ARVO 2013 Annual Meeting Abstracts 320 Color Vision ...

ARVO 2013 Annual Meeting Abstractsat the end of the array and thus are likely to have normal color vision,and 29 had arrays too long to determine the position of the extra Lgene.Conclusions: C203R mutations are unlikely to cause protan defects.Missense mutations that may cause protan defects were present in0.37% of the sample and those that may cause deutan defects weredetected in 1%. 9% of men in this sample have more than one L gene.Of those, at least a quarter had the genetic basis for normal colorvision despite the presence of an extra L gene. 3.1% of men could beconfirmed to have an L gene in the second position and are presumedto have deuteranomaly and another 3.6% may be deuteranomalousdepending on the location of the extra L gene(s) in arrays with > 3genes.Commercial Relationships: Candice Davidoff, None; Jay Neitz,Alcon (F), Alcon (P); Maureen Neitz, Genzyme (F), Alcon (F),Alcon (P)Program Number: 3023 Poster Board Number: C0186Presentation Time: 8:30 AM - 10:15 AMRod Hue Biases for Foveal Stimuli on CRT DisplaysKatharina G. Foote, Steven L. Buck. Psychology, University ofWashington, Seattle, WA.Purpose: Signals from rod photoreceptors bias (shift) the huesdetermined by cone photoreceptors for extrafoveal mesopic stimuli -creating green, blue, and red rod hue biases at long, middle, and shortwavelengths, respectively. The fovea contains far fewer rods and Scones but may not be immune to rod hue biases. Here, we determinewhich biases are found for foveal stimuli presented on a CRT display.Methods: On a CRT display, a 1-s duration test disk of 0.5°, 1.0°, or2.0° diameter alternated with a 3-s duration array of 0.25° fixationdots placed 4° from fixation, all on a black background. Sevenobservers adjusted the hue of the test disk around the RGB phosphormixture triangle, to yield each of the 4 unique hues, Ured, Ugreen,Ublue, and Uyellow. Light levels ranged from 0.05 - 0.17 (CIE2°) or0.08 - 0.03 (CIE10°) cd/m 2 .Results: 1°-2°-diameter foveal test disks (a) produced rod green biasat Uyellow for most observers, (b) favored rod green bias at Ublueover the rod red biases shown in prior extrafoveal studies, and (c)produced less consistent rod hue biases at Ured and Ugreen. 0.5°diameterfoveal test disks produced no consistent rod hue biasesacross observers. Remaining rod hue biases tended to be small butsome observers showed larger idiosyncratic effects for a specificunique hue.Conclusions: 1°-2°-diameter foveal disks on a CRT displayproduced relatively strong rod green bias, mediated by rod interactionwith L & M cones, presumably in midget/parvo pathways. Incontrast, these foveal stimuli disadvantaged rod influence mediatedby S cones, presumably in small-bistratified/konio pathways,producing only weak/inconsistent rod red bias at Ublue and rod bluebias at Ured and Ugreen. 0.5°diameter disks disadvantaged all rodhue biases, but with individually idiosyncratic exceptions for someobservers.Commercial Relationships: Katharina G. Foote, None; Steven L.Buck, NoneProgram Number: 3024 Poster Board Number: C0187Presentation Time: 8:30 AM - 10:15 AMFundus-controlled two-color adaptometry with theMicroperimeter MP1Wadim Bowl, Birgit Lorenz. Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.Purpose: To provide fundus-controlled two-color adaptometry ofmesopic vision with an existing device without modifying the CEmarkedMicroperimeter MP1 itself. Rod and cone sensitivity can bemeasured and differentiated on defined retinal positions the examineris most interested in.Methods: An external filter holder was imposed on the objective lensof the MP1 (Nidek, Padova, Italy) and fitted with filters to modifybackground and stimulus intensity. Light output of the MP1 wasreduced by Schott RG780 and BG3 filters outside the instrument tocreate the stimulus colors red and blue, which were used alternatingin this examination. Absorption of infrared light by these filters islow thereby minimizing problems with fundus observation by thebuilt-in infrared camera system. After bleaching with a GanzfeldColorDome (Espion E2, Diagnosys LLC, Lowell, MA, USA) with aluminous intensity of 3000 cd/m2 for 5 minutes, twenty normalsubjects were investigated with a pattern covering 3 spots at theposterior pole of the retina (3 blue spots at 12° nasal; 3 red spots at 0°and 1°). The test was repeated every 3 minutes during the first 15minutes and every 5 minutes until 45 minutes of dark-adaptation.Thresholds were determined using a 200 ms red Goldmann IVstimulus and a blue Goldmann III stimulus employing the built-in 4-2strategy in a dark room.Results: In the first 5 minutes a slight increase of median lightincrement sensitivity (LIS) was measured for the red stimulus. Withfurther dark-adaptation, LIS to red stimuli remained at about 7 dB.For blue stimuli LIS increased considerably during the first tenminutes. With processing time sensitivity to blue stimuli reached aplateau at 15 dB. Both measurements showed typical characteristicsof dark-adaptation-curves.Conclusions: Two-color fundus-controlled adaptometry with acommercial MP1 without internal changes to the device provides aquick and easy examination of rod and cone function during darkadaptation at defined retinal loci. Under the mesopic lightingconditions chosen, LIS for blue stimuli is determined by the rodpathway. LIS for red stimuli is mediated by the cone pathway. Themethod should be helpful to identify rod vs. cone function in theposterior pole in early stages of retinal degenerations.Commercial Relationships: Wadim Bowl, None; Birgit Lorenz,Optos (F)Support: German Research Counsil (DFG LO457/10-1)Program Number: 3025 Poster Board Number: C0188Presentation Time: 8:30 AM - 10:15 AMColor Discrimination and Visual Perimetry Evaluation inMultiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis OpticaPhelipe A. Paixao 1, 2 , Lorena B. Botelho Vergara 1, 2 , Lucas Daniel A.Almeida Fernandes 1, 2 , Eliza Maria C. Lacerda 1, 3 , Givago S. Souza 1,3 , Hideraldo Luis Souza Cabeça 5 , Alexandre A. Rosa 2, 4 , Luiz CarlosL. Silveira 1, 3 . 1 Nucleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federaldo Para, Belem, Brazil; 2 Instituto de Ciencias da Saude, UniversidadeFederal do Para, Belem, Brazil; 3 Instituto de Ciencias da Biologicas,Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, Brazil; 4 Hospital UniversitarioBettina Ferro de Souza, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, Brazil;5 Neurologia, Hospital Ophir Loyola, Belem, Brazil.Purpose: To compare visual performance in color discrimination andvisual perimetry of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) andneuromyelitis optica (NMO) with or without optic neuritis (ON).Methods: Patients with MS (9 subjects, 17 eyes, 37±9.7 years old)and with NMO (10 subjects, 18 eyes, 36.1±11.8 years old) werestudied with biomicroscopy, fundoscopy, and visual acuitymeasurements. Color vision was evaluated with the full test protocolof Colour Assesment and Diagnosis (CAD) Test. The diameter of thecircle with equivalent area of the color discrimination ellipses wasmeasured. Visual perimetry was evaluated by Central 30-2 ThresholdTest of the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer. The two patient groups©2013, Copyright by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc., all rights reserved. Go to iovs.org to access the version of record. For permissionto reproduce any abstract, contact the ARVO Office at arvo@arvo.org.

