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handled. The APVMA considered that the predicted rate of inhalation exposurewould be significantly underestimated for dichlorvos due to its high volatility.Utilising data from one study (Gold & Holcslaw, 1984; Original not sighted), theAPVMA increased the predicted rate of inhalation exposure by 50-fold to give0.132 mg a.i./kg handled.4.34 The APVMA used the data-based PHED model 19 to predict exposures duringapplication. The predicted dermal exposure rates on head, body and hands wererespectively 0.184, 26.8 and 2.55 mg a.i./kg handled, while the predictedinhalation exposure rate was 0.174 mg a.i./kg handled. See Table X andAppendix 4 for predicted exposures from 1 hectare applications.Dichlorvos reassessment – application Page 290 of 436
Table II: Occupational Exposure Estimates & Risk Assessment aScenarios (1-4): Tractor mounted/trailed boom sprayer: hydraulic nozzlesOperation / RPE / PPEApplicationRate(kg a.i./ha)Work Rate(ha)Dermalabsorbed dose(mg/day) bInhalationabsorbed dose(mg/day) bTotal operatorsystemic exposure(mg/kg b.w./day) bRiskQuotient(RQ) cScenario 1-4: Boom sprayer with engineering controlsMixing/loading: Mechanical transfer system d(Mixing/loading: A1P2 + glovesApplication: Enclosed cab with appropriate filtration system e(Application: overalls + boots + gloves0.8 20 0.04260.11520.22780.6902Mixing/loading: A1P2 + gloves0.8 20 0.1152Application: Enclosed cab with appropriate filtration system e 0.2278Mixing/loading: Mechanical transfer system dApplication: A1P2 + hood/visor + overalls + boots + glovesScenario 1-4: Boom sprayer without engineering controlsMixing/loading: A1P2 + glovesApplication: A1P2 + hood/visor + overalls + boots + glovesMixing/loading: glovesApplication: hood/visor + overalls + boots + glovesMixing/loading: glovesApplication: glovesMixing/loading: no PPEApplication: no PPE0.8 20 0.04260.41380.8 20 0.11520.41380.8 20 0.11520.41660.8 20 0.11520.8 20 128100.00020.0002)0.00530.016)0.00020.00530.00020.00030.00020.00030.00960.0160.00960.0160.00960.016) 0.0039) 2.8) 0.00503.6)) 0.00664.7)) 0.00765.4)) 0.00805.7)) 0.116183)) 0.3048218)Dichlorvos reassessment – application Page 291 of 436
Page 1 and 2:
Application for the Reassessment of
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6.1 Evaluation of options to streng
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIn briefERMA New Z
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Aerosol containing 50 g/kgdichlorvo
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ERMA New Zealand‘s recommendation
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26 - 29Outdoor public space usage30
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Substance details1-8,11-16,20-25,30
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1.2.3 In 2008, the Environmental Ri
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Table 1. Dichlorvos-containing subs
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public environments and use for bio
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available to it. In preparing this
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3.3 International regulatory positi
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3.6 Classification3.6.1 The HSNO cl
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Hazard Class /SubclassClassificatio
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Hazard Class /SubclassClassificatio
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Rates:Fogging: 13 ml / litre (water
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BV2 SurfaceInsecticideBV2 SurfaceIn
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Table 7.Dichlorvos outdoor and indo
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Scenario Crop/Use Method Rate Appli
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humidity conditions. The higher res
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4.3 EnvironmentIdentification of ad
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4.3.9.3 Aquatic environment - Groun
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is considered to be highly improbab
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RiskGroupRQ range Level of risk Use
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RiskGroupRQ range Level of risk Use
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assessment, as the Use Scenario inc
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Nonnegligible1 < RQ < 10Nonnegligib
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Table 12.LifecycleStageImport,manuf
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LifecycleStageUse -bystanderUseScen
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Table 13.Identification of benefici
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value that can be attributed to dic
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outbreak, MAF‘s ability to demons
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the duty of the Crown is not merely
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5.1.7.1 J. Hicking stated that dich
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Table 14. Comparative of hazard cla
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Crop Pest Active ingredient Preharv
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Crop Pest Active ingredient Preharv
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SECTION 6- PROPOSALS TO MANAGE RISK
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Assessment was carried out with spe
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6.1.11 Controls to protect bystande
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Table 16Effect of additional contro
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Use Scenario Receptor Level of Risk
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have, and notes the following as ar
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Table 18Summary of benefits associa
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UseScenariosAssessment ofEffectOutc
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Substance detailsHSR000126DDVPInsec
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Table 22.there are no practicable r
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7.4 Preliminary Recommendations7.4.
