds, 41:3 58clam opener, 41:1 16clamps, 39:2 32, 42:1 27, 42:2 53, 42:3 81, 51:2 67Cleveland Faucet Co. air pump, 40:2 34clickers, 43:4 107clothesline clamp, 42:3 80clothesline tightener, 43:3 79clothing stretchers, 56:2 79, 56:3 126compass, 49:2 67compass saw, 41:1 17cooked ham holder, 57:1 34coopers' tools, 43:4 106copper vessel, 44:3 83core and cut tool, 57:1 37cross handle, 49:2 67cutter, 49:3 97–98cutting pliers, 43:3 77cylinder filling machine, 43:2 50cylinders, 61:3 118–119describing, 54:1 41devices to prevent animals from climbing fences, 44:3 83, 44:4 110disc sharpener, 54:2 87dispenser, 49:2 67double-ended pronged device, 39:4 67drainer's spade, 44:4 111"Dry Monopole" instrument, 56:3 115egg scissors, 40:1 16AEmmert patternmakers' vises, 44:2 60, 44:3 76fabric reel or spool, 44:4 111Fairbanks Morse Engine, 42:1 27farm implements, 44:4 110–111fence wire stretchers, 37:2 41fencing hammer, 43:4 105fillet planes, 42:4 104flat-nosed jewelers' pliers, 43:3 77

flat-nosed tongs, 40:2 28flax breaker, 38:4 75floats, 38:4 75–76folding boxwood square, 39:2 32foot-powered machines, 44:1 27gauges, 48:2 61, 49:1 27goose yokes, 51:2 60grapefruit cutter, 57:2 71gripping device, 52:1 41hammers, 39:2 32, 42:4 105, 44:3 83handles, 42:1 27hand mortising machine, 37:1 16handrail bracket, 54:4 159hard-candy breakers, 43:1 21hog holding tool, 43:3 78hog or pig snouters, 37:3 56hog tendon cutter, 56:3 123ice chippers, 41:1 17, 41:2 36iron objects, 44:4 111, 53:2 83irons, 42:3 83iron work, 44:3 83item with spring-loaded handle, 55:3 119jewelers' vices, 52:1 167kangaroo-shaped tool, 43:2 50kitchen tools, 43:2 49, 44:4 113knives, 42:2 53, 42:2 54, 42:3 82knotters, 60:3 132Kraus tool kit, 60:3 97lard press, 41:2 36, 41:3 58leather punch, 44:2 61leather worker's stitching horse, 42:4 104leatherworking shears, 56:2 82–83lemon squeezer, 42:4 104lock-up tool, 51:4 105machine-cut files, 37:4 72machine tool, 50:1 22master craftsman symbol, 43:2 50masticators, 43:4 105measuring stick, 37:3 56measuring tools, 44:1 28, 44:3 75, 49:1 27meat tenderizers, 43:1 21, 54:1 41, 54:2 59medical instruments, 41:2 36, 43:1 22mine cannon, 37:1 16Model T Ford radio cap, 43:1 21molds used in manufacture of armaments, 37:2 41mole trap, 48:4 74

mortising machines, 37:2 40moulding planes, 42:4 105needle sharpener/straightener, 43:2 51–52netmaking needle, 40:2 34nutcracker, 43:3 79, 43:4 105organ tuner's cones, 37:3 56–56Aoxen yoke bow retainer clip, 52:1 167pack saddle, 45:1 11painters' cripples/staging brackets, 56:4 170–171palamarkas, 60:4 171parallel jaw pliers, 43:1 23, 43:3 77pavers' hammers, 44:2 47peg floats, 44:2 60planes, 49:2 61, 49:2 67plate lifters, 43:2 49plier-like tool, 48:1 21pliers, 40:2 34, 44:1 27–28, 44:2 56pool cue tenoners, 43:2 49portable summer furnace, 43:2 50–51potato mashers, 43:1 21potato scoops, 43:3 78poultry killer, 41:1 16printing press, 44:2 60pruners, 44:1 28–29rasp files, 44:2 61rasping knife, 43:1 22rasps, 37:4 72resiners' tools, 37:4 72roller device, 44:3 76rulers, 37:3 56rynd, 51:4 105saws, 41:2 35saw wrests, 37:4 72scale-like devices, 43:1 22school hinge, 54:3 130–131scissor-like tools, 48:1 16, 48:2 46scrapers, 43:2 50, 50:4 120screw devices, 51:3 101shears, 42:2 53sheep shearing chairs, 43:3 77–78shipbuilding tool, 38:4 75shop tool, 52:1 41slasher, 42:3 67slaughtering implements, 44:2 60spike device, 52:3 125spinning device, 61:3 118

spinning/rope-making tool, 52:1 41spoke tenoning tool, 42:3 82, 42:4 104, 42:4 105stove, 52:3 125surveyors' chain, 44:2 61suspender adjusters, 44:3 76swages, 44:4 110, 51:2 60Swedish bow-saws, 43:1 23taffy cutter, 48:2 46tamper, 49:1 27tholes, 51:4 126–127thread chaser, 44:2 60thread snippers, 60:2 87tile spades, 51:2 38tinners' pigs, 56:2 83, 56:3 123tinsmith tool, 57:1 29tongue and groove piece, 38:1 16Atool with spring-like jaws, 44:3 83trap, 56:3 126"V" grooving tool, 42:4 104–105vises, 42:3 81wagon parts, 51:3 74wall papering device, 38:4 76weather-stripping installation saw/sheetrock saw, 56:4 171weeding tools, 43:2 49, 43:3 77, 43:4 106whetstone clamp, 39:4 67whetstones, 39:3 51–52window washing device, 47:2 38wood and metal tool, 44:4 111woodcutters' saw, 43:1 23wooden board with hole and blade, 61:3 119wooden box, 51:2 41wooden objects, 51:1 18, 51:1 22, 54:2 87wrought iron devices, 40:1 16A"Whatsits" (Englund), 49:3 97–99"Whatsits" (Risely), 47:2 56"Whatsits" (White), 49:4 115"Whatsits: A Tin Tool?", 57:1 29"Whatsits: A Trapped Ham?", 57:1 34"Whatsits: Breakfast Helper," 57:2 71"Whatsits: Crippling Effect," 56:4 170–171"Whatsits: Dispenser, cross handle, compass," 49:2 67"Whatsits: From Downunder," 56:3 115"Whatsits: Gauge," 48:2 61"Whatsits: Hog Wild," 56:3 123"Whatsits Identified," 52:2 66

