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evropska konvencija o krajini - Ministrstvo za infrastrukturo in prostor

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132Delavnica 2 / Workshop 2»od zgoraj navzdol« je vseboval analizo ciljevrazličnih politik, ki se nanašajo na kraj<strong>in</strong>o. Pristop»od spodaj navzgor« pa je osvetlil pričakovanja<strong>in</strong> potrebe prebivalcev v alpskih skupnostih.Rezultati prvega pristopa so predstavljeni vnadaljevanju, rezultati drugega pristopa pa v 4.poglavju.Cilji politik <strong>in</strong> kraj<strong>in</strong>aPregled <strong>in</strong> anali<strong>za</strong> dokumentov politik v alpskihdržavah sta odkrila, da številni <strong>za</strong>koni <strong>in</strong>resolucije vsebujejo cilje, ki se nanašajo nakraj<strong>in</strong>o. Teh je največ v <strong>prostor</strong>skem planiranju,regionalni <strong>in</strong> kmetijski politiki ter ohranjanjunarave. Na splošno so teme pove<strong>za</strong>ne s kulturnokraj<strong>in</strong>o, ki jih pregledane politike obravnavajo,družbeno pomembne <strong>in</strong> v skladu s ciljitrajnostnega razvoja. Vendar pa je anali<strong>za</strong> tudiodkrila, da se pojem »kulturna kraj<strong>in</strong>a« skorajvselej uporablja v pove<strong>za</strong>vi z »vzdrževanjem« <strong>in</strong>»ohranjanjem«, zlasti v kmetijski <strong>in</strong> naravovarstvenipolitiki.Javne politike le redko obravnavajo razvojneteme, kot so na primer oblikovanje <strong>in</strong>vrednotenje kraj<strong>in</strong>e ter vključevanje njenerekreacijske, ekološke <strong>in</strong> zgodov<strong>in</strong>ske vloge vregionalni razvoj. V skladu s tem pogledom sosubvencije, namenjene vzdrževanju kmetijskerabe tudi osrednji ukrep, pove<strong>za</strong>n s kulturnokraj<strong>in</strong>o.Glavne ugotovitve analize politik kažejo navisoko stopnjo relevantnosti, koherentnosti <strong>in</strong>komplementarnosti. Vendar pa je ta na videzdobra slika v veliki meri posledica precejsplošnih <strong>in</strong> neoperativnih ciljev, kazijo pa jo tud<strong>in</strong>ekatere ugotovitve, kot je na primer pomanjkanjekoord<strong>in</strong>acije <strong>in</strong> sodelovanja med<strong>in</strong>stitucijami, konkurenca med nekaterimisektorskimi cilji <strong>in</strong> ukrepi, številne pomanjkljivostipri izvajanju ter pomanjkanje <strong>prostor</strong>skihpristopov. Te pomanjkljivosti so opazne pri vsehsektorjih <strong>in</strong> na vseh ravneh, od EU do obč<strong>in</strong>ske.Več<strong>in</strong>a ukrepov je usmerjenih bodisi izključnorazvojno (v smislu krepitve gospodarstva) bodisistrogo varstveno. Nekatere politike, več<strong>in</strong>omarazvojne ali prometne, pa kraj<strong>in</strong>e sploh neupoštevajo.Po drugi strani pa sta anali<strong>za</strong> trendov <strong>in</strong>vrednotenje scenarijev poka<strong>za</strong>la na potrebo pobolj nadsektorsko <strong>in</strong> celostno opredeljenih ciljihna področju kraj<strong>in</strong>e, ki jih je težko def<strong>in</strong>iratito the vitality of farm<strong>in</strong>g. The agricultural policyof the last years has contributed to prevent<strong>in</strong>g alarge-scale withdrawal of agriculture, but hasnot succeeded <strong>in</strong> some parts. Wilderness areas,which were not long ago limited to the southwesternAlps, are be<strong>in</strong>g restored (on smallerscale) all over the Alp<strong>in</strong>e bow.While all described types of landscape transformationare present <strong>in</strong> most regions <strong>in</strong> Europe,the last one is probably more unique for the Alp<strong>in</strong>earea. These are ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>ed traditional Alp<strong>in</strong>esceneries, which are be<strong>in</strong>g managed to fitthe demand from the consumers of tourism andleisure <strong>in</strong>dustry. They are emerg<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> locationsclose to the areas of <strong>in</strong>tensive tourism which arediscover<strong>in</strong>g traditional landscapes as an amenityfor the visitors and as an asset for the tourism<strong>in</strong>dustry.3. Landscape <strong>in</strong> public policiesThe project dealt with the landscape issue fromtwo complementary normative approaches: topdownapproach analysed the objectives of severalpolicies, which relate to the landscape, whilethe bottom-up approach exam<strong>in</strong>ed the expectationsand <strong>in</strong>terests of the <strong>in</strong>habitants <strong>in</strong> Alp<strong>in</strong>ecommunities. The second approach will be expla<strong>in</strong>ed<strong>in</strong> chapter 4.Landscape objectivesThe screen<strong>in</strong>g and the analysis of policy documents<strong>in</strong> the alp<strong>in</strong>e countries have revealed thatthere are a number of laws and resolutionswhich conta<strong>in</strong> objectives concern<strong>in</strong>g landscape,particularly <strong>in</strong> spatial plann<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>in</strong> regional,agricultural and nature conservation policies. Ingeneral, the cultural landscape issues addressedwith<strong>in</strong> the studied policy approaches are sociallyrelevant and <strong>in</strong> accordance with the aims of susta<strong>in</strong>abledevelopment. However, the analysisalso revealed that the term »cultural landscape«is almost always used <strong>in</strong> connection with »ma<strong>in</strong>tenance«and »conservation«, e. g. <strong>in</strong> agriculturaland nature protection policies. Public policiesbarely address development issues such as landscapedesign or landscape valorisation, just aslittle as the value of cultural landscapes as anasset for regional development, or the recreational,ecological or historic functions of culturallandscapes. Correspond<strong>in</strong>gly, the subsidies aim<strong>in</strong>gat the ma<strong>in</strong>tenance of the agricultural cultivationare the ma<strong>in</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ancial focus of policymeasures towards cultural landscapes.

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