Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives - Islamic Books ...
Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives - Islamic Books ... Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives - Islamic Books ...
Key Te r m s 3 4 1Constitution of Medina (1)An Arabic document preserved in an early biography of Muhammad. It purportsto record the original agreement signed between various segments of thepopulation of the oasis town of Yathrib (later Medina) in accepting the leadershipof Muhammad over their community.Cushitic (8)One of six branches of the Afro-Asiatic language family, which also includesthe Berber, Egyptian, Chadic, Omotic, and Semitic branches. The most widelyspoken Cushitic languages are O ro m o and Somali, both of which are todaywritten in the Latin alphabet with extra characters.Dargah (4)The sometimes-elaborate shrine complexes that some South Asians visit insearch of spiritual power and the alleviation of worldly troubles. As centersof sacred geography and fonts for public social welfare, these regionalshrines still thrive as pilgrimage sites and symbols of local Muslim cultureand identity.Da’wa (1, 2, 4, 7)The call to Islam in the form of preaching and internal Muslim proselytizing.These calls for Muslims to deepen their faith are formulated and pursued in awide diversity of forms in modern cultural settings ranging from Southern Californiato Southeast Asia. The Arabic term d a ’ w a literally translates as “call” or“ s u m m o n s . ”Deoband (4, 9)Commonly used term for the influential Dar al-Ulum m a d r a s a in the smalltown of Deoband, northeast of Delhi, India. Established in 1867, Deoband becamea major center for the active reassertion of S u n n i orthodoxy and a locusfor conservative opposition to the growing spread of Western thought and institutions.The founders of Deoband accepted some elements of S u f i t r a d i-tion, but they rejected ritual practices that were not specifically sanctioned by aliteral reading of the Q u r ’ a n and the h a d i t h , including such popular rituals aslistening to music ( s a m a ) and pilgrimages to the shrines of Sufi saints. The Deobandm a d r a s a also coupled a Western-style university format (with faculty, formalexams, and fund-raising) with a traditional Islamic curriculum. Its leadershipwas deeply distrustful of Western influences and sought to revitalizeMuslim society through the revival of what it considered to be traditional values.The Deobandi u l a m a are often actively engaged in public discourses onreligion and society through the dissemination of legal opinions (f a t w as) a n dpolemical pamphlets.
3 4 2Islam i n World Cult u r e sDhikr (4, 8)A range of S u f i devotional practices centered on the ritualized recitation ofprayers, pious formulas, and the Arabic names of God. Its specific ritual componentscan vary considerably across different cultural contexts and amongthe different teachings of various Sufi t a r i q as . The Arabic term dhikr m e a n s“remembrance [of God].”Dhu’l-Hijja (1)See Islamic Lunar CalendarFatwa (2, 4, 9)A judicial opinion issued by a qualified scholar (mufti) in response to a specificquestion by a given petitioner. The term fatwa comes from the technicalv o c a b u l a ry of Islamic religious scholarship. In traditional Muslim societies,fatwas were regarded as nonbinding legal decisions issued for the benefit ofindividuals and the community. In the modern period, however, the term hasentered Western languages through the use of f a t w as in the Iranian S h i ’ i t ec l e r g y ’s high-profile judgment against the novelist Salman Rushdie andthrough the use of fatwas as an increasingly popular platform for the politicalagendas of Islamist ideologues untrained in the intellectual traditions of Islamiclegal studies.Fiqh (1, 2, 9, 10)Muslim jurisprudence as a field of study and legal practice. S u n n i Islam has traditionallyrecognized four major schools of thought (m a d h h a b)in this area: theHanafi, Maliki, Shafi’i, and Hanbali. The Arabic term f i q h literally means “unde r s t a n d i n g . ”Firmach (8)An organization established in the 1920s to protect the culture and the economicwell-being of the Harari ethnic community in eastern Ethiopia. Itsname means “signatures.”Fivers (1)See Z a y d i sGe’ez (8)A Semitic language, now the liturgical language of Ethiopia’s Orthodox ChristianChurch. Though it was widely spoken and used for royal inscriptions inthe ancient state of Axum, today, for the most part, it is spoken only by membersof the clergy. Its role in Ethiopian life is often compared to that of Latinin the We s t .
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- Page 348 and 349: Chapter TwelveKey TermsThe heading
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- Page 372 and 373: IndexAa’sir, Imam al-Ghazi Ahmad
- Page 374 and 375: I n d e x 3 6 3Assimilation, 166, 1
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- Page 386 and 387: I n d e x 3 7 5Marxism, 90, 113, 15
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- Page 394 and 395: I n d e x 3 8 3Solomonic dynasty, 2
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- Page 398 and 399: I n d e x 3 8 7Yacub, 292Yakub Beg
3 4 2<strong>Islam</strong> i n <strong>World</strong> Cult u r e sDhikr (4, 8)A range of S u f i devotional practices centered on the ritualized recitation ofprayers, pious formulas, and the Arabic names of God. Its specific ritual componentscan vary considerably across different cultural contexts and amongthe different teach<strong>in</strong>gs of various Sufi t a r i q as . The Arabic term dhikr m e a n s“remembrance [of God].”Dhu’l-Hijja (1)See <strong>Islam</strong>ic Lunar CalendarFatwa (2, 4, 9)A judicial op<strong>in</strong>ion issued by a qualified scholar (mufti) <strong>in</strong> response to a specificquestion by a given petitioner. The term fatwa comes from the technicalv o c a b u l a ry of <strong>Islam</strong>ic religious scholarship. In traditional Muslim societies,fatwas were regarded as nonb<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g legal decisions issued for the benefit of<strong>in</strong>dividuals and the community. In the modern period, however, the term hasentered Western languages through the use of f a t w as <strong>in</strong> the Iranian S h i ’ i t ec l e r g y ’s high-profile judgment aga<strong>in</strong>st the novelist Salman Rushdie andthrough the use of fatwas as an <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>gly popular platform for the politicalagendas of <strong>Islam</strong>ist ideologues untra<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>tellectual traditions of <strong>Islam</strong>iclegal studies.Fiqh (1, 2, 9, 10)Muslim jurisprudence as a field of study and legal practice. S u n n i <strong>Islam</strong> has traditionallyrecognized four major schools of thought (m a d h h a b)<strong>in</strong> this area: theHanafi, Maliki, Shafi’i, and Hanbali. The Arabic term f i q h literally means “unde r s t a n d i n g . ”Firmach (8)An organization established <strong>in</strong> the 1920s to protect the culture and the economicwell-be<strong>in</strong>g of the Harari ethnic community <strong>in</strong> eastern Ethiopia. Itsname means “signatures.”Fivers (1)See Z a y d i sGe’ez (8)A Semitic language, now the liturgical language of Ethiopia’s Orthodox ChristianChurch. Though it was widely spoken and used for royal <strong>in</strong>scriptions <strong>in</strong>the ancient state of Axum, today, for the most part, it is spoken only by membersof the clergy. Its role <strong>in</strong> Ethiopian life is often compared to that of Lat<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong> the We s t .
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