axe, 50:2 63bathtub heaters, 50:2 54, 50:2 67blade grinder, 50:2 67mole trap, 48:4 74M. & W. Job Press Lock, 52:1 31"Whatsits: Is This Item a Stretcher?" (Roger), 56:2 79"Whatsits: Measuring device, tamper," 49:1 27"Whatsits: More on Pigs" (Erksine), 56:3 126"Whatsits: Plier-like tool," 48:1 21"Whatsits: Pop the Cork!", 56:4 171"Whatsits: A Pressing Issue Resolved," 56:3 126"Whatsits: A Purpose for This Bench?", 56:2 82"Whatsits: Rule" (Fales), 47:4 118"Whatsits: Saw What?", 56:4 171"Whatsits: Shank Lasters--Beyond 'What?' to 'Why?'", 57:4 160–161"Whatsits: Trapped," 56:3 126"Whatsits: Wrap it Up," 57:2 50"Whatsits: Wrap it Up or Cut it Up?", 57:1 37What Wood Is That? (Edlin), 41:3 48wheatbinding, 40:4 62cradling, 40:4 62farming, 41:2 34–35threshing machine development, 58:2 54–65twine and, 58:3 89Wheatley, A.squares, 45:1 19Wheaton "Stair Genie," 53:3 119Wheaton "Stair Wizard," 53:3 119wheelbarrowsin Paraguay, 40:2 31wheel drags, 59:3 91Wheeler, Asa, 46:1 27, 57:3 91Wheeler, Bob, 58:3 120–122Wheeler, Clemson & Co., 43:2 48Wheeler, Cyrennus, 39:4 61Wheeler, Elisha P., 42:1 15, 42:3 72Wheeler, E. P., 43:2 48Wheeler, John T., 46:1 27Wheeler, Lemuel, 42:1 15Wheeler, Madden & Bakewell, 42:1 16, 42:2 49, 42:3 71–72, 59:1 19"Wheeler, Madden & Clemson, Saw Makers of Middletown, New York" (Brundage),42:1 15–16Wheeler, Madden & Clemson Manufacturing Co., 39:2 26, 40:2 31, 42:1 15–16, 42:2 49,43:3 74, 50:1 17Wheeler, Robert, 48:3 35, 48:3 63, 48:3 65

Wheeler, Silas, 57:3 102, 57:4 136Wheeler, Tommy, house, 43:2 33wheel-fingers, 44:3 89, 44:4 119Wheeling, West Virginiaplanes, 47:3 79–83, 50:2 49wheelocksin tinder pistols, 38:3 53wheel saw sets, 49:1 11–12wheel tinderboxes, 38:3 55, 39:1 14–15wheelwrights, 37:4 64, 41:4 73account book, 55:1 29band setters, 43:4 90bruzz, 42:3 64–65circus wheels, 41:4 61–63planes, 56:3 127–128reamers, 43:1 14shop, 19th century photographs, 39:4 68tools, 42:3 64–65"Wheelwright's Bruzz, The: To What Extent Was It Used in the United States?"(Pomeroy), 42:3 64–65"When Gloversville Gloved America: The Inventive Genius of Nineteenth Century NewYorkers in Glove Technology as Seen in Records of the United States Patent Office"(Ruckel), 53:4 138–144"When is a Turf Mallet not a Mallet?" (Turner), 52:3 99"Whetstone Mill" (Howes), 41:3 51Whetstone Mill, Cummington, Massachusetts, 42:3 69"Whetstone Quarry and Its Proprietor, A" (Donovan-Hall), 42:4 98whetstones, 41:3 51, 41:4 76Cape Breton Island, 42:3 7, 42:3 65, 42:3 77clamp, 39:4 67cutting, 43:1 24mill relic, 42:2 44production of, 42:4 98quarries, 42:4 98sandstone, 60:1 40for scythes, 42:3 69terminology, 42:4 111whatsits, 39:3 51–52whetstone mills, 41:3 51"Which Collector Gets the Spill Plane?" (Burchard), 43:4 92Whig party, 47:1 16whip making shop, 39:3 39"whipping the cat," 50:1 11Whipple, J. B.glove patents, 53:4 140, 53:4 141

Whipple, John, 57:3 92whiskey barrels, 40:4 71whiskey distilleries, 55:3 86Whitaker, E. V.glove patents, 53:4 140Whitaker, W. W.glove patents, 53:4 140Whitbeck Hardware, 51:1 7Whitcher, Frank W., & Co., 43:1 10shoemakers' hammer, 43:3 81White, A., 43:1 10, 43:1 24White, Almon, 47:4 122White, Ansley D., 45:4 101White, Charlotteplanemaker, 57:3 96, 57:3 100–101White, Dyer, 53:2 58White, Eleanor, 53:3 114White, Frank, 39:3 45, 40:1 1, 40:2 19, 40:2 36A, 41:2 35, 42:1 11, 42:2 46, 42:3 58, 43:11, 43:1 9, 43:1 26, 43:2 50, 43:3 66, 43:3 79, 43:4 101, 44:1 21, 44:2 41, 44:2 55, 44:262, 44:4 122, 44:4 127, 45:2 44, 45:3 93, 45:4 125, 50:4 120, 56:2 82, 56:4 170, 59:2 59shoemaker, 44:3 72White, George, 57:3 100White, Henry G., 57:3 100, 61:4 172White, H. O., 41:2 23, 42:3 68White, Israel, 56:1 27, 61:4 172broadsides, 61:1 8name stamps, 57:3 100planemaker, 57:3 100–101plow plane, 61:1 6White, Jacob, 37:3 51, 46:3 82, 57:3 100White, J. C., 41:4 61White, Jerison, 56:1 2White, Jerison, & Son, 56:1 2White, J. & J., Co., 43:1 10White, John, 46:4 108, 49:4 115, 50:2 54, 50:2 63, 50:3 104White, Jonas, 47:1 23White, K. D., 46:1 5–6, 49:1 25White, Larned, 56:1 1, 56:1 2White, L. & I. J., tools, 53:1 17White, Malcolm, 53:1 30White, Philo, 45:2 53White, Ron, 58:4 173White, Stephen, 38:4 inside front cover, 39:4 57White, Thomas A., 41:4 61White, W. H. H., 48:4 93White, William Braid, 42:3 71

