evropska konvencija o krajini - Ministrstvo za infrastrukturo in prostor

ekonomski tekmi še ostala nepozidana, sointenzivno obdelana. Prijetno bivalno okolje pase je marsikje že zelo poslabšalo zaradiintenzifikacije rabe prostora.Drugi pol rasti v Alpah so turistična središča.Čeprav so pogosto odmaknjena in na visokihnadmorskih višinah, pa so po nekaterihznačilnostih podobna urbaniziranim dolinam.Povečuje se število dnevnih delovnih migrantov,pospešuje se gradnja, pomen kmetijstva paupada. Obseg kmetijstva se pogosto ustali nadoločeni, precej omejeni ravni. V teh območjihsta izgradnja turistične infrastrukture in porabaprostora glavna dejavnika spreminjanja kulturnekrajine ter pritiska na naravne ekosisteme. Zeloverjetno je, da bodo v prihodnosti uspevala le šedobro opremljena središča na visokihnadmorskih višinah, med tem ko se bodo moralinižje ležeči kraji soočiti z razvojnimi težavami inprestrukturiranjem dejavnosti.Na drugi strani je slika popolnoma drugačna: vpropadajočih območjih sta glavna procesaspreminjanja krajine opuščanje rabe inpreraščanje z gozdom. Mnoga od tehodmaknjenih območij se soočajo z izgubodelovnih mest in osnovne oskrbe, številna tudiz odseljevanjem. Kmetijstvo je tu še vednopomemben dejavnik, kar pa je bolj posledicapomanjkanja drugih gospodarskih dejavnostikot znamenje vitalnosti kmetijstva. Kmetijskapolitika je v zadnjih letih sicer pripomogla komejevanju množičnega opuščanja obdelavekmetijskih zemljišč, vendar v nekaterih območjihbolj, v drugih manj uspešno. Divjina, ki je bila šenedavno omejena na posamezne predele vjugozahodnih Alpah, se zdaj obnavlja tudi vdrugih delih Alpskega loka.Vsi opisani vzorci so prisotni tudi v drugihevropskih regijah, naslednji pa je morda najboljznačilen ravno za Alpe. Gre za vzdrževanaprizorišča, ki jih zavestno ohranjamo zaradivideza, ki ustreza povpraševanju na turističnemin prostočasnem trgu. Običajno se pojavljajo naobmočjih, ki so dobro dostopna iz urbanihsredišč in v bližini turističnih središč, ki so odkrilaprivlačnost tradicionalne kulturne krajine zaobiskovalce in njeno vrednost v turističniponudbi.3. Krajina in javne politikeNormativni vidik je bil v projektu obdelan zdvema komplementarnima pristopoma: pristopAlpine sceneries, carefully maintained with thespecific aim of preserving traditional culturallandscapes considered valuable as tourist attraction.Alpine cities and their suburbs are locatedmostly in the valley floors and contain 57% ofthe alpine population and 71% of the alpineworking places on 23% of the alpine surface.They are characterised by the increasing importanceof commuting and a strongly increasingnumber of buildings. The main effects on thelandscape in these prosperous areas are increasedland consumption and densification ofbuilt up space. The best agricultural land in thesurroundings of alpine cities is either being intensivelyexplored in the competition with moreprofitable land uses, or already built up. The areassurrounding the urban cores are perhapsundergoing most fundamental and rapid changeof the landscape. The emerging and spreadingsuburban areas of commuter settlements dependon urban centres for jobs and services. Thepleasant living environment is in many placesalready decreasing due to intensification of landuse.The second poles of growth within the Alps arethe areas with intensive tourism. Although tourism-dominatedmunicipalities are often remoteand lying on a high sea level, some characteristicfeatures are comparable to the prosperousalpine valley floors. There are many in-commuters,a strong increase in buildings and low importanceof agriculture. Nevertheless, in tourismareas the stabilisation of an extensive agricultureon a low level can be observed. In these areastourism infrastructures and high land consumptionare causing heavy pressure on landscapesand on sensible mountain ecosystems. It is verypossible that in the future only the well equippedresorts on high altitude will be successful, whileareas on lower sea levels and with less adaptedtourism infrastructure will have to give up orchange their profile.The other side of the coin shows completely differentpicture: in decline areas theextensification of land use and forest overgrowingare the main landscape transformations.Many of these peripheral areas are facing a lossof working places and a decline of basic services;several even a decrease of population. Theagricultural sector is still playing an importantrole in these areas, but this could be attributedmore to the lack of economic alternatives than131Delavnica 2 / Workshop 2