TGPC: Greater Wellington letter to Chair, PCTG BOI - Attachment 2

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Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchmentAppendix 2: Annotated BibliographySmith, A. P. and R. MCC011 (1979). SedinTenis of Pawuiahanwi Inlet. nutrient starus und role inwafer qwol^fy. Department of Science Industry and Research, Soil Bureau Scientific Report N'37Study on the effects of sediments on water quality as part of the PEP providing baselineinformation. In the upper ICm of interndalsediments concentrations of total nitrogen andorganic carbon were about ten times less than, and the total phosphorus about half, ofthose of the catchment topsoils. Concentrations of the 3 elements increased highlysignificantly with 'mud' (clay and sill) content and, in the case of nitrogen andphosphorus, with decreasing depth in the sediment profile. Nutrient levels in intertidalsediments near the mouths of the inlets northern and eastern shores (draining richestagricultural areas) were 2 times those on southern shores. During two rain storms, theconcentration of suspended matter leaving the inlet declined in 3 days. This indicatesfairly rapid settlement and efficienttidal flushing of stream - borne materialSorensen, P. G. and I. R. Milne (2009). Portruu Harbour largeied mienidalsedrnieni qwoliiyassessi, Ten!-DRAFT, Greater Wellington Regional Council, GW/EMI-T-09/136A study of sediment contaminants, with an emphasis on the southern end of OnepotoArm, in order to assess the magnitude and spatial extent of contamination. Analysed 17sites, including hot spots such as the mouths of Duck Creek, Onepoto and BrownsStream, and also the lower reaches of POTirua and Keriepuru Stream. Sediments sampledwere analysed for particle size; total organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus; totalrecoverable metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, lead andzinc); FAHs and organo-chlorides. Data collected was compared with ANZECC (2000)IsQG and ARC ERC (2004). Concentrations of metals are higher closest to Semple SIdrain and POTirua Stream channel, although no correction for mud component wasundertaken, so concentration distributions may be also influenced by grain size. Zincconcentrations were greater than the ANZECC IsQG 'low' at 7 sites and a core taken nearthe Semple SI drain was above ANZECC IsQG high' value. Mercury exceeded theANZECC IsQG low' value at one site. Total HMW PAH was above the ANZECCIsQG 'low' at two sites, whilst only Onepoto Stream mouth exceeded the guideline 'low'for Total FAH. Fifteen of the seventeen sites contained DDT, and all at concentrationsabove ANZECC IsQG 'low' value. POTirua and Keriepuru stream also had concentrationsof DDT above the guideline 'low'. Keriepuru and POTirua Stream data is similar to dataobtained from the same location by Milne and Watts (2008). No background sample wasanalysed or bioavailable metals. Sites are grouped as high or low without statisticalanalysis. Contaminants were highest in sediments closest to Semple SI drain and POTiruaStream channel, confirming that stormwater outfalls and POTirua Stream are the primarysource of pollution. First time Onepoto Stream has been sampled, and results suggest alocalised contaminant source In most cases (with the exception of zinc) thecontamination levels only breach the ARC ERC which is an early warning, giving anopportunity for management intervention.Stephenson, G. (2003). Progress yep0, 'I o11 Ihe investigttiion of chei?ticol coll!animani$ illsheIffish. Resource Investigations Department, Environment Division, Greater WellingtonRegional Council. Report to Environment Committee, 14 April 2003Shellfish in waters adjacent to the Region's urban areas in particular appeared to beexposed 10 arithropogenic sources of at least some of the contaminants measuredPreliminary results from the GWRC stormwater investigation suggest that urbanstormwater is the most likely source of these contaminants. The shellfish tests are justone contribution to a much needed broader assessment of the environmental effects of theRegion's urban stormwater.Report for Porirua City Council & Wellington City CouncilBlaschke and Rutherford Environmental ConsultantsFebruary 201036