"white death" (stonecutters tuberculosis), 60:1 26White Eagle, Chief (Ponca Indians), 59:1 5Whitehall boats, 48:2 43–44white lead paint, 55:2 71Whiteny, Aaron, 49:1 33white poplarfor altarpieces, 46:4 100–101White & Spear, 51:2 60, 51:3 92whitewashingceilings, 42:3 62white workAmerican, 54:1 11–12European, 54:1 10–11Marseilles, 54:1 9–19needlework, 54:1 9–10popularity of, 54:1 11, 54:1 12, 54:1 17terminology, 54:1 9–10woven, 54:1 10Whiting, Anthony, 58:2 62n.4Whiting, Gertrude, 43:4 95, 52:3 101Whiting, H., Jr., 45:1 20Whiting, Joanne, 40:2 26Whiting, Timothy, 41:3 37, 41:3 38Whitman, Walt, 45:2 51Whitmore, Michael, 49:4 119Whitmore, William, 48:3 52Whitmore & Wolff, 49:4 117, 49:4 118–120Whitmore, Wolff, Duff & Co., 49:4 119Whitmore, Wolff, Lane & Co., 49:4 119Whitney, Baxter D., Co., 47:3 73Whitney, Baxter D., & Sons, 57:1 12Whitney, Eli, 44:3 74, 44:3 76, 44:4 117, 50:2 66, 52:1 10, 52:1 11–12, 55:3 113Whitney, George W., Co., 60:1 39Whitney, Henry, 55:4 140Whitney, John, 44:3 74Whitney, Philip, 54:4 143Whitney, Philo, 44:3 74Whitney-Holmes cotton gin, 52:1 12–13Whiton, D. E., 45:2 55Whittam, W., 45:3 89Whitten, Hapgood and Co., 49:1 15Whittier, John Greenleaf, 55:4 134whittle, 41:2 34Whittling and Woodcarving (Tangerman), 46:1 24–25Whittmoor apple parers, 59:4 152Whittock, John M., 56:3 104

Whitton, Charlotte, 44:1 19Whitus, Charles, 42:4 110Whitworth, Joseph, 55:3 113"Whitworth [screw] thread," 55:3 113"Who Can You Believe If Not the New York Times?", 45:2 60"Whodunit" (Fales), 47:4 128"Whodunit" (Rideout), 49:4 134"Whodunit" (Robinson), 49:3 101"Whodunit? Makers & Markers," 44:4 116–118, 45:1 19–21, 45:2 55, 45:3 89–90, 45:4118–120, 46:1 26–27, 46:2 54wholesalerstool catalogs, 61:1 15Whorff, John, 42:4 97–98"Who's Who of Pittsburgh Hardware Company Marks" (Prince), 49:4 116–124"Who Was Barney Dean? And Other Related Questions" (Mello and De Avila), 42:4 96–97"Who Was S. Felch? Some Facts and Speculation" (Brundage), 43:3 72"Why Leather Washers?" (West), 47:4 126wicker furniturewire grass for, 58:3 94–95Wickwire, 53:3 92wide smoothing planesChinese, 57:4 165Widoe, F.hay knives, 57:2 69widowsas buttermakers, 50:4 107–114Wiener, Caryn Eve, 41:4 73Wiggins, Louis, 46:3 71–72Wigren, Alvin, 37:2 40Wilber, C. Keith, 51:1 26Wilber, Jo., 40:2 25Wilber Direct Draft Mower, 45:4 121Wilbour, Abiathar, 47:2 52Wilbur, Barak, Jr., 47:2 51–52Wilbur, C. Keith, 41:2 36, 46:4 107n.16Wilbur, Joshua, Jr.planemaker, 56:1 28–31, 56:1 37Wilbur, Joshua, Sr., 56:1 28Wilbur, Keith, 43:3 79Wilbur (Wilbour), Joshua, 56:2 83Wilbur-Ellery House, 56:1 28Wilbur Mausoleum, South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 59:2 40Wilcox, Benjamin, 61:1 9Wilcox, Chapple Late, 55:3 126Wilcox, Dennis, 49:4 132

Wilcox, Horace C., 49:4 132–133Wilcox, Horace C., Co., 49:4 133Wilcox, R. E., 61:2 60Wilcox & Gibbs, 50:2 67Wild, Michael, 59:2 39Wild, William, 59:2 54Wilder, George H., 57:3 93Wilder, Moses, 60:2 69Wilder, Moses, Blacksmith Shop, Old Sturbridge Village, 60:2 68–76Wilderson, Charles, 60:4 140Wilderson, Clinton, 61:2 57, 61:2 58–60, 61:2 70Wilderson, Clinton G. (C. G.), 56:2 50, 60:4 138, 60:4 139, 60:4 141, 60:4 144, 60:4 148Wilderson, Ella G., 60:4 148Wilderson, Susan Bair, 60:4 140Wildung, Frank, 46:4 110, 46:4 112Wile, D. H.hay knives, 38:4 76A, 57:2 65Wiley & Frick, 49:4 114Wilkerson, David, 55:3 112Wilkes, J., 46:4 121Wilkes, Sarah, 49:2 48Wilkins, John, 51:3 71Wilkins, Richard, 41:1 16Wilkins, William (Will), 44:4 99, 50:3 89Wilkins, W. T., 41:2 37, 45:3 66Wilkinson, A. J., & Co., 49:4 114–115Wilkinson, David, 55:2 81Wilkinson, John, & Co., 44:4 116Wilkinson weavers shears, 49:3 99, 49:4 front cover"1669 Will and Inventory of Michael Wills of Boston, Cutler, The" (Thayer), 37:4 61–63Willard, H. B., 57:3 115Willard, Henry F., 48:2 63Willard, Solomon, 59:2 39, 59:2 40, 59:3 81Willard Manufacturing Co., 39:2 18Willet Titus, Roslyn, 45:4 121William, Charles, 61:1 22"William Evans--Renaissance Man, Planemaker and Professor of Music" (Prine), 48:353–56William L. Goodman's British Planemakers, 51:4 108Williams, A. C., Co.ice shaves, 60:4 159Williams, A. R.helve hammer, 40:1 3Williams, Colin H., 41:1 18, 41:2 21A, 41:2 33, 41:4 76–77Williams, Daniel, 43:3 73Williams, David, 43:2 48

