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Shi’ite Islam in Contemporary Iran 9 9in intimate and, for many, frightening terms. Is Islam compatible with themodern world? Are the only answers to the mixing of modernity and Islam apolitical conundrum of a totalitarian theocratic “republic” of enforced extremistIslamic law or a paradoxically secularized democratic Islam, where everybo d y, regardless of religious qualifications, can give a respected opinion aboutlaw? Or is the answer to go back to the de facto check and balance of the separationof state and clergy?Regardless of what the future holds for Islam in Iran, it is clear that due tothe government’s policies, Twelver Shi’ism has for some become a religion ofwrath. As one former prisoner of the regime characterized it, “Islam is a religionof care, compassion, and forgiveness. This regime makes it a religion ofdestruction, death, and torture” (Abrahamian 1999, 140). When I asked peoplein Tehran about the difference in religious practice and inward sincerityand faith before and after the Revolution, one person replied, “Before the revolution,we would go out, drink, not follow the law, and then we would comehome, close all the shades, repent and do our prayers. Nowadays, when we goout, we don’t drink, but are forced to pray, and then when we come home, weclose our shades and then drink.” Or as another said, “Many people stoppeddoing their prayers when the truth of this government came to light.”Nevertheless, the love and devotion that Iranians have for God, his Prophet,and his Imams are still extremely strong and are not likely to diminish anytimesoon. Islam in Iran today is a living, vibrant faith. Whether established througha totalitarian regime, in the heart of a sincere, crying repentant at a t a z i y e h , o rby a postmodern interpreter, the many forms of Shi’ite Islam remain a powerful,deep, and seminal reality in the lives of the people of Iran as they continueto struggle with how to live as sincere Muslims in a secularized contemporaryworld suffused with tremendous social, political, and economic problems.Notes1 . These observations on the Imam Reza complex are based upon research that Icarried out in Iran for five weeks during the summer of 2000.ReferencesAbou El Fadl, Khaled. 2001. Speaking in God’s Name: Islamic Law, Authority, and Wo m e n .Oxford: Oneworld Publications.Abrahamian, Ervand. 1993. Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic. Berkeley and LosAngeles: University of California Press.———. 1999. To rt u red Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran.Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
1 0 0Islam i n World Cult u r e sA l g a r, Hamid. 1980. Translation from the Persian of Constitution of the Islamic Republic ofI r a n . B e r k e l e y, CA: Mizan Press.Al-i Ahmad, Jalal. 1984. Occidentosis: A Plague from the We s t . Translated by R. Campbell.B e r k e l e y, CA: Mizan Press.Arjomand, Said Amir. 1984. The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam: Religion, PoliticalO rd e r, and Societal Change in Shi’ite Iran from the Beginning to 1890. Chicago: Universityof Chicago Press.———. 2000. The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran. B r i d g e w a t e r, NJ:Replica Books. Originally, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.Arkoun, Mohammed. 1994. Rethinking Islam: Common Questions, Uncommon Answers.Translated and edited by Robert D. Lee. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Ayoub, Mahmoud. 1978. Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects ofAshura in Twelver Shi’ism. The Hague: Mouton.Boroujerdi, Mehrzad. 2001. “The Paradoxes of Politics in Postrevolutionary Iran.” InIran at the Cro s s ro a d s , edited by John L. Esposito and R. K. Ramazani, 13–28. NewYork: Palgrave.Chelkowski, Peter, ed. 1979. Ta’ziyeh: Ritual and Drama in Iran. New York: New Yo r kUniversity Press.Dabashi, Hamid. 1995. “Shi’i Islam.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern IslamicWo r l d . Vol. 4: 55–68. New York: Oxford University Press.Dahlen, Ashk. 2002. Deciphering the Meaning of the Revealed Law: The Surushian Paradigmin Shi’i Epistemology. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Iranica Upsaliensia 5.Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University Library.Esfandiari, Haleh. 2001. “The Politics of the ‘Wo m e n ’s Question’ in the IslamicRepublic, 1979–1999.” In Iran at the Cro s s ro a d s , edited by John L. Esposito and R. K .Ramazani, 75–92. New York: Palgrave.Esposito, John L. 1998. Islam and Politics. 4th ed. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse UniversityP r e s s .F i s c h e r, Michael M. J. 1980. Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Cambridge, MA:H a rvard University Press.Halm, Heinz. 1999. Shi’a Islam: From Religion to Revolution. Translated from the Germanby Allison Brown. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers.Held, Colbert C. 2000. Middle East Patterns: Places, Peoples, and Politics. 3rd ed. Boulder,CO: Westview Press.Huntington, Samuel P. 1996. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Ord e r.New York: Touchstone Books.Jahanbakhsh, Forough. 2001. Islam, Democracy, and Religious Modernism in Iran(1953–2000): From Bazargan to Soro u s h . Leiden: Brill.K h a j e h p o u r, Bijan. 2001. “Iran’s Economy: Twenty Years after the Revolution.” In I r a nat the Cro s s ro a d s , edited by John L. Esposito and R. K. Ramazani, 93–122. New Yo r k :P a l g r a v e .Khatami, Mohammad. 1997. Hope and Challenge: The Iranian President Speaks.Binghamton, NY: Institute of Global Cultural Studies. Binghamton University.———. 1998. Islam, Libert y, and Development. Binghamton, NY: Institute of GlobalCultural Studies. Binghamton University.
