evropska konvencija o krajini - Ministrstvo za infrastrukturo in prostor

218Delavnica 3 / Workshop 3številne nedobrodošle brazgotine industrijskihin rudarskih dejavnosti iz preteklosti;– za ohranjanje značaja mnogih urejenih krajin,ki so bile oblikovane (zlasti v nižinah) zato,da bi ustvarile privlačen kontekst za domovepremožnih, zlasti od 18. stoletja naprej; in– zlasti v zadnjih letih, da bi se bolje opisalo inoznačilo vse krajine s prepoznavanjem takovrednosti njene raznolikosti kot tistega, karneposredna okolica skupaj z bogastvomosebnih spominov prispeva h kakovostiživljenja in občutku identitete ljudi.Režim, ki se je v veliki meri razvil kot odgovor najavno zaskrbljenost za krajine in kot izraz tezaskrbljenosti ter ne toliko kot vsiljevanje odzgoraj navzdol, je prinesel veliko dobrega.Pomagal je, na primer, spodbuditi hitro širjenjeprostovoljnega dela, ki je segalo od majhnihobčinskih skupin do nacionalnih ustanov, ki sose posvetile dolgoročnemu upravljanju ohranjanja,kot je Nacionalni sklad za Škotsko.Vendar je sistem, tak kakršen je, pokazal tudislabosti. Te so:– preveliko poudarjanje varstva namesto aktivnegaupravljanja in spodbujanja pozitivnihsprememb;– prevelika osredotočenost na formalno načrtovanjerabe prostora in razvoj nadzornihrežimov kot sredstva za doseganje krajinskihciljev na račun drugih javnih političnihinstrumentov primerljivega vpliva na upravljanjezemljišč in voda;– premajhno prizadevanje za ohranjanje značilnostilokalnega oblikovanja in uporabolokalnih materialov; in– nezadostna povezanost s poklicnimi skupinamiin sektorji, katerih tekoče odločitve sotesno povezane s krajino (kot so inženirji ingradbena industrija).Gledano v celoti ta pristop doslej ni pokazalpopolne učinkovitosti pri preprečevanju zmanjševanjakrajinske kakovosti in značaja, ne napodročju obsežnega, pogosto s strani državespodbujanega razvoja, kot so komercialnapogozditev, razvoj obnovljivih energetskih virovin telekomunikacije, ne na področju manjšihkumulativnih vplivov, povezanih z (na primer)intenziviranjem kmetijstva in prekomernimzanašanjem na standardizirane oblike inmateriale stanovanjskih objektov ter na razvojprodaje na drobno.peri-urban landscapes, many of which bearthe unwelcome scars of past industrial andmining activity;– to preserve the character of the many designedlandscapes created (especially in thelowlands) to provide an attractive context forthe homes of the wealthy, especially from the18 th century onwards; and– in recent years, to better describe and characteriseall landscapes, in recognition both ofthe value of diversity in itself and of the contributionthat peoples’ immediate surroundings,with their wealth of personal associations,make to their quality of life and senseof identity.There is much that is good about a regime thathas developed largely as a response to and expressionof public concern for landscapes,rather than as a top-down imposition. It has, forexample, helped to stimulate a rapidly growingvolume of voluntary action, ranging from smallcommunity groups to national institutions dedicatedto long-term conservation management,such as the National Trust for Scotland.But the system as it stands also has markedweaknesses. These include:– too much emphasis on protection, ratherthan active management and the promotionof positive change;– too exclusive a focus on the formal land useplanning and development control regimesas the means of pursuing landscape objectives,at the expense of other public policyinstruments of comparable influence overthe management of land and water;– too little effort to maintain characteristiclocal designs and the use of local materials;and– insufficient engagement with professionsand sectors whose day-to-day decisions haveprofound implications for the landscape(such as engineers and the construction industry).All in all, the approach hitherto has not provedfully effective in preventing the erosion of landscapequality and character by either large-scale,often state-promoted, developments such ascommercial afforestation, renewable energydevelopment and telecommunications or thesmall-scale cumulative impacts associated with(for example) agricultural intensification and anover-reliance on standardised designs and materialsfor housing and retail developments.