Williams, Don, 61:4 165Williams, Hampton, 46:1 21Williams, Jim, 41:4 63Williams, John, 43:2 48, 44:1 18Williams, Lorraine E., 59:1 2Williams, Moses, 61:3 96Williams, Richard, 43:4 99Williams, Roger, 42:4 92Williams, R. R., 45:4 117Williams, Stephenuniversal pane, 37:3 41–42Williams, T. M., 52:4 137Williams, Williamplanemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Williams, W. P., 44:3 79Williamsburg, Long Island, New Yorkcast steel, 44:3 85saw manufacturers, 44:4 102–103"Williamsburg, Long Island Cast Steel"(Rhodes), 44:3 85Williamsburg, Massachusettsplanemakers, 42:4 100"William Scott Faced Hard Times as One of First 'Western' Planemakers (Prine), 50:388–92Williams & Cuddy, 52:1 13Williamson, Catherine (Stanbrough), 56:4 146, 56:4 150, 56:4 152Williamson, Frederick, 58:1 33Williamson, Harold F., 38:1 15, 38:1 16AWilliamson, Harrison, 56:4 148, 56:4 154Williamson, James, 39:3 42Williamson, Jane Harriet, 56:4 151Williamson, Jedidiah, 56:4 152, 56:4 153Williamson, John (son of Seth), 56:4 148Williamson, John M. (brother of Seth), 56:4 146–149, 56:4 153–154Williamson, Julia (Smith), 56:4 148, 56:4 152Williamson, Lettyann, 56:4 148Williamson, Maria, 56:4 148, 56:4 153, 56:4 154Williamson, Mary Ann, 39:1 12Williamson, Seth, 56:4 146–154Williamsport Machine Co.tilting bandsaws, 56:2 49"William Steele: Wheeling Planemaker, Inventor and Entrepreneur" (Prine), 47:3 79–83Williams universal plane, 37:3 40, 37:3 41–42, 37:3 front cover"Williams Universal Plane" (Leathersich), 37:3 41–42Williams Universal Planes, 42:4 96"William Swaze Loughborough of Rochester (Some Further Biographical Information)"

(Weinstock), 37:1 17–20Williard, J., 59:2 55Willis, Beriah, 58:1 39Willis, Edwards, 37:2 22Willis, Michaelcutlery maker, 37:4 61–63Willis, Stephen, 55:2 65, 55:2 75n3Willis, Valentine, 44:3 81Willis Planimeter, 46:4 112willowshoop poles from, 40:4 72wills indexes, 47:4 125Willson, Charles, 61:3 93Wilmot, Samuel D., 44:4 103, 45:2 54Wilshire, John, 50:1 12Wilson, H., 55:3 126, 56:2 80Wilson, Increase, 41:2 22, 41:2 23, 42:3 68Wilson, John, 37:2 23, 44:3 70, 44:4 105, 45:4 120, 49:4 134Wilson, Philip, 49:4 117Wilson, Robert, 47:1 2Wilson, William, 47:3 75Wilson, Woodrow, 50:3 85Wilson & Co., 41:4 75, 42:1 20Wilt, Daniel, 56:3 90Wimble, Sheffield, 47:2 45wimbles, 47:2 45Sheffield, 45:4 120, 46:3 88winchester bushel, 52:4 151Winchester Repeating Arms Co., 38:1 15Winchester: The Gun that Won the West (Williamson), 38:1 15winding blocksfor measuring granite surface flatness, 59:4 139winding reelsDanner, Daniel, 47:1 15–26"Windmill, Prescott Farm, Middletown, Rhode Island" (MacLeish), 53:3 116windmills, 51:4 105Prescott Farm, Middletown, Rhode Island., 53:3 116window cleaners' belt terminal, 43:4 105windowsframes, 18th century, Newport, Rhode Island, 55:1 12–15glass, shipping crate for, 54:4 164scaffolds, 45:3 83shades, 42:3 63washing, 42:3 62–63washing device, whatsit, 47:2 38

window sashmaking planes, 61:1 10wind powercotton gin, 52:1 9saw or grist mills, 41:3 60Windsor, Alfred, 37:1 4Windsor, Susan, 37:1 4Windsor, Thomas, 37:1 4Windsor and Morris, 37:1 4Windsor-Chair Making in America (Evans), 58:4 133–140"Windsor-Chair Making in America: From Craft Shop to Consumer, A Book Preview"(Evans), 58:4 133–140Windsor chairs, 47:2 52, 59:2 75, 59:2 77. See also chairs and chairmakingchairmaking shops, 58:4 134–136commercial and institutional uses of, 58:4 140English prototypes, 58:4 136making, 39:3 45, 58:4 133–140materials used, 58:4 135paint colors, 58:4 137popularity of, 58:4 138–140terminology, 58:4 135, 58:4 136water power and, 58:4 135water transportation and, 58:4 137–138"Wind Wagon," 58:2 85wine bottle corkers, 45:4 122wine caskets, 41:4 75wine-coopers' compass, 57:4 139wine gallon, 52:4 154n3wine hogshead, 52:4 152–154wine presswith threaded wooden screws, 56:2 57Winfield, Illinoisice harvesting in, 61:3 117Wing, Aaron, 38:1 3Wing, Anne, 38:2 27, 40:2 25, 42:4 87, 43:2 47, 46:2 39, 47:4 124, 48:3 57, 49:3 86, 50:4133, 52:2 75, 52:2 76, 58:3 123, 58:3 127, 61:4 inside front coverWing, Chauncey, 61:4 153–154Wing, Donald (Don), 38:2 27, 40:2 25, 42:4 87, 43:2 47, 46:2 39, 47:4 124, 48:3 57, 49:386, 50:4 133, 52:2 75, 52:2 76, 58:3 123, 58:3 127, 61:4 inside front coverWing, H., & Son, 46:1 27Wing, Samuel, 39:3 45, 40:1 1, 47:2 57–59, 48:4 94–95, 57:1 1, 57:1 3, 57:1 4, 57:2 42Wingo, David, 58:1 45Winklehouse, Jacob, 45:1 6Winlaw, Williamthreshing machine, 58:2 54–55Winnie Machine Works, 45:1 28Winslow, James H., 37:2 36

Winslow, J. H., 37:2 36Winslow, Lorenzo, 49:4 136Winslow, Samuel, 49:3 101Winstead Plane Co., 60:1 45Wintermute, Charles, 53:2 45Winterthur, Charles F., MuseumDominy planes, 57:2 79Winterthur, Henry Francis du Pont, Museum, 42:1 5, 58:1 37, 58:2 53, 61:3 93Winterthur Library, 58:1 37–39Winthrop, Adam, 43:1 8Winthrop, Governor, 43:1 8Winthrop, John, the Younger, 48:4 96Wintrey, E. M., 49:2 57Wintrop, Governor, 43:1 8wire-band cutters, 41:1 20Awire bending machineWarren R. Van Vliet, 53:2 45wire coopers, 41:3 59wire-covered rollersraising nap on wool fabrics with, 45:2 39wire cutters, 52:3 105wire fencingwire stretchers for, 46:1 22wire grass (carex stricta), 58:3 89–99for floor coverings, 58:3 95–96harvesting, 58:3 88, 58:3 91–94, 58:3 back coverindustry, 58:3 89–99twine production, 58:3 93–94for wicker furniture, 58:3 94–95wire nippers, 52:3 101wire ropefor cable tool drilling, 53:3 89–90coiling device and turn-table, 53:3 91for granite quarrying, 59:3 84–87splicing, 53:3 89, 53:3 90wire sawsdiamond-embedded wire, 59:4 136for granite, 59:2 49, 59:4 135–136wire workingestate inventory, 41:3 78Wirtenen, Martin, 49:3 99, 49:4 139Wirth, Adolph, 39:2 18Wirth's, Jake, Restaurant, 43:2 52Wisconsin Grass Twine, 58:3 90Wisconsin State Capital, Madison, 59:2 41, 59:2 42Wise, Louisa, 55:2 46

