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432 THE FISH OF TOBIAS—DEMONIC POSSESSIONangel Raphael, whom God, compassionating both Tobit'splight and Sara's subjection to a demon, has sent purposelyfrom heaven.On the journey Tobias (R.V.) " went down to wash himselfin the Tigris and a fish leaped out of the river and would haveswallowed him. But the angel said unto him, Take hold on'the fish. ' ' ' And the young man caught hold of the fish andcast it on the land. The angel bids him, " Cut the fish open,and take the heart, the liver, and the gall, and put them upsafely," giving as his reasons, " touching the heart and liver,if a devil or evil spirit trouble any, we must make a smokethereof before the man or woman, and the party shall be nomore vexed. As for the gall, it is good to anoint a man thathath white films in his eyes, and he shall be healed." Of thehealing of his father's blindness we read later in xi. 11-13,where Tobias " strake of the gall on his father's eyes."The great act of the drama, however, is staged in Ecbatana,where the travellers break their journey at the house of akinsman Raguel, whose daughter Sara " had been given inmarriage to seven husbands, but Asmodeus the evil spirit (ordemon) slew them before they had lain with her." Tobias,not to be daunted, marries Sara, not, however, before Raguel" took paper and did write an instrument of covenant (ormarriage contract) and sealed it."" And when they had finished their supper, they broughtTobias in unto her. But as he went he remembered the wordsof Raphael, and took the ashes of the incense, and put the heartand the liver of the fish thereupon, and made a smoke therewith.But when the devil had smelled the smell he fled into theuppermost parts of Egypt, and the angel bound him" (viii.I, 2, 3). Cf. Milton, P.L. iv. "Asmodeus of the fishy fume,"etc.Dr. Gaster has given us a version, hitherto unpublished,in which " Tobiyah took the heart of a fish and put it in acenser and burnt it under the clothes of Sarah. And Ashmedai(the demon) received the smells and fled instantly." Thiscontra-demonical property in a fish appears elsewhere, e.g. inthe Macedonian charm, which prescribes for one possessed the
TOBIAS AND SARA—JUS PRIMM NOCTIS 433wearing of and the fumigation with the glands of a fish, toensure that " the demons will flee from him."The jealous passion of demons or devils for maidens coloursAsian, African, and European folk-lores. They lie in wait formarried couples ; sternly guard their so-called brides. 1 Otherwisethey were usually innocuous. Tobias argues with theangel, " If I go in unto her, I die as the others before : for awicked spirit loveth her, which hurteth nobody, but those thatcome in unto her " (vi. 14).According to the Testament of Solomon, Asmodeus (thedemon) avows, " my business is to plot against the newlywedded, so that they may not know one another. I sever themby many calamities, and I waste away the beauty of virginwomen." In Asmodeus we recognise a male counterpart ofLilith and her dangerous relations with men. The demon, infact, regards the virgin as his own, himself as her true andconstant lover, and resents, prevents, or " avenges any infringementof his yws primcB ttoctis." 2The misconception, evident in the last eight words of thislearned writer, as to what constituted the jus primce nodisprevails widely. As they^s is the child, strange as the parentagemay appear, of the tale of Tobias and Sara, it seems worth ourwhile to notice the strangely erroneous views held both as to thepossessor of the jus and the occasion of its exercise, and shortlyto explain, even at the risk of seeming to stray from fishinginto folklore, the origin and the estabUshment of the custom.According to popular belief the superior or lord of the fee,among other feudal privileges, possessed, as such, the vested rightof connection with the daughters of his tenantry or of holders ofland under him on the first night of their marriages. Somewriters on the French Revolution, indeed, indignantly classthe wide and brutal exercise of this right on chaste maidens bylicentious seigneurs as not the least, perhaps one of the mostprovocative, of the social causes, which led to the detestation andsubsequent massacre of the noblesse in many departements andto the overthrow of the old landed system !^J.G. Frazer, Folk-Lore in the Old Testament (London, 1918), 520 ff.* R. Campbell Thompson, Semitic Magic (London, 1908), pp. 74-75.