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method and LOQ)Water (principle ofm
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Appendix B: Environmental Fate of d
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Bioconcentration factor Gnathopogon
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Table C.2:Scenarios used in exposur
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Scenario 3: Vegetables - 1 applicat
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FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VA
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insectivorous bird7 Passionfruit Sm
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4 Leafyvegetables(BBCH ≥50)4 Leaf
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summer)7 passionfruit(BBCH 10-19)7
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Ground (lowboom)0.03 0.03 1.07 1.07
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Appendix D: Ecotoxicity of dichlorv
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ioaccumulationClearance timeLevel o
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Table D.5:Toxicity to terrestrial i
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Appendix E: Risk Assessment: Enviro
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Aquatic organsimsTable E.3:Environm
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12345Crop type Table I.1 (Annex 1)
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7 passionfruit(BBCH 20-39)7 passion
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Fruit (tree) 2052 70759 >50Passionf
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Appendix F: Human Toxicity of dichl
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CONTENTS:Title Page 11 Purpose 2Con
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2 SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATIONIUPAC nam
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However, dichlorvos has genotoxic p
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4 ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOL
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aerosol cans (230-330 g dichlorvos)
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4.3 Metabolism:found in tissues of
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dose of 1.0 mg/kg bw, a single gava
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eports. LD 50 = 46.4 mg/kg b.w. is
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6 ACUTE DERMAL 6.1HSNO Classificati
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7 ACUTE INHALATION 6.1HSNO Classifi
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measured and it was not possible to
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8 SKIN IRRITATION 6.3 & CORROSION 8
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9 EYE IRRITATION 6.4 & CORROSION 8.
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10 RESPIRATORY SENSITISATION 6.5AHS
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Justification for Classification: U
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12 MUTAGENICITY 6.6HSNO Classificat
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ERMA New Zealand CONFIDENTIAL Repor
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The ATSDR (1997) reported:“Dichlo
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•ATSDR (1997): http://www.atsdr.c
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13 CARCINOGENICITY 6.7HSNO Classifi
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fibroadenomas were observed in 6 (1
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• Sex/Numbers:• Test material:
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The NTP Peer Review concluded that:
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concurrent studies for comparison w
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The APVMA (2008a) reported a chroni
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was exposed. The estimated daily in
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14 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY 6.8HSNO Cl
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ppm during premating days, signific
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Toxicology, Chemistry and Life Scie
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addition, there was an increase in
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• Maternal toxicity NOAEL =• Ma
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Research Triangle Park, North Carol
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16 REPRODUCTIVE OR DEVELOPMENTAL TO
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17 SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY 6
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There was a significant dose-relate
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KEY STUDY:• Type of study:• Spe
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BACKGROUND:The APVMA (2008a) also r
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cholinesterases can only be estimat
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Page 241 and 242: Ltd, Sittingbourne Research Center,
Page 243 and 244: 23 OTHER POTENTIAL TOXIC ENDPOINTS2
Page 245 and 246: ―Results“Mortalities and clinic
Page 247 and 248: 1984). QA study. Study conducted ac
Page 249 and 250: “No information was located on im
Page 251 and 252: “Comment: These incidents clearly
Page 253 and 254: 25 ACCEPTABLE OPERATOR EXPOSURE LEV
Page 255 and 256: to pretreatment activity). When the
Page 257 and 258: cholinesterase inhibition in health
Page 259 and 260: protect agricultural workers who ha
Page 261 and 262: Wash: refers to skin washes; Dressi
Page 263 and 264: Hazard Class/SubclassHazardclassifi
Page 265 and 266: Hazard Class/SubclassHazardclassifi
Page 267 and 268: REFERENCES:APVMA, 2008a. ―DICHLOR
Page 269 and 270: Appendix 1:APVMA - Summary of bench
Page 271 and 272: “Inhalational NOEL for Occupation
