evropska konvencija o krajini - Ministrstvo za infrastrukturo in prostor

Varstvo in upravljanje krajine:izkušnje in prizadevanja na ŠkotskemLandscape protection and management:Scottish experience and aspirationJohn Thomson216Delavnica 3 / Workshop 3Naravna dediščina ŠkotskeŠkotska zaradi svojih raznolikih geoloških inklimatskih razmer ter dolge zgodovinenaseljevanja ljudi uživa blagoslov izrednopestrega krajinskega bogastva. Mnoge njenekrajine po zahodnoevropskih standardih ševedno veljajo za razmeroma nedotaknjene.Vendar so to v resnici skoraj brez izjeme kulturnekrajine, in tudi najbolj divje in oddaljene nosijopečat nekdanje človekove rabe in celonaseljenosti. Te močne kulturne povezave patudi sicer niso vedno samo pozitivne; številneznamenite krajine so v vsaj nekaterih področjihsimbol pretekle napačne uporabe ali zlorabemoči. A kljub temu, in deloma tudi iz tegarazloga, bi le malo ljudi podvomilo v to, da sokrajine Škotske nekaj, na kar so tamkajšnji ljudjeizredno ponosni in kar predstavlja središče njenenacionalne identitete.Kaj je Škotska storila, da bi zavarovala todediščino? Tako kot ostali del Združenegakraljestva je sredi 20. stoletja postavila jasnoločnico med ohranitvijo narave in krajine (čepravsta bili obe nedavno skupaj postavljeni podpristojnost moje organizacije). Vendar pa sepraksa na področju varstva in upravljanja krajineveliko bolj razhaja pri različnih delih Združenegakraljestva, kot se je pri ohranjanju narave. To jedeloma odraz še nedavnega neobstoja širšegaevropskega okvira takšne vrste, kot ga zabiološko raznovrstnost nudijo direktive Natura.Vendar pa je, kot bom razložil v nadaljevanju,izvor tega tudi v globoko zakoreninjenihdomorodnih socialnih in političnih dejavnikih.V celoti je formalni sistem varstva krajine dokajslab in nerazvit, vsaj po angleških in valižanskihstandardih. To je deloma mogoče pripisatiScottish Natural HeritageThanks to its varied geology and climatic conditions,and long history of human settlement,Scotland is blessed with a remarkably diverselandscape resource. Many of its landscapes remainby Western European standards relativelynatural. In reality, however, they are almost withoutexception cultural landscapes, with even thewildest and most remote bearing the impact ofpast human use and even habitation. Furthermore,these strong cultural association are notalways positive in character; many renownedlandscapes are seen in at least some quarters assymbolic of past misuse and abuses of power.Yet, and partly for this reason, few would questionthat the landscapes of Scotland are a matterof great pride to its people and lie at the heartof its national identity.What steps has Scotland taken to safeguard thislegacy? Like the rest of the UK, it drew in themid-20 th century a sharp divide between natureand landscape conservation (though the twohave more recently been brought together in theremit of my own organisation). But practice inthe fields of landscape protection and managementhas diverged much more sharply betweendifferent parts of the UK than it has on the natureconservation side. In part this reflects thatabsence until very recently of a wider Europeanframework, of the kind provided for biodiversityby the Natura Directives. But as I shall explain, italso has its origins in deep-seated indigenoussocial and political factors.Overall the formal system of landscape protectionis relatively weak and undeveloped, certainlyby English and Welsh standards. This is partiallyattributable to the difficulty of identifying (let