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FISHING FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES
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U. S. National MuseumWishing from t
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TOMY FISHING HOSTS AND FISHING FRIE
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viiiPREFACE(5) The conclusion that
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CONTENTSPAGRPreface^^*Introduction
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CONTENTSxiiiJEWISH FISHINGCHAPTERXX
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xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSCutting up
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INTRODUCTION
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4 INTRODUCTIONit is but seemly, it
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6 INTRODUCTIONfor their lines, a pi
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8 INTRODUCTIONProgress from the Egy
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10 INTRODUCTIONdate (1660) dealing
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—TIGHT-LINE UNIVERSAL TILL 17TH C
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PALAEOLITHIC CAVES. ALTAMIRA 15Of s
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ART AND TACKLE, OLD STONE MEN 17dem
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ESKIMOS, TASMANIANS, BUSHMEN 19ston
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MEXICO 21To any claim for precedenc
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AZTEC AND PERUVIAN FISHING 23From t
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FISH Z)£-B7?/5—HUNTERS BEFORE FI
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"FISH ENGRAVINGS—MAGICAL CHARMS 2
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*THE BASIS OF MAGIC IN FISHING 29ou
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NO PALAEOLITHIC HOOK 31distinct fro
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GORGES VERSUS HOOKS 33time the hook
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HOOK READY MADE FROM THE SPUR OFEii
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36 INTRODUCTIONand use of these poi
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38 INTRODUCTIONsuddenly appear like
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40 INTRODUCTIONhand fishing, and th
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42 INTRODUCTIONEven this very up-to
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SPIDER FISH NET—OCTOPUS LANDS COA
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ANGLING DEFINED BY PLATOINTRODUCTIO
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BY DICTIONARIES, AND JUDGES 47laid
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:INDIAN FISHING 49ichthyic wisdom
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—PERSIAN FISHING 51grappling hook
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—GEOPONIKA 53to have been written
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—FIRST " ENGLISH TREATISE ON FISH
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THE BOKE OF ST. ALBANS—TUE CELTS
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—FISH AND ANTICHRIST—SUPERSTITI
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GREEK AND ROMAN FISHING" Noster in
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GREEK AND ROMAN FISHING/CHAPTER IHO
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—GREEK AND PHCENICTAN SAILORS 65"
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AND TRADERS 67The third reason was
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2FISH EATEN ONLY BY THE POOR 69they
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2—THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES 71no exa
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FISHING FOR POT, NOT SPORT 73ladies
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FISH AND FISHING SCENE 75shown in m
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THE ROD IN HOMER 77glittering hook
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-See S. Reinach, Cultes, Mythes, et
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THE OX-HORN—HOW USED?8iBut all th
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AS PRONG, HOOK, OR BAIT? 83gap, thu
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—SEALS, EELS, PROTEUS 85greater b
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—FISHING RIDDLE CAUSES HOMER'S DE
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ORACLES-HESIOD'S DEATH89Greeted fro
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— 2THE SHIELD OF HERACLES—DOUP}
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—THEIR TRADE-UNIONISM 93kill, but
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DOLPHIN AND SCHOOLBOY 95gleanings o
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—LAKE DWELLERS—ICHTHYOPHAGl 97s
