Archer's reference guide (recurve)

Editor: Murray Elliotmurray@greenf.demon.co.ukEdition: 1Issue Date: 17 April, 1999Copyright ©1999All information contained herein and copyright remains with the original authors.No part of this document may be reproduced in part or in whole for any form of gain or profit without the priorconsent of the authors.2

Recurve bows range in length from 48 inches to 70inches. Most target bows will average 66 inches inlength.As a rough guide to choose the length of a bow to suityou, a person with a draw length of less than 28 incheswould use a bow between 62 - 66 inches and a personwith a draw length of more than 28 inches would use abow between 66-70 inches.The draw weight of the bow is usually written on theback of the lower limb. The weight is noted in pounds(lbs) at a draw length of 710mm (28 inches),e.g. #20 @ 28. Which means at a full draw of 28 inchesthe force required to hold the bowstring at this lengthwill be 20 pounds (approx. 9 kilograms).A recommended draw weight for beginners would bebetween 15-20 lbs. for the children and between 20-25lbs. for the adults.At competitive level, women average a draw weight atfull draw from about 28 lbs - 38 lbs, men average fromabout 35 lbs - 45 lbs.Many basic recurve bows are made from laminatedtimber usually with a clear finish on the riser and thelimbs having a layer of fibreglass applied each side forstrength. The types of timber used in the riser can vary,giving a multi-coloured appearance. The bow shown inthe picture on the left is a one-piece bow. There isanother type called a "Take-Down Recurve" which has apocket at the top and bottom of the riser for the limbs tobolt into. This type of bow can be dismantled for ease oftransport. The limbs, being separate, can be replaced bylimbs that may be slightly stronger or lighter2.1.2 RisersThe "heart" of the bow. Until fairly recently, risers were made out of wood, often combinations of different types ofwood. But the advent of modern materials (carbon arrows, Fast Flight strings) meant that wooden risers could notcope with the strain placed upon them and the development of the metal-handled riser has been on-going ever since.Wooden risers are fine for the beginner or leisure archer and many good scores have been shot using them, indoorsand outdoors, but the competitive archer must look at the metal alternatives in order stay competitive. For targetshooting at the top levels, you need enough arrow speed to give good sight marks, and little or no string creep, sincemany arrows are shot each day. This usually means using lightweight carbon arrows and strings made from FastFlight or other modern materials, which impose large loads on the limbs and riser. Most wooden riser bows andmost one-piece bows cannot take the loads from this equipment, and will almost certainly break eventually. There isalso the issue of climactic variation, for example, wooden handle bows might have problems with variations inhumidity which can affect the glues used to laminate them.The majority of modern recurve (Olympic) bows are CNC machined. In years gone by, other methods were used toproduce the riser:2.1.2.1 CastingRisers are typically cast using one of two methods: die-casting, and sand-casting. The casting alloy for both methodstypically uses a mix of aluminium and magnesium.6

Die-cast risers were once the primary riser in the market and are still important today, especially in low-to-middle ofthe range bows. Die-cast risers are cheap to make (relatively speaking), but the mould itself can cost several hundredthousand pounds.Cast risers have been known to break due to hidden flaws such as air bubbles or uneven dispersal of the componentmaterials. For this reason, they are often designed to withstand over a thousand dry fires (release without an arrow).DO NOT try this at home!Bows with cast risers available today include: Hoyt Gold Medallist, Yamaha Eolla, and the Samick Agulla (a fairlyrecent Korean Eolla-lookalike)2.1.2.2 ForgingForged risers have been available for many years. The process begins as a bar of material which is placed in a dieand then hammered under high temperature and pressure into the die shape. This process results in a very strongriser, but which requires much machining and straightening before it can be sold. Forged-riser bows include theexcellent Yamaha "Superfeel Forged". Most forged parts are painted rather than anodised, since this produces abetter finish.Forging is an expensive process and thus there are often fewer variations of forged risers.2.1.2.3 CNC MachiningHand-machined risers were being manufactured in small quantities in the 1960s, but the process is extremelyexpensive these days. Modern CNC machines which became available in the late 1980s provided the ability tomass-produce risers at a much lower cost and higher quality.The first new CNC machined risers came onto the market in the early 1990s from companies such as Stylist andSpigarelli, however it were the large American compound bow manufacturers who ensured the success of thistechnology. Prices were as much as twice that of a cast riser due to the investment required in machinery and thehigher material costs. (e.g. a Hoyt Avalon Plus or Elan, a PSE Zone, or a Stylist are machined from a solid billet ofhigh-quality, stress-relieved aircraft grade aluminium alloy weighing more than 20 pounds, finishing up as a riserweighing less than 3 pounds. The result is an large amount of expensive waste)In order to reduce the costs, risers can be extruded (pushed using extreme force) through a die to minimise theamount of machining required, but like the forging process, this results in metal which requires much straighteningdue to the pressures involved. (The PSE Universal is made using this process).A well-designed machined riser on a recurve bow can, in general, withstand thousands of dry fires due to the highquality of the material. Again, DO NOT try this at home! Stories of Avalons cracking are well founded, but aresimply due to the minimalist approach used to reduce the weight of the riser. The cracks are related to the machinedholes and are not related in any way to a weakness in the process used.CNC risers can be anodised – this provides a hard wearing finish.2.1.2.4 Tomorrow’s WorldOriginal bow risers were made from a composite of materials such as wood, horn, sinew, fish glue etc. The futurelies in "Advanced Composites". The principle is the same, but the materials are the modern equivalents e.g. carbonfibre, Spectra, Kevlar, and so on.Several composite risers have been made on a small scale by several manufacturers and there are two primarymethods involved: Hand lay-up of carbon “Prepreg” and Resin Transfer Moulding.Prepreg is carbon, Kevlar and/or other materials mixed with partly cured epoxy. Hand lay-up is an expensivemanufacturing process which provides an almost infinite number of possibilities in terms of strength and flexibility,depending on the materials used, but are expensive to design and test.RTM or Resin Transfer Moulding consist, in one method, of a dense foam core over which a “sock” of fibre isstretched. The whole structure is then placed in a mould into which thermoplastic resin is poured under pressure.This is then cured to produce the completed part.7

Risers made using this method as horrendously expensive (Yamaha's Centennial, circa 1989, cost more than £1,500,but it did include a gold-plated clicker!) Others suffer from problems resulting from vibration problems or poorgrips. The archery world awaits the future with baited breath (and no doubt, cheque books at the ready!)2.1.3 LimbsNo - not the archer's limbs – the BOW limbs! The limb is arguably THE most critical part of the bow. Ultimately itis the movement of the limbs which impart the movement to the arrow. Any twisting, or variation between limbsduring that process and it will be very difficult to put the arrows in the 10-ring. A good limb is very forgiving of apoor release, and a poor limb will punish you every time.The draw weight printed on the limbs is usually the draw weight at a draw length of 26.25" to the pivot point (i.e.the deepest point in the grip) or the draw weight at a length of 28" to the back of the riser. Unfortunately, on somebows this is 28” to the button... be careful when buying a bow that you know how this is measured.A simple way to determine an approximate draw weight is to add or subtract 2 lbs for each inch more or lessrespectively (for more than 40 lbs add or subtract 3 lbs).2.1.3.1 MaterialsThere are three main types of limb on the market at this point in time:• Laminated wood and fibreglass (all manufacturers)• Laminated wood and fibreglass and some carbon fibre layers (many manufacturers)• Carbon fibres and a core made out of some hard foam (e.g. "Syntactic Foam" in the "Carbon Plus" limbs fromHoyt) or ceramics (e.g. in the "Ceramics Carbon" limbs by Yamaha)Wood/glass limbs perform well in areas where the temperature and humidity stay constant, however, wood is proneto stretching and warping when heat and humidity vary significantly. Carbon fibre layers help strengthen the limband reduce the tendency to twist. Modern carbon/foam limbs are highly impervious to climatic changes, and aretherefore the most consistent. Newer techniques for forming the carbon core (e.g. as used in the Border XP10Evolution limbs) provide even more consistent limbs resisting twist to a high degree, especially at the limb tipswhere they are weakest – this provides a more forgiving limb.2.1.3.2 Limb alignmentLimb alignment is a mechanism used to compensate for slight twists in the riser (see riser section for reasons whythey may be twisted). Traditionally, take-down recurve bow limbs sit in a limb pocket and lock into place. Limbalignment adjustment provides the ability to adjust the pocket/limb relationship. This can cause problems if (say) thelimb adjustment is of a poor design, resulting in an unreliable bow. If possible, avoid limb alignment pockets andsimply insist on a riser which is perfectly straight.2.1.3.3 Limb weight adjustmentIn order to provide some flexibility, most modern risers have the ability to adjust the draw weight by tilting the pointat which the limbs sit in the limb pocket. On some bows, this means adding packers to the bottom of the limbpocket, to reduce the weight, on others the limb is adjusted by means of an adjustment screw at the back of the limbpocket. In most cases this will only provide 1-3lbs of variation.2.1.4 StringsA string’s a string isn’t it?Well, no. Just as there is a myriad of materials for arrows, limbs, risers, etc... modern string materials provide asimilarly confusing picture!2.1.4.1 Technical terms for beginners.The string has four main components:The string itself – made from a single strand of material.The loops – these fit over the ends of the bow limbs. The top loop is usually larger than the bottom loop to enable itto slide down the bow limb prior to stringing the bow.8

The centre serving – the extra thread wrapped around the centre of the string where your fingers are placed beforedrawing the bow.The nocking point – the position at which the arrow is clipped to the string. To stop the arrow moving up and downthe centre serving, loops of material (dental floss is commonly used) are tied around the serving above and below(some archers use only one) the position for the arrow. Cyano-acrylate (Super-glue) is then added to these knots tomake them hard-wearing and to prevent them from coming loose. Nocking points can also be made from maskingtape, similarly soaked in super-glue.2.1.4.2 MaterialsDacronThis polyester was developed in the late 50s/early 60s by Dupont and is still in use today. Dacron long-lasting and isslow. The slow speed is due to the excessive stretch on each shot. The stretching process removes energy whichwould otherwise be used to propel the arrow. The stretching does have the advantage that it is kinder to the bowlimbs and riser and therefore is ideal for bows with wooden risers or limbs, or even some of the older cast risers.This material doesn’t like friction, so a low number of twists is required.Aramid Fibres (Kevlar)These “Liquid Crystal Polymers” are very strong and were first used in the mid 70s. By the early 80s most top targetarchers were using Kevlar (or Technora). These fibres are strong due to the uni-directional nature of the molecules,but had a tendency to shear easily resulting in frequently broken strings (usually just below the nocking point).Kevlar is also susceptible to moisture so have to be waxed carefully.Polyethelene fibres (Spectra/Dyneema)The ultra long chain polyethylene fibre strings popular today were originally developed in the mid 80s and thematerial quickly proved to be far superior to Kevlar. Brownell & Company made modern-day history by introducingFast Flight material, made from Spectra fibre. Spectra fibre is VERY long lasting. It has been known to last morethan 100,000 shots and is not susceptible to moisture and can be twisted as much as required."Dyneema" and "Spectra" are similar material in that they are both made from a "gel-spin" process, in which theconstituent material (polyethylene) is dissolved in solvent and spun through a small orifice.There are a number of new brand names on the market:Angel DyneemaAngel ASB (Angel Special Bowstring) Dyneema is made in Japan. It is Dyneema material which has essentially nowax. Angel Dyneema is the choice of many top archers because of its quality, consistency and smooth-feelingshooting characteristics. It is also a little lighter than an equivalent string made from other materials because it hasno wax (even though the label says it is waxed).DynaflightThe original BCY Dynaflight was made from Dyneema and was comparable to Brownell Fast Flight Spectramaterial. The current BCY "Dynaflight 97" from Dyneema which was developed for marine rope applications.A 14 strand Dynaflight 97 string is just slightly smaller in diameter than a 20 strand Angel Dyneema string, but it isabout 33% stronger and has 20% higher modulus. The material is very stable and comes with a light wax content.BCY 450 Plus. This material is 66% SK75 (the material used in Dynaflight 97) and the rest is Vectran. This kind ofmaterial is best suited for the compound bow, where creep is an issue for buss cables. Only 12 strands of thismaterial are equivalent in diameter to 20 strands of Angel Dyneema or 18 strands of Fast Flight.Fast Flight 2000Introduced in 1998, Fast Flight 2000 is Brownell’s answer to Angel Dyneema and BCY Dynaflight 97. It is 30%stronger than Fast Flight, a little larger in diameter, and comes with a medium wax content. It should be verycomparable to Dynaflight 97. About 14 strands of this material should make a string equivalent to an 18 strand FastFlight string diameter.Strength/Stretch ComparisonDacron B50 - (strength per strand = 22.5 kg. , stretch = 2.6%)Kevlar 7-11 - (strength per strand = 31.8 kg. , stretch = 0.8%)Fast Flight - (strength per strand = 45.5 kg. , stretch = 1.0%)9

