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Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives - Islamic Books ...

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I n d e x 3 8 5Sufi, 26, 190Turkmen, 148Traditionalists, 106, 197, 198, 202, 275described, 107–111modernists and, 212Transoxiana, 135Transvaal, 262, 266Tri Sakti University, 211True <strong>Islam</strong>, 155Tuan Guru (Abdullah Kadi AbdusSalaam), 255Turabi, Hassan, 34Turki, 173Turkish Crim<strong>in</strong>al Code (1926), 51Turkish Khanate, 173Turkish Muslims, 174Red Crescent and, 291Turkistan, 174Turkmen, 148Türkmenbashï, 148, 152Turko-Persian <strong>Islam</strong>ic culture, 105Türköz, Ahmet, 179Turks, 289Turpan, 173, 174Twa<strong>in</strong>, Mark, 290Twelfth Imam, 77–78, 88, 89, 91, 296Twelver Shi’ism, 75, 99African American, 296history of, 77–80politics and, 82–84teach<strong>in</strong>g, 81See also Ithna’ashariTwelver Shi’ite law, 77Ulama, 19, 20, 23, 27, 28, 48, 50, 75,107, 109, 112, 113, 114, 119, 123,136, 137, 139, 149, 193, 194, 195,201, 266authority of, 116described, 358<strong>in</strong>fluence of, 202Sufism and, 116Ulfah, Maria, 209, 214n1Ulug’bek, Mirzo, 148Umayyads, 13, 77, 83Umma, 4, 54, 164, 358Umm Assa’d b<strong>in</strong>t Isam al-Himyari, 10Union of South Africa, Boer republicsand, 260Universalism, 107, 295University of Baghdad, 212University of Ill<strong>in</strong>ois, Muslim StudentsAssociation of, 294University of Med<strong>in</strong>a, 294Unrepresented Nations and People’sOrganization (UNPO), 176Urdu, 120Urs, 125, 126, 358Urumqi, 170, 172, 176, 178Urwa al-Wuthqa, 28U.S. Central Intelligence Agency(CIA), 86, 93U.S. Congressional Research Service,172Usul, 82Usul al-fiqh, 107, 358Usul-i jadid, 137Uthman, 3, 13, 219Uyghur Empire, 173Uyghur Muslims, 164, 170, 171, 175(photo), 358–359Ch<strong>in</strong>ese society and, 172–174Ch<strong>in</strong>ese sovereignty and, 174–176population of, 163rebellions by, 174Taliban and, 176Tibetans and, 179Uyghur People’s Government, 176Uyghur separatists, 176, 177, 178Uyghuristan, 171, 173, 174Uzbeks, 148, 163Uyghurs and, 171, 176Valent<strong>in</strong>o, Rudolf, 286Valuesfamily, 299human, 150, 151<strong>Islam</strong>ic, 63, 150, 205, 262, 265moral, 150Western, 114

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