Wisner, Asa, 44:2 59Wisnieski, Ray, 38:4 76A, 39:2 32Wiss Scissors Co., 49:3 74scissors, 52:3 104snips, 49:4 front coverWister, James, 49:3 98Wiswell, Edward, 40:3 50Witbeck, Clark, 50:4 128Witbeck, Clark, & Co., 50:4 128Witbeck, G. L., 50:4 128witchets, 56:2 62Witchger, Eugene, 54:1 31Witherby, T. H., 45:4 119Witherell, Carl von, 50:1 37, 50:2 43Witherell, James H., 50:1 37, 50:2 43Witherell, Louis von, 50:1 37, 50:2 43"Witherell Axe Company of Oakland, Maine" (Klenman), 50:2 43With Hammer in Hand, The Dominy Craftsmen of East Hampton, New York (Hummel),38:2 24, 43:4 95, 44:3 84–85, 46:1 26, 53:3 103, 57:2 79, 58:2 49, 58:2 53Witney, Dudley, 41:2 21Witsen, Nicolaes, 42:1 3Witt, Ottosynthetic dyes, 53:4 157Witte, Tom, 45:4 119Witte, Tom, Antiques, 41:3 60Witteck, Frank, 38:1 14Witter, Frank E., 42:2 36Wittle, Tom, 38:1 9Wittlock, Lavern, 44:4 125W. M. Co., 45:2 44Wodrough and McParlin, 40:4 56Wohgemuth, Christian, 43:1 5Wolcott, Gideon, 52:2 52planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Wolcott, Stephen C., 42:3 65, 46:3 72Wolcott, William, 53:2 60Wolf, William F., 44:3 93, 44:4 121Wolfe, J. H.hay knives, 38:4 76A, 57:2 65Wolfe, Mary, 44:2 55Wolfenbarger, Arthur, 43:3 77Wolff, Bernard, Jr., 49:4 119, 49:4 120Wolff, Christian H., 49:4 119Wolff, Lane & Co., 49:4 117, 49:4 118–120, 49:4 120Wolff, Michael, 49:4 119Wolfington, Alfred R., 52:1 16

Wolfington foundry, 52:1 16wolf marks, 38:3 49Wollaston, William H., 61:3 96Wollaston, William Hyde, 50:2 44Wolverton, Dave, 54:1 36womenagricultural work by, 45:4 117as buttermakers, 50:4 107–114clothing, 41:1 14clothing fabric, 52:4 131, 52:4 132clothing fashion colors, 53:4 156–162contracted tape measure employees, 57:4 133as cotton mill laborers, 54:2 73employed by Southern Railway, 50:3 86as factory knitters, 53:4 146farm life, 55:3 85–94fretwork, 41:1 1as hand knitters for Union Army, 53:4 145–155humor about, 44:1 14, 44:2 51–52ladies' tool chests, 50:1 31–32mill girls, 44:2 52as nailmakers, 44:2 49, 44:3 95as Newport, Rhode Island, domestic servants, 53:2 66, 53:2 69–74palamarkas used by, 60:4 171palmleaf hats, 40:2 19–20Philadelphia entrepreneurs, 57:3 96–101planemakers, 55:4 169quilting by, 44:2 39roles of, 44:3 89–90, 44:3 92, 50:4 109textile production and, 53:4 131tool interests of, 43:4 91topics of interest to, 37:3 54wages of, in wire grass industry, 58:3 96–97wire grass industry laborers, 58:3 91, 58:3 96–97Women's Wear Daily, 55:1 10"Wonderful One-Hourse Shay, The" (Holmes), 37:2 20"Wonderful Wacky World of Wrenches, The" (Stahl)"Part I," 43:2 31–32"Part II," 43:3 62–63"Part III," 44:1 11–12Wonderful Wizard of Oz, The (Baum), 45:4 117wood. See also logging; lumber; timber and timber industry; treesfor charcoal making, 47:2 37colonial timberyards, 54:2 54–59curly maple, 57:1 28firewood, 54:1 26–30

maple burls, 57:1 28–29for shakes, 45:4 124Wood, Benjaminplanemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 56Wood, C. F., 43:3 62Wood, Don, 44:4 102, 44:4 121Wood, Elizabeth, 58:4 145Wood, George A., 55:3 120Wood, George E., 55:2 59–63, 55:3 120Wood, Jack, 57:2 56Wood, James, 44:2 40Wood, Jethro, 58:1 10Wood, Mary E., 52:2 55, 52:2 57Wood, Paul, 59:3 80, 60:1 facing p. 1Wood, Richard, 44:4 125Wood, Valentine, 42:2 53Wood, Walter A., Harvester, 58:3 93Wood, William, & Co., 41:3 77, 41:3 79Wood, W. R., & Co., 60:1 39Woodard, George E., 44:2 56wood-bending machine, 44:1 5wood-body spokeshaves, 52:3 111–113wood-boring toolsself-boring barrel spigots, 54:3 93–101, 54:3 127sixteenth century, Nürnberg, 54:2 83wood-boring machine, 44:4 126Wood Brothers, 61:4 134Woodbury, Robert S., 42:2 43Woodbury, Vermont, gray granite, 59:2 40, 59:2 43–44, 59:2 44Woodbury and Clemson, 42:1 16Woodbury Granite Co., 59:2 42, 59:4 132, 59:4 139, 59:4 150, 60:1 10, 60:1 11, 60:1 16,60:1 19, 60:1 22, 60:1 24, 60:1 30wood carvingMangbetu, 43:4 103wood-carving tools, 38:4 76ASwan, James, Co., 44:3 75–76Woodcraft Supply Corp., 41:1 2wood-cutsreproduction of artwork by, 39:1 inside front coverwood-cutting toolssixteenth century, Nürnberg, 54:2 83woodcutters' saw, 43:1 23"Wooden Bench Planes: A Primer" (Reichman), 45:4 108–109wooden bench vise screws, 54:4 162–163wooden boardswhatsits, 61:3 119