Fast Flight S4 - (strength per strand = 73 kg. , stretch = less than 1.0%)2.1.4.3 So what should I use ?As you can see above there are lots of choices. A few guidelines may help you decide what you might want to use.For the average archer (with a suitable bow), Fast Flight is common, easy to get a hold of, well proven, reliable –everything you could want in a material. For the advanced archer, the other materials can provide very definiteadvantages in shot feel and consistency:Angel Dyneema makes for a softer feeling shot and a good-sounding bow. Colour is limited to white. No waxcontent means the string stays very consistent but needs some care.Dynaflight 97 is very easy to work with because it is easier to make a 14 strand string with equal tension on eachstrand than a 20- strand string. "Just the right amount" of wax means this string is low-maintenance and won'tchange much over time. It does need a few more twists to make it as pleasant sounding as Angel Dyneema. it's softto shoot like Dyneema but as fast, or faster than Fast flight.Fast Flight 2000 is also easy to work with. Heavier wax content means it is easy to make strings on automaticmachines but you need to remove some of the wax if you make the string yourself or you will have a string thatloses weight over the first few weeks of use.Brownell’s Fast flight S4 is another blend of Vectran and Spectra (twisted together). This is high performance stuffand has very little stretch. The string will stretch about 1/16" to 1/8" in the first dozen arrows, then no more stretch.Performance should be slightly slower than Fast Flight for the equivalent thickness of string due to the use of theheavier Vectran material. Due to the increased strand size and archer used to 18 strand FF will have to shoot a fatter(10 strand) or thinner (9 strand) string. Fewer strands also make for easier string making. Disadvantages? Somearchers have found that performance deteriorates after initially improving groups. S4 must be kept lightly waxed,after a few thousand shots the wax wears off and performance deteriorates, gentle waxing seems to restore goodgrouping! Colours black and natural.And remember, as reliable as these materials have become, always carry a shot-in back-up string!!2.1.4.4 String LengthAlways use the manufacturer's recommended number of strands in the bowstring for the draw weight of the bow.Using too few strands can over-stress the bow limbs and possibly break them.Length of the string will determine the bracing height.Bracing Height is measured from the pressurebutton to the bowstring at 90 degrees. Mostbows will have a recommended brace heightgiven by the manufacturer.If the brace height is not known, then a roughguide for recurves is:-70 inch bow = 8.50 to 9.75 inches,68 inch bow = 8.25 to 9.50 inches,66 inch bow = 8.00 to 9.25 inches.64 inch bow = 7.75 to 9.00 inches.The ideal brace height for a bow is one thatproduces the quietest release with the leastamount of vibration in the bow.To give some guidance, on my bow a 64.5"string will give a 6.75" bracing height (toolong!), a 62.75" string will give a 9.25" bracingheight (too short!!), and a 63" string will give abracing height of 8.75" (Just right! - for mybow). I have found that 4 or 5 twists can make as much as 1/8" difference in the bracing height.10

In order to increase or reduce the bracing height by small amounts, twists can be added or removed from thebowstring respectively, but a string of approximately the right length must be used in the first instance. If you haveno means of establishing the correct length of string, measure around the back of the bow from tip to tip, followingthe curves of the unstrung bow, then take 90 mm from that length as an estimate of length.2.1.4.5 Number of StrandsFor Dacron B66, typical numbers of strands are : 20 - 30lbs:8 strands. 25 - 35lbs:10 strands. 35 - 45lbs:12 strands.For Fast Flight: There is some initial stretch in Fast flight but that should settle in less than 500 shots. Typicalarchers will use16 or 18 strands but some archers prefer as little as 12 or as much as 22.For Angel Dyneema, a typical archer will shoot 18-22 strands.For Angel Dyneema Sensitive, a typical archer will shoot around 16 to 20 strands as it is slightly thicker than ASB.For Dynaflyte and Dynaflyte '97 a typical archer will shoot around a 14-16 strand string.A larger number of strands will provide stability and be more forgiving, but will be slower.2.1.4.6 Number of twistsThe first factor in deciding the number of twists to put into a string depends on the material - for Dacron, fewertwists are recommended as the strands rubbing together could cause damage. For Fast flight, however, there is nolimit.A twisted string will come apart less after the release, and typically the string is twisted between 20 and 30 twists -this varies depending on the required brace height. Obviously, the archers who make their own strings have anadvantage here in that they can easily experiment with different string lengths vs. number of twists.Tip: ALWAYS check your bracing height after stringing your bow. Simon Needham said that as much as a 1/4"difference in bracing height can loose him up to 20 points on a Portsmouth.11

2.1.4.7 Making a string2.1.4.7.1 String jigNo matter what bow string material is chosen for the bowstring a string jig will be neededIf you wish to make your own string jig a suitable design is shown above. The materials used in its construction canbe varied depending on what is available.2.1.4.7.2 MaterialsThere is a variety of bow string materials available (see materials section). As well as the chosen string material aserving tool with a spool of serving material, some bow string wax, and a tube of glue will be required.Now that you have all your materials you are ready to start your string. First you must determine the length of stringrequired. If you already have a string of the correct length you can use that as a pattern, simply un-twist the oldstring before placing it on the jig, then adjust sliding arm until the string is held in tension.If not, measure around the back of the bow from nock to nock following the curves of the unstrung bow, then take90 mm from that length as an estimate of length.Turn the ends of the string jig so that the pegs are in line, and set the length so that the pattern string fits tightly onthe outer pegs. For Dacron strings this is the length to make the string to, ordinary Dacron will stretch by up to20mm, pre-stretched will stretch much less but will still stretch in use. For non stretch materials increase the lengthby 10mm, this will allow the string to be twisted when completed.Having set the jig to the length of string required turn the two ends so that the posts are at right angles to the jig. Tiea small loop in the end of the material from which the string is to be made and slip the loop over post 2. (seedrawing on next page)Start winding the string around the posts, first to post 1 then on around the jig in the direction shown by the arrows.Take care to keep the tension the same on all turns, and try to keep the spool of material at the same angle to the jig12

all the way round so as not to twist the individual strands. Wind on the number of turns to half the desired strandsneeded in the string, i.e. if a 20 strand string is required wind on 10 turns. When the desired number of strands havebeen wound on tie the end of the string material to post1, keeping the tension on the final strand the same as all theothers. Loosen the wing nuts on the sliding end a little and waggle the end and pull up as tight as possible to get thetension even on all the strands, then re tighten the wing nuts. You are now ready to serve the loops.2.1.4.7.3 Starting the servingsThe servings are started by taking the serving material already loaded into the serving jig and laying the end of theserving material pointing towards post 1 then winding over the top of this strand towards post1 as shown in thedrawing below. When 10 to 12 mm of serving for shank, and 4 to 6mm for loop, has been wound on the end of theserving can be pulled tight and the serving continued with the end of the serving outside the serving.The loose end can be cut off later with a sharp “Stanley Knife” or razor blade as close as possible to the serving.The end is locked in by itself in this way, a little glue can be put on the end as added security if desired.2.1.4.7.4 Ending the servingsThe servings are ended in a way that is similar to the start of the servings. To achieve this about 10 to 12mm fromwhere the serving is to be ended (4 to 6mm for loop servings) pull a loop off the serving tool then a little way up thestring start to serve back in the opposite direction, passing the serving tool through the loop until you have it asshown below “B” being the serving and “C” being the reverse serving. If you have wound the reverse serving in theright direction you will be able to continue “B” by unwinding “C” and winding over the end of the serving materialE.When all the turns of “C” have been used up simply pull “E” to pull the remaining loop into the serving and lock theend tight. NOTE that due to the twisting action of the serving, this loop may twist and pull into a knot. To avoidthis, put a pencil in the loop to help keep tension on the serving material.The loose end can be cut off with a sharp “Stanley Knife” or razor blade as close as possible to the serving. Youwill find that if scissors are used to trim off the excess serving material they will not trim it as closely as a sharpblade and will always leave 1 or 2mm outside the serving.13

2.1.4.7.5 Serving the loopsCheck the limb tip to determine how big the loop is to be, don’t forget that the upper loop will have to be largeenough for the loop to slide down the limb when stringing the bow and this will determine the size of the top loop.However don’t make the loop so large that the bow unstrings itself when shot!!!. The lower loop is generally smallerthan the top loop as it does not have to slide down the limb when stringing the bow.Serve the length of the loop from “A” to “B” . Starting and ending the serving as shown previously. This will securethe two ends of the string which are currently tied to posts 1 and 2. The excess string material can now be trimmedoff level with the ends of the serving. The serving is sufficient to hold these ends.They should not be tied with a knot as the knot will always appear through the serving, neither should the ends beleft long enough to go into the shank serving as they will not be even under the serving and this unevenness maytwist bow limbs.Now turn the posts at this end in line with the string jig and position the string as shown.14

The shank serving can now be wound using the techniques previously described to complete the first end of thestring.The same technique can now be used to serve the other loop. When both the loops are formed make sure the string iswell waxed and fit it to the bow to check the bracing height, and put in the number of twists to achieve the correctbracing height. If the correct bracing height cannot be achieved another string has to be made using the knowledgegained to determine the correct length.With the string on the bow the centre, finger, serving can be put on. Measure the position of the nocking point, andserve from 40mm above that point to 75mm below. NOTE that the string is twisted BEFORE serving the centreserving - this is to ensure that the string twists are uniform along the length of the string.Too long a serving will add weight to the string and make the bow lose arrow speed and distance, unless it is desiredto add stability to the set up.2.1.4.7.6 The nocking pointThe nocking point can now be added to the string, using the previous string as a pattern. If the nocking point heightis unknown start at between 3 and 10mm above horizontal and determine the nocking point in the usual way (seetuning section). To make the nocking points, tie or lash loops of material (dental floss is commonly used) around theserving above and below the arrow position. (some archers use only one nocking point above the arrow) AddingCyano-acrylate (Super-glue) to these knots will make them last longer.Nocking points can also be made from masking tape, similarly soaked in super-glue, or metal nocks may be addedand “crimped” onto the string using pliers.2.1.4.7.7 Serving materialsMONOFILAMENTSOFT TWISTClear coloured nylon, looks like fishing line. Used for centre serving on Dacron strings,never loop servings. After serving heat slightly to set into shape with match or lighter.Very often used by barebow archers to count the number of turns to set finger placementfor various distances.Can be used with all string materials for all servings.15

ANGELVery expensive, said never to wear out.2.1.4.8 MaintenanceFor waxed strings, simply apply more wax now and again. Burnish the wax with a leather cloth to melt the wax intothe material. Be careful not to generate TOO much heat, or you may melt the string material.Check regularly for loose strands or fraying. If in doubt, get rid of the string.Check serving. If the serving is looking loose, repair it as soon as possible.When using a new string, this should be “shot-in” with a couple of hundred arrows or so.Always make sure you have one or preferably two spare “shot-in” strings with you at competition.2.1.5 Buying a bow2.1.5.1 CostA good second-hand bow suitable for competition will cost in the region of £200-£400 (1999 prices), depending oncondition. Added to this is the cost of arrows and other accessories (sights, stabilisers, bow case, bow stand, etc.). Itis, of course, possible to buy just the bow with string and sight, a limited number of arrows and add the accessoriesat a later date.2.1.5.2 What to look for?Well, many of the bow components have been described in great detail in the previous sections. In most cases agood second hand bow is better for beginners than a brand new bow – this is mainly down to cost. Archers are fartoo concerned about the look and the age of equipment. How it FEELS is much more important.An archer (Stan Siatkowski ) posted an anecdote that he shot next to Vladimir Esheev (USSR) at the 1987 WorldFITA Target Champs in Adelaide when he won the Grand FITA, and also had the highest FITA round. He wasshooting a ratty old Hoyt TD3, chipped blue paint, frayed string, and the bottom limb was so twisted, the string layabout 1/4" out of line.I wouldn’t advise ANYONE to shoot with a frayed string, but the sentiment is of course spot on. The equipment webuy doesn’t have to be the latest and greatest – it just has to be CONSISTENT, and it has to feel good to the owner.No more, no less.2.1.5.2.1 Try before you buyThe catchphrase to remember! Try as many bows as you can get your hands on. Every bow shoots and feels a littledifferent, so it’s important to find one that fits you and your style. Looks can be important – but onlypsychologically. If you’re the kind of person who needs to be seen to be up to date and “trendy”, then buy the latestbow... it’ll cost you, but that old Yamaha Eolla or Stylist Star might never suit your needs, however, if you don’tcare as long as it shoots well, then go for what fits you.2.1.5.2.2 Bow styleBuy a bow which you can grow into. A Hoyt Gold Medallist can be bought very reasonably second-hand (or evenbrand new), and no one can argue with its pedigree or long line of successes. If you intend to shoot long distance(70-90m) make sure that what ever riser and limbs you get – they can withstand the pressure of Fast Flight stringsand carbon arrows. If you’re not sure, ask an experienced archer, or one of the many archery shops – they’ll behappy to advise.2.1.5.2.3 Limb weightDon’t get something that’s too heavy. If you go for a riser which takes Hoyt standard limb fittings, then you canalways trade up later. Buying something too heavy is guaranteed to mess up your scores, potentially injure you andgenerally make you miserable – it’s not worth it. If you can’t get 90 metres this year, then work out, exercise – buildup those muscles THEN upgrade the bow. Meantime, stick to the short Metrics or winning the indoor competitions!16

