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84 RAJA YOGAlf there is flood in a river, you infer that there ought to havebeen a heavy rain on the previous day. lf you see smoke, youinfer that there must be fire. These are all inferences. lnferenceis knowledge produced by a previous knowledge of the relationbetween a characteristic mark and the possessor of the mark.You see a clear sign and from that you come to the thing signified.You see a table and infer that the table ought to have beenmade by a carpenter. You see the external universe andthereby infer that there must be a Creator. This is inference.Testimony, Apta Vakya, Agama Pramana and SabdhaPramana are allsynonymous terms. Acompetent person is anApta. He has omniscience. He is a Seer or a Sage who has directknowledge or Aparokshanubhuti. He will not reason anything.The whole book of inner knowledge or knowledge of theSelf is revealed to him like Amalaka fruit in the hand. His wordsserve as direct authority. There can never be any mistake in hisstatement. His words are infallible. The highest testimony is theVeda (Agama), which has come out of the mouth of lsvara. AnApta is a Seer who has Self-realisation. All his words are gospeltruths.He has derived super-intuitiona! knowledge beyondthe senses through Asamprajnata Samadhi. His words will notcontradict reasoning and past human experiences. Sankhyasalso have three Pramanas like Raja Yogins. The Naiyayikasadd Upamana (Analogy) to the above three. Vedantins have sixproofs. ln addition to the above three, they have Upamana,Anupalabdhi (non-presence) and Artha-patti (implication).These three come under the category of Anumana.4. Viparyayaffimft@1 1-3frrr{q' wrong knowledge, ftsqr{H( unrea! knowledge,3Til(not its own, S[[form, Xtilelpossessing.Wrong knowledge is false perception whose real form is notof its own.