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MAN'S DESCENT FROM FISH—THE TUNNY
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:There"THE MANNA OF THE MEDITERRANE
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NUMBERS—MIGRATIONS—.ESCHYLUS 10
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MATHEMATICIANS—SIZE 105devices me
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—PLATO—BYRON—ARISTOTLE 107Whe
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a rough self-made microscope of the
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HIS NATURAL 777SrOi?y—ALEXANDERii
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DO FISH HEAR ?—EXPERIMENTS T13whe
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HIS DISSECTION OF FISH 115heart bei
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SAPPHO—ALCÛS-FISHING COMEDIES 11
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;THEOCRITUS AND ENGLISH POETS 119th
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VIRGIL—ANTHOLOGIA PALATINA—VAVY
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FISHERS' HOSPITALITY, PIETY 123or s
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whose request forAND WIT—POSEIDON
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APHRODITE—ATARGATIS 127To her, se
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FISH, " SILVER-WHITE " AND PEACOCK
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FISHERMEN ALWAYS OLD AND POOR 131Wh
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CHAPTER VIITHEOCRITUS —THE GREEK
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"THE FISHERMAN'S DREAM" 135" So wit
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FISHING EPIGRAMS—LEONIDAS 137flin
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SALMO CYA^/CC/S—DAPHNIS AND CHLOE
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CHAPTER VIIITHE TWO PLINYS—MARTIA
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FISHING—LAKE COMO 143a fishing sy
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MARTIAL AND JUVENAL—OYSTERS 145Fo
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CRESCENS HARUNDO—WHAT ? 147piscat
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THE FOWLER'S ROD JOINTED 149of a tr
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WAS THE ANGLER'S ?—TIBULLUS 151To
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FLY, OR MOSS, AS LURE? 153literary
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^^RUMINATION OF THE SCARUS 155Koi (
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hnitanturFLY PROBABLY ARTIFICIAL—
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CHAPTER XTHE SCARUS—THE EARLIEST
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:—"FIRST ACCLIMATISATION OF FISHi
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2NONNIUS—GOURMETS—DOCTORS 163be
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!^FOOD, VOICE, SLEEP, LOYALTY OF SC
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FISH-PRESERVES—ROMAN NEWSPAPER 16
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—CHAPTER XIPLUTARCH : THE CHARGE
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PLUTARCH AN ANGLER—BURTON'S LIBEL
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:JOHNSON, GUILTLESS " WORM-FOOL " L
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— ^CLEOPATRA'S ANGLING—OPPIAN'S
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AND FlRDAUSrS—//.4L/£:t7r/C^ 177
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—OCTOPUS AND TOBACCO—LEISTERING
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CAMPANIAN FISH-PLATE WITH PATTERN O
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:i82PLUTARCH—CLEOPATRA—OPPIAN
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i84PLUTARCH—CLEOPATRA—OPPIAN—
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FIRST MENTION OF ARTIFICIAL FLY 187
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::AND MATERIALS FOR DRESSING IT 189
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BUT PROBABLY USED FAR EARLIER 191Fu
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GRAYLING—MOSQUITO FLY 193read, th
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smomus—AD mosellam 195rate, no op
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PIKE UNKNOWN TO GREEKS 197" Lucius
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OXYRHYNCUS—CARV—FAST DAYS 199Th
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3—CHAPTER XIVINFATUATION FOR FISH
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SEA-FISH PREFERRED—TURBOT—PRICE
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Ciy£"F5—JUVENAL—DIOGENES' POLY
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BANQUETS—VITELLIUS—VENUS—Sf/B
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C LEOPATRA—PTOLEMY—APICIUS 209t
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——ODES TO OYSTERS! 211Anaxandri