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Islam inWorld Cultures
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Copyright 2004 by R. Michael Feener
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ContentsC o n t r i bu to r s,ixIsl
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ContributorsDavid Buchman is a cult
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Chapter OneIslamHistorical Introduc
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H i s to r i cal Introduction and O
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1 2Islam i n World Cult u r e ss u
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1 4Islam i n World Cult u r e stici
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1 6Islam i n World Cult u r e sMusl
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1 8Islam i n World Cult u r e stert
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2 0Islam i n World Cult u r e sconf
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A modern permutation of the public
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2 4Islam i n World Cult u r e sMove
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2 6Islam i n World Cult u r e sThes
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2 8Islam i n World Cult u r e sand
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3 0Islam i n World Cult u r e stinu
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3 2Islam i n World Cult u r e st e
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3 4Islam i n World Cult u r e smati
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3 6Islam i n World Cult u r e sSinc
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3 8Islam i n World Cult u r e sAl-J
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Chapter TwoIslam after EmpireTurkey
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4 4Islam i n World Cult u r e sGod,
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4 6Islam i n World Cult u r e sthe
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Page 112: Shi’ite Islam in Contemporary Ira
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Islam in Contemporary Central Asia
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Muslims at a shrine in Bukhara, Uzb
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Islam in China 1 6 3Kurds now make
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Islam in China 1 6 5sue for some Tu
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Islam in China 1 6 7it that religio
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Islam in China 1 6 9tion of large n
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Islam in China 1 7 1Muslim national
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Islam in China 1 7 3rather recent p
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Islam in China 1 7 5A Muslim Uyghur
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Islam in China 1 7 7While further r
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Islam in China 1 7 9pressure and wi
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Islam in China 1 8 1Israeli, Raphae
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Muslim Thought and Practice in Cont
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Muslim students working on Arabic c
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Religion, Language, and Nat i o n a
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Chapter NineRace, Ideology, and Isl
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A mosque in Bo-Kaap, the traditiona
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3 0 6Islam i n World Cult u r e sec
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Chapter ElevenSuggestions for Furth
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Suggestions for Further Reading and
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Chapter TwelveKey TermsThe heading
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Key Te r m s 3 3 9rule in South Afr
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Key Te r m s 3 4 1Constitution of M
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Key Te r m s 3 4 3Gey Sinan (8)The
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Key Te r m s 3 4 5Brothers), an org
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Key Te r m s 3 4 7the constitution.
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Key Te r m s 3 4 9Kulub (8)A politi
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Key Te r m s 3 5 1and historically
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Key Te r m s 3 5 3PAGAD (9)The popu
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Key Te r m s 3 5 5Semitic (8)A lang
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Key Te r m s 3 5 7Tablighi Jama’a
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Key Te r m s 3 5 9speak a Turkic la
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IndexAa’sir, Imam al-Ghazi Ahmad
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I n d e x 3 6 3Assimilation, 166, 1
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I n d e x 3 6 5nation-building by,
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I n d e x 3 6 7Evangelical Christia
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I n d e x 3 6 9Government, 238, 241
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I n d e x 3 7 1Intellectualism, 17,
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I n d e x 3 7 3Kandhlawi, Maulana M
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I n d e x 3 7 5Marxism, 90, 113, 15
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I n d e x 3 7 7Mutiny of 1857, 106M
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I n d e x 3 7 9cultural, 240-241Eth
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I n d e x 3 8 1Chishti Sabiri, 127I
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I n d e x 3 8 3Solomonic dynasty, 2
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I n d e x 3 8 5Sufi, 26, 190Turkmen
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I n d e x 3 8 7Yacub, 292Yakub Beg
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