2.2 Arrows2.2.1 Technical terms for beginnersFor the novice archer, perhaps a summary of the terms used is useful here:2.2.2 Material2.2.2.1 Glass fibreHeavy shafts only used for training.2.2.2.2 WoodenMainly used for traditional archery.2.2.2.3 AluminiumThe most popular arrow choice for indoor shooting (see below). The arrow is formed from an extruded aluminiumtube. Typically heavier than carbon shafts since the strength comes entirely from the thickness of the material.Aluminium shafts sizes are usually defined by a four-digit number The first two digits represents the diameter of theshaft in 64ths of an inch. The second two digits represent the thickness of the material in thousands of an inch. e.g.2013 which means the arrow is 20/64th inch (7.94mm) diameter and 13/1000th inch (0.33mm) thick wallAluminium arrows will bend, but it is possible to straighten them. They are typically half as expensive as carbonarrows. Aluminium arrows can also be easily cut to length.2.2.2.4 CarbonAlthough there are “pure carbon” arrows available (e.g. the Beman Diva), arguably the most popular arrows ofchoice (Easton ACC/ACE) are formed from a combination of aluminium and carbon. This mixture provides thebenefits of lightness with strength. The arrows have an inner aluminium core and an outer wrap of carbon fibre.Nocks can be either “inserts” or “outserts”(also called fit-over) depending on whether the nock is fitted inside thealuminium core, or on the outside of the carbon.The ACE and X10 shafts are sized by their “spine”, so an ACE 720 has a spine of 720 thousands of an inch at 29inches. This refers to the amount the shaft will bend when suspended between two points, 29 inches apart and a 2lbweight is hung from the middle centre.In the case of ACEs (and, more recently X10s), these arrows are also “barrelled”, i.e. they have a larger diameter atthe centre than at the ends. This has 3 distinct advantages:It is lighter than the equivalent parallel shaftIt has a higher frequency of oscillation making it more efficient.It has a lower surface area and therefore performs better in windy conditionsBarrelled shafts have the disadvantage that cutting one to length is only for the advanced archer. The same amountmust be cut from the front and the back ends of the shaft, and then only up to a certain amount. This is best left tothe experts.Carbon arrows, being lighter, are typically much faster out of the bow and therefore care must be taken to ensurethat the bow is capable of shooting such a light arrow. Owners of older wooden limbs and some early metal risers17

should check with the manufacturers before using carbon arrows or some of the more modern string materials, suchas fast-flight (see string section).Carbon arrows have a tendency to shatter rather than bend, therefore hitting anything but the boss can be anexpensive habit. Beginners are therefore encouraged to shoot aluminium arrows until they are confident of theirabilities.2.2.2.5 Indoor target archeryPretty much anything which can be tuned can be shot indoors. Wooden arrows are generally avoided because of thelack of consistency and resilience.Aluminium is the usual arrow of choice, with a few archers choosing to shoot carbon. The benefits of aluminiumindoors are that, being generally much wider they increase the chance of line cutters (an arrow touching a linebetween two scores, counts as the higher value) – this could perhaps be worth an extra 2 or 3 points to the averagearcher.2.2.2.6 Outdoor target archeryCarbon or aluminium/carbon mix is the usual arrow of choice for the long distances of outdoor shooting.The lightness of the carbon arrow has the advantage that it will travel a greater distance than its heavier aluminiumcounterpart. The disadvantage is that since the arrow is lighter, it may be more prone to the effects of crosswinds(archers typically use spinwing vanes with carbon arrows in an attempt to counteract this – see vanes section).Heavier points may also assist down-range stability at the expense of a loss of speed and therefore sightmark.2.2.3 Choosing the correct lengthTo determine the correct length for you, draw the bow to a comfortable full-draw position and have someone markthe arrow approximately 1” beyond the button position. (beginners may want to add 1-1.5” to this in order to permitsome development in muscles and technique). With modern lightweight arrows, there is no harm in shooting aslightly longer arrow.2.2.3.1 Node pointsThe point at which the arrow rests against the button at full draw should ideally be one of the two “node” points, i.e.one of the two points of the arrow which do not move laterally during flight. This will tend to reduce the effect of apoor release as the node points of a shaft in flight tend to stay nearly still compared to the point of the shaft asillustrated below.So how do we find these invisible magic node points? A bit like tuning a string. Dangle the arrow vertically betweenfinger and thumb somewhere near the tip of the arrow and tap the lower end against a solid object. Note the lengthof the vibration. Now move your hand down the shaft and try again. Repeat this process until you find the point ofmaximum duration. This is the front node point of the arrow. Easy!2.2.4 Choosing the right arrowThe arrow will bend when shot – this is unavoidable, therefore the correct arrow “spine” must be selected to ensurethat the arrow neither bends too much (whippy), nor too little (stiff). The spine of the arrow can be matched to thebow with some confidence with two pieces of information:• The arrow length.• The draw weight of the bowA longer arrow will act “whippier” than a short arrow of the same shaft diameter and thickness.A heavier bow will also cause the arrow to act “whippier” than a lighter bow.18

Given these two pieces of information, the preferred shaft size can be looked up in any of the many shaft selectorcharts which are available from the manufacturers and distributors. For a more accurate picture, some otherinformation is required:1. Whether the archer shoots “fingers” , or a release aid is used.2. Whether the string is Fast Flight (or similar material) or Dacron.3. Whether the point is heavier or lighter than the recommended point weight (A heavier point will cause the arrowto act whippier).Again, the shaft selection charts will provide guidance here.2.2.5 PointsPoints come in many different weights, depending on the wishes of the archer. It is best to start with therecommended point weight. Weight can be added/removed for micro-tuning (for the advanced archer only).Points are simple to fit to aluminiumarrows. Typically, archers use hot-meltglue. This is an adhesive which issupplied in solid sticks. Heating theglue causes it to melt, and it solidifieswhen cool.The best approach is to heat the shaft ofthe point gently until hot enough tomelt the glue. Apply the glue to theshaft of the point, then push firmly into the arrow shaft, twisting it to spread the glue. If the glue sets too quickly,simply apply more heat to the point to re-melt the glue.CAUTION: Carbon does not like heat, and therefore great care is required when fitting points to carbon arrows.Only use sufficient heat to melt the glue, no more. And do not apply direct heat to the carbon shaft.To remove points, carefully apply heat to the point and arrow shaft, just enough to melt the glue, then use pliers topull the point out.19

2.2.6 Fletchings or VanesFletches or vanes are the steering mechanism of the arrow.Indoors, archers typically use the largest vane. This has the advantage of ensuring that the arrow straightens up veryquickly – important for the short distances shot indoors.Outdoors, the large fletchings have the effect of slowing the arrow down too much, and therefore a small vane is thevane of choice. Spinwing vanes impart (surprise, surprise) a spinning motion to the arrow which provides greaterstability, and a typical outdoor setup would be ACE arrows fitted with 1 3/4" spinwings.Fletches are typically made from soft plastic in various shapes and sizes as shown.Be aware that spinwing vanes ofdifferent colours have differentstiffness, therefore most archers usespinwings which are all the samecolour. White is the softest, followed byblue and yellow, then red and black.Spinwings are typically much morefragile than straight vanes, but mucheasier to change during competition.Feather fletches can be used, but are notas durable as the plastic fletches, andperform poorly when wet. Somearchers use large feathers whenshooting indoors. Studies by Eastonhave shown that feathers not only startthe arrow spinning earlier, but providebetter grouping.Usually three fletches are glued to thearrow shaft near the rear of the arrow.They are sometimes angled to make thearrow spin as it flies, to give a more stable, straighter flight. The orientation of the fletches in relation to the nockmust suit the type of arrow rest used. The bottom diagrams show the rear view of the arrow suitable for a recurvefinger shooter.2.2.6.1 Adding fletches to aluminium arrowsClean the rear end of the shafts where the fletches will be glued with 'Acetone' and at the same time, the shafts of thepoints can be cleaned to remove any loose oxide, oils or dirt. A spare set of nocks can then be twisted onto the rearend of the shafts. Nocks, such as the Bjorn nock, will 'stick' to the shafts rear end by means of the roughenedsurface.I use a spare set of nocks, so that when they are placed into the fletching jig, I don't have to worry about the nocksopening up due to the jig's guides. The proper set of nocks can be glued on after the fletches are done.Before gluing the fletches, use 'Acetone' to clean the base of the fletches. Take care to align each fletch in the sameplace on the shaft. A guide mark can be placed on the fletching jig clamp for reference. Use 'Fletch-Tite' glue on thefletches. Make sure the fletch rests evenly along its length onto the shaft when glued. This glue will set enough forthe clamp to be removed after 3 minutes. If using a different coloured fletch for the 'Cock Fletch', then its a goodidea to glue these on first when using a multiple fletching jig, then glue the others on later. After the glue has set onthe first fletch, rotate the nock holder to its next position, usually 120 degrees for a 3 fletch setup. Repeat until allfletches are on. You can then apply an extra blob of glue to the front and rear of each fletch as this helps prevent thefletch tearing off when the arrow lands in the ground or passes through a soft target, and also helps prevent the frontof the fletch lifting and so catching on the arrow rest.20

2.2.6.2 Adding fletches to carbon arrowsThe arrow shafts should only be cleaned with an abrasive cleaner, rinsed and let dry. Straight fletches are mountedusing the same techniques as for aluminium arrows, but spinwing vanes are mounted as follows:Using the fletching jig (or a special tool), mark three lines on the shaft with an indelible marker, 120 degrees apart,the length of the vane and at the required distance from the nock. NOTE: If you're using Bieter nocks either get theadapter for the fletching jig or change the nocks to a symmetrical nock while drawing the lines!Put spinwings on straight, otherwise most people find the drag excessive. There is a natural angle in the vane so youdon't need to induce extra drag.The spinwings are supplied with two types of tape: the first is used to mount the fletching on the shaft and can beused in one of two ways:• Apply the tape to the shaft, then apply the vane to the tape. This is the preferred approach• Apply the tape to the vane then apply the vane to the shaft using the clamp from a fletching jig.When the vane is in position and well stuck down, use the second tape to “top and tail” the vane. This tape preventsthe vane from lifting at either end and should be wrapped around the shaft and the ends of the vanes a couple ofturns.2.2.7 NocksNocks are made from rigid plastic andare glued to the rear of the aluminiumarrow. For carbon arrows, the nock istypically a push fit. The top row shownin the picture are used for aluminiumarrows. Nocks come in 6 differentsizes to suit the range of diameters ofarrows. The nocks are shaped so thatthey will clip onto the bowstring andhold the arrow in place. The othernocks shown are specifically for'Beman' carbon arrows and 'EastonA/C/E' carbon/aluminium arrows.In the case of carbon arrows, if the nock appears too loose – adding one or two turns of thin tape (PTFE is ideal), ora dab of paint, is often enough to tighten the fit.New nocks have recently been brought onto the market specifically for ACEs and X-10s called “pin-nocks” whichconsist of a metal pin which fits into the back of the arrow, and a plastic nock which locates on the pin – these nocksare intended to protect the arrow in the event of rear-impact.To attach nocks to aluminium arrows, apply a small amount of 'Fletch-Tite' to the rear of the shaft, place the nockonto the shaft and then twist to evenly spread the glue. Take care to align the nock with the cock fletch, then wipeoff any excess glue. Allow the glue to set.To remove a nock, adding a bit of heat is usually enough to melt the glue and allow the nock to be twisted off.If a nock has been widened by rear-impact and is otherwise OK, heating in hot water for 10 seconds is usuallyenough to soften the nock so that it can be pinched back into shape.NEVER try to shoot an arrow with a damaged nock... the nock might not be the only thing which ends up damaged!2.2.8 MaintenanceAlways check shafts and fletchings for damage. The arrow can be checked for straightness by holding the shaftvertically, the point in the palm of the hand and spinning the shaft with the thumb and second finger. This takes a bitof practice, but is an excellent guide to straightness. Carbon shafts should be checked to ensure that there are nosplits or cracks in the carbon fibre. These can be difficult to see but become more obvious when the shaft is flexed.Fletchings should be undamaged and should have no folds or creases.21