wooden boat/shipbuildingcalking irons, 54:3 102–109Coronet (schooner yacht), 53:1 1–8wooden brakes, 45:4 126wooden clamps, 48:2 62–65Hood, William J., 47:4 108–112jaws, 47:4 111screws, 47:4 111"Wooden Clamps of William J. Hood and his Colleagues, The" (Boyd), 47:4 108–112wooden cratescitrus fruit crate labels, 42:2 33–35"Wooden Fork, The" (Townsend)Part I, 38:3 37–40, 38:3 56Part II, 38:4 61–65wooden forks, 38:3 37–40, 38:3 56, 38:4 61–65advantages of, 38:3 37catchment, 38:3 38, 38:4 65chaff, 38:3 39Durell collection, 38:3 37–40, 38:3 56, 38:4 65Egyptian, 38:3 37Five-split, 38:4 64–65four-split, 38:4 64hang of, 38:3 38one-split, 38:4 62parts of, 38:3 37single billet, split tine, 38:3 38–40three-split, 38:4 63–64tines added to center handle, 38:4 61–63two-split, 38:4 62–63two-tine hay forks, 38:3 38wood engravingsfor illustrated tool catalogs, 61:1 9wooden handles. See also handlesfor knives, 52:1 35–36wooden kitchenware, 54:2 48–49, 54:2 50wooden dishes, 40:3 49wooden forks, 39:4 68Awooden pailsbolting, 46:2 44hand manufacture of, 45:3 67–69timber for, 46:2 43–44wooden pegs. See also shoe pegsmakers, 40:3 37for shoes, 37:1 5–10, 42:2 38–41Wooden Plane, The (Martin), 57:1 33Wooden Plane, The (Whelan), 54:4 168, 57:1 33, 59:3 121, 60:3 133

wooden planes. See planesWooden Planes in 19th Century America (Roberts), 37:2 35, 58:2 66, 61:2 83wooden railroad spikes, 43:3 69–70, 43:4 97"Wooden Railroad Spikes Tell a Strange Story" (West), 43:3 69–70wooden rules, 51:4 121wooden screws, 41:3 inside front cover, 55:3 115n5, 56:2 56advertisement, 41:3 50Harvey, Thomas William, 47:3 84–87manufacture of, 44:4 127patents, 47:3 84–86rolling threads, 47:3 86screw head finishing, 47:3 86thread sizes, 40:3 38–39wooden hand screws, 46:3 65wood fastening screws, 54:1 39wooden screw sets, 45:3 80wooden shingle roofing, 55:2 70–72wooden ships, 48:1 1, 48:1 4"Wooden Shoe Peg and Pegged Construction in Foorwear, The" (Saguto), 37:1 5–10wooden shoes, 40:2 36A, 50:2 71, 50:3 100, 51:2 41tools for making, 40:1 13"Wooden Shoes," 50:2 71, 50:3 100wooden threaded tools. See threaded wood toolswooden threads, 40:1 9wooden toolscleaning, 41:2 30husking pegs, 59:3 99–100insect damage to, 40:2 30–31restoring color to, 43:2 48restoring patina of, 43:1 24–25tropical hardwoods, 41:2 30wooden toyslathe and, 44:2 50–51wooden tub and pail industryShakers, 47:3 69–77wooden vesselsin buttermaking, 51:2 52woodenware, 40:3 49wooden well pumps, 41:3 83, 42:1 26wooden wheelsiron tires, 51:1 19–22"Wood Fires and Firewood" (White), 54:1 26–30, 59:2 59wood formers (shapers)foot-powered, 48:4 83–84wood fuelin Colonial America, 39:1 9

Woodhouse, Henry, 43:2 33Wooding, Robert, 46:1 3, 49:3 86, 51:3 101Woodland Indianscrooked knives, 61:3 99–105, 61:3 inside front coverWoodman, Edward, 42:4 92Woodman, W. L., 55:4 169Woodmen of the World lodge, 46:1 31wood millshorse-powered, 44:3 93Woodrough and McParlin, 39:2 26Woodruff, Alex, farmhouse, 55:3 90–93Woods, Thomas R., 44:2 49woodsaws, 47:2 38, 54:1 27–30"Wood Screw Advertisement, A" (Wood), 41:3 50Woodson, J., 59:2 56, 59:2 57wood splitters, 55:1 34wood stoves, 54:1 26–29, 54:1 26–30n.7wood turningDanner, Daniel, 47:1 15–26Woodville Edge Tool Manufactory, The, 45:2 58Woodward, Betsy H., 42:2 37Woodward, Elizabeth, 50:4 109Woodward, Foster, 51:1 24Woodward, Frank, 57:3 86–87Woodward, Thomas W., 48:1 20, 60:2 57Woodward, William, 42:2 37, 47:2 51–52planemaker, 53:2 55, 53:2 60Woodward, W. W.account ledger, 45:1 9Woodward ice tools, 60:3 118, 60:3 121Woodwell, James, 49:4 120Woodwell, J. K., 49:4 121Woodwell, Joseph, 49:4 116, 49:4 120–121Woodwell, Joseph, & Co., 49:4 120–121Woodwell, Joseph R. (son of Joseph), 49:4 120Woodwell, W. K., 49:4 120woodworkwashing, 42:3 62–63Woodworker, The, 57:1 13, 57:1 15, 60:4 143, 60:4 147woodworkers and woodworkingColonial Williamsburg, 47:1 32craft societies, 58:4 134foot-powered machinery, 48:4 75–88green, 47:1 33Leadville, Colorado, 42:4 108

as road builders, 45:2 53–54shops, van Vliet etchings of, 46:1 9woodworkers' tap and die sets, 38:3 57Woodworking (Midwest Tool Collectors Association), 49:2 65Woodworking (Sellens), 57:1 33woodworking benchKraus, John Erhard, 60:3 97–98woodworking machinery, 45:3 93ball bearings and Babbitt bearings, 57:1 13–14Blanchard, Thomas, 44:1 3–6dating, 57:1 12–15demand for, 61:2 64–65electric motors, 57:1 14–15home-shop, 57:1 15manufacturing, 46:4 116–119vintage catalogs, 58:3 107–112Wood Working Machinery, Its Rise, Progress, and Construction 1800-1880 (Bale), 56:246Woodworking Planes (Sellens), 48:2 57woodworking shopWales, 41:3 83woodworking toolsas art, 52:2 82–83collecting, 38:3 56, 52:2 81–82English, 45:1 31, 50:2 70–71exhibitions, 51:3 99for gun repair, 38:2 34Hamburg makers, 48:2 47–53inventories, 41:2 29inventory lists, 39:3 40–44Japanese, 52:1 40–41, 52:4 165–166Long Island, New York, makers, 44:2 59Monticello, 58:1 12–27museum collection, 45:1 12, 45:1 13Old Sturbridge Village, 39:3 45production and distribution, 51:3 99–101types of, 52:2 81–82Woodworth, Selah, 40:4 67Woodwright's Work Book, The: Further Explorations in Traditional Woodcraft(Underhill), 47:4 118, 54:4 161, 59:3 109woolen clothingcleaning, 42:3 62felt hats, 52:4 156hand and machine knit underclothing, 53:4 145–155hosiery, 55:1 1–11

