(XPS)-2 - Washington State University

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x 10 3Doublet and satellites peaks for Ni and Cr 2p4540Ni 2pCr 2p35CPS3025SatSat20885 880 875 870 865 860 855 850Binding Energy (eV)Washington State University--Pullman, WAMultiplet splitting occurs when there are unfilled shells containing unpairedelectrons. For instance, transition metals with unfilled p and d orbitals and rareearths with unfilled f orbitals all show multiplet splitting.
Vacancy created by photoionization (unpaired electron left behind (after ionization))couples with a unpaired electron in the originally incompletely filled shell andgenerates splitting of the orbital (p, d or f orbitals).Example: Fe 2 O 3 has 5 unpaired electrons in the 3d shell as shown below.Following photoionization in the 3s shell, there are 2 possible final states.Schematic of Multiplet Splitting following photoionization in Fe 3+ and XPS spectrum
Page 5 and 6: Six features seen in a typical XPS
Page 7: F 1s peakSharp Peak (core level)O 1
Page 11 and 12: Shake-up satellites: distinct peaks
Page 13 and 14: Auger featuresAuger electron emissi
Page 15 and 16: x 10 3Oxidized surfaces12Cr 2p ---d
Page 17 and 18: Chemical BondingThe curve fitting o
Page 19 and 20: Intensity ratio is given by (2j - +
Page 21: Static Charging (cont.)Auger: Sampl
Page 24 and 25: Peak Widths and IntensitiesPeak wid
Page 26 and 27: Quantitative Analysis (cont.)Sx=( A

(XPS)-2 - Washington State University

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