in Germany - Inagro

SWOT analysisof cruciferous vegetable cultivationin GermanyBrügge, September 1st, 2011Josef Schlaghecken67435 Neustadt/Wstr. GermanyEmail: josef.schlaghecken@t-online.de

Vegetable crops area (ha) in Germany!84,526 ha99,937 ha107,771 ha112,328 haVegetable vegetable crops:In 15 years + 33%Cruciferous cropsin 15 yearsa decrease of 6%Crucifereous crops25,669 ha 25,631 ha 24,800 ha 24,191 haProportion of cruciferous crops of the German vegetable area (%)30% 26% 23% 22%1995 2000 2005 2010

CropCruciferous crops in GermanyArea1995 haArea2010 ha+ / -2010 to 1995Open air vegetable 84,526 ha 112,328 ha 33 %Cruciferae family 25,669 ha 24,191 -6%Red cabbage 3,155 ha 2,213 ha -30 %Savoy cabbage 1,483 ha 1,065 ha -28 %Cauliflower 5,959 ha 4,491 ha -25 %Radish large 991 ha 765 ha -23 %White cabbage 7,626 ha 6,130 ha -20 %Chinese Cabbage 1,062 ha 1,046 ha -2 %Kohlrabi 2,267 ha 2,329 ha 3 %Brussels Sprouts 575 ha 721 ha 25 %Broccoli 1,173 ha 2,057 ha 75 %Radish small 1,378 ha 3,374 ha 145 %Cruciferae % of thevegetable area in Germany30% 22%

SWOT analysisBrussels sproutsin Germany

Brussels sprouts in Germany(Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera)CountryStateArea2010 (ha) (+/-2005)Area2005 haGermany(2010 = 100 %)721 ha (-10%) 807 haNorth Rhine-Westphalia(2010 = 33 %)239 ha (- 6%) 255 ha

Important Brussels sprout area in Germany!Germany 2010: 721 ha239 haNorth Rhine-WestphaliaBrussels sprouts in Palatinate

Brussels sprout in GermanyMechanisation in GermanyIn northern GermanyPhoto: J. Kreiselmaier3 Photos: Semmler Lootz

SWOT analysisChinese cabbagein Germany

Chinese cabbage in GermanyBrassica rapa ssp. pekinensisCountryStateArea2010 (ha) (+/-2005)Area2005 haGermany(2010 = 100 %)Bavaria(2010 = 23 %)Rhineland palatinate(2010 = 21 %)Lower Saxony(2010 = 20 %)1,046 ha (+ 6%) 991 ha244 ha (+ 42 %) 141 ha224 ha ( -1 %) 227 ha209 ha ( +1 %) 208 ha

Important Chinese cabbage areas in Germany!Germany 2010: 1.046 ha209 haLower SaxonyRhineland-PalatinateChinese cabbage in Palatinate224 haBavaria244 ha

Chinese cabbage: Fertilization in Palatinate1.1 Compliance with the legislation: company level and plot level1.2 Fertilization standards per haCrop period:Summer + AutumnPlant yield N P 2 O 5 K 2 O MgOUnits t/ha kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha kg/haTotal plant yield 150 240 120 480 25Removed harvestedportion of the crop1.00 150 90 300 15Fresh crop residuesthat stays in the field50 90 30 180 10FertilizationAmount (rate)Nmin target 240 kg + 40 kg = 280 kg- Nmin soil analysis: e.g. = 80 kg- N mineralization: e.g. = 40 kgNmin to give = 160 kg0-90-170 0-300-420 0-35-801.3 Is the combination of animal manure with artificial fertilizer the standard? No1.4 Is there a limit on the administration period?YES, no fertilization in winter1.5 How are the checks conducted?European union: Administrative checking company and sometimes plot level

Chinese cabbage: Diseases and pests in GermanyThreatening diseases or pests:- Alternaria brassicae and brassicocola- Verticillium dahliae and longisporum- Plasmodiophora brassicae (Kohlhernie)- Verticillium dahlie and longisporum (specily in the warmer areas)New diseases or pests:Aleyrodes proletella, Whitefly (Kohlmottenschildlaus, Weiße Fliege)(max. 3 x Plenum 50 WG = Pymetrozine / max. 1 x Karate Zeon = Lambda-Cyhalothrin/(max 2 x Fastac SC Super Contact = alpha Cymetrin)Approach:Via resistance:- Plasmosiophora brassicae: > 50% of the varities are resistant, if nessesary helpfullVia IPM:- 100 % of the area- every week fax/email serviceVia seed coating/phyto-drip:- unusual