janes (jeans), 52:4 130mittens, for Union Army, 53:4 148woolen textiles. See also textiles and textile productioncropping (shearing), 52:4 131, 52:4 133n20fulling, 45:2 38fulling mills, 52:4 127–133Jacquard coverlet weavers, 55:1 16production of, 52:4 127–133raising nap on, 45:2 38–39scouring, 52:4 130screw press, 52:4 131vertical spinners for, 38:1 2–4woolens vs. worsteds, 45:4 116Woolsey, J. S., 53:4 149–150wool wheels, 47:1 21Woonsocket, Rhode Islandhistorical sketch of, 55:2 79, 55:2 81Worcester, Cyprian S., 44:4 123Worcester, Lucian T., 44:4 123Worcester County, Massachusettsplanemakers, 41:3 37–39Worcester County Mechanics Association, 61:2 55, 61:4 150, 61:4 152Worcester File Works, 40:1 2Worden, Christopher, 49:2 41Worden, Cole & Gior, 49:2 41–42Worfolk, M. G., 37:4 65Workbench Book, The (Landis), 41:1 inside front coverworkbenches, 41:1 16tropical hardwoods, 41:2 30work dayEight Hour Law, 52:4 135–136quarry workers, 55:3 103regulations, 47:1 18"Workers from Our Past," 41:1 14"Workers from Our Past" (Brown), 40:3 41working butter, 52:3 90working conditionscoal mining, 52:4 135–136Eight Hour Law, 52:4 135–136"Working in Stone in 1851," 39:1 16Workingman's Benevolent Association (WBA), 52:3 115, 52:4 136–145working tablesfor buttermaking, 52:3 90"Working with Barrels in Commerce" (Ward), 44:4 106"Workin' on the Railroad: Southern Railway's Steam Locomotive Repair Facilities atSpencer, North Carolina" (Knapp), 50:3 74–87

Workman's Companion (Nicholson), 57:1 10workmanshipold sayings about, 37:4 65workmen19th century photographs, 39:4 68wagon factory, 46:4 119workshop folklore, 37:4 64–66Workshop Folklore in England (Salaman), 38:3 57"Workshop Folklore in England" (Salaman), 37:4 64–66Work Sites in Industrial Philadelphia (Scranton and Licht), 57:4 151World's Columbian ExpositionMcCaffrey File Co., 48:3 49World War ICrescent Machine Co. and, 60:4 154–156German immigrants and, 60:4 154–155industrial production during, 61:2 56post-war recession, 61:2 56World War IICrescent Machine Co. and, 61:2 60–61metal shortages, beer containers and, 61:1 25military axes, 39:2 22, 39:2 23Roe tape measures, 57:4 133Southern Railway and, 50:3 80Stetson Hat posters, 54:1 40World War II Memorial, Washington, D. C., 58:4 149, 58:4 151Worley, Parker, 45:4 125worm (screw thread), 40:3 38Worman, Joe, 60:4 145worm gear, 51:2 36–38Worrell patents, planes, 59:3 121Worshipful Company of Coachmakers and Coach Harness Makers, 48:2 39Worshipful Company of Glovers, 53:4 138Worshipful Company of Horners, 54:3 110–111"Worshipful Company of Horners, The" (Denning), 54:3 110–113worsted fabrics, 45:2 38, 45:4 116worsted yarn, 51:2 35Worth, Samuel, 51:2 52Worthen, Thomas, 45:3 76Worthington, Richard T., 40:4 62–63Worthington, Thomas, 40:4 62–63Worthington of Shawnee, 52:3 97Wostenholme, George, 39:2 31Wrangel, Herman, 39:3 46wreathing planes (Kranzhobels), 59:4 162–163wreaths

ulrush, 45:3 93making, 46:1 22wrench braces, 45:1 6wrenches. See also monkey wrenchesbending, 39:4 52beryllium, 53:3 107bike, 46:1 32brass, 45:4 122breech, 41:3 49, 41:3 84Buckner Manufacturing Co., 45:4 122, 45:4 123, 45:4 127combination pipe wrench and pipe vise, 43:3 62combination tools, 43:3 62, 45:4 118Crescent, 45:1 21diagonal, 43:2 32"fitsall," 40:1 2Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:4 155hammering with, 44:1 11handles, 51:3 97hand rail, 44:1 11Hollandsche Schroefsleutel, 44:1 11jam, 41:3 49, 42:2 37, 42:2 41, 44:1 11monkey, 43:2 31, 44:1 11, 45:4 119, 46:1 26, 53:3 107Newhouse Wolf Trap Wrench, 46:1 22"Perfect Handle," 51:3 97pressed steel, 45:4 118–119scroll, 39:2 29, 39:4 52sixteenth century, Nürnberg, 54:2 83spanner, 45:4 122Tiffany silver, 48:2 46types of, 43:2 31–32, 43:3 62–63, 44:1 11–12whatsits, 45:3 85, 45:4 127Wrentham, Massachusettsaccount book, 55:1 27–30African Americans, 46:2 39–42, 46:4 95–97Book of Notifications, 46:4 95location of, 54:1 3–4"Negro servants" in, 46:2 39Nicholson, Francis, 38:2 26, 48:3 63, 53:1 33–35, 61:3 127–129Nicholson, John, 38:2 27planemakers, 46:2 39–42, 46:4 92–93, 54:1 1–8smallpox, 46:4 96tax lists, 46:2 42typhoid fever, 46:4 97Wrentham group, 45:1 19"Wrentham" mark, 52:2 77, 54:1 2–4, 54:1 6, 54:1 back cover, 54:1 front cover"Wrentham Trio," 54:1 1–8