2.2.9 Jargon“Archer’s paradox”During release, the string must move “around” the fingers. This causes the string to impart a sideways force to thearrow and the arrow bends towards the bow. The arrow then returns to straight and begins to bend away from thebow – this continues all the way to the target. This is called the archer’s paradox.“Node points”During flight the arrow exhibits a bending movement and the node points are the two points one the arrrow, oneclose to the front and one close to the read which do not move relative to the axis travel. If the node points arealigned behind one another, then the arrow flight will be more accurate – this is achieved through tuning. (See NodePoints section for more detail)2.3 SightsA sight is a sight right? No. There are many sights on the market which will suit the recurve archer, costs vary from£5 to over £200. So what makes one sight better than another?2.3.1 Construction/materialsFirst of all, a sight is your only point of reference, so it MUST be solid in construction and must be able to withstandthe vibration in the bow without shaking loose. Most sights have an variable length sightbar which allows thesightring to be placed as far forward as possible – this means there’s extra weight out in front of the bow, so manysights carry the vertical scale back at the bow riser rather than the more traditional “out-front” design. Similarly,most of the sights available are made from aluminium or carbon, or a mixture of both to maximise strength andminimise weight. The mass of the sight in comparison to all of the other “gadgets”, such as a long-rod and v-bars, isminimal, so go for what you can afford, but make sure you try the sight first to ensure it has the adjustments yourequire.2.3.2 CostWill an expensive sight improve your scores? Very unlikely. The main thing to look out for is a sight which locksdown nicely and will not shake loose, but even the reasonably prices Arten Summit sight at just above £50 will dothe job nicely. If you’re paranoid about the forward weight, then the Arten Olympic sight at just below £90 willsuffice. When you’re good enough to be sponsored by one or more manufacturers, then demand only the mostexpensive!! When you have reached a good level of proficiency, then it is a good idea to have a sight which willallow small repeatable adjustments in elevation (vertical adjustment) and windage (horizontal adjustment), so lookfor a sight which has some sort of fine and course scales on it (often the fine scale can be found on the adjustmentscrews themselves).2.3.3 Sight pin/crosshair/sight ring?Many experienced archers shoot with only an open sight ring. For some reason this scares novices witless. BUThaving a sight pin or crosshair can encourage over-aiming and the last thing an archer must do is consciously aimtoo hard (see technique section). The human brain is EXTREMELY good at centering concentric circles (try puttinga coin in the middle of a plate... you’ll be amazed at how accurately you can position the coin), so since the targetpattern is round, and the sight ring is round, why not let the brain do its work – it’s one less thing to worry about,Again, it’s a personal thing and everyone is different, but try it – you may find you like it.2.3.4 SightmarksMake sure, before going to competition that you get the opportunity to shoot the distances you will be shooting atthe competition. Make a note of the sight settings (the horizontal as well as the vertical position), and the weatherconditions at the time (wind strength/direction, wet/dry, etc) In general a head wind will depress an arrows flight andtherefore cause it to impact lower than normal. Similarly, rain will cause the arrow to drop slightly shorter.2.4 Arrow restsThere are three main types of rest for the finger-shooting recurve archer:• The basic rest. Formed from moulded plastic. An arm, usually with a slight “hook” at the end, bends out of theway when it comes into contact with the fletchings. No variability. Cheap and cheerful. Will do the jobadmirably. £1-£222

• The flip rest. Formed from metal with a thin metal arm which is spring-loaded. For those with a sensitive setup– perhaps the arrow is catching on the rest arm, causing deflection of the arrow flight. This rest providessmoother, faster reaction that the plastic variety. £4- £10• The magnetic rest. Similar to the flip rest, but with the movement of the arm controlled by magnets. These oftenprovide additional adjustments of the arm up/down to allow centering of the arrow on the pressure button. £15+but should last forever. These rests also provide even smoother reaction than the flip rest, but to be honest, ifyour arrow flight is THAT sensitive, then you may have other clearance problems.When setting up an adjustable rest, it is best to ensure that the tip of the restdoes not extend beyond the outside of the arrow as shown in the diagram.2.5 Pressure ButtonsThe pressure button is used when tuning to:• Set the “centre-shot” i.e. to align the arrow so that it is pointing slightly away from the bow (see tuning section)• Set the pressure of the reaction which acts against the arrow forces pushing towards the bow.A 'Pressure Button' can be used when the bow riser has a threaded sleeve fitted.The arrow rest must be adjusted so that the centre of the arrow and the centreline of the pressure button align.The button consists of a spring-loaded plungermounted inside a threaded metal housing. On thehousing are two locking collars, the collar closest tothe plunger (location nut) is used to set the position ofthe tip of the button relative to the side of the riser.The rear collar is used to hold the spring tensionadjustment screw. Turning the spring tensionadjustment screw compresses or expands the spring,causing the button to become stiffer or weakerrespectively.There are many pressure buttons on the market from the excellent Shibuya DX (£20) to the horrendously expensiveBeiter super button (£60). Any of these buttons will shoot the novice to intermediate archer.2.5.1 Setting up a second button.Got a second button? Want to set it the same as your current button? Easy! Turn the buttons so that they are pointingin opposite directions (plungers towards one another). Position each plungers against the location nut of the otherbutton and use this to set the position of the front collar on the new button.To set the pressure, simply put both plungers together and push gently. One will move before the other. Simplyadjust the pressure in the new button until both buttons move at the same time and by the same amount.23

2.5.2 MaintenanceIt is a good idea to regularly check and clean the button. To do this without affecting the button setting, simplyunscrew the grub screw holding the rear collar and unscrew the collar – this should provide access to the spring andplunger. Make sure these are clean and undamaged. DO NOT add oil or any other lubricant.2.6 StabilisersThe first anti-torque bow was introduced in 1961 byEarl Hoyt. (Yes, they’ve been around that long!) Thesame man later introduced TFCs (Torque FlightCompensators) to top and bottom rods to improve theafter-shot feel.By the end of the 60s other ‘active’ systems hadappeared on the market including rods with barrelsfilled with mercury, water, oil and other liquid-likematerials to absorb energy.Later came the advent of foam and sand to replace theliquids in an attempt to provide that all-importantabsorption.Many modern-day archers use lightweight, stiff,aluminium or carbon rods with Doinkers(tm) whichare rubber mountings which are fitted between the rodand the end-weights in order to dampen vibration.Alternatively the newest “kid on the block” is the multi-rod stabiliser comprising several thin rods with a moveableweight which allows the archer to “tune” the stabiliser.Stabilisers are used for three purposes:1. To provide a nicely balanced, smooth feeling bow which is easy to get onto the target.2. To increase the moment of inertia to reduce the possibility of torque affecting the arrow flight.3. To cut down vibration during and after the shotA long rod will probably make most difference initially. Don't start by putting loads of stabilisers on the bow, startwith just a long rod, and if you want, add other stabilisers to change the feel and balance of the bow. Even try multirodsif you really need more gadgets!Do not put too many stabilisers on for you to comfortably control; you shouldn't have your bow hand dropuncontrollably when you make a shot. In the long run, stabilisers will improve your accuracy, but don't use them asa substitute for a good technique. Just because you can hold the bow steadier for longer with stabilisers doesn'tmean that you should!2.7 Other accessories2.7.1 Bracer (arm guard)Arm Guards are reinforced leather or plasticprotective guards that are worn on the insideof the bow arm.They are worn to protect the arm from thebowstring as it moves forward after therelease. The ideal condition is that the stringnever hits the bracer, as this will affect arrowflight - but it's better to be safe than sore!24

2.7.2 TabFinger Tabs are used to protect the fingers asthey release the bowstring and also provide asmooth surface for the bowstring to slide on.Most finger tabs are made from leather orsynthetic materials with some havingmultiple layers of material for extraprotection. Other types of finger tabs canhave attachments as shown in the picture, tohelp keep the fingers apart and anchor underthe jaw.The size of finger tab should not be anylonger than the finger tips.2.7.3 QuiverA 'Ground Quiver' made from steel rod isspiked into the ground to hold the bow andarrows.A 'Belt Quiver' and 'Holster Belt Quiver' holdthe arrows and, if fitted with a pocket, canhold spare nocks, fletches, arrow puller, tubeof glue, rabbit’s foot, cuddly toy, etc.2.7.4 Chest GuardA Chest Guard is used to prevent injury to the breast of women archers.The prolonged repetition of pressure from the bowstring can lead to theformation of a lump within the fatty tissue, which is clinically difficult totell apart from cancer tissue without a biopsy.They are also used for the purpose of keeping loose clothing frominterfering with the bowstring, especially if wearing clothing for colderor wet weather. The chest guard is made from a nylon or plastic openmesh material held around the chest with an elastic strap.2.7.5 SlingsA sling is an adjustable strap used toprevent the bow falling to the ground.This allows the archer to shoot with arelaxed bow hand and thereby allows theshot to be executed with minimal torqueto the riser from the hand grip, and alsominimises the shot-to-shot variationexperienced when the riser is gripped. Alltypes of sling work well and it is verymuch a personal preference which one touse.The ‘Bow Sling’ is attached to the bow, usually just below the grip. The sling should fit loosely over the hand. Afterrelease the strap will press on the top of the hand and the bow will be supported by the strap only. Advantage(s):25

Easy to adjust. Disadvantage(s): This type of sling tends to allow the bow to swing if the bow leaves the handcompletely, which can be off-putting, especially if the limbs swing up near the archer’s face!The strap should not press down on the hand or wrist during the shot.The 'Wrist Sling' does the same job, but is attached to the wrist and a loop is placed around the bow and clipped tothe loop around the wrist. Advantage(s): Easy to adjust. Feels secure. Disadvantage(s): Initially can feel a littleflimsy and awkward.The 'Finger Sling' can be a strap of leather or a length of string with a loop at each end. It is attached between theindex finger and thumb with the bow loosely held in the hand. This is the favoured sling of many top archers.Advantage(s): Free movement in the hand. Small and light. Disadvantage(s): Not easy to adjust. Get one which fitsyou and your bow! Most finger slings will fit the average archer/bow though. May feel awkward if the loops are nottight enough.With any bow sling, it takes time to learn to trust it. When shooting, make sure the bow slides forward in your handafter release – this is the best indication that your bow-hand is relaxed.2.7.6 ClickerThe 'Clicker' is usually a strip of spring steel attached to the riser. The arrowis placed under the clicker so that at full draw, the arrow point will be pulledfrom under the clicker. It will then snap back against the bow making anaudible 'click' noise. At this sound the archer will release the arrow.The purpose of the clicker is to aid consistency as even half an inchdifference in draw length can make a significant difference to the power inthe shot and therefore the vertical distribution of the arrows.Before an archer can use a clicker, their draw length must be consistent,otherwise it will be more of a hindrance than a help.To set the clicker in the correct position, no more than half the length of thearrow point must be left under the clicker at full draw. If too much length isleft under the clicker, it will take too much effort to pull that extra amountwhile keeping the sight steady.Never has a single device crippled so many archers! The clicker is the source of many psychological problems to somany archers who develop a tendency to react to the clicker. It soon becomes the norm to release the arrow at theslightest click – even the clicker of the archer standing next to them! This is due to an unhealthy dependence on theclicker. It is important to teach the subconscious that the clicker is not the end of the shot – it is, in fact the middle.The clicker is an indication that we have reached a point at which we could release “IF WE WANTED TO”.It takes a significant amount of time to learn to use a clicker properly. Korean archers begin with a clicker on dayone, which means they never learn to stop/aim/release, and if there’s any secret of success to archery it is this:“Continuous motion” (see technique section). It is very difficult, when stopped, to start again, so we get into thepower struggle – us vs. the clicker... and the clicker ALWAYS wins.Having said all that, a clicker is essential for most competitive archers and learning clicker control is crucial to goodperformance.It is important to ensure that the clicker does not depress the pressure button, i.e. that the tension on the clicker is notgreater than that of the pressure button plunger. If this is the case, then the arrow will spring away from the bowafter the clicker drops. To check this, pull the arrow through the clicker four or five times and watch the pointcarefully. The point should not move when the clicker drops.If the arrow is too long to use a standard clicker, clicker extenders are available which mount on the front or side ofthe bow and give the clicker a platform on which to click. Alternatively, magnetic clickers are available (Cavalierand Golden Key are two manufacturers of such devices) which mount under the sight mount, or on the sightextension bar and have a long stainless-steel rod which rests on the arrow. NOTE These clickers are very light andcan cause problems if shooting in windy conditions with the arrow being blown off the rest! However, the upside is26