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FISH-SAUCES—MACKEREL'S BEARD 213T
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^———CHAPTER XVFISH IN SACRIFI
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FISH, VICE HUMAN SACRIFICES—VARRO
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—FISH—SACRED, DIVINATORY, SPICE
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FISH ON COINS—ARETHUSA 221reachin
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—Some2OYSTERS—CESAR'S ENGLISH P
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——VIVARIA ROMAN, SICILIAN—ARC
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HORTENSIUS—BEJEWELLED FISH 227Mac
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2:ANTONIA'S RECORD—FISH-BREEDING
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;CHAPTER XVILEGAL REGULATIONS OF RO
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PROPERTY IN FISH—CURIOUS LAWSUIT
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A GREEK ANGLER,From the Agathemeros
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:236 TACKLE—CURIOUS METHODS—S/L
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238 TACKLE—CURIOUS METHODS—S/Lf
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240 TACKLE-CURIOUS METHODS—S/Lf/i
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SARGUS FISHING IN SHE-GOAT'S SKIN 2
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;FISHING BY MUSIC—THOR'S OX-HEAD
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RECORD BASS AND TVÂ—SILURUS WHAT
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EEL FISHING WITH SHEEP-GUTS 247Flat
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EELS AS GODS, AND DAINTIES 249The p
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FALSE THEORIES OF EEL PROPAGATION 2
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TILL SCHMIDT'S IN 1904 253sexually
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E ~
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.256 THE NINE FISH MOST HIGHLY PRIZ
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258 THE NINE FISH MOST HIGHLY PRIZE
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——26oTHE NINE FISH MOST HIGHLY
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——262 THE NINE FISH MOST HIGHLY
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:264 THE NINE FISH MOST HIGHLY PRIZ
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266 THE NINE FISH MOST HIGHLY PRIZE
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—;268 THE NINE FISH MOST HIGHLY P
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—,CHAPTER XIXFISH IN MYTHS, SYMBO
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272 FISH IN MYTHS, SYMBOLS. DIET, M
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—3;274 FISH IN MYTHS, SYMBOLS. DI
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2276 FISH IN MYTHS, SYMBOLS, DIET,
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—2278 FISH IN MYTHS, SYMBOLS, DIE
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^28o FISH IN MYTHS, SYMBOLS, DIET,
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—:282 FISH IN MYTHS, SYMBOLS, DIE
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284 FISH IN MYTHS, SYMBOLS, DIET, M
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286 DIOCLETIAN'S EDICT—PRICES THE
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288 DIOCLETIAN'S EDICT—PRICES THE
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290 ro:man and modern piscicultureT
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292 ROMAN AND MODERN PISCICULTUREmo
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—CHAPTER XXIITHE RING OF HELENIn
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EGYPTIAN FISHING
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:EGYPTIAN FISHING^CHAPTER XXIII"THE
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TOMB REPRESENTATIONS—ANGLERS' DEB
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STONE PALETTES—IMITATIVE MAGIC 30
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2CHAPTER XXIVTACKLE" / tell you tha
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AN EGYPTIAN REEL.From F. LI. Griffi
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310 TACKLE
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2^312 TACKLEappears to have found e
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^314 TACKLERoman times, are well de
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HAND-LINING—BAITS3i5province whic
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special interest.NETS—GENERAL MET
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CHAPTER XXVABSTENTION FROM FISHThe
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—BY KINGS AND PRIESTS—PIANKHI 3
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FISH HIEROGLYPHS SUPPRESSED IN TOMB