Future: Chinese cabbage in GermanyConsumer behaviourimportance of freshness1 2 3 4 5 6 7importance of food safety1 2 3 4 5 6 7importance of convenience1 2 3 4 5 6 7New trendsReady for a salad

SWOT analysisKalein Germany

Kale in Germany(Brassica oleracea convar. sabellica)CountryStateArea2010 (ha) (+/-2005)Area2005 haGermany(2010 = 100 %)North Rhine-Westphalia(2010 = 47 %)Lower Saxony(2010 = 43 %)940 ha (+2%) 924 ha438 ha (-11 %) 490 ha407 ha (+48 %) 275 haSpecial crop in western and northern Germany!

Important Kale areas in Germany!Germany 2010: 940 ha407 haLower Saxony438 haNorth Rhine-Westphalia

Future: Kale in GermanyConsumer behaviourimportance of freshness1 2 3 4 5 6 7importance of food safety1 2 3 4 5 6 7importance of convenience1 2 3 4 5 6 7New trendsIn plastic bags ready for cooking

SWOT analysisKohlrabiin Germany

Kohlrabi in Germany(Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes)CountryStateGermany(2010 = 100%)Area2010 (ha) (+/-2005)2,329ha (+5 %)Area2005 ha2,210 haNorth Rhine-Westphalia(2010 = 38%)Lower Saxony(2010 = 21%)879 ha (+16%) 753 ha486 ha (- 5%) 512 ha

Important Kohlrabi areas in Germany!Germany 2010: 2.329 ha486 haLower Saxony879 haNorth Rhine-WestphaliaKohlrabi in Palatinate

KohlrabiMechanisation in Germany, small farmPhotos: Semmler LootzPhoto: J. KreiselmaierPhoto: J. Kreiselmaier

KohlrabiMechanisation in Germany, large farm

Future: Kohlrabi in GermanyConsumer behaviourimportance of freshness1 2 3 4 5 6 7importance of food safety1 2 3 4 5 6 7importance of convenience1 2 3 4 5 6 7New trendsDifferent kind of packaging

SWOT analysisHead cabbagein Germany———————————White cabbageSavoye cabbageRed cabbage

Head cabbageHead cabbage in Germany(Brassica oleracea var. capitata)CountryStateCropArea2010 (ha) (+/-2005)Area2005 haGermany Head cabbage 9,408 ha (-1%) 9,516 haGermany White Cabbage 6,130 ha (+0%) 6,108 haGermany Red cabbage 2,213 ha (-1%) 2,186 haGermany Savoy cabbage 1,065 ha (+3%) 1,200 haSchleswig-Holstein(2010 = 34% from Germany)3,172 ha (+5%) 3,018 haNorth Rhine-Westphalia (2010= 21% from Germany) 1,971 ha (-6%) 2,088 haBavaria (2010 = 17 % from Germany) 1,607 ha (+15%) 1,397 haBaden-Württemberg (2010 = 8 % from Germany) 795 ha (-2%) 815 ha

Important Head cabbage area in Germany!Germany 2010: 9,408 ha3,172 haSchleswig-Holstein1,971 haNorth Rhine-WestphaliaBaden-Württemberg795 ha1,607 haBavaria

White cabbage: Fertilization in Palatinate1.1 Compliance with the legislation: company level and plot level1.2 Fertilization standards per haCrop period:Summer + AutumnPlant yield N P 2 O 5 K 2 O MgOUnits t/ha kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha kg/haTotal plant yield 150 350 110 465 40Removed harvestedportion of the crop100 200 70 315 25Fresh crop residuesthat stays in the field500 150 40 150 15FertilizationAmount (rate)Nmin target 350 kg + 40 kg = 390 kg- Nmin soil analysis: e.g. = 90 kg- N mineralization: e.g. = 80 kgNmin to give = 220 kg0-70-150 0-315-430 0-45-851.3 Is the combination of animal manure with artificial fertilizer the standard? No1.4 Is there a limit on the administration period?YES, no fertilization in winter1.5 How are the checks conducted?European union: Administrative checking company and sometimes plot level