ARVO 2013 Annual Meeting Abstractsnormal (mean rod and cone thresholds were -69.7 dB, SD 1.2 and -28.4 dB, SD 1.5, respectively). Stage 2 rod and cone thresholdsranged from normal to well above normal by 7 dB for rods and 9 dBfor cones (rod mean -69.2 dB, SD 4.2; cone mean -25.6 dB, SD 4.5).Stage 3 rod thresholds ranged from 1.3 to 13.8 dB above normal (rodmean -63.8 dB, SD 4.9), whereas Stage 3 cone thresholds were allelevated at least 6 dB above normal (cone mean -21.3 dB, SD 1.5).Conclusions: D-FST may be useful as an efficient measure of visualfunction in patients with macular dystrophies who have difficultyfixating during visual field tests. Various levels of threshold elevationwere identified among three stages of Stargardt disease by measuringthresholds with the D-FST both fully dark adapted (for rods) andduring dark-adaptation (for cones). Of particular importance, conethresholds in Stage 3 were consistently elevated, suggesting that fullfieldcone thresholds may be a parameter that warrants monitoring inthis subset of Stargardt disease patients in treatment trials.Commercial Relationships: Frederick T. Collison, None; GeraldA. Fishman, None; J Jason McAnany, None; Jana Zernant, None;Rando Allikmets, NoneSupport: Pangere Corporation, Grant Healthcare Foundation, ClessFoundation, NIH #R00EY019510 (JM), NEI/NIH R01 EY021163and NEI/NIH R24 EY019861 (RA)Program Number: 3028 Poster Board Number: C0191Presentation Time: 8:30 AM - 10:15 AMLaser Eye Protection and Visibility of Multi-Function DisplaysMartin LaFrance 1 , Craig A. Williamson 2 , Leedjia Svec 3 , ThomasKuyk 1 . 1 Air Force Research Laboratory, Fort Sam Houston, TX;2 Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury, UnitedKingdom; 3 Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute, PatrickAFB, FL.Purpose: Handheld lasers have become commonplace, examplesinclude laser games and hobbyist targeting devices. Unfortunatelythese lasers are at times used maliciously against commercial aircraft.Misuse has risen at an alarming pace with the Federal AviationAdministration reporting 3500+ events in 2011 alone; thus, laser eyeprotection (LEP) for aircrew is a growing concern.Aircrew LEP requires careful consideration for integration withavionics and multifunction displays (MFD) which are heavilydependent upon the accurate perception of color. The perception ofcolor, mediated by cone photoreceptors, is altered by conventionalLEP due to incongruent impact upon short, medium and longwavelengthsensitive cones. The objective of this study is to comparea color-balanced LEP design, one which preserves the weighting ofspectral transmission to cone subtypes, with conventional LEP ontests of color discrimination used as predictors of MFD integrationand user acceptance.Methods: 15 color-normal subjects completed color identificationtasks with the Farnsworth Munsell-100 and an 8-hue simulated MFDcolor identification test without and with a color-balanced LEP and aluminance matched neutral density (ND) filter. Results werecompared to predictive models of color identification errors (E94,Color-Zone Border Analysis and ΔEu’v’) and like data collectedpreviously for two conventional LEP.Results: FM-100 total error scores exceeded 80 for conventional andcolor-balanced LEP designs, the threshold for impaireddiscrimination, and were significantly higher than null and ND filterconditions. Color identification was markedly improved on the 8-hueMFD test for the color-balanced design vs. conventional LEP,statistically outperforming on five hues and producing a minordecrement for one. Global error rate across 8 hues was ~40% forconventional designs and 7% for cone-balanced. E94 calculationswere ~10 for conventional vs. 8 for the cone balanced LEP designalso predicting improved hue discrimination.Conclusions: A color-balanced LEP design demonstrates betterintegration for key multi-function display hues when compare withconventional LEP. Both conventional and color-balanced LEP, byvirtue of selectively blocked wavelengths, produce higher total errorscores with the Farnsworth Munsell-100; however, this test may notbe the best predictor of user acceptance for LEP in cockpitintegration.Commercial Relationships: Martin LaFrance, None; Craig A.Williamson, None; Leedjia Svec, None; Thomas Kuyk, NoneProgram Number: 3029 Poster Board Number: C0192Presentation Time: 8:30 AM - 10:15 AMChromatic components in underwater targets do not affect Greatcormorants’ (Phalacrocorax carbo) visual resolutionGadi Katzir 1, 2 , Ruth Almon 1 , Ido Izhaki 1 . 