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Weed Management Issues forGolf Courses, San Antonio, TX12-14-05Fred Yelverton, PhDN. C. State University
NCSU Turf Websitewww.turffiles.ncsu.edu
Sulfonylurea Herbicides (SUs)Metsulfuron (Manor/Blade)Chlorsulfuron (Corsair)Halosulfuron (Manage)foramsulfuron (Revolver)rimsulfuron (Tranxit)sulfosulfuron (Certainty)Trifloxysulfuron (Monument)Flazasulfuron
Other New HerbicidesVelocity – ValentCarfentrazone (Quicksilver)
Silvery thread moss(Bryum argenteum)
% ControlSilvery Thread Moss Control with Quicksilver T&Oand Daconil WeatherStik Applied Twice10021 20 34 LSD ( P = .05)8060Quicksilver T&O 0.67 oz/AQuicksilver T&O 6.7 oz/AQuicksilver T&O 13.4 oz/A4020014-Aug 23-Aug 5-SepQuicksilver T&O 6.7 oz/A + NIS*Daconil W.Stik 174 oz/ACheck* NIS applied at 0.25% v/vJul 24 and Aug 6, 2003 application dates
Sulfonylurea HerbicidesInterfere with acetolactate synthase (ALSInhibitor)Readily absorbed by foliage and roots andtranslocated to meristematic region. Growth isinhibited in sensitive plants, followed bychlorosis and death of growing points. 10 to 21 days.CF 3ONa +N S N NHO OONNOO
Characteristics of SU HerbicidesFavorable environmental profileLow use ratesShort-lived in soils (1/2 lifes 6-20 daysWarm-season grasses – tolerant, coolseasongrasses sensitiveHigh water solubilitiesWeed sensitivity varies greatly
SU Herbicides in TXCritical weed management toolsRemoval of perennial ryegrass (springtransition)Control of sