california history - California Historical Society

n o t e slistened to the music of popular rock groupssuch as the Grateful Dead and the JeffersonAirplane. After the music was over, whenpolitical activists took the stage and startedmaking their speeches, the counterculturevanished and left the activists all alone talkingto themselves. Tom Wolfe, The ElectricKool-Aid Acid Test (New York: Farrar, Strausand Giroux, 1968), 221–25; William L.O’Neill, Coming Apart: An Informal Historyof America in the 1960’s (New York: Quadrangle-NewYork Times Book Co., 1974),240–42; Rorabaugh, Berkeley at War, 141.31 Rorabaugh, Berkeley at War, 156.32 Dennis Hevesi, “Roger W. Heyns, 77,Head of Berkeley in the 60’s,” New YorkTimes, Sept. 14, 1995, Obituary; Biography–NYTimes.com; Kenneth J. Garcia,“Roger Heyns—Chancellor in ’60s At UCBerkeley,” Sept. 14, 1995, SFGate.com articlecollections.33 Griffith, “People’s Park,” 15; Scheer, “Dialectics,”52.34 Scheer, “Dialectics,” 48; Griffith, “People’sPark,” 15, 22.35 Berry et al., “The Berkeley Park,” 785;Allen, “Violent Design,” 30–31.36 Scheer, “Dialectics,” 48, 52; Griffith, “People’sPark,” 5, 15, 18, 22; Berry et al., “TheBerkeley Park,” 784–85; “Reagan CondemnsPlanned Violence,” San Francisco Chronicle,May 21, 1969, and “The Neighbors ofthe Park,” May 27, 1969; Allen, “ViolentDesign,” 29–30; Coleman, “The People, ThePolice, and the Park,” 668–69.37 William J. McGill, The Year of the Monkey:Revolt on Campus, 1968–69 (New York:McGraw-Hill, 1982), 159, 161; Sim Van derRyn, Design for Life: The Architecture of SimVan der Ryn (Salt Lake City: Gibbs, SmithPublisher: 2005), 33.38 Griffith, “People’s Park,” 15; Scheer,“Dialectics,” 52; Van der Ryn, “Building aPeople’s Park,” 65.39 Office of the Governor, The “People’sPark,” 5–6; Gitlin, The Sixties, 355; JefferyKahn, “Ronald Reagan Launched PoliticalCareer Using the Berkeley Campus asa Target,” UC Berkeley Web Feature, June8, 2004, http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/06/08_reagan.shtml;Rorabaugh, Berkeley at War, 156. Albert, inhis 2004 memoir, described People’s Parkas “my nation, my home, and my poem”(101).40 Griffith, “People’s Park,” 15; Scheer, “Dialectics,”52.41 Scheer, “Dialectics,” 39, 52.42 “Rampage,” Ramparts (Aug. 1969): 54;Peter Barnes, “An Outcry: Thoughts onBeing Gassed,” Newsweek (June 2, 1969,):37; www.alamedacountysheriff.org/ADMIN/history.htm; Rorabaugh, Berkeley at War, 85,154.43 Scheer, “Dialectics,” 52; Griffith, “People’sPark,” 17; Barnes, “An Outcry,” 37; “CityUnder Siege,” San Francisco Chronicle, May16, 1969; Office of the Governor The “People’sPark,” 14–16. Siegel later explained thateverybody departed as soon as he utteredthe words, “Let’s go down there and take thepark,” because the university police shut offpower to the sound equipment at that exactmoment. Michelle Locke, “People’s Park,”Orange County Register, Apr. 19, 1999.44 Barnes, “An Outcry,” 37; Rorabaugh,Berkeley at War, 160–62; Office of the Governor,The “People’s Park,” 16–18.45 Office of the Governor, The “People’sPark,” 18–22.46 Office of the Governor, The “People’sPark,” 28; Griffith, “People’s Park,” 18; Berryet al., “The Berkeley Park,” 786; “Battle ofBerkeley,” Newsweek (June 2, 1969): 36,38; San Francisco Chronicle, May 16, 17, 20,1969.47 “Occupied Berkeley,” Time (May 30,1969): 22; “Rampage,” 54. Although 32gunshot victims were actually hospitalized,many victims—especially those with onlyminor wounds—avoided hospital care ratherthan face the prospect of being arrested bythe police at the hospital. Ramparts placedthe total number of gunshot victims at110. Scheer, “Dialectics,” 52; Brenneman,“Bloody Beginnings of People’s Park.”48 “Rampage,” 54; Berry et al., “The BerkeleyPark,” 786; “Buckshot Blamed in BerkeleyDeath,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 21,1969; “Battle of Berkeley,” 36.49 Griffith, “People’s Park,” 18; CharlesHorman, “The Second Front: Pacifying California,”Commonweal (June 13, 1969): 356.While many Berkeley citizens were shockedat the use of gunfire, Frank Bardacke wasnot. He explained, in terms much like FrankMadigan, that demonstrators had developedan effective strategy against conventionalpolice methods: “When the police took outshot guns with buck shot in them and killedone man and blinded another man, that wasbecause they were . . . in the previous fouror five years unable to control the streetswith tear gas and billy clubs. . . . Peoplewould pick up the tear gas canisters andthrow it back, people would run down thestreets, police couldn’t get them.” Therefore,Bardacke was not surprised when Madiganresorted to the use of shotguns: “Therewas a decision made on the police’s part toescalate their tactics because they wantedto take control of the streets back, they hadto take control of the streets back becausethey were going to try to fence off this pieceof property and that’s why they brought outthe shotguns. Shotguns are no fun at all.They are not the least bit fun, and they controlthe streets just fine”; http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-13/bardackel.html.50 San Francisco Chronicle, May 16, 1969;Office of the Governor, The “People’s Park,”23; Scheer, “A Night at Santa Rita,” Ramparts(Aug. 1969): 50; Berry et al., “TheBerkeley Park,” 787; Barnes, “An Outcry,”37; Kenneth Lamott, Anti-California: Reportfrom Our First Parafascist State (Boston:Little, Brown, 1971), 166.51 “Berkeley Riot Rules Assailed,” San FranciscoChronicle, May 21, 1969; “Mass ArrestsCut Off March in Berkeley,” Chronicle, May23, 1969; “UC Faculty Votes 642–95 To GetRid of Park Fence: Resolution Also UrgesGIs to Go,” Chronicle, May 24, 1969; Berryet al., “The Berkeley Park,” 787; Lamott,Anti-California, 159–65.52 “Helicopter Sprays Students,” San FranciscoChronicle, May 21, 1969, and “GuardTells Why It Gasses Campus,” Chronicle,May 22, 1969; Berry et al., “The BerkeleyPark,” 787, 788; Horman, “Second Front,”356; “Battle of Berkeley,” 36; McGill, TheYear of the Monkey, 179, 265; Lamott, Anti-California, 162–63; “UC Students Vote toKeep the Park,” San Francisco Chronicle,May 23, 1969; Griffith, “People’s Park,”18; Scheer, “Dialectics,” 49; “OccupiedBerkeley,” 22; Rorabaugh, Berkeley at War,165–66.53 Scheer, “Dialectics,” 49; “UC FacultyVotes 642-95 To Get Rid of Park Fence”;“Berkeley Quiet-GIs Off Street,” San FranciscoChronicle, May 26, 1969, and “ReaganEnds Berkeley Bans,” Chronicle, May 26,1969.54 “A Massive Protest: Throng DemandsTroops Pull Out of Berkeley,” San FranciscoChronicle, May 27, 1969, and “The Day inBerkeley: A Big Peaceful March,” May 31,California History • volume 88 number 1 2010