Page 273 and 274: activity). In fact, treatment was s
Page 275 and 276: LAST PAGEDichlorvos reassessment -
Page 277 and 278: Dichlorvos:Occupational, Bystander,
Page 279 and 280: CONTENTS:Title Page 11 Purpose 2Con
Page 281 and 282: 3ACTIVITY SCENARIOS3.1 Table (I) su
Page 283 and 284: access of bystanders to treated are
Page 285 and 286: can reduce dermal exposures to mixe
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Page 289: The modelling is based upon dischar
Page 293 and 294: Table III: Occupational Exposure Es
Page 295 and 296: Operation / RPE / PPETable IV: Occu
Page 297 and 298: 1.25L product/ha; work rate, 1.25 h
Page 299 and 300: Application: Air-hose RPE + chem. r
Page 301 and 302: Application: Half-face RPE + overal
Page 303 and 304: P for RPE (% penetration): none, 1
Page 305 and 306: Table X: Occupational Exposure Esti
Page 307 and 308: provided: work day exposure is limi
Page 309 and 310: 5POST-APPLICATION OR RE-ENTRY WORKE
Page 311 and 312: D = DFR x TC x DA x WR x AR x P / B
Page 313 and 314: Re-entry into out-door crops (Scena
Page 315 and 316: Re-entry into treated glasshouses d
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Page 319 and 320: Re-entry into treated glasshouses u
Page 321 and 322: Table XVII: Re-entry into glasshous
Page 323 and 324: lowest use rate (52 mg/m 3 ; 1300g
Page 325 and 326: DA = percentage dermal absorption [
Page 327 and 328: Re-entry into treated enclosed indu
Page 329 and 330: nature of the building itself, not
Page 331 and 332: Conclusions on re-entry worker expo
Page 333 and 334: 6BYSTANDER & RESIDENT EXPOSURE & RI
Page 335 and 336: Children’s incidental ingestion o
Page 337 and 338: Table XX: Spray driftExposure throu
Page 339 and 340: Exposure through contactwithcontami
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Conclusions on bystander and reside
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Table XXIII: Dichlorvos Use Scenari
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mixing/loading. Mixing/loading fogg
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7.23 Re-entry for ventilation of in
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REFERENCES:APVMA, 2008a. ―DICHLOR
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Appendix 1:Occupational Exposure Es
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FactorExposure (μg/kg a.i. handled
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Inhalation exposure from cylinder c
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[0.01875 x {(0.018 x 0.05) + (2.68
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With half-face respirator (protecti
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With full-body chemical resistant c
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Appendix 4:Occupational Exposure Es
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With overalls and gloves (protectio
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The Dermal Exposure (D) is 2.06 μg
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TTR = turf transferable residues -
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F = fraction of residue retained on
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TTR = transferable residues - the E
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Public Space ApplicationsScenario (
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ERMA New Zealand‟s comment on the
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Enclosed SpaceAgricultural UseOutdo
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Appendix H: Qualitative Descriptors
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1.3. The likelihood applies to the
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Appendix I: Data from which classif
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Endpoint Units * Dichlorvos Propoxu
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Toxicity mixture calculationsSubcla
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Subclass 9.3 -Ecotoxicity to terres
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Table J.1:Existing controls for dic
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TrackingcontrolsIdentification cont
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Table J.2:Summary of default contro
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Hazardous Substances (Classes 1 to
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Hazardous Substances (Classes 6, 8,
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Hazardous Substances (Classes 6, 8,
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(a) means piping that—(i) is conn
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Code I29 Regs 51, 52 Signage requir
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Non-HSNO Act controlsAgricultural C
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Appendix K: Overseas regulatory act
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Product Use Further details ofuseSu
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Risk assessment identified concerns
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Current usesFormulations:Methods of
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CanadaStatusPMRA are undertaking a
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Appendix L: Parties consulted durin
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Animal Products Act 19995. The purp
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14. Regulatory control of these pro
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Zealand‘s trade in primary produc
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processed and stored. It employs ve
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may be taken to risk management in
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Appendix A• Agricultural Compound
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Appendix O: ReferencesACVM (2010) h
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