Head cabbage: Diseases and pests in GermanyXanthomonas campestrisXCCPlasmodiophora brassicaeClubrootPlutella xylostella, KohlmotteDiamondback mothDelia brassicaeCabbage flyBrevicoryne brassicaeCabbage aphidVogelfraßBird damage

Head cabbage: Diseases and pests in GermanyNew diseases or pests:Aleyrodes proletella Whitefly (Kohlmottenschildlaus, Weiße Fliege)> Plenum 50 WG (Pymetrozine), max. 3 x> Karate Zeon (Lambda-Cyhalothrin) max. 1 x> Fastac SC Super Contact (alpha Cymetrin), max 2 xIn norther Germany less problemsApproach:– Via resistance: < 5 % of the area– Via IPM: 100 % of the area– Via seed coating < 10 % of the area, germination could be a problem– Via phyto-drip < 5% of the area

White cabbage: SauerkrautMechanisation in Germany

White cabbage: Frish market, for cookingMechanisation in GermanyPhoto: J. Kreiselmaier

White cabbage: frish market, for saladTrends in GermanySpecial varietiessweetsmall headsyear roundSmall heads 500-800gMini cabbageWrapped in plastic

Future: Cabbage in GermanyConsumer behaviourimportance of freshness1 2 3 4 5 6 7importance of food safety1 2 3 4 5 6 7importance of convenience1 2 3 4 5 6 7New trendsFresh cool for salad: sweet and tenderFresh cool for cooking : good taste, minimize strong cooking odorSauerkraut: diversification, ready for cooking, ready-to-eat

SWOT analysisBroccoliin Germany

Broccoli in Germany(Brassica oleracea convar. botrytis)CountryStateArea2010 (ha) (+/-2005)Area2005 haGermany(2010 = 100%)Lower Saxony(2010 = 36%)Mecklenburg-Vorpommern(2010 = 20 %)North Rhine-Westphalia(2010 = 13 %)Rhineland Palatinate(2010 = 13 %)2,057 ha ( - 3%) 2,118 ha729 ha ( - 2%) 747 ha401 ha ( -5%) 422 ha273 ha (-0%) 274 ha272 ha (-27%) 373 ha

Important Broccoli areas in Germany!Mecklenburg-VorpommernGermany 2010: 2,057 ha401 ha727 haLowerSaxony273 haNorth Rhine-WestphaliaBroccoli in Palatinate272 haRhineland-Palatinate

Broccoli: Fertilization in Palatinate1.1 Compliance with the legislation: company level and plot level1.2 Fertilization standards per haCrop period:Summer + AutumnPlant yield N P 2 O 5 K 2 O MgOUnits t/ha kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha kg/haTotal plant yield 90 300 95 420 40Removed harvestedportion of the crop25 105 40 115 10Fresh crop residuesthat stays in the field65 195 55 305 30FertilizationAmount (rate)Nmin target 300 kg + 40 kg = 340 kg- Nmin soil analysis: e.g. = 110 kg- N mineralization: e.g. = 40 kgNmin to give = 190 kg0-40-120 0-115-235 0-30-701.3 Is the combination of animal manure with artificial fertilizer the standard? No1.4 Is there a limit on the administration period?YES, no fertilization in winter1.5 How are the checks conducted?European union: Administrative checking company and sometimes plot level

Broccoli: Diseases and pests in GermanyContarinia nasturtiiSwede Midge, KohldrehherzmückeHitzeproblemeProblem of heatGenetische HerzlosigkeitGenetically blindnessDelia brassicaeCabbage flyBrevicoryne brassicaeCabbage aphidPlutella xylostella, KohlmotteDiamondback moth

Broccoli: Diseases and pests in GermanyNew diseases or pests:Aleyrodes proletella, Whitefly (Kohlmottenschildlaus, Weiße Fliege)> Plenum 50 WG (Pymetrozine), max. 3 x> Karate Zeon (Lambda-Cyhalothrin) max. 1 x> Fastac SC Super Contact (alpha Cymetrin), max 2 xBrassicogethes aeneus, Rape Pollen Beetle (Rapsglanzkäfer), in northern GermanyApproach:Via resistance: 0 % of the areaVia IPM: 100 % of the area- every week fax/email service- Contarinia nasturtii:. Pheromone trap, for optimizing the insecticide application. “Break-Thru” for example is helpful