Literature review of Porirua Harbour and catchmentAppendix 2: Annotated BibliographyStephenson, G. and G. Mills (2006). Ponyuo Harbour long-terni baseline monitoringprograi7ime. ' sedinien! cheiiiistry rind benihic ecology yesulis front 1/1e Ociober 2005 SUITey.Coastal Marine Ecology Consultants and Diffuse Sources Limited. Prepared for GreaterWellington Regional CouncilAn analysis and synthesis of data collected from two marine sediment surveys undertakenin 2004 and 2005 (Williamson et a1. 2004 and Williamson at a1 2005), and two benthicfauna surveys of the same locations in 2004 and 2005 (Stephenson 2005, 2006). Outlinesmethods, statisticalIy analyses all data for spatial and temporal trends, in terms of speciesdiversity, biomass, and chemical concentration patterns. There is nothing about thestructure of the fine sediment community to suggest it is unstable at present. Differencesin benthic ecology between the two arms are probably due to textural differences in thesediments. Although the concentration of contaminants (especially zinc, and to someextent copper lead and DDT) are above sediment quality guidelines, there is no clearevidence that these elevated concentrations have resulted in a significant adverse effectson the benthic ecology. Vanability in concentrations of pollutants between 2004 and2005 was low. The faunal surveys showed that all sites showed 'gains' and losses' inspecies, with the species responsible for the change spread across all major taxonomicgroups. Extensive appendix of data.SIoffers, P. , G. P. Glasby, W. L. PIueger and P. Waner (1983). Reconnaissance survey of themineralogy and geochemistry of some New Zealand lake and nearshore sediments. New ZenlundJournal o1Marii?e and Freshwtttei. Resetirc/I 17(4): 461-480Samples from New Zealand lakes, sounds, harbours and fords are analysed for theirmineralogy and chemical composition. Trends and relationships statisticalIy analysedChemical and mineralogical analyses of sediment from Pauatahanui Inlet are included.The mineralogy of Panatahanuilnletis dominated by quartz, feldspar, mica and chlorite,abundant heavy metals and a quartz feldspar ratio of 3.6. Silicon oxides dominate (60%)followed by aluminium oxides (14%). Trace elements lead, zinc, chromium all belowANZECC (2000) IsQG 'low', and copper, nickel and cobalt were below the detectionlimit.Williamson, B. , G. 01sen and M. Green (2004). Greuier Well^}Igtoit Regional Councilloiig fernibaseline 1710/1iioring of Indrine sediiiienis ill Porirwu Harbour, prepared by National Institute ofWater and Atmospheric Science for Greater Welling10n Regional Council, NDVA Client ReportN"' HAM2004-128Report on an initialsurvey of Onepoto Arm and Pauatahanuilnlet for establishing a longtermbaseline monitoring program for the marine environment. Two sites selected ineach arm. Subtidal sites selected due to the sandy nature of interndal sites. In OnepotoArm, the dominant wind causes reworking of sediments which are likely moved anddeposited in the deeper central basin. Geomorphology of Portrua Stream and OnepotoArm suggests that the coarse sediment load reaching the Arm is low, and thus a highproportion of sediment is likely to be dissolved or suspended. Vanability of theconcentrations of pollutants is low, so trend detection should be sensitive. Bioavailableconcentrations of zinc and lead in Onepoto were above ANZECC (2000) IsQG 'low'Grain size adjusted data shows that copper, lead and zinc are in higher concentrations inOnepoto than Pauatahanui. Total metals in Onepoto show copper and zinc above ARCERC amber guidelines, whilst zinc is above red guidelines and ANZECC (2000) IsQGlow Copper, lead and mostly zinc are present at or near 10 threshold levels whereimpacts on benthic aquatic life may begin to occur. FAH concentrations are well belowguideline levels. DDT concentrations are similar at allsites and above ANZECC (2000)Reportfor Porirua City Council & Wellington City CouncilBlaschke and Rutherford Environmental ConsultantsFebruary 20.037
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TGPC: Greater Wellington letter to Chair, PCTG BOI - Attachment 2

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