that shooting THROUGH these rests (i.e. loosing an arrow before the clicker drops) has much less damagingconsequences on your fletchings OR on your score!3 TuningNote: These instructions are for finger-release recurve shooters only.3.1 What?Tuning is the process of matching the archer, the arrow, the bow and the rest of the equipment (including the string,pressure button, etc.). It sounds like a complicated process, but in fact in its simplest form can simply be a case ofshooting a couple of extra arrows each end and following the simple instructions below.3.2 Why?Tuning enhances accuracy one two ways:1. It helps ensure that the arrow leaves the bow in the same way every time.2. It helps the archer by making the bow system more forgiving of poor technique and minor mistakes.3.3 How?The bow should be tuned in five steps, and in this order... otherwise you’ll be tuning for ever more.3.3.1 Step 1 – Preliminary SetupFirst of all, the arrow must be close to the correct spine for the draw weight and style. An incorrectly spined arrowwill be difficult, if not impossible, to tune (although a slightly stiff spine is easier to tune than one which is tooweak). Refer to the spine chart for the supplier of the arrows. This is assuming, of course, that you know the drawweight of your bow. If not, ask someone to weigh it for you using a bowscale.(NOTE: Most bowscales are very inaccurate below 40lbs, so use one which has been calibrated with static weightsif possible)If the arrow is incorrectly spined, then things can be done to change that situation, but these will be dealt with later.Prior to tuning, carry out the following checks:Ensure that the arrows are straight, properly fletched and have perfectly straight nocks.Ensure that the bow is set up as it would be for normal shooting, i.e. the correct bowstring, sight, stabilisers, rest,pressure button, etc.Ensure that the pressure button will not interfere with the fletchings (if so, rotate the nocks to ensure clearance).Set the centre of the sight over the centre of the shaft.Set the pressure button tension to a medium setting3.3.2 Step 2 – Bracing HeightGet the bracing height right. Listen to the shot – does it sound good? Does it sound harsh? Set your bow at minimumbracing height and increase it steadily to maximum and listen to the bow (or better still, have someone else listen) asit is shot.An archer by the name of Marcel van Apeldoorn suggested the following method:Go to a long distance were your groups are still nice and tight (e.g. 50m perhaps 70m) and start at the lower end ofthe manufacturers recommendation. Shoot some arrows (e.g. 18) and chart the vertical position of each arrow. Raiseyour brace-height slightly (e.g. 1/16 or 1/8 inch at a time) and again shoot some arrows. Also make a mental note ofthe noise the bow makes, or ask someone else, because you're too busy shooting and you shouldn't be payingattention to anything else but making one good shot (each time). Keep raising your brace-height until you are at themax. recommended brace-height. KEEP YOUR SIGHT ALWAYS THE SAME.When you start at the lower end, the arrows hit somewhere on the target, raising the brace-height will probably makethe arrows hit a bit higher than before, raising the brace-height a bit more will reduce the effectiveness of the bow,and the arrows will start to hit lower on the target.27

NOTE: It is VERY important that you check your nocking point each time, and make sure that it is the same,because raising and lowering your brace-height could have an effect on your nocking point (the effect increaseswhen your tiller difference increases). Choose the brace-height that gives the highest groups on the target, because itmeans that the energy-transfer from bow to arrow is at its maximum. The energy that is left behind in the bow, andproduces the sound AND vibrations at this point is at a minimum.3.3.3 Step 3 – Nocking PointSet the correct nocking point height. If the nocking point is incorrect them the arrow will “porpoise”, i.e. the pointand tail of the arrow will oscillate in a vertical plane.The nocking point can be checked in several ways:1. Paper tune. A frame is placed about 2 metres (6 feet) in front of the target. A sheet of paper is placed taunt overthe frame. The archer then stands about 1 metre ( 3 feet) in front of the frame and shoots the arrows through thepaper. From the direction of the tear in the paper, the nocking point can be adjusted.2. Bare-shaft planing test. The theory behind bare-shaft tuning is that a bare shaft will continue on in the directionit was shot since there are no fletchings to stabilise it, and will therefore give a true representation of anydeviation from true.Shoot at least three fletched shafts and two identically aimed unfletched shafts at a target at a distance of 15 to20 yards.If the unfletched shafts impact above the fletched shafts, the nocking point is too low.If the unfletched shafts impact below the fletched shafts, the nocking point is too high (it is sometimes desirableto have the bare shaft impact just slightly below the fletched shafts to ensure that the nocking point is not toolow as this could cause clearance problems.28

3.3.4 Step 4 – Centre ShotCentering the arrow is used to ensure that the “nodes” of the arrow leave the bow in directalignment to the target. (See Node Points section)First of all find the centre of the bow limbs. To do this, place a piece of masking tape acrossthe inside of each limb a few inches from the riser. Mark the centre of each limb on the tape.Rest the bow by hanging it over the back of a chair, using the stabiliser/riser as a hook.NOTE: it is important NOT to put any pressure on the limbs.Nock an arrow and stand behind the bow, looking at the back of the riser.Looking through one eye and aligning the string with the marks on the masking tape, checkthe position of the arrow in relation to the string.If the arrow were absolutely central, then the arrow would align with the string, however, dueto the bending motion imparted by a finger release, this is not desirable in such a setup.Adjust the pressure button position until only the diameter of the arrow at the point is to theleft of the bowstring (for right-handed shooters).Once this has been done, lock off the adjustment collar of the pressure button and leave it alone!3.3.5 Step 5 – Arrow spineIf the arrow spine is incorrect, then “fishtailing” will occur. i.e. the point and tail of the arrow will oscillate in ahorizontal plane.First of all, set the pressure button spring tension to a medium setting.There are several ways to check for fishtailing, but by far the most reliable method is the bare-shaft planing test.Some archers use paper tuning but this method is more appropriate for compound archers and is highly unreliablefor finger shooters as the arrow WILL leave with some side-side motion, and the paper tear will vary, depending onhow far the archer is from the paper.The instructions below are for a right-handed archer and should be reversed for a left-handed archer.Shoot at least three fletched shafts and two identically aimed unfletched shafts at a target at a distance of 15 to 20yards.If the unfletched shafts impacts left (stiff) of the fletched shafts, either decrease the pressure button spring tension,increase the bow weight or increase the arrow point weight.If the unfletched shafts impact right (weak) of the fletched shafts, increase spring tension, decrease bow weight ordecrease arrow point weight.3.3.6 Step 6 – ClearanceOnce the shaft is basically tuned, spray dry powder foot spray, dry deodorant or similar product to the last quarter ofthe arrow shaft, fletching, arrow rest assembly and sight window near the arrow rest, then shoot the arrow (beingcareful not to disturb the powder). Check the powder for lines.If there are clearance problems:• If the arrow fletching is hitting the arrow rest, try rotating the arrow nock 1/32 of a turn. Continue rotating thenock until clearance is achieved.• Check that the arrow rest support arm does not protrude past the outside of the arrow shaft when the arrow isresting on the arm and is lying against the pressure button.• Try lower profile fletchings• Try modifying your setup (stiffer/weaker arrows), different rest, etc.29

• Move the pressure button slightly out from the bow if all else fails.3.3.7 Step 7 – Compensating for incorrect spineIf you are shooting too weak a shaft, decrease draw weight, decrease the point weight, increase number of strands inthe bowstring, decrease brace height. You might also try adding metal nocking points instead of dental floss.If the shaft is too stiff, increase draw weight, increase the point weight, decrease number of strands in the bowstring,increase brace height.Do not modify the point weight outwith the acceptable balance point range (7% - 16% FOC (front of centre)).3.4 Other Tuning MethodsBoth of these methods require significant time and skill to carry out properly and are generally regarded to be moretrouble than they’re worth!3.4.1 Walk back tuning (Gerhard Gabriel's method).The process is as follows: Shoot fletched and unfletched at a point, near the top of the target, at 3m, then walk backto 6m and repeat the process, then walk back to 9m...12m...15m... all the way to 30m.Record the horizontal position of each of the arrows.This method then uses the pattern of the arrows down the target to determine the adjustments required to spine andnocking point.3.4.2 Cushion plunger tuning (Vic Berger method)This is similar to walk-back tuning but uses only fletched arrows, and is sometimes used as a final check after bareshafttuning. (these notes are for a right-handed archer).If the bow is properly tuned the line is straight down the target.If the line is straight but running top left to bottom right, decrease the spring tension.If running along the other diagonal, increase the spring tension.If the line curves to the left then back to the centre then the button is too far out, if to the right it is to far in.Adjust the settings until there is a straight, vertical line. If you’ve had to make these adjustments then go back tobare shaft until the methods agree!3.4.3 Short Distance Tuning, Fine Tuning and Micro tuningThese are all subjects for a later time!3.5 Adjusting the tillerThe tiller is the name given to the balance of the limbs. Say, for example, you had a 38lb top limb and a 36lb bottomlimb (yes, unlikely – but bear with me)... then the bow would tend to tilt upward due to the excess load developed bythe top limb, causing difficulty aiming! This is an extreme example, but is to illustrate the point only.Modern bow limbs are usually manufactured as a matched pair, so why adjust the tiller? Simply because the riserand grip is not symmetrical. There are two adjustments which can be made to account for this:Dynamic tillerThis is the force applied to the string by both limbs after release. Adjusted by tuning the nocking point (see previoussection)Static tillerThis is the force applied to the string by both limbs during the draw. Adjusted by changing the limb angle (by fittingshims or some other method). The recommended static tiller is usually somewhere between 1/8” and 1/4”. This ismeasured by taking the distance from the limb (where the riser and limb meet) to the string (at right angles to thestring). Typically the bottom limb is 1/8” closer to the string than the top limb. HOWEVER. The way the archerholds the string and the bow will determine the actual position required for that archer.To test static tiller, stand at 18m/20yds from the target (40/60cm), and put the sight on the target. Draw the bowVERY SLOWLY back to the anchor point. It is important that the hand moves directly to the anchor point, and thatthis is done slowly.30

If the pin moves up, increase the tiller (increase lower limb poundage or decrease upper limb poundage). Similarly,if the pin moves down, decrease the tiller (decrease lower limb poundage or increase upper limb poundage).4 TechniqueThe key to archery is repetition – doing the same thing time, and time again. And the only way to do this is to feelgood about your shooting. Be comfortable. Be relaxed. Be confident. And the only way to develop these traits ispractice, practice, practice, practice, practice...... shoot as many arrows as you can. When you can’t get a bow andarrows in your hand, shoot in your head. Visualise the shot from inside and out. See the arrows landing squarely inthe 10-ring. Like all sports, you will get from archery what you put into it. Above all, remember: if it doesn’t feelright, don’t let go!4.1 The basics4.1.1 Warm up!Often ignored by even the good archers! It is essential to have a good warm-up regime, to help prevent long-termand short-term injury. There are many different styles of warm-up and these are covered in the training section. DONOT IGNORE the warm-ups... they will help you perform more consistently, and will help you enjoy the sport formany years to come.4.1.2 Which hand?There has been much debate on this subject. The majority seem to favour the eye-dominance theory. If you are righteye-dominant, then you should be a right-handed archer. So, how do you tell?One method is to hold your hands out at arms length and with both eyes open, look through the hole formed by yourhands at a distant object. Keeping that object in view, slowly move your hands towards your face until they touchyour face. The hole formed by your hands should be over one of your eyes. This eye is your dominant eye and willcontrol your aiming. Another quick way to test your eye dominance is to point your index finger at a distant objectwith both eyes open, then close one eye and see if your finger appears to move away from what you are pointing at.If your finger does appear to move, then the eye that you closed is your dominant eye. Try again with your other eyeand your finger should not appear to move.Some people simply do not have a dominant eye – both eyes are equally strong. In this case, it is best for a righthandedperson to shoot right handed, and vice versa.4.1.3 Aiming - One eye or both eyes?This, like so much of the technique section is pure preference. If you don’t have a particularly dominant eye, thenshooting with both eyes open can cause problems with aiming (two sight rings, one target!), so shoot with your lefteye closed (for a right-handed archer).Try both methods and choose what feels best for you.4.2 StanceThe stance is the foundation of the shot – a weak stance will mean a weak shot, and especially poor performance inwindy conditions. In the far east, they refer to a strong stance as “standing like a mountain”.Stance Checklist• Stand tall and relaxed (one foot on either side of the shooting line). Don’t lock the knees.• Keep the feet about shoulder-width apart.• Maintain an even balance on both feet and an even balance between the ball and heel of both feet. The body’scentre of gravity must be kept as central and low as possible.• Keep the same foot position for each shot. This can be done by using marks on the floor (indoors) or foot pegs(outdoors). Foot pegs consist of golf tees or target pins.• Check that shoulders are square and head is level.31