Broccoli: Level of mechanisation in GermanyMiddle sized farms

Broccoli: Level of mechanisation in GermanyOn a big farmIce is no longer the favorite

Broccoli: Harvester?Practicable in 5 years?Photo: Groenten en Fruit

Future: Broccoli in GermanyConsumer behaviourimportance of freshness1 2 3 4 5 6 7importance of food safety1 2 3 4 5 6 7importance of convenience1 2 3 4 5 6 7New trends> Ready for cooking!> Ready for cooking mixed with other vegetables!> Purple sprouting ?> New varieties like Beneforté that contains two to threetimes the phytonutrient glucoraphanin

Broccoli: Trends in Germany

Broccoli: Trends world wide?Monsanto:Beneforté broccoli naturally contains twoto three times the phytonutrientglucoraphaninBejo:Broccoli purple sprouting: ´Santee´

SWOT analysisCauliflowerin Germany

Cauliflower in Germany(Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)CountryStateArea2010 (ha) (+/-2005)Area2005 haGermany(2010 = 100 %)Rhineland palatinate(2010 = 29 %)North Rhine-Westphalia(2010 = 22 %)Lower Saxony(2010 = 17 %)4,491 ha (-12%) 5,085 ha1,305 ha (-12%) 1,477 ha980 ha (-16%) 1,165 ha770 ha (-18%) 654 ha

Important Cauliflower areas in Germany!Germany 2010: 4,491 ha770 haLower Saxony980 haNorth Rhine-Westphalia1,305 haRhineland-Palatinate (Pfalz)

Cauliflower: Level of mechanisation in GermanyOften planted with a “Perdu” machineIrrigation in “Pfalz”usual harvesting system

Cauliflower: Fertilization in Palatinate1.1 Compliance with the legislation: company level and plot level1.2 Fertilization standards per haCrop period:Summer + AutumnPlant yield N P 2 O 5 K 2 O MgOUnits t/ha kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha kg/haTotal plant yield 100 320 110 400 25Removed harvestedportion of the crop40 110 40 140 10Fresh crop residuesthat stays in the field60 204 70 250 15FertilizationAmount (rate)Nmin target 300 kg + 40 kg = 360 kg- Nmin soil analysis: e.g. = 110 kg- N mineralization: e.g. = 40 kgNmin to give = 210 kg0-40-120 0-145-265 0-35-701.3 Is the combination of animal manure with artificial fertilizer the standard? No1.4 Is there a limit on the administration period?YES, no fertilization in winter1.5 How are the checks conducted?European union: Administrative checking company and sometimes plot level

Cauliflower: Fertilization in PalatinateFertilization control system:Area with reduced nitrogen

Cauliflower: Diseases and pests in GermanyXanthomonas campestrisXCCVerticillium longisporumVerticillium wiltAlternaria brassicaeAlternariaDelia brassicaeCabbage flyBrevicoryne brassicaeCabbage aphidPlutella xylostella, KohlmotteDiamondback moth

Caulifower: New Diseases and pestsAleyrodes proletella, Cabbage Whitefly, Kohlmottenschildlaus, Weiße FliegeFoto: Jochen KreiselmaierPesticide:> Plenum 50 WG (Pymetrozine), max. 3 x> Karate Zeon (Lambda-Cyhalothrin) max. 1 x> Fastac SC Super Contact (alpha Cymetrin), max 2 x

Future: Cauliflower in GermanyConsumer behaviourimportance of freshness1 2 3 4 5 6 7importance of food safety1 2 3 4 5 6 7importance of convenience1 2 3 4 5 6 7New trends- Romanesco- Smaller heads- Wrapped in plastic- Ready for cooking- Ready for cooking mixed with other vegetables- Yellow and purple varieties

Cauliflower: New trends in Germany!usual standard

Cauliflower: New trends in Germany!New offer: cauliflower separated into small floretsNew offer: mixed vegetables, ready for cookingWell-known: deep-freeze vegetableNew offer: mixed vegetables, ready for microwave

Cauliflower: New trends in Germany!

