Histopathology of Seed-Borne Infections - Applied Research Center ...

4.3.2 Routes for Infection from Ovary to Ovule and Seed........................914.4 Avenues of Infection in Threshed Seeds.......................................................924.5 Mechanism of Penetration of Ovary, Fruit, and Seed Surfaces....................934.6 Concluding Remarks......................................................................................96References................................................................................................................96Chapter 5 Location of Fungal Hyphae in Seeds ..............................................1015.1 Severity of Infection and Location..............................................................1015.2 Primary Sites of Colonization .....................................................................1045.3 Host–Pathogen Interactions .........................................................................1045.4 Mixed Infections ..........................................................................................1055.5 Colonization of Seed Tissues.......................................................................1075.5.1 Oomycetes........................................................................................1075.5.1.1 Phytophthora.....................................................................1075.5.1.2 Peronospora ......................................................................1105.5.1.3 Plasmopara .......................................................................1105.5.1.4 Sclerospora, Peronosclerospora, and Sclerophthora .......1105.5.1.5 Albugo ...............................................................................1115.5.2 Ascomycetes.....................................................................................1135.5.2.1 Protomyces........................................................................1135.5.2.2 Claviceps...........................................................................1155.5.2.3 Sclerotinia .........................................................................1195.5.2.4 Didymella..........................................................................1195.5.3 Basidiomycetes.................................................................................1195.5.3.1 Ustilaginales (Smuts and Bunts) ......................................1195.5.3.2 Uredinales (Rusts) ............................................................1245.5.4 Deuteromycetes................................................................................1255.5.4.1 Hyphomycetes...................................................................1255.5.4.2 Coelomycetes....................................................................1415.6 Endophytes ...................................................................................................1495.6.1 Stromatic Infection...........................................................................1505.6.2 Nonstromatic Infections...................................................................1515.6.3 Viability of Mycelium in Seed ........................................................1515.7 Implication of Internal Infection..................................................................1545.8 Concluding Remarks....................................................................................155References..............................................................................................................155Chapter 6 Seed Infection by Bacteria...............................................................1696.1 Penetration....................................................................................................1696.1.1 Invasion of Plant Parts .....................................................................1706.1.2 Spread in Plant and Course of Entry into Ovaryand Fruit and Ovule and Seed.........................................................1746.1.3 Invasion of Threshed and Disseminated Seeds ...............................1776.2 Histopathology of Infected Seeds................................................................178