The following diagrams show the usual positions for the feet:The square stance is ideal for situations where there is a side-wind, where the archer has problems with clearance onbow arm or clothing, or simply where the archer wishes to enhance the “feel” of back tension.Note that even though the feet are at an angle to the direction of shot, the upper body must be twisted above thewaist to maintain the line of the shot. This “line” is important all the way through the shot, so getting it right early onmeans not having to think about it later in the execution of the shot.4.3 The pre-drawThe pre-draw is the opportunity to get the fundamentals right, establish a good grip on both the bow and the stringand relax prior to the shot execution per-se.4.3.1 Nock the arrow, set the drawing and bow handAttach the arrow to the string by pushing the nock firmly onto the finger serving below/between the nockingpoint(s). It is important to ensure that the arrow is neither too tight nor too loose. To check this, hang the arrowvertically from the string and tap the string . The arrow should drop off the string.Check that the arrow is resting against the pressure button and is under the clicker (if these devices are fitted andbeing used).4.3.1.1 Drawing HandGrip the string. For Target Archery the index, second and thirdfingers are used. The index finger is placed above the arrownock and the second and third fingers are placed below thearrow nock.Curl the fingers around the bowstring so that string is restingon or behind the first joint of all three fingers. Some archersprefer to shoot from in front of the joint (towards the finger tips), thinking that this will provide a cleaner release butin fact this takes well developed hand muscles to do properly and often results in a “plucked” string due to thetension required to hold the string in place (as well as very tired fingers after several arrows)Modern theory indicates that a deeper hook is more relaxing, and therefore makes for a cleaner release. You mayfeel that there is an awful lot of finger on the string to be moved out of the way, but the results are exceptionallygood.. Even with a deep hook, chances are that the string will roll down deep into the first joint during the draw dueto the weight of the bow. This has the added advantage for beginners of rotating the string and thereby increasing thesideways pressure on the arrow, helping to keep it on the rest.Keep a space clear between the index and second fingers and the arrow nock, so the fingers do not touch the nock.(This will prevent 'pinching' of the arrow.). A typical symptom of pinching the arrow is that the arrow will be drawnsideways off the rest as the string is drawn back. Some people use a tab with a finger separator for this purpose –others do not. Use what you feel most comfortable with. The designs of different finger separators suit some peopleand not others. Wrapping a soft tape around the finger separator can often ease discomfort.Keep the back of the hand as flat as possible. (Relaxed.) The thumb is often tucked into the palm so it can be placedagainst the neck at full draw. Place a slight pull on the bowstring to set the fingers in position ready for the draw.32

Beginners should keep an even pressure on all fingers. Experienced archers often vary the pressure with typicallyabout 50% of the weight on the second finger, 35% on the third finger and 15% on the index finger.4.3.1.2 Bow HandPlace the bow hand into the grip of the bow with the centreline of the v-shapebetween thumb and index finger in line with the centre of the bow as shown in thetop view.The base of the thumb muscle should rest on the centreline of the grip.During the draw, the pressure should be taken on the thumb muscle and directlyinto the wrist.(Low wrist position.)The thumb and fingers should remain relaxed. If a finger sling or bow sling is notused, then the tips of the fingers are curled around until lightly touching the bow.This will stop the bow falling out of the hand on release.A consistent hand position on the bow grip is essential to consistent shooting.Rotate the arm so that when the bow is lifted, the knuckles of the hand are at anangle of approximately 45 degrees. I have found that this is easier to do consistentlyif the three outer fingers are curled under and tucked in beside the riser.There are three possible positions for the wrist at this point, all are usually determined by the shape of the grip:High-gripWith a high grip the wrist is raised and in line with the knuckle of the index finger. This gives a good flat line andraises the point of contact to the position between the thumb and forefinger. This grip requires strength to useconsistently as the tendency when tired is to drop the wrist.Medium-Grip & Low-GripWith the medium & low grip, the pressure is lowered to the fleshy part of the thumb. This allows the hand to remainrelaxed throughout the shot, reducing the tendency to torque or twist the bow. The medium-to-low grip is thepreferred method of most of the top archers.Pre-draw Checklist 1• Check arrow is nocked securely. Check that shaft is not sitting on top of the pressure button. (a commonmistake!)• Establish comfortable medium to deep grip on the string.• Set the knuckles of the bow hand to 45 degrees and check that the grip is comfortable and in the right place.• Check that the hands are relaxed.4.3.2 Bow arm & drawing armThe bow arm is one of the most critical parts of the shot (the other being therelease and follow through) it must be stable and strong throughout the shot,and of consistent length from shot to shot (this may sound comical but readon...). In order to achieve strength, the archer should aim to keep the shoulderaligned with the socket as much as possible, and this can be done bymaintaining a slightly low shoulder (not TOO low – this has to be a naturalposition, not forced). Check this in a mirror. Raise the bow arm by rotating atthe shoulder and check to see that the shoulder stays low.Keeping the shoulder down will also stop it rising up during the draw, andthereby shortening the draw and as a result moving the clicker out of reach.Keep the elbow of the drawing arm high – this will make it easier to correctlyuse the large back muscles, and therefore allow the drawing arm and hand toremain relaxed.Pre-draw Checklist 2• Settle the hand position into the bow grip and check “feel” by pushing out slightly with the bow arm.• Raise the bow arm and drawing arm together, up to the position.33

• Keep the front shoulder in its normal low position (Don’t allow it to rotate up or back)• Keep the elbow of the drawing arm high (but comfortable!)4.4 The Draw and “anchor”Keep the front arm fully extended, but not over extended (there should belittle or no room to “push” from the bow arm) as you draw in a smoothflowing motion in as direct a line as possible all the way back to the“anchor” position.I’m enclosing the word “anchor” in quotes here because it indicatessomething solid and immovable, whereas quite the opposite is true – theanchor is in fact simply a transition point between draw and followthroughDraw the string straight back whilst maintaining a relaxed drawing arm –in this way, the arm will be moved by the powerful back muscles. Usingthe back muscles is an excellent way to develop consistency and stamina.Using the arm muscles will cause fatigue and result in an inconsistentrelease and follow through.Don’t move the head or body during the draw (remember, the line was developed during the stance phase).The elbow of the drawing arm should be in line, or slightly higher than the line of the arrow. Check this in themirror, or ideally, by making a video of your shooting - a video can be invaluable in diagnosing form problems.Having “good line” makes the shot and follow-through much more consistent.The “anchor” position is where the hand is positioned on the jaw and thebowstring touches the face and should provide a consistent point of reference.Some archers bring the string back to the centre of the chin, others slightly to theside however, there are some do’s and don’ts:DO lightly touch the tip of your nose with the string.DON’T bring the string beyond the square of your chin – this may result in thestring hitting the chin on its way past.DO keep your hand close to your neck and remember to keep the back of yourhand flat.DO place the index finger firmly under the jaw to develop a good solid referencepoint.The relationship between all these positions is important as it acts as the rear sight,so it is vital that it be as consistent as possibleSome archers use "kisser buttons". Small pieces of plastic attached to the string which is placed against the lips, or atooth. It is important, when using such a device, to ensure that the position on the face, wherever it is, is repeatable.It's no good anchoring at the corner of your mouth - this can move in all directions, and probably will! Lightlyplaced between the lips is OK, provided your facial expression does not change too much! Whatever you chose todo, it's probably best to combine this with a good solid finger or platform under the jaw.When the string is in place, one final check is important, and that is "String Picture". This is crucial, especially atlong distances. When looking through the sight, you will see a blurred image of the string - it is important that this isaligned to the same point for every shot. if it's slightly off, rotating your head slightly will correct this. If the stringpicture is in the wrong place, then your aiming accuracy will be off and the result will be groups which are spreadhorizontally. For alignment, many European archers use the side or centre of the riser or sight-window, others usethe side of the sight aperture – although this method can cause problems when the windage has to be adjusted!When you get to anchor it is very important that you don’t stop pulling. Changing from a “pulling” action to a“holding” action will make it very difficult to return to the pull, and so the arm muscles are likely to tighten up – thismakes it EVEN MORE difficult to pull, and so it becomes very difficult (sometimes impossible) to get through theclicker. If this happens COME DOWN. Don’t struggle – it’ll only make you tired, and may result in a very poorscore (even a miss!) if you do manage to get the shot off.34

We can draw from the bow all the way back to the anchor, stop and all of a sudden that last 1/16” becomes so very,very difficult. Keep moving, albeit very slowly. The action of pulling, even slightly, will keep the muscles in the“pull” configuration, and suddenly the clicker will be a piece of cake!Finally - the aim. The answer here is DON'T. This is another concept which will upset beginners… how on earth dowe get the arrows near the target if we don't aim?? Well, quite simply, we do, but not consciously. Let the sight floataround the gold. When the clicker goes off, and the release occurs, your brain will automatically centre the sight onthe gold… all you have to do is set the shot up correctly, and your subconscious do the rest.. The following picturesillustrate the result if you’re not dead-centre...So don’t worry about it!!Draw Checklist• Extend front arm (don’t over extend as this can cause the string to hit your arm)• Smooth draw to anchor with relaxed arm.• String back to chin/nose• Strong hand position under chin, close to neck.• String picture• Settle the sight on the gold, but DON'T AIM• DON’T STOP PULLING4.5 The release and follow-throughAs mentioned earlier on, the release (or “loose”) is another critical factor in any shot. A nice relaxed release andcontinuous follow through will make the difference between an average shot and a stunningly good shot. This iswhere the “feel” of the shot is all important. It is something we have to learn through many hours of practice. Wehave to learn to know what a good shot feels like, and then (and only then) can we begin to develop a rhythm andconsistency.Maintain the pulling movement. This takes commitment to the shot. When that bow is up, and the gold is in thesightring, either go for the shot wholeheartedly or come down. NO half measure is good enough. If you’re notcommitted to the shot then only luck will make it a good one.But don’t forget that solid front arm. Don’t allow the front shoulder to rise – focus on the gold. Reach for the targetwhilst continuing the motion. Feel the balance between the front arm and the back arm. Note we say “reach” here –remember that the arm is locked, and the shoulder down so there is very little movement available. Simplystrengthen the line, in the direction of the target.Maintain a relaxed draw hand and arm – don’t forget about those back muscles.As you continue to pull back the clicker will click. This is not the signal to panic! – that kind of reaction will causean uncontrolled or “explosive” release, resulting in an erratic, unpredictable shot. The clicker is the signal to allowthe subconscious to let go... when it is ready, so simply relax and let the shot flow.If four or five seconds have elapsed since the string reached anchor, COME DOWN. Don’t struggle... don’t fight,because your mind will be full of images of coming through the clicker... stresses in the body will induce shaking...35

all of these things will cause the shot to fail. Many top archers have metronome-like timing, and none of them holdfor long periods of time. A draw of five seconds is too long.Some archers have a tendency to look to see where the arrow is going... don’t. Anything we do above and beyondshooting at the gold is a distraction. Once the arrow has gone, it is too late. Simply focus on making the perfect shotinto the gold – and then you won’t have to “peek”... you’ll see it land in the middle!Follow-through Checklist• Keep reaching for the target with the front arm – feel the balance between “reach” and “pull”.• Keep pulling with the back muscles (maintain back tension). Commit to the shot.• Control the clicker – don’t let it control you.• Focus on the gold, all the way through the shot until the arrow is in the target.4.6 The best styleSorry to disappoint you, but this section does not tell you what is the best style – simply because there isn’t one.Every archer shoots differently. Every archer has a different technique, from the way they hold the bow and thestring, to the way they follow through... what all top archers have in common is that they can repeat that sametechnique time, and time, again. Do not try to copy anyone... develop your own style which feels comfortable, andthen teach your subconscious, through hours of repetition, what that style feels like. You will see archers on theshooting line who go through all sorts of complicated rituals and movements... ignore them. Shoot with a simple,flowing, comfortable, relaxed style and you will shoot your best.4.7 Concentration (FOCUS)Focus is extremely important. Staying with the task at hand is difficult for humans. The average person has anattention span of approximately 2-3 seconds, so developing focus is a key feature for all successful archers... fromthe pre-draw to the follow-through we have to be single-minded. Aware of our body and the feel of the shot, butcommitted to the centre of the target.When an archer finds a deep focus and concentration, it is a wonderful feeling. It is almost a meditative state, and isoften referred to as “being in the zone”, and once there the archer can achieve great things. But like all things inarchery, it takes practice and determination.When things are going wrong it is easy to get distracted and start over-analysing the shot – and suddenly our mindsare full of negative images and self-condemnation. If you get into this state, stop. Put the bow down and relax,because nothing can come from such distracting emotions.4.8 Rhythm and motionMuscle memory is key to archery, and one of the best ways of developing muscle memory is shooting with aconsistent rhythm in continuous motion, and repeating this process over and over again for as many arrows as youcan realistically shoot. A good consistent rhythm will provide a strong consistency to the entire shot process.Developing rhythm and motion is best done without a target face... a technique which is generally regarded asextremely useful. Every archer should have a “rhythm” session at least once or twice a week.Remove the sightbar, stand close to a boss and simply shoot arrows. Don’t think about the aim – simply ensure thateach and every shot FEELS right, and shoot every arrow with focus and commitment. Try to develop a rhythm andtry to maintain that rhythm for as many arrows as you can... Concentrate on the feel. Concentrate on the form. Andenjoy the feeling of shooting just for the sake of it. This, more than anything, can develop consistency.Can’t shoot when you’re at home? Simple. Buy/borrow/make a Formaster ® -type device. This device consists of anelbow cup (or straps) with a cord (elastic or solid) which effectively attaches your elbow to the string. Using thisdevice and a reasonably long hallway (or garden) you can practice pre-draw, draw, anchor and clicker controlwithout risking damage to arrows or property! Simply draw through the clicker, hold for a few seconds and let thearrow down gently without letting go. Even if you DO let go, the Formaster ® should be set so that the arrow will dono damage and will not be damaged itself.36

