evropska konvencija o krajini - Ministrstvo za infrastrukturo in prostor
evropska konvencija o krajini - Ministrstvo za infrastrukturo in prostor
evropska konvencija o krajini - Ministrstvo za infrastrukturo in prostor
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
66Delavnica 1 / Workshop 1»kraj<strong>in</strong>o«. Glede na to, kako se običajno izvajajona primer metode <strong>za</strong> presojo vpliva na okolje, jihni mogoče enostavno prenesti od merjenjavpliva na posebne naravne <strong>in</strong> kulturne vire (ki jihje mogoče uničiti, prav tako pa tudi spremeniti)do presojanja, na kakšen nač<strong>in</strong> je mogočespremeniti značaj <strong>in</strong> dojemanje kraj<strong>in</strong>e. Polegtega je upravljanje kraj<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> načrtovanje kraj<strong>in</strong>ebolj uč<strong>in</strong>kovito <strong>in</strong> pozitivno orodje kot varstvokraj<strong>in</strong>e. Varstvo lahko predstavlja uporabnorešitev v sili, kadar drugi nač<strong>in</strong>i upravljanjasprememb kraj<strong>in</strong>e ne obstajajo ali niso biliuč<strong>in</strong>koviti; vendar bo običajno šlo <strong>za</strong> varstvosestavnih delov, le redko pa <strong>za</strong> <strong>za</strong>gotavljanje, dase bo ustrezen proces uporabe kraj<strong>in</strong>enadaljeval, <strong>za</strong>radi česar lahko <strong>za</strong>ščita samoohrani površ<strong>in</strong>ski izgled, ne pa tudi njenegacelotnega značaja. V najboljšem primeru lahkopredstavlja <strong>za</strong>časno sredstvo, kajti prej ali slej sebodo <strong>za</strong>čeli odvijati novi procesi, ki bodo <strong>za</strong>čelisprem<strong>in</strong>jati kraj<strong>in</strong>o, ki jo želimo varovati.Razumevanje procesov, preteklih ali odvijajočih,je pomembnejši del razumevanja kot se gavčasih <strong>za</strong>vedamo.Varstvo česarkoli – na primer zgradbe alispomenika – vedno v določenem obsegu,metaforično, včasih pa tudi dobesedno, postaviograjo ali prepreko okrog <strong>za</strong>varovanega objekta,<strong>in</strong> ga s tem izloči iz njegovega konteksta v širšemsvetu. Ker pa je kraj<strong>in</strong>a kulturnega pomena,<strong>za</strong>res obstaja samo kot del odprtega,ne<strong>za</strong>grajenega sveta <strong>in</strong> kadar je del dejanskega,sprem<strong>in</strong>jajočega, tekmovalnega sveta ljudi <strong>in</strong>družbe. Prav <strong>za</strong>radi tega tako pogostouporabljamo izraz »kulturna kraj<strong>in</strong>a«. Centraliziranostljudi – sedaj <strong>in</strong> v preteklosti, prav tako patudi v prihodnosti – je razlog, <strong>za</strong>radi katerega sozgodov<strong>in</strong>ski <strong>in</strong> arheološki vidiki kraj<strong>in</strong>e takopomembni; <strong>in</strong> <strong>za</strong>kaj morata arheologija kraj<strong>in</strong>e<strong>in</strong> zgodov<strong>in</strong>a kraj<strong>in</strong>e igrati pomembno vlogo priocenjevanju <strong>in</strong> opredeljevanju kraj<strong>in</strong>e.Varstvo kraj<strong>in</strong>e prav <strong>za</strong>radi tega ne predstavljaprednostnega <strong>in</strong>strumenta pri trajnostni skrbi <strong>za</strong>kraj<strong>in</strong>o. Tudi kadar je potrebna, jo jenajuč<strong>in</strong>koviteje <strong>in</strong> najbolje uporabiti samo nanivoju sestavnih delov: kraj<strong>in</strong>a kot celota je – vkaterem koli območju – odvisna od ljudi <strong>in</strong>družbenih procesov, ki pa se ne morejonadaljevati v neskončnost, ali od ekološkihmedsebojnih vplivov, ki ne obstajajo v vakuumu,ampak kot del biosfere, ki jo nenehno sprem<strong>in</strong>jačlovek. Gledano na ta nač<strong>in</strong>, kot celovitmehanizem, pa tudi kot miselni koncept, kraj<strong>in</strong>efrom measur<strong>in</strong>g impact on specific natural andcultural assets (which can be destroyed as wellas modified) to assess<strong>in</strong>g how landscape characterand perceptions may be modified. Furthermore,landscape management and landscapeplann<strong>in</strong>g are more useful and positive tools thanlandscape protection. Protection can be a usefulfall-back when other ways to manage landscapechange more holistically do not exist orhave failed; but it will usually be protection ofcomponents, rarely ensur<strong>in</strong>g that appropriateland-us<strong>in</strong>g processes cont<strong>in</strong>ue, so that protectionmay keep the superficiality of landscape butnot its full character. It also at best is a temporaryremedy because sooner or later new processeswill arise that start to change the landscapethat we are try<strong>in</strong>g to protect. Understand<strong>in</strong>gprocesses, past or cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g, is a more importantpart of understand<strong>in</strong>g than is sometimesrecognised.Protection of anyth<strong>in</strong>g - a build<strong>in</strong>g or a monumentfor example - always to some extent, metaphoricallyand occasionally literally, erects afence or a barrier around the object of protection,separat<strong>in</strong>g it from its context <strong>in</strong> the widerworld. Landscape, however, because it is cultural,only truly exists as part of an open, unfencedworld and when it is part of the real,chang<strong>in</strong>g, contested world of people and society.This is why we so often use the term »culturallandscape«. The centrality of people - nowand <strong>in</strong> the past as much as <strong>in</strong> the future - is whythe historic and archaeological aspects of landscapeare so important; and why landscape archaeologyand landscape history need to play alarge role <strong>in</strong> landscape assessment and characterisation.Landscape protection is therefore not the preferred<strong>in</strong>strument for susta<strong>in</strong>ably look<strong>in</strong>g afterlandscape. Even when it is required, it is best andmost effectively applied only at the scale of components:landscape as a whole - <strong>in</strong> any area – isdependent on human and social processes thatcannot always cont<strong>in</strong>ue, or on ecological <strong>in</strong>teractionswhich do not exists <strong>in</strong> a vacuum but aspart of the humanly-modified biosphere thatcont<strong>in</strong>ues to be modified. Viewed <strong>in</strong> this way asa complex mechanism as well as a mental concept,landscape cannot be »protected«; such anapproach (which is borrowed from earlier 20 th oreven 19 th century paradigms for protect<strong>in</strong>gMonuments and Nature Reserves) is <strong>in</strong>appropriate,yet it cont<strong>in</strong>ually re-emerges <strong>in</strong> discussions