Wright, A., 50:1 16Wright, Amerman, 42:2 53Wright, Benjamin F., 37:4 69–70Wright, Charles, 45:4 103, 56:3 110, 59:3 109Wright, Curtis, 52:2 80Wright, Ellis, 51:3 101Wright, Harold, 38:3 50Wright, James, 61:2 50Wright, J. E., 44:2 59Wright, Medad, 56:1 12, 59:4 141Wright, Philemon, 40:4 57Wright, Philip E., 60:2 64Wright, Prentiss, 59:4 141Wright, Ray, 61:2 74Wright, Richard, 52:2 67–68Wright, Ruth, 56:1 12–13Wright, Sylvester J., 45:1 6Wright, W. W., Jr., 38:2 41Wright and Mallory, 61:1 9Wright and McAllister, 44:1 31Wright Smithy, 40:4 57Wright Wire Co., 53:3 88Wrinn, Jim, 50:3 73, 50:3 87writing implements, 39:2 32Awrong-sided molding plane irons, 47:4 113–114wrought iron, 40:4 70, 54:1 21political banner, 46:1 6rust removal from, 39:1 12signs, 44:3 81whatsit devices, 40:1 16AWrought Iron Works, 44:3 70wrought nails, 48:1 25W series measuring tapes, 54:4 156Wuesthof, Ed., catalog, 41:3 57Wunderlin, Dominik, 53:2 83Wyke, John, 38:1 11, 43:4 107, 47:4 105, 55:4 145–148, 58:1 38, 61:1 4Catalog of Tools for Watch and Clock Makers, 39:1 6, 39:2 27, 53:3 97–101clock and tool catalog, 61:1 2, 61:1 4–5Wyke and Green pattern book, 39:1 7Wyllie, Robin, 37:2 41, 37:4 71, 37:4 72, 37:4 72A, 45:1 21Wyllie, Robin H., 56:2 80Wynkoop, J. F., 56:1 16Wynn, Cornelius, 44:2 47Wynn, Jerry, 39:3 52AWynn, W. & C., 44:2 47pattern books, 61:1 6

Wynn, William, 44:2 47Wynn Timmins Catalog, 56:4 171XYX-patents, 55:4 160yachting. See also schooner yachtsCoronet, 53:1 1–8Yamazaki, Teruyuki, 44:3 93, 44:4 121Yamazaki Mazak Corp., 44:3 93Yancey, Charles, 58:1 24Yankee cylinder planing machine, 57:1 12"Yankee Ingenuity: Starting from Scratch" (Brundage), 44:4 99–100"Yankee line"ratchet screwdrivers, 49:2 55–57Yankee Magazine, 41:2 36Yankee peddlers, 61:1 9Yankee Peg Break, 44:2 60Yankee plows, 46:1 3, 46:1 35, 46:1 back cover, 54:1 4–5Yankee screwdrivers, 41:3 84, 56:4 138, 56:4 144"Yankee Whittling Boys," 44:1 5, 44:2 56, 44:2 62yardarms, 42:1 4yarncotton, 51:2 35linen, 51:2 35measures, 51:2 35skeins (knots), 51:2 35worsted, 51:2 35Yarnall, Nathan, 50:4 109yarning irons, 38:1 8Yates, P. B., Machine Co., 57:1 13, 58:3 108, 58:3 112tilting bandsaws, 56:2 52Yates-American Machine Co., 58:3 108, 58:3 111, 58:3 112tilting bandsaws, 56:2 53Yaun, Cliff, 48:1 19yawl boats, 48:2 41Yeager, Edna Howell, 39:2 30Yeager, Roy, 37:1 16, 37:2 40Yeaman-Yeomans-Youmans Genealogy (Tuttle Publishing Co.), 44:4 101Yellow Jaunders, 46:1 32Yener, Adam, 43:4 101Yen Thieh Lun (Discourses on Salt and Iron), 41:1 10Ye Olde Toole Shed, 48:3 57, 52:2 75

yeoman (social class), 44:4 101Yeoman, F., 45:1 19, 45:3 90planemaker, 44:2 48Yeoman, Francis, 44:4 101, 45:1 19, 45:3 90planemaker, 44:2 48Yeoman, Francis, Sr.planemaker, 44:4 101Yerkes, Jonathan, 37:4 71, 37:4 72A"Yerkes & Plumb" (Comerford), 37:4 70–71Yerkes & Plumb Co., 37:3 56A, 37:4 70–71, 37:4 72A, 38:1 16A"Yesterday's Picturesque Speech" (Ward), 45:1 27"Yesterday's Scenes Re-visited," 41:1 20Yesterday's Tools, 50:2 71Yin and Yang, 41:1 10yokes, 45:1 11, 56:3 124–125bow-pins for, 45:3 84York, Francis, 46:3 88York, Frank, 41:2 37York, Neil, 61:2 45York, S. M., 60:4 142Yorke, L. E., & Co., 52:1 5–6, 52:1 6York planes, 50:4 129Yost, Alexander, Co., 59:4 161Youatt, William, 38:1 13Youmans, Grant S., 44:4 101"You Never Know" (King), 42:1 22–23Young, Arthur, 58:2 54–55, 58:2 56, 58:2 63n.12Young, Bagge & Co., 41:3 80–82, 42:2 49Young, H. & J. L., 59:4 137Young, Hugh, 54:3 97Young, James H., 58:4 154Young, John W., 41:3 80–81Young, Margaret L., 56:1 24Young, M. B., 47:1 5Young, Robertmetal-pad braces, 53:3 103Young, William J., 39:2 18Young Baggs & Co., 41:3 80, 41:3 82Younghusband, Charles, 38:2 34Younglove, J. I.., 52:4 130Young Mill-Wright and Miller's Guide, The (Evans), 41:3 56, 61:2 48, 61:2 49Youngs, Isaac, 54:4 161Youngs, Joshua, 44:3 77Youngs, Thomas, 44:3 77Young Shipbuilders, The (Kellogg), 42:3 73Young's of north London, 52:3 96

ZZablot, Henri, 48:2 38"Zachry T. Furbish and the Forest City Screwdriver Co.: The Roots of "Yankee"Screwdrivers" (Fales), 56:4 133–145Zairetools of Mangbettu people, 43:4 103–104Zaykowski, Dorothy Ingersoll, 45:4 112Zeisler, Lewis. See Ziegler, LouisZiegler, Abraham, 51:4 102Ziegler, L., & Co., 50:1 20pump augers and rimmers (reamers), 50:1 18Ziegler, Louis, 50:1 20Zifferer, Lotharice tools, 60:3 123zig-zag roof, Monticello, 58:1 20–23zig-zag rules, 53:4 163, 56:2 70–75, 56:3 116–120, 56:4 160–167. See also folding rulesadvertising on, 57:2 73–78Cyrillic, 56:4 164–167Four-Square line, Stanley Works, 59:3 118metric, 56:1 34–36, 56:4 160–164patents, 56:2 70–75, 56:3 116–120Victor, 56:1 35–36Zimmerer, A., 39:1 17hay knives, 57:2 58, 57:2 66Zimmerly, Jack, 50:2 67zinc miners, 43:1 18zinc sewing aids, 45:2 57Zinn, George, 52:1 5Zippo lighters, 39:4 57Contempobutane, 39:4 57–58Zirkleback, Joseph, 45:1 7Zopes, Peter, 46:4 123Zwölfbrüderstiftung (Drechel), 54:2 84