Politics, Public Issues and the Promotion of Urdu Literature: Avadh ...

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ULRIKE STARK • 711859 date. 13 Most importantly, the issue of 8 January 1862 was marked asvolume 4, no. 2, which clearly indicates the year 1859 for the first volume.This, however, does not altogether preclude the possibility that NavalKishore did indeed launch a first issue in 1858. Given the many tasks hehad to attend to on opening his press, he at first may not have been ableto publish his new paper on the intended regular weekly basis. Thiswould also explain why N∑r≥nµ maintains that AA was initially broughtout on a fortnightly basis. As things stand, regular weekly publication ofAA only took off a couple of weeks later, starting a fresh count with volumeone in January 1859.AA was initially a four-page weekly in the standard format of earlyUrdu papers, that is, 18 x 22 cm. Its frontispiece was adorned with adrawing of the Chattar Manzil and Farhat Bakhsh palace complex, evokingthe erstwhile grandeur of nav≥bµ Lucknow. It is worth noting that thefrontispiece in its layout bears a striking resemblance to that of the IllustratedLondon News, one of the most popular Victorian weeklies at thetime (Figures 1 and 2). Appearing each Wednesday, AA was well receivedand during the following years successfully competed against the rapidlygrowing number of Urdu papers. By 1864 its size had increased to sixteenpages. 14 Simultaneously, the format was enlarged to 22 x 29 cm. So overwhelmingwas the success of AA that on opening his printing press inKanpur in September 1865, Naval Kishore decided to bring out a localedition in the form of the K≥np∑r Gazaª. It was edited by Mu√ammadIsm≥‘µl, the manager of the firm’s Kanpur branch. Within the next twoyears, however, communication between Lucknow and Kanpur improvedto such an extent that the Kanpur edition was rendered superfluous.Accordingly, it was discontinued. 1513 AA of 22 December 1871, for instance, carried an editorial notice whichreferred to the paper’s lifespan with the words “This is the thirteenth year ofGod’s divine grace,” pointing to 1859. A similar notice in AA of 2 January 1874expressly stated that “In this factory in 1859 [a paper] called Avad^ Akhb≥r was putinto circulation.”14 J.H. Garcin de Tassy, La Langue et la Littérature Hindoustanies de 1850 à1869, 2nd ed. (Paris: Librairie de Maisonneuve et Cie, 1864–69), p. 245. TheFrench scholar’s claim that by 1867 the size of AA had further increased to 24pages (ibid., 1867, p. 372) is inaccurate. The issues of 1871 still comprised no morethan 16 pages on average.15 Garcin de Tassy, 1867, p. 373.
72 • THE ANNUAL OF URDU STUDIESFigure 1Figure 2The next major step in the growth of AA illustrates the direct impactof government measures on the still volatile newspaper market. In 1871the standard postage for newspapers was reduced from one anna to halfan anna. With newspaper distribution depending almost entirely on the
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