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Introduction 3(Carroll, 1969, 1974; Carroll and Mayhew, 1976a,b; Mayhew and Carroll, 1974)and Wang and Maule (1992, 1994), respectively. Similarly, the histopathology ofseeds affected by bacteria is poorly studied, and the investigations are usuallyconfined to seeds infected by Acidovorax, Burkholderia, Clavibacter, Curtobacterium,Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Rathayibacter, and Xanthomonas.Seed-borne nematodes also occur as seed infestation or seed infection. The lattercauses either seed gall formation (Anguina spp.) or symptomatic or symptomlessinfections.1.3 HISTOPATHOLOGYEver since Cobb (1892; see Royle, 1976) proposed the mechanical theory of rustresistance indicating that morphological features, such as thick cuticle, waxy covering,small stomata, abundant leaf hairs, and upright leaves, might be responsiblefor the resistance of wheat varieties to Puccinia graminis, numerous studies onhistology of infected plant parts, particularly leaves and stems, have been carriedout. This information has been summarized in excellent reviews on (1) histology ofdefense (Akai, 1959; Royle, 1976; Schonbeck and Schlouster, 1976); (2) abilitiesof pathogens to breach host barriers (Dickinson, 1960; Emmett and Parberry, 1975;Dodman, 1979); and (3) physiology and biochemistry of penetration and infection(Flentje, 1959; Alberschein, Jones, and English, 1969; Mount, 1978; Durbin, 1979;Kollattukudy, 1985).Although the first observation on internal presence of the mycelium of Colletotrichumlindemuthianum in cotyledons of seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris was madeas early as 1883, further progress until 1950 was rather slow. It is during the latterhalf of the 20th century and more particularly after 1970 that several comprehensivereports have appeared on the penetration and location of microorganisms in seeds.Early information has been summarized by Baker (1972), Neergaard (1979), andAgarwal and Sinclair (1997).Various histological techniques, e.g., the embryo extraction method initially usedby Skvortzov (1937), whole-mount preparations of seed components (Maden et al.,1975; Singh, Mathur, and Neergaard, 1977), free hand sections, and microtomesections have been used. Microtome sections of weakly, moderately, and heavilyinfected seeds alone provide information on exact expanse of mycelium in seed andalso the effects of host–parasite interactions (Singh, 1983). Although used primarilyin the study of virus infections and in a limited way in the study of fungal infections,transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)have yielded valuable information, which certainly surpasses the results of lightmicroscopy.REFERENCESAgarwal, V.K. and Sinclair, J.B. 1997. Principles of Seed Pathology, 2nd ed. CRC Press,Boca Raton, FL.
4 Histopathology of Seed-Borne InfectionsAkai, S. 1959. Histology of defence in plants. In Plant Pathology: An Advanced Treatise.Horsfall, J.G. and Dimond, J.G., Eds. Academic Press, London. Vol. 1, 391–434.Albershein, P., Jones, T.M., and English, P.D. 1969. Biochemistry of the cell wall in relationto infective processes. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 7: 171–194.Baker, K.F. 1972. Seed Pathology. In Seed Biology. Kozlowski, T.T., Ed. Academic Press,New York. Vol. 2, 317–416.Boursnell, J.G. 1950. The symbiotic seed-borne fungus in the Cistaceae. I. Distribution andfunction of the fungus in the seedling and in the tissues of the mature plant. Ann.Bot. (Lond.) N.S. 14: 217–243.Carroll, T.W. 1969. Electron microscopic evidence for the presence of Barley stripe mosaicvirus in cells of barley embryos. Virology 37: 649–657.Carroll, T.W. 1974. Barley stripe mosaic virus in sperm and vegetative cells of barley pollen.Virology 60: 21–28.Carroll, T.W. and Mayhew, D.E. 1976a. Anther and pollen infection in relation to the pollenand seed transmissibility of two strains of Barley stripe mosaic virus in barley. Can.J. Bot. 54: 1604–1621.Carroll, T.W. and Mayhew, D.E. 1976b. Occurrence of virus in developing ovules and embryosacs of barley in relation to the seed transmissibility of Barley stripe mosaic virus.Can. J. Bot. 54: 2497–2512.Corner, E.J.H. 1976. Seeds of Dicotyledons. Vols. 1 and 2. Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, U.K.Dickinson, S. 1960. The mechanical ability to breach the host-barriers. In Plant Pathology:An Advanced Treatise. Horsfall, J.G. and Dimond, J.G, Eds. Academic Press, London.Vol. 1, 203–232.Dodman, R.L. 1979. How the defenses are breached. In Plant Disease: An Advanced Treatise.Horsfall, J.G. and Cowling, E.B., Eds. Academic Press, New York. Vol. 4, 135–151.Durbin, R.D. 1979. How the breachhead is widened. In Plant Disease: An Advanced Treatise.Horsfall, J.G. and Cowling, E.B., Eds. Academic Press, New York. Vol. 4, 155–162.Emmett, R.W. and Parberry, D.G. 1975. Appressoria. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 13: 147–167.Flentje, N.T. 1959. The physiology of penetration and infection. In Plant Pathology, Problemsand Progress, 1908–1958. University of Wisconsin, Madison, 76–87.Johri, B.M., Ed. 1984. Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.Johri, B.M., Ambegaokar, K.B., and Srivastava, P.S. 1992. Comparative Embryology ofAngiosperms. Vols. 1 and 2. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.Kolattukudy, P.E. 1985. Enzymatic penetration of the plant cuticle by fungal pathogens. Ann.Rev. Phytopathol. 23: 223–250.Maden, S., Singh, D., Mathur, S.B., and Neergaard, P. 1975. Detection and location of seedborneinoculum of Ascochyta rabiei and its transmission in chickpea (Cicer arietinum).Seed Sci. Technol. 3: 667–681.Maheshwari, P. 1950. An Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw-Hill, NewYork.Maheshwari, P., Ed. 1963. Recent Advances in the Embryology of Angiosperms. InternationalSociety of Plant Morphologists, University of Delhi, India.Mayhew, D.E. and Carroll, T.W. 1974. Barley stripe mosaic virus in the egg cell and egg sacof infected barley. Virology 58: 561–567.Maude, R.B. 1996. Seed-Borne Diseases and Their Control. CAB International, Wallingford,U.K.Mount, M.S. 1978. Tissue is disintegrated. In Plant Disease: An Advanced Treatise. Horsfall,J.G. and Cowling, E.B., Eds. Academic Press, New York. Vol. 3, 279–293.Neergaard, P. 1979. Seed Pathology. Vols. 1 and 2. Macmillan Press, London.
Page 2 and 3: Histopathology ofSeed-Borne Infecti
Page 4: PrefaceThe book deals with only one
Page 8 and 9: The AuthorsDalbir Singh, Ph.D., for
Page 10 and 11: ContentsChapter 1 Introduction ....
Page 12 and 13: 4.3.2 Routes for Infection from Ova
Page 14: 8.4 Survival in Seed ..............
Page 17: 2 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infe
Page 22 and 23: 2Reproductive Structuresand Seed Fo
Page 24 and 25: Reproductive Structures and Seed Fo
Page 26: Reproductive Structures and Seed Fo
Page 29 and 30: 14 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Inf
Page 62 and 63: 3Structure of SeedsThe seed habit i
Page 64 and 65: Structure of Seeds 49(1971) of usin
Page 66 and 67: Structure of Seeds 51is found in as
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Structure of Seeds 53dry seed of Ly
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Structure of Seeds 553.3.2 SEED COA
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Structure of Seeds 57Endosperm: One
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Structure of Seeds 59scendembepsmuA
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Structure of Seeds 61Endosperm: Sca
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Structure of Seeds 63Chalaza simple
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Structure of Seeds 65stystypmerA Bc
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Structure of Seeds 67epsent endCADB
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Structure of Seeds 69perhscendembpe
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Structure of Seeds 71eposgepi′epo
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Structure of Seeds 73(Zea and Sorgh
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Structure of Seeds 75Baker, D.M. an
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Structure of Seeds 77Maheshwari Dev
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Structure of Seeds 79Vries, M.A. de
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82 Histopathology of Seed-Borne Inf
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TABLE 5.6Location of Mycelium of St
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7Seed Infection by VirusesViruses a
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Seed Infection by Viruses 201TABLE
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Seed Infection by Viruses 205Unlike
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Seed Infection by Viruses 2073. The
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Seed Infection by Viruses 209Wilcox
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Seed Infection by Viruses 213floret
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Seed Infection by Viruses 215ptowvv
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Seed Infection by Viruses 2177.4.2
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Seed Infection by Viruses 219seed(s
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Seed Infection by Viruses 221AMV fo
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Seed Infection by Viruses 223REFERE
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Seed Infection by Viruses 225Hunter
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Seed Infection by Viruses 227Wolf,
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