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FISH AND GODS—FISH MUMMIES 325Fig
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CHAPTER XXVISACREDFISHApart from th
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WHY SOME SACRED P—TOTEMISM 329But
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CROCODILE WORSHIP. AND CATCHING 331
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CHAPTER XXVIIFISHERIES—ATTEMPTED
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FISH AS QUEENS' PIN-MONEY, AND TAXE
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DEPRECIATION OF MONEY 337the big ma
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HERODOTUS, ARISTOTLE ON SPAWNING 33
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GROWTH OF HAIR—GUNNAR'S BOWSTRING
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POEM OF DESCENT TO HADES 343the mod
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RING SYMBOL OF UNION OF KING AND SE
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ASSYRIAN FISHING^CHAPTER XXXNO ROD,
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2SUMERIANS—BABYLONIANS—ASSYRIAN
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BABYLONIAN THE LINGUA FRANCA 353the
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CHAPTER XXXIFISHING METHODSThe rele
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SAME WORD EQUALS HOOK AND THORN 357
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âksM
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— ——CHAPTER XXXIITHE EARLIEST
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362 THE EARLIEST CONTRACT OF FISHIN
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—364 FISH-GODS—DAGONof the Baby
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3—366 FISH-GODS—DAGONor horse-g
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368 FISH-GODS—DAGONstream of wate
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370 LEGENDS OF ADAPA AND OF THE FLO
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^372 LEGENDS OF ADAPA AND OF THE FL
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374 FISH—VIVARIA—FIRST POACHING
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—376 FISH—VIVARIA—FIRST POACH
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2378 FISH—VIVARIA—FIRST POACHIN
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38oFISH- VIVARIA—FIRST POACHINGTh
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CHAPTER XXXVlFISH IN OFFERINGS, AUG
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384 FISH IN OFFERINGS, AUGURIES, ET
Page 442 and 443: 32386 FISH IN OFFERINGS. AUGURIES,
Page 444 and 445: :388 FISH IN OFFERINGS, AUGURIES, E
Page 446 and 447: 390 FISH IN OFFERINGS, AUGURIES, ET
Page 448 and 449: —•392 THE FIGHT BETWEEN MARDUK
Page 451: BEOWULF—MARDUK THE FIRST GASSER 3
Page 456 and 457: TOKiAs, IN Lit Aladoiiiia del I'csc
Page 458 and 459: 398 ROD NOT EMPLOYED—REASONSKing,
Page 460 and 461: 400 ROD NOT EMPLOYED—REASONSof Ho
Page 462 and 463: 402 ROD NOT EMPLOYED—REASONSTo ac
Page 464 and 465: 2404 ROD NOT EMPLOYED—REASONSchin
Page 466 and 467: :4o6ROD NOT EMPLOYED—REASONSof, o
Page 468 and 469: 4o8ROD NOT EMPLOYED—REASONSTo mos
Page 470 and 471: 410 ROD NOT EMPLOYED—REASONSSea-f
Page 472 and 473: 412 ROD NOT EMPLOYED—REASONSeven
Page 474 and 475: —.:•CHAPTER XXXIXFISHWITH AND W
Page 476 and 477: 4i6FORBIDDEN FISH—NETTING—F/Fî
Page 478 and 479: —4i8FORBIDDEN FISH—NETTING—F7
Page 480 and 481: 420 FORBIDDEN FISH—NETTING—F/F^
Page 482 and 483: 422 FORBIDDEN FISH—NETTING—F/F^
Page 484 and 485: 2CHAPTER XLICHTHYOLATRY IMPROBABLE
Page 486 and 487: 426 FISH NOT IN SACRIFICE OR AUGURY
Page 488 and 489: ;428 FISH NOT IN SACRIFICE OR AUGUR
Page 490 and 491: 430 FISH NOT IN SACRIFICE OR AUGURY
Page 494 and 495: 434 THE FISH OF TOBIAS—DEMONIC PO
Page 496 and 497: ;436 THE FISH OF TOBIAS—DEMONIC P
Page 498 and 499: CHAPTER XLIITHE FISH OF MOSES—JON
Page 500 and 501: !440 FISH OF MOSES—JONAH—SOLOMO
Page 502 and 503: ;442 FISH OF MOSES—JONAH—SOLOMO
Page 504 and 505: :444 FISH OF MOSES—JONAH—SOLOMO
Page 507: CHINESE FISHING
Page 511 and 512: CHINESE FISHINGCHAPTER XLIII"PLUS U
Page 513 and 514: 4DATES—EARLIEST USE OF GUT 451Pap
Page 515 and 516: BARBLESS HOOKS—CONFUCIUS 453time
Page 517 and 518: —NET BEFORE ROD—ANGLING 455to o
Page 519 and 520: A BAIT OF "FIFTY WHOLE OXEN!" 457co
Page 521: CHINESE NETTING.From Tii Shu Chi Ch
Page 524 and 525: 46oCHINESE FISHINGpatiently for air
Page 526 and 527: 462 CHINESE FISHINGas to shelter an
Page 528 and 529: 464 CHINESE FISHING"the first pre-P
Page 530 and 531: 466 CHINESE FISHINGThis time we hav
Page 532 and 533: 468 CHINESE FISHINGglided down stre
Page 534 and 535: ——INDEXAbbott, F. F., 285Abram,
Page 536 and 537: ——472 INDEXColumella, 205, 212,
Page 538 and 539: 1474INDEXHearing of fish, Aristotle
Page 540 and 541: —476 INDEXNarke fish, see Torpedo
Page 542:
478 INDEXSulpicius Severus, 199Sume
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