1 Evolutionary andEnvironmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; 2 MarineBiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.Purpose: The negative effects of scatter and absorption of light onimage formation impair vision underwater. Because scatter andabsorption are wavelength dependent, it is expected that visualresolution for targets with different chromatic components, willdiffer. Great cormorants pursue prey (fish) underwater, facing visualconstraints in their frequent transitions between air and water. Visualresolution of cormorants for achromatic targets has been previouslyestablished yet the effects of chromatic components have remainedopen.We aimed here to determine the underwater visual resolution ofcormorants for square wave gratings comprising chromatic andachromatic components.Methods: Hand-reared Great cormorants (N=6) were trained andtested for their resolution, in an underwater Y-maze. The visualtargets comprised square-wave gratings that were achromatic (black& white) or chromatic (black & color). Colors ranged from “reds”through “yellow greens” to “blues”. Targets with vertically orientedbars were “positive” and targets with horizontally oriented bars were“negative”. Gratings ranged from 1.4 to 12 cpd. Illumination wasdiffuse daylight and water turbidity ranged 0.3-5.6 NTU. Thecormorants’ choice was made at 1.4m from the targets. Eachindividual provided results from ca. 30 tests on chromatic and ca. 7tests on achromatic gratings. The proportion of correct choices wasused to determine resolution (at p=0.75 level).Results: Over all cormorants (grouped) the mean maximalunderwater visual resolution for achromatic and chromatic gratingswas ca. 8cpd. Resolution for achromatic gratings was consistentlyhigher than for chromatic gratings yet the difference was notsignificant. Chromatic components did not have a significant effectwhile the effects of gratings frequency and of individual differenceson resolution were significant. Individuals showing high resolutionreached 6.1-12.2 cpd while individuals showing low resolutionreached 3.0 - 4.0 cpd.Conclusions: Under the experimental conditions here, the chromaticcomponents in the targets did not affect visual resolution. It may wellindicate that color patterns of fishes, such as alternating black andchromatic bars, may not significantly affect their detection byforaging cormorants. Marked and consistent individual differences invisual resolution must play a role in prey detection and capturesuccess.Commercial Relationships: Gadi Katzir, None; Ruth Almon,None; Ido Izhaki, NoneSupport: Israel Science Foundation - ISFProgram Number: 3030 Poster Board Number: C0193©2013, Copyright by the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc., all rights reserved. Go to iovs.org to access the version of record. For permissionto reproduce any abstract, contact the ARVO Office at arvo@arvo.org.

ARVO 2013 Annual Meeting AbstractsPresentation Time: 8:30 AM - 10:15 AMHigh Throughput Behavioral Estimates of Visual Thresholds inMice in a Watermaze with Cued Escape PlatformArkady Lyubarsky, Muhammad Sheheryar Khan, Meera Sivalingam,Jean Bennett. F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology,School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.Purpose: To develop a quantitative, sensitive, cost-effective, noninvasivebehavioral technique for evaluation of vision in mice withemphasis on its suitability for the end point characterization in genetherapy of retinal diseases.Methods: The apparatus was a round (1.2 m diameter and 0.7 mhigh) tub made of a dark blue plastic, and filled with water to a 20 cmdepth with a single submerged escape platform (8 cm diameter). Aplastic 20 cm high pole covered with a disposable aluminum foilsleeve and standing at the platform center served as a visual cueassisting animals in finding the platform. Four infrared sourcesprovided a uniform, invisible for mice, illumination of the tub, and avideo camera with an infrared filter was recording animal’s moves.Four regulated visible light sources provided uniform illuminationinside the apparatus in a 1E-5 to 1E+2 scot cd m -2 range. Wild-type(WT) and neural retina leucine zipper (NRL) knock-out (KO) micelacking rod photoreceptors were trained to escape to the platform atthe brightest level of illumination, and then were tested at 0.5 - 0.8log-unit decrements of the illumination intensity. To determine thethreshold, we first evaluated the probability of reaching the platformby chance per second of swimming time; to do this we measured thefrequency of platform encounter by mice swimming in dark with onlyIR illumination on. In test runs an animal was considered as “seeing”the pole if it reached the platform in 3 out of 3 consecutive trials, andthe probability of achieving this result by way of 3 random hits was