SWOT analysisSmall Radishin Germany

Small Radish in Germany(Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus)CountryStateArea2010 (ha) (+/-2005)Area2005 haGermany 3,374 ha (+10 %) 3,058 hain Rhineland Palatinate(2010 = 82%)2,782 (+10 %) 2,527 ha

The most important Small radish area in Germany!Germany 2010: 3,374 haRhineland-Palatinate (Pfalz)2.782 ha

PfalzSmall radish: Irrigation

Seedling: Small radish

Small radish: Harvesting in Germany

Future: Smal radish in GermanyConsumer behaviourimportance of freshness1 2 3 4 5 6 7importance of food safety1 2 3 4 5 6 7importance of convenience1 2 3 4 5 6 7New trendsWhithout leafs? Other colours?

SWOT analysisLarge Radishin Germany

Large Radish in Germany(Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus)StateCountryArea2010 (ha) (+/-2005)Area2005 haGermany 765 ha (-26%) 1,037 haRhineland Palatinate(2010 = 25 %)Bavaria(2010 = 21 %)367 ha (-47%) 503 ha163 ha (-13%) 187 ha

The most important Large radish area in Germany!Germany 2010: 765 haPhoto: ZieglerRhineland Palatinate367 ha163 haBavaria

SWOT analysisCruciferous: Water (Irrigation)in Germany

Brassica: Water (Irrigation) in GermanyRhineland Palatinate: Area near Ludwigshafen, River Rhine, Centre of cauliflower, small radish, broccoli etc.a) Adequate availability?- Ground water: Some farmers use it, every source needs a permit and is controlled- Surface water: Most of the farmers use itWater from the river Rhine, 24 Cent / m 3 , tapping points on every field, available on 15000 hab) Amount of precipitation per year 500 mm/yearc) Method of application- Sprinkler Irrigation, about 90%Lower Saxony: Northern Germany, near North sea. (Centre of head cabbage, broccoli, etc.a) Adequate availability?- Ground water: Most of the farmers use it, every source need a permit and is controlledb) Amount of precipitation per year: 780 mm/yearc) Method of application- Sprinkler Irrigation, about 50%, (Regenmaschinen)Irrigation TrendsDrop irrigation, some trials in cabbage, some farmers try it

Brassica: Irrigation in “Pfalz”>12,000 ha with water points on every fieldcauliflowerCauliflower”seldom usedSmall radish

SWOT analysisCruciferous: Fertilizationin Germany

Source: Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Großbeeren and Erfurt! www.igz.deCruciferous: N-Fertilization in GermanyControled standards at all cropsTotal plant yield Plus Target Minus (example) ExampleCrops(examples)FreshN Buffer Nmin NminMineralizationNminto givekg N / haBroccoli 90 t 300 kg 40 kg 340 kg -110 kg -40 kg 110 kgCauliflower 100 t 320 kg 40 kg 360 kg -110 kg -40 kg 210 kgChinese cabbage 150 t 240 kg 40 kg 280 kg -80 kg -40 kg 160 kgWhite cabbage 150 t 350 kg 40 kg 390 kg -90 kg -80 kg 220 kg

Source: Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Großbeeren and Erfurt! www.igz.deCruciferous: P-Fertilization in GermanyControled standards at all crops:Crops(examples)Total plant yieldper haRemovedharvested portionof the cropFertilizationamount (rate)Fresh kg P 2 O 5 kg P 2 O 5 kg P 2 O 5Broccoli 90 t 95 kg - 40 kg 0-40-120Cauliflower 100 t 110 kg - 40 kg 0-40-120Chinese cabbage 150 t 120 kg - 90 kg 0-90-170White cabbage 150 t 110 kg - 70 kg 0-70-150

Cruciferous: Fertilization in GermanyControled standards at all crops:Is the combination of animal manure with artificial fertilizer the standard?It depends of the area- In northern Germany the farmers apply often animal manure- In Rhineland-Palatine (Pfalz) animal manure is very rareIs there a limit on the administration period?- During the wintertime fertilization is not allowedHow are the checks conducted?Officials from the European union, Germany and the state control the farms and the fields- Method of fertilization- Amount of fertilization- Nitrate in ground water and surface water (Every citizen can control it too in internet)- If a farmer can´t cope with the rules he will be punished by reducing “Crop compliance” money

SWOT analysisCruciferous: Mechanisationin Germany

Cruciferous: Level of mechanisation in GermanyCropLow / moderate / highCauliflower moderate harvest conveyor belt (Erntebänder)Chinese Cabbage moderate harvest conveyor belt (Erntebänder)Broccoli moderate harvest conveyor belt (Erntebänder)Brusselsprouts moderate harvesterHead cabbage:LowLow-highfresh market: by hand in harvest binsSauerkraut Industry: partly by harvesterKohlrabi moderate harvest conveyor belt (Erntebänder)Radish, small low by hand, machines not possible in open airRadish, largeLow or moderateby hand in boxes orharvest conveyor belt (Erntebänder)

Harvesting of Brassica crops in Germany

Harvesting of Brassica crops in Germany

SWOT analysisCruciferous: Marketingin Germany

Brassica: Marketing in Germany (Schlaghecken, Weinheimer)Crop Fresh market Sale via growers’ associationBroccoli 95 % 90 %Brussels sprouts 100 % 90 %Chinese cabbage 100 % 60 %Cauliflower 98 % 90 %Head cabbage: White 50 % < 30 %Head cabbage: Red 50 % < 30 %Head cabbage: Savoy 90 % < 50 %Kale 70 % < 20 %Radish small 100 % < 30 %Radish large 100 % < 40 %Vegetable for industry in Germany- Round about 30% of the vegetable area- The most important crops are: head cabbage, peas, beans and spinach- Value: about 10% of the German vegetables

SWOT analysisCruciferous: Employmentin Germany

Brassica Employment in “Pfalz” (Germany)Joachim Ziegler, DLR-Rheinpfalz, 67435 Neustadt/Wstr.Full time workers(Feste-AK)seasonal workers, foreign workmen(Saisonkräfte)Extra work: ~ 10 % ~ 90 % (PL, ROM ...)Net wage:11,40 € / hour8,15 € / hour (whole saison, from PL)6,40 € / hour (2 months only)Employer’s wage cost: 20,75 € / hour 9,26 € / hour (whole saison, from PL)Separate legislation: Yes YesLinked to the season? No YesLimited in days? --------Yes, max. 6 monthsHousing: strictly regulated

SWOT analysisCruciferous: Informationin Germany

Information system for vegetable farmersLatest news for vegetable farmershttp://www.pflanzenschutz-gartenbau.dePlant protection database Germanyhttp://www.pflanzenschutz-gartenbau.deIrrigation service for vegetable farmer (Pfalz)http://www.dlr-rheinpfalz.rlp.deTemperature service for use of plastic coverhttp://www.am.rlp.de (in Pfalz)

SWOT analysisCruciferous: Trendsin Germany

turnover in billion €Brassica trend: organic food in Germany! (Billion €)6.05.05.94.04.63.02.01.03.0About 50% Import!0.02002 2006 2010Billion € 3.0 4.6 5.9yearSource: www.oekolandbau.de

Brassica trends in GermanyMore and more large farms (Immer größere Betriebe)In 30 years from 20-100 ha to500-2,000 ha per vegetable farmWishes of customers and food trailersReduced pesticide residuesMore convenience foodReady for cooking: fresh: cauliflower, broccoli, kaleReady to eat: cabbageSmaller piecese.g. cauliflower, head cabbageSmartphone Info by barcodeOn every food-package of vegetable with a barcodePhoto: ww.wikipedia.de

Literary sourcesFigures: Statistischen Bundesamtwww.destatis.deInformation Fertilization vegetable cropse.g. “Praktikeranleitungen Blumenkohl”e.g. “Praktikeranleitung Brokkoli”www.hortigate.deMaps:www.wikipedia.dePlant protection databasewww.pflanzenschutz-gartenbau.deIrrigation service for vegetable farmer (Pfalz)www.dlr-rheinpfalz.rlp.deTemperature service for use of plastic cover (Palatinate)www.am.rlp.deacknowledgementThanks to Frans Maes for having a critical look at my English texts