Unit I

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7. CartilageHyaline proper (LP) :(Fibrous & chondrogeniclayer of perichondrium- territorial and interinterterritorial matrix- chondrocytes -chondroblasts)Hyaline (H.P) cartilage showing lacunae andcell nestsArticular hyaline cartilageCellular cartilage34
7. CartilageIt is a specialised connective tissue having cells and matrix (extracellular component), where matrix is solid.In blood the matrix is liquid. Depending upon the content of the matrix it is divided into three types, hyalinecartilage, fibrocartilage and elastic cartilage. The hyaline cartilage is classified into the articular hyaline andnon articular hyaline cartilage. The cellular cartilage is present in embryonic life.Hyaline cartilage: The matrix is glistening, smooth, glass like and is large in amount. It is covered byperichondrium, which has outer fibrous and inner chondrogenic cell layer. It is avascular. The fibrouslayer of perichondrium shows ordinary dense regularly arranged connective fibres with flattenedfibroblast and fibrocytes. Chondrogenic layer shows chondrogenic cells with mitotic figures appositionalgrowth). This layer may be absent in fully developed cartilage. Inside the cartilage there arechondrocytes and chondroblast. The chondroblast secretes matrix (Interstitial growth) and can stilldivide. Cells are present in lacunae. The matrix consists of collagen fibres and nonfibrous amorphoussubstance. The refractive index of collagen is the same as that of matrix so they are not seen separately.Each chondroblast secretes the matrix around itself thus forming its own (house) lacuna. When onechondroblast divides then 2 or more daughter cells are seen in the lacuna (primary lacuna). These daughtercells continue to secrete the matrix around themselves so that the primary lacuna is divided into 2 or 4 smallsecondary lacunae. This group of cells in the lacunae is called as a cell nest.Non articular hyaline cartilage: It shows perichondrium where chondrogenic layer may not be seen afterfull development. Chondrocytes are large cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and prominent nucleus. Thecell number is less in old age. Cells are in groups around the periphery. The cartilage in the thickest partmay show a few large vascular channels (cartilage canals) and medullary elements.Articular hyaline cartilage: This is a type of hyaline cartilage where the perichondrium is absent. At the endsof the long bones it is seen as epiphyseal cartilage on the free joint surface. Superficial cells are morescattered and lie parallel to the surface. In the next zone mitotic figures can be seen in the deeper parallelcell layers. In the deeper column cells are large and secrete matrix. The deepest zone is calcified. Articularcartilageisextremely smooth with coefficient of friction 0.01 to 0.02 e.g.articular surfaces of the bones..Cellular cartilage: This is a type of hyaline cartilage not seen in the adult human tissue but present in pinnaof rabbit. Chondrocytes are very large in number and matrix is less in amount. Sometimes this is groupedas a fourth type of the cartilage and not as subtype of hyaline.35
Page 4: Mitochondrion Golgi apparatusSmooth
Page 7 and 8: . Nonmembrane bound: These organell
Page 9 and 10: Nucleus: It is made up of deoxyribo
Page 11 and 12: Intercellular contactsThe plasma me
Page 13 and 14: 3. Epithelial tissueHuman body is m
Page 15: Compound epithelium: They have two
Page 18 and 19: 4. Connective tissueFibroblast. Fib
Page 20 and 21: Collagen fibres Elastic fibresLoose
Page 22: 5. Muscular TissueStriated muscle L
Page 25 and 26: Sarcomere (Relaxed): Each myofibril
Page 27 and 28: Smooth muscle (LP): Smooth muscle f
Page 30 and 31: Astrocyte (Fibrous) Astrocyte (Prot
Page 32: Peripheral nerve T.S: (Epineurium -
Page 37 and 38: White fibrocartilage: It shows bund
Page 40 and 41: Decalcified bone T.S.: (Fibrous and
Page 42 and 43: 9. Blood VesselsElastic artery: (Tu
Page 44 and 45: VeinCapillaries: (Endothelium- Basa
Page 46 and 47: 10. Lymphoid TissueLymph node (LP):
Page 48 and 49: Spleen (LP): ( Capsule - Trabeculae
Page 50 and 51: Thymus: (Capsule-Septa-Lobules-Cort
Page 52 and 53: Palatine Tonsil (LP): (Stratified s
Page 54 and 55: Morphological classification of exo
Page 56 and 57: Serous salivary gland e.g Parotid g
Page 58 and 59: Mucous salivary gland (LP): (Interl
Page 61 and 62: Mixed salivary gland (LP): A saliva
Page 63 and 64: 12. Integumentary SystemSkin, the l
Page 65 and 66: Hair: In humans, hairs are not impo
Page 67 and 68: Sebaceous gland: It is seen on the
Page 69: Tooth: The tooth shows a projected

Unit I

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