5 Solving Problems5.1 Lost the feelMany archers have experienced it – one day your soaring on a high of superb scores, the next, you couldn’t hit abarn door at twenty paces. What do you do? Keep struggling, with dogged determination?No. Go back to basics. Make a check list of your weaknesses, the points on which you feel you need to concentrate.Take the sight off the bow and follow the notes in “rhythm and motion” section. Throw away all those bad habitsyou’ve developed and go back to the beginning. Archery isn’t difficult, so apply the KISS principle (Keep It Simple,Stupid).5.2 Target panicAn eternal problem for archers of all disciplines, and one for which there are many causes and no easy solutions.This is sometimes referred to as “Gold Shyness” and some of the symptoms, in order of severity, are:• Unable to hold the sight on the gold through the shot.• Unable to prevent release when on the gold or when the clicker drops.• Unable to get the sight near the gold.• Unable to achieve full draw.Occasionally, and archer will go through all of these stages as the symptoms become worse. And of course, theknowledge that there is a problem only increases the fear and uncertainty. Target panic is a psychological problemwhich stems from a lack of confidence and is a very real problem for many archers.There are several approaches to overcoming this particular problem, depending on the individual:• Go back to basics. Pick up a beginners bow, some old arrows, stand near a blank boss with no target face on itand simply shoot arrows. Anywhere on the boss. Don't try to shoot groups. Get rid of clickers and sights andother gadgets.• Shoot with eyes closed. (yes, seriously) Stand close to the boss, close your eyes and simply draw the bow.Opening your eyes for the first couple of shots is a good idea to ensure that the position is right. Concentrate onthe feel of the shot. Be aware of your body and how it reacts throughout the process. Concentrate on a smoothflowing rhythm.• When you're comfortable shooting with these two methods, add a sight and a full-size target to the boss andgradually, over a period of weeks, reduce the size of the face and the distance to the target.• Get a Formaster ® and use that when shooting at the target. This will improve confidence since no matter WHATyou do - good or bad, the arrows will end up on the ground and no damage will be done.There are other methods including distraction techniques, but for these you need to find yourself a good coach.Finally, don't give up. It can be a long up-hill struggle, but it is not insurmountable and, on the positive side, maymake you a much better archer at the end of the day.6 TrainingThere are many training methods available and a good coach should be able to define an appropriate set of exercises,but the following is intended as a good basic foundation.6.1 Physical Training6.1.1 Formaster ®The Formaster ® device is perfect for training when you can’t get to a shooting range, and I use mine in the followingways: (remember – always warm-up first!)ReversalsAttach the Formaster ® to the string near the nocking point and using your ELBOW only (i.e. do not hold the stringwith your fingers) draw the bow to full draw. Hold for 30 seconds. Release and relax for 30 seconds.Repeat this as often as is comfortable. If you should start shaking at full draw, stop – this is NOT an endurance race!37

Repeat this exercise at least once or twice a week. After two to four weeks you should be able to repeat the 1-minutedraw/relax cycle 10 times. If you cannot, then you may be over-bowed.Clicker PracticeNote: Perform this exercise in an open area or in front of a target.Attach the Formaster® to the string just above the nocking point and nock an arrow. Draw the bow, sight on anobject and pull the arrow through the clicker. Repeat this 60 times. DO NOT let go of the arrow when the clickergoes off. Make sure that the sight ring stays near the sight point after the clicker has dropped.Back TensionNote: Perform this exercise in an open area or in front of a target.Attach the Formaster® to the string just above the nocking point and nock an arrow. Draw the bow, sight on anobject and pull the arrow through the clicker. Release the arrow as normal. One of two things will happen:1. The drawing elbow will not move. This is good as it means that there was no premature relaxation after theshot, and that the back muscles were being used effectively.2. The drawing elbow will be pulled forward. This is bad as it means that the muscles were relaxed too early andthere was therefore a poor follow through. It also indicates use of the wrong muscles for drawing.Repeat this 25 times or more to build muscle memory. This muscle memory with last for some time, but willeventually fade and so has to be reinforced from time to time. As time goes on, the muscle memory will last forlonger and longer periods.6.1.2 Exercises for archers6.1.2.1 Warm-upsWarm-ups must always be the FIRST part of shooting preparation. If you see someone shooting who has notwarmed up, NAG them into it.... The following exercises are a good start: (DO NOT STRAIN... these are stretchingexercises only). Don’t “bounce” these movements, simply move gently into position and hold.First of all, do a couple of minutes of vigorous activity to get your pulse rate up and generally warm up the body,such as running or jumping on the spot, skipping, etc.The HugWrap your arms around you and hold your right shoulder with your left hand and vice-versa. Hold for a count of 8.The ShrugRaise your shoulders as high as they will go, hold for a count of 2. Relax for a count of 4. Repeat 4-6 timesRotating ShrugWith arms relaxed, rotate your shoulders in a circle several times (8-10 repetitions). Reverse the rotation and repeat.Horizontal Shoulder StretchWith your left arm horizontal, bring your left palm over your right shoulder. With your right hand, pull the leftelbow towards you and hold for a count of 8.Repeat for the other arm.Vertical Shoulder StretchRaise your left arm up and place your left hand between your shoulder blades. With your right hand, pull your leftelbow to the right and hold for a count of 8.Repeat for the other arm.Rear Arm StretchPlace your left arm behind your back with the left hand at your right side. Clasp your left hand with your right handand pull gently. Hold for 8. Repeat for the other arm.The Vertical Arm StretchClasp both hands and stretch arms upwards. Rotate hands until palms of hands face upwards. Push upwards. Holdfor 8.Arm CirclesHold both arms vertical. Swing arms in large circles, both in the same direction.Repeat, but swing left arm forward and right arm backward. Repeat, but swap arms.Trunk Twists38

Lift both arms out sideways and twist at the waist to the left, then to the right... repeat 3 or 4 times.Neck StretchingLooking straight ahead, bend head over to left and hold for a count of 8 – repeat for the other side.Turn head to the left as far as is comfortable. Hold for a count of 8 – repeat to the right.Warming the shooting musclesUsing rubber bands (clini-bands, inner-tubes, etc.) You can stretch the drawing muscles in a similar way to using abow.6.1.2.2 Basic fitnessGood basic health is a good start for archers, so simple walking, cycling and jogging to improve cardiovascular andleg fitness is a good idea. Push-ups are good for building upper body strength, but too much arm muscle-mass is abad idea.6.2 Mental Training6.2.1 ImageryWhen you can’t shoot arrows in reality, it’s good to shoot arrows in your mind. Sit in a well-supported position in aquiet room, and simply shoot arrows. Visualise the shot from inside and from outside. See yourself shooting perfectarrows into the 10-ring. DO NOT DO THIS WHILST DRIVING! This is a good exercise for lunch-break at work.This can also be done whilst carrying out the motions with your upper body. Feel the draw, the anchor and therelease. Feel the constant motion and watch the imaginary arrow land in the imaginary 10.6.2.2 Positive Self-talkEven when shooting, we can prepare and enhance our mental state, simply by being less negative and selfdestructive.It has been said that self-talk is 60 times more effective than actual experience. Get rid of words like“can’t”, “won’t”. Replace them with “can” and “will”.“I can shoot better than that” is much more positive than “that was rubbish”.“I know I can do this” is much better than “I’m struggling with the clicker”Don’t talk down a bad shot, or worse still, analyse it! The only thing we learn from analysing bad shots – is how toshoot bad shots!... Analyse the good ones, and remember what made them good shots. Don’t discuss the poor shotswith others, instead, talk about the good shots.Build your own confidence and self image, and your performance will improve.7 Types of archery7.1 TargetTarget archery is one of the oldest forms of archery. Since man first strung a bow, he has been shooting at targets toimprove his hunting skills. Modern target archery is a year-round sport, consisting of shooting at a rounds target facesplit into 5 or 10 scoring zones, usually coloured yellow, red, blue, black and white.In the UK, Imperial outdoor rounds use a 5-zone face and are scored 9 for yellow, 7 for red, 5 for blue, 3 for blackand 1 for white. Metric rounds use a 10-zone face scored 10 for inner yellow, 9 for outer yellow, 8 for inner red, 7for outer red and so on.There are many indoor and outdoor rounds varying mainly in the distance shot, the number of arrows and the sizeand type of face.Common indoor rounds are:Round #arrows Distance FaceFITA 18m 5 dozen 18m 40cm – 10-zoneBray I 2.5 dozen 18m 40cm – 10-zoneFITA 25m 5 dozen 25m 60cm – 10-zonePortsmouth 5 dozen 20yards 60cm – 10-zoneVegas 5 dozen 18m 20cm with only five scoring zones – 10,9,8,7,639

Common outdoor rounds are:(IMPERIAL) - #dozen arrows at each distance.Face122cm 5-zoneRound 100yds 80yds 60yds 50yds 40ydsYork 6 4 2Hereford /6 4 2Bristol ISt. George 3 3 3Albion 3 3 3Windsor 3 3 3American 2.5 2.5 2.5(METRIC) - #dozen arrows at each distance.Face 122cm 10-zone 80cm 10-zoneRound 90M 70M 60M 50M 40M 30MFITA (gents) 3 3 3 3FITA (ladies) /3 3 3 3Metric ILong Metric (g) 3 3Long Metric (l) 3 3Short Metric 3 3Gents FITA is the international standard by which all archers are judged.7.1.1 Basic Competition Rules7.1.1.1 EquipmentEquipment will be checked prior to the start of shooting. The following checklist provides a basic guide to the mainpoints for the recurve bow:• No marks are allowed on the inside of upper limb as these may be used for aiming.• No aiming devices or marks on the string. The string serving must end below eye level when at full draw.• Arrows must be marked with name, initials or insignia. Arrows must carry the same fletching colours/nockcolours.• Face of tab must be smooth – no hooks or other holding devices.7.1.1.2 General Rules• Be silent whilst on the shooting line. On no account speak to other archers.• Spotting scopes may be used, but may not be left on the shooting line between ends.• Do not touch another archer’s equipment without their permission.7.1.1.3 Shooting OrderA competitor list will be posted and will give each archer a target number and a letter. Target numbers are shownbeside each target and on markers on the shooting line.Usually there are no more than four archers per target (designated A, B, C and D) and no fewer than two. Usuallyonly up to two archers will shoot simultaneously on the same target.A and B will shoot together, C and D will shoot together. A and C shoot on the left of the line marker, B and Dshoot on the right. Each set of archers going up to the line is termed a “wave” i.e. First wave = A/B. Second wave =C/D.Archers A and B will shoot first, followed by C and D. At the next end, the order will reverse and C and D willshoot first. There will be a board/sign indicating which archers are first to shoot at the next end.If there are four faces on the target: A shoots top left, B shoots top right, C shoots bottom left, and D shoots bottomright.If there are three faces: A shoots bottom left. B shoots top centre, C shoots bottom right40

7.1.1.4 ShootingDo not raise your bow arm too high. If the judge thinks that you could perhaps overshoot the safety area if you let goof the arrow, then you will be warned and, if you persist, disqualified.7.1.1.5 Scoring• DO NOT TOUCH any arrows or the target face until the scores have been recorded.• Point to the nock of the arrow whilst calling out the score. Call out the scores highest arrow first in groups ofthree. E.g. “9, 9, 7” “6,2,miss”• You must not record your own scores. Usually one of A/B will score for C/D and vice versa.• You must check the scores as they are written down.• Changes to the scores must be made and signed by a judge. Changes to the totals may be made by the scorer.• In Metric rounds, mark the face with a line drawn directly towards the arrow shaft before drawing the arrows.Special Marks:X = Inner 10 in all outdoor FITA rounds.M = MissAt the end of the competition, remember to sign the score sheet to indicate that you agree with the scores.7.1.1.6 BouncersIf an arrow bounces out of the target, stop shooting, take two steps back from the line and raise your bow to attractthe judge’s attention.7.1.1.7 Unshot arrowsAn arrow is deemed to have been unshot if it can be reached with the bow, without moving from the shooting line. Itmay be retrieved and shot.7.1.1.8 Etiquette• Do not leave the shooting line if your target partner is in the process of drawing the bow.• Keep noise to a minimum behind the waiting line when archers are on the shooting line.• Do not collect missed arrows until the scoring is complete.7.1.1.9 Outdoor CompetitionsThere will be a shelter line, a waiting line 5m in front of that and a shooting line 5m in front of that.. All archers notshooting must stay behind the waiting line. Equipment (bows, scopes, etc.) must be also kept behind the waitingline. Shelters, tents etc. Must be kept behind the shelter line.7.1.1.9.1 METRIC ROUNDS6 arrows per end are shot at 90m and 70m.3 arrows per end are shot at 50m and 30m.Control of shooting is by buzzer/whistle.1) Two whistles – walk to line. You may nock an arrow, but you may not raise your bow arm at this time.2) Single Whistle – begin to shoot (leave the line when you’ve shot all arrows for this end)3) Two whistles – end of shooting. Leave line (if you haven’t already done so)4) Each wave repeats 1-3 until all waves have shot.5) Three whistles are sounded to go and score/collect arrows.Time Limit: 2 minutes to shoot 3 arrows or 4 minutes to shoot 6 arrows.7.1.1.9.2 IMPERIAL ROUNDS6 arrows per end at all distancesShoot 3 arrows, retire, then when other waves have shot, shoot another 3. Then all collect their arrows.1) First whistle –2) walk to line.3) Shoot 3 arrows41

4) Leave line5) Wait for other archers to shoot their 3 arrows6) Repeat 2-57) Finally two whistles to go and score/collect arrows.7.1.1.10 Indoor CompetitionsControl of shooting is by buzzer/whistle and occasionally lights.1) Two whistles – walk to line. RED light.2) Single whistle – shoot. GREEN light. Leave the line when you’ve shot all arrows.3) Amber light lights when 30 seconds are left for end of shooting.4) Two whistles – end of shooting. RED light. Leave line (if you haven’t already done so)5) Repeat 1-4 until all waves have shot.6) Three whistles to go and score/collect arrows.Time Limit: 2 minutes to shoot 3 arrows or 4 minutes to shoot 6 arrows.7.1.1.11 Common Mistakes• Forgetting to mark arrows with initials.• Drawing the bow before the second whistle.• Touching or drawing arrows before scoring.• Forgetting to mark the face.• Shooting too many arrows.7.2 CloutThe purpose behind clout archery is to place an arrow in the ground close to, or in, the “clout”. The clout is mostoften represented by a post or flag. Score is determined by the distance of the arrow from the flag: 18 inches = 5points. 3 feet = 4 points. 6 feet = 3 points. 9 feet = 2 points. 12 feet = 1 point.A clout round consists of 3-dozen arrows at various distances depending on the archer: Gentlemen: 9-score yards.Ladies: 7-score yards, and so on.7.3 FieldField archery stems from hunting. Archers, arranged in groups of 3 to 6, follow a predefined route through varyingtypes of terrain, shooting at targets (sometimes animal pictures are used) at unmarked distances. The archers footmust touch a shooting post which might be situated behind a tree! Target faces have three scoring zones, an outerring (3), an inner ring (4) and a centre spot (5). The centre spot is always very visible (i.e. a contrasting colour suchas white).Rounds are typically 28-32 targets with 2-4 arrows at each target.7.4 Popinjay (Papingo)Popinjay archer consists of shooting up at a “roost” of “birds”. There is a cock “bird” (5 points), four “hens” (3points) and a minimum of 24 “chicks” (1 point). Cocks are 10-12” high and situated 90 feet above the ground. Hensare 6-8” high and situated 89 feet above the ground. Chicks are 3-4” high and situated from 80 to 88 feet above theground.Arrows with blunts are used and only one arrow is shot at each end. A bird must be struck with the arrow and fall tothe ground to score. Rounds may consist of a number of arrows, or may be defined by time.7.5 FlightThe purpose behind flight archery is to shoot an arrow as far as possible. Distances are marked from 150 yards atintervals of 50 yards often to over 1000 yards. Typical equipment used may either be standard target bows orspecialised flight bows.There are usually at least four ends of three arrows shot.7.6 Other roundsArchery Darts is shot with a 76cm darts face at a distance of 15 yards or more. Scoring is as in normal darts.Archery Golf is shot on a golf course towards a 4” cardboard disc on the green. Rules are similar to normal golf.42

8 Reference Material8.1 BooksThe following list is my own personal recommended reading list and is in no way extensive.• Archery, steps to success by Kathleen Haywood, Catherine Lewis, Leisure Press.An excellent book for beginners and advanced archers together. Probably one of the most comprehensivearchery “manuals” I’ve read.• The Simple art of Winning by Rick McKinney, Leo Planning Inc.A superb read for the intermediate to advanced archer by one of the nicest guys in archery. This book explains itall in fine detail.• Archery in Earnest by Roy MatthewsA good solid read. Lots of practical hints and tips and good sections on the mental approach to archery.• Archery Anatomy by Ray AxfordIf you want to know how the muscles and bones interact, and how to use them efficiently to improve yourshooting, then this is the book to read.• Easton tuning and maintenance guideExcellent guide to tuning and equipment from arrow-supremos Easton.8.2 Videos• Any televised coverage you can record.Seriously – Get a hold of any Olympic or world championship coverage and watch how it SHOULD be done.Many clubs will have access to this kind of material.• Archery – refining your formA good introduction to the finer points of shooting.8.3 The InternetThe following sites are my own personal surfing haunts, and a good place to go for more information (in order ofpreference, but they’re all my favourites!)• http://www.student.utwente.nl/~sagiThe simply superb Sagittarius web pages. Everything you ever wanted to know about archery, but were afraidto ask! Jam packed full of years of knowledge, home of the “Blackboard” a discussion group frequented bymany well-known archers. Searchable database of discussions, usenet archives, you name it... it’s here!• http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/ajcd/archery/index.htmlAngus Duggan’s personal home page. Lots of good solid advice from Scottish Archer, now resident in the USA.• http://margo.student.utwente.nl/~stretchJohn Dickson’s personal home page. More good solid advice on technique and equipment from one ofScotland’s hot-shots.• http://www.quicks.comUK archery supply company. Full catalogue on-line, technical articles and more!• http://www.archeryfocus.comThe superb US archery magazine. Lots of really good articles from many of the most knowledgeable people inarchery, including Rick McKinney, Don Rabska and George Tekmitchov. Some of the articles are available freeon-line for a short period of time.• http://www.bownet.comHome of UK archery magazine... second only to archery focus!• http://www.centenaryarchers.gil.com.auCentenary archers – an Australian club with great pages on tuning, form, equipment and so on. Most of thefigures in this document were “borrowed” from this site.• http://www.linksarchers.ndirect.co.ukLinks archers – a Scottish club with its own discussion group and lots of useful information.• http://surf.to/scottish-archeryThe Scottish archery magzine. The official site of the Scottish Archery Association.• http://www.gnas.u-net.comHomepage of the UK’s Grand National Archery Society. All the information on rounds, records, events, newsand more.• http://www.altservices.co.ukA UK based archery retailer. Sells most things at good prices. Accepts Euros, UK Pounds and US Dollars.43

• http://www.usarchery.orgHomepage of the American National Archery Association.• http://www.pthwaite.demon.co.ukHomepage of Cheshire county bowmen... check out the “fun” page.• http://www.cam.ac.uk/CambUniv/Societies/cub/Cambridge University archery club. Lots of interesting information.• Usenet news groups:news://alt.archery/news://rec.sport.archery/Home of some of the best (and worst!) advice around... the world of archery, in one place. Search for particulartopics using http://www.dejanews.com9 Glossary of archery termsArm-guardBare shaftBarebowBerger ButtonBouncer (Bounce-out)BossBow-scaleBow-squareBowyerBrace HeightBracerBroadheadButtButtonCamChest-guardClickerCloutCrestCompound BowCushion PlungerDrawDraw lengthDraw-weightEndFaceField ArcheryFishtailingFITAFletchingFletching JigFlight ShootingFlu-fluFoot markerGap shootingGoldGold shyness / Gold feverGripGroupKisser ButtonLady ParamountLimbProtective arm covering for bow-arm. Usually plastic, metal or leather.An arrow without fletchings.A bow with no sight or aiming devices.See Button.An arrow which strikes the target and then falls to the ground.See Butt.Device used to measure the draw-weight of a bowDevice used to measure bracing height and nocking-point position.One who makes bows.Distance between string and pivot–point of the bow (or pressure button).See Arm-guard.Arrow point used in hunting. V-shaped with two or more cutting edges.Backstop behind target face, usually straw or foam.Spring-loaded button. Used to absorb some of the sideways force of the arrowafter release.Eccentric pulley found on compound bows.Protective clothing used to prevent string catching on clothes or body.Metal or plastic device. Produces audible click when arrow is at full draw.Archery competition where archers shoot at a peg in the ground.Coloured markings on the arrow shaft.Bow with eccentric pulleys and cables allowing high bow weights, but lowweight at full-draw.See Button.Pulling the bowstring.The distance between the string and the pivot point at full draw.Weight held by archer at full draw.A specified number of arrows (usually 3, 4 or 6) shot between scoring.Target – usually made from paper or card.Archery shot in wooded course.Movement of arrow from side to side during flight.Federation Internationale de Tir a L’Arc. International target archery federation.The feathers or coloured plastic “wings” attached towards the rear of an arrow.Device used to hold arrow and fletchings to ensure consistent positioning whilethe glue is drying.Archery shooting for maximum distance.Large spiral fletching designed to slow arrow down quickly.Device pushed into ground to ensure consistent foot position.Using the distance between the arrow and the target as an elevation gauge.Centre of the target (it is often coloured yellow).See Target Panic.Where hand is placed on riser. Often plastic or wooden.Several arrows shot close together.Small plastic device attached to the string for alignment with mouth at fulldraw.The lady in charge of an archery tournament. An honorary position only.The energy-storing portion of the bow above and below the riser.44

LongbowLoopLooseMinnowingNibNockNocking PointOverdrawParadox (archer’s paradox)Peak draw-weightPilePivot-pointPointPorpoisingPressure ButtonPullerRecurve BowQuiverReleaseRestRiserServingShaftSight WindowSlingSpineStabiliserStackingString WalkingStringerTabTarget PanicToxophiliteTillerTuningTFCVaneWindageWindowSingle-piece bow. Traditional archery.Portion of the string which is strung around the limb tip.The action of releasing the string.High-speed movement of arrow from side to side during flight. (Indicative ofpoor clearance)See Point.Plastic device at the end of an arrow in which the string is placed.Position on the string at which the nock is located.Device used to permit archers to use arrows shorted than the draw length.The way the arrow bends around the riser on release.Maximum weight held by archer whilst drawing the bow.See Point.Position on grip farthest from the string.The pointed metal device inserted at the tip of the arrow.Movement of arrow up and down during flight.See Button.Rubber mat used to protect hands and provide grip when pulling arrows.Bow with limbs which curve away from the archer.Pouch, usually worn around the waist or placed on the ground, used to holdarrows and other accessories.See Loose.A wire or plastic device on which the arrow sits before and during the draw.The handle of the bow.Protective wrapping of string material around string to prevent wear.The body of an arrow.See Window.Device to attach bow to archer’s bow-hand.The stiffness of the arrow shaft.Rod and weight combination attached to the bow to eliminate unwanted torqueand vibration.Rapid increase in the draw weight of the bow, not in direct relation to the drawlength.Used by barebow archers. Fingers moved up and down string according totarget distance.Device used to bend the limbs of a bow to allow the string to be attached.Protector for string-fingers to prevent chafing.Affliction where archer cannot hold the sight in the gold.Archer.A measure of the balance of the two limbs.Adjustment of the bow and arrow to provide most accurate and forgiving arrowflight.Torque Flight Compensator. Device used to absorb vibration.See fletching.Horizontal adjustment of a sight to compensate for wind-drift.Recessed area of riser above the grip.10 AcknowledgementsMany thanks go to the following people for their assistance in putting this document together, and for years ofadvice and guidance:Tom Woodley and Graeme Jeffrey of Centenary Archers, Australia for the use of their web pages. Many of thegraphics in this document came from these excellent web sitesMike Perkes from Easton for the Easton tuning and maintenance guideGeorge Tekmitchov from Easton for many years of excellent technical advice and guidance.Rick McKinney and Denise Parker from the simply excellent Archery Focus magazine for allowing me to use theinformation from the technical articles from their publication.Simon Oosthoek for putting together and maintaining the SUPERB Sagittarius archery web pages.John and Emma Dickson (Archery Club of Edinburgh) for putting up with my stupid questions.All the regulars on the Sagittarius Blackboard and the Usenet newsgroups (especially rec.sport.archery)And of course, all the guys and gals at Balbardie Archery Club and the Grange Archery Club.45