Reptiles, Dinosaurs, Birds & Animal Locomotion and ... - Biosciweb.net

Phylum Chordata: Class Reptilia & Class Aves 18.1Lab #18 -- Biological Sciences 102 – Animal BiologyIn lab today you will be studying birds and reptiles and you will also continue towork on Lab #26 to further process your DNA Barcoding samples. Most of thequestions in this lab will be completed as homework outside of our lab hours.From Scales to Feathers….Lacertilia by HaeckelClassification of Reptiles and BirdsReptile TaxonomyClass ReptiliaSubclass Anapsida (a-nap'se-duh) (Gr. an, without, + apsis, arch):anapsids. Amniotes having some primitive features, such as askull with no temporal opening.Order Testudines (tes-tu'din-eez) (L. testudo, tortoise) (Chelonia): turtles. Body in a bonycase of dorsal carapace and ventral plastron; jaws with keratinized beaks instead of teeth;vertebrae and ribs fused to overlying carapace; tongue not extensible; neck usuallyretractable; approximately 300 species.Subclass Diapsida (di-ap'se-duh) (Gr. di, double, + apsis, arch): diapsids. Amniotes having askull with two temporal openings.Superorder Lepidosauria (lep-i-do-sor' ee-uh) (Gr. lepidos, scale, + sauros, lizard). Diapsidlineage appearing in the Triassic; characterized by sprawling posture; no bipedalspecializations; diapsid skull often modified by loss of one or both temporal arches;transverse cloacal slit, skin shed in one piece.Order Squamata (skwa-ma'ta) (L. squamatus, scaly, + ata, characterized by): snakes,lizards, amphisbaenians. Skin of horny epidermal scales or plates, which is shed;quadrate movable; skull kinetic (except amphisbaenians); vertebrae usually concave infront; paired copulatory organs.Suborder Lacertilia (lay-sur-till' ee-uh) (L. lacerta, lizard) (Sauria): lizards. Bodyslender, usually with four limbs; rami of lower jaw fused; eyelids movable; external earpresent; this paraphyletic suborder contains approximately 4600 species.Suborder Amphisbaenia (am'fis-bee'nee-a) (L. amphis, double, + baina, to walk): wormlizards. Body elongate and of nearly uniform diameter; no legs (except one genus withshort front legs); skull bones interlocked for burrowing (not kinetic); limb girdlesvestigial; eyes hidden beneath skin; only one lung; approximately 160 species.Suborder Serpentes (sur-pen'tes) (L. serpere, to creep): snakes. Body elongate; limbs,ear openings, and middle ear absent; mandibles joined anteriorly by ligaments; eyelidsfused into transparent spectacle; tongue forked and protrusible; left lung reduced orabsent; approximately 2900 species.

Phylum Chordata: Class Reptilia & Class Aves 18.2Lab #18 -- Biological Sciences 102 – Animal BiologyOrder Sphenodonta (sfen'o-don'tuh) (Gr. sphen, wedge, + odontos, tooth): tuatara(Rhynchocephalia). Primitive diapsid skull; vertebrae biconcave; quadrate immovable;parietal eye present; two extant species in the genus Sphenodon.Superorder Ichthyosauria (ik'thee-o-sor'ee-uh) (Gr. ichthys, fish, + sauros, lizard). Mesozoicmarine dolphin-shaped diapsids with reduced limbs. All extinct.Superorder Sauropterygia (sor-op-ter-ig'ee-uh) (Gr. sauros, lizard, + pteryginos, winged).Mesozoic marine reptiles. All extinct.Order Plesiosauria (plees' ee-o-sor' ee-uh) (Gr. plesios, near, + sauros, lizard). Long-neckedMesozoic marine reptiles with paddlelike limbs. All extinct.Superorder Archosauria (ark'uh-sor'ee-uh) (Gr. archon, ruling, + sauros, lizard). Advanceddiapsids, mostly terrestrial, but some specialized for flight; gizzard present.Order Crocodilia (crok'uh-dil'ee-uh) (1. crocodilus, crocodile): crocodilians. Skull elongateand massive; nares terminal; secondary palate present; four-chambered heart; vertebraeusually concave in front; forelimbs usually of five digits; hindlimbs of four digits; quadrateimmovable; advanced social behavior; 23 species.Order Pterosauria (ter'uh-sor' ee-uh) (Gr. pteron, winged, + sauros, lizard). Flying, Mesozoicarchosaurs with membranous wings; extensive radiation. All extinct.Order Saurischia (sor-ish'ee-uh) (Gr. sauros, lizard,+ ischion, hip). Mesozoic dinosaurs;bipedal carnivores and quadrupedal herbivores; primitive (reptilian) hip structure.All extinct.Suborder Sauropodomorpha (sor'uh-pod-uh-morf'uh) (Gr. sauros, lizard, + podos, foot, +morphe, form). Herbivorous saurischians including Mesozoic giants such asBrachiosaurus, Apatosaurus and Diplodocus.Suborder Theropoda (the-ro'po-duh) (Gr. ther; wild beast, + podos, foot). Carnivoroussaurischians including huge predators such as Tyrannosaurus and small, agilepredators such as Deinonychus and Velociraptor. Birds are descended from thislineage.Order Ornithischia (orn'uh-thish'ee-uh) (Gr. ornis, bird, + ischion, hip). Mesozoic dinosaurs;bipedal and quadrupedal herbivores such as Stegosaurus, Triceratops, andParasaurolophus; advanced (birdlike) hip structure. All extinct.Subclass Synapsida (sin-ap'si-duh) (Gr. syn, together, + apsis, arch). Amniotes having skullwith one pair of lateral temporal openings.Order Therapsida (ther-ap'-si-duh) (Gr. ther; wild beast, + apsis, arch): synapsids. Permianand Triassic synapsids with many mammal-like characteristics; carnivores andherbivores. Living mammals are descended from this lineage.

Phylum Chordata: Class Reptilia & Class Aves 18.3Lab #18 -- Biological Sciences 102 – Animal BiologyBird TaxonomyClass Aves (L. avis, bird)Subclass Archaeornithes (Gr. archaios, ancient, + ornis, bird). Birds of thelate Jurassic and early Cretaceous bearing many primitivecharacteristics. ArchaeopteryxSubclass Neornithes (Gr. neos, new, + ornis, bird). Extinct and livingbirds with well-developed sternum and usually with keel; tail reduced;metacarpals and some carpals fused together. Cretaceous to present.Over 30 different orders with about 9000 species (see end of lab).Class Aves and Major Bird Orders‣ Briefly describe some important characteristics of this Class of vertebrates.Lab practicum practice: list 10 different bird orders in the space below:(see the end of this lab)1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

Phylum Chordata: Class Reptilia & Class Aves 18.5Lab #18 -- Biological Sciences 102 – Animal BiologyBrainstorm on this page with classmates at your table about the topic assigned by yourinstructor regarding the evolutionary origin of birds and their similarities to reptiles.Basically think about how you would “turn a reptile into a bird”. What anatomicalchanges had to evolve and what changes must have taken place? What novel structures,characteristics or behaviors evolved in birds that are different than reptiles? Useeducated guesses and your current knowledge to determine what features in a reptilebecame specific features in a bird.‣ You may draw pictures, but there must be notes regarding your discussion on thispage for full lab credit.

Phylum Chordata: Class Reptilia & Class Aves 18.6Lab #18 -- Biological Sciences 102 – Animal BiologyAnswer the following questions using your lab manual, textbook, instructor feedback, theInternet and collective discussions with your classmates.Regarding Thermoregulation:Briefly define the following terms:Ectothermy (most invertebrates, fish, amphibians and many reptiles) =Endothermy (some reptiles, birds, mammals) =Homeothermy (a special type of endothermy in birds and mammals only) =Regarding Reproduction:Briefly define the following terms:Oviparous =Ovoviviparous =Viviparous =Regarding Lifecycle and Development in Birds:Altricial =Precocial =

Phylum Chordata: Class Reptilia & Class Aves 18.7Lab #18 -- Biological Sciences 102 – Animal BiologyEvolution of Bird FlightThere are two basic, general hypotheses that attempt to explain the evolution of birdflight. In the spaces below, briefly define and describe what information you can findabout these two different hypotheses…or others if you find them.Evolution of Bird Flight: Hypothesis #1:Evolution of Bird Flight: Hypothesis #2:Archaeopteryx Fossil

Phylum Chordata: Class Reptilia & Class Aves 18.8Lab #18 -- Biological Sciences 102 – Animal BiologyBird Anatomical FeaturesPhylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataClass AvesUsing diagrams from the text/lab/internet and a bird specimen from lab, find thefollowing bird features:External Bird Structures‣ head (are scales or featherspresent on your specimen?)‣ eye‣ bill‣ nostril‣ neck‣ thorax‣ abdomen‣ lesser covert feathers‣ middle covert feathers‣ greater covert feathers‣ scapular feathers‣ primary feathers‣ secondary feathers‣ tail feathers‣ rump‣ legs‣ feet (are scales present?)‣ where are the wing slots?‣ where is the cloacal opening?Skeletal Structures (on pigeon skeleton and diagram in textbook/lab)‣ skull‣ sclerotic ring around orbit of the eye‣ axial skeleton‣ appendicular skeleton‣ nostril‣ orbit‣ maxilla‣ mandible‣ vertebrae (ending in urostyle)‣ scapula‣ fused clavicle‣ coracoid‣ sternum with keel‣ ribs‣ humerus‣ radius and ulna‣ carpals‣ metacarpals‣ phalanges/digits‣ pelvis/pelvic girdle‣ pygostyle (reduced tail vertebrae in modern birds)‣ femur‣ tibiotarsus (shin bone)‣ tarsometatarsus (fused ankle bone)‣ phalanges/toes (on feet) (how many toes does your specimen possess?)‣ What is the alula?‣ Muscles (see diagrams in text)‣ pectoralis major (ventral chest)‣ supracoracoideus (ventral chest)

Phylum Chordata: Class Reptilia & Class Aves 18.9Lab #18 -- Biological Sciences 102 – Animal BiologyAdaptations for Flight‣ For each organ system listed below, identify and briefly describe anatomical orphysiological adaptations that increase flight efficiency. For each organ system, theremay be more than one adaptation to consider regarding flight.Skeletal =Muscular =Cardiovascular/Circulatory =The Alimentary Canalof a BirdExcretory =Reproductive =

Phylum Chordata: Class Reptilia & Class Aves 18.10Lab #18 -- Biological Sciences 102 – Animal BiologyFrom a developmental and/or evolutionary perspective, from what structures did featherdifferentiate/evolve?‣ Which type of bird would you expect to produce altricial or precocialoffspring? Briefly provide an explanation for your answer.Ground-nesting birdsOffspring type (altricial or precocial):One example of a ground-nesting species is:Explanation for your answer:Tree-nesting birdsOffspring type (altricial or precocial):One example of a tree-nesting species is:Explanation for your answer:‣ Be sure to review the bird skeletons displayed in the lab. Yourinstructor will point out a few key aspects of bird skeletons and thedifferent types of feathers.

Phylum Chordata: Class Reptilia & Class Aves 18.11Lab #18 -- Biological Sciences 102 – Animal Biology‣ Using the bird specimens displayed in the lab, provide the followinginformation for ONE bird species in each of the following different ordersOrder GaviiformesCommon NameScientific NameUnique structures or featuresOrder PodicipediformesCommon NameScientific NameUnique structures or featuresOrder PelecaniformesCommon NameScientific NameUnique structures or featuresOrder CiconiiformesCommon NameScientific NameUnique structures or features

Phylum Chordata: Class Reptilia & Class Aves 18.14Lab #18 -- Biological Sciences 102 – Animal BiologyOrder PiciformesCommon NameScientific NameUnique structures or featuresOrder PasseriformesCommon NameScientific NameUnique structures or featuresOrder SphenisciformesCommon NameScientific NameUnique structures or featuresOrder StruthioniformesCommon NameScientific NameUnique structures or features

Phylum Chordata: Class Reptilia & Class Aves 18.15Lab #18 -- Biological Sciences 102 – Animal BiologyLABORATORY NOTES:Trochilidae by Haeckel

Phylum Chordata: Class Reptilia & Class Aves 18.16Lab #18 -- Biological Sciences 102 – Animal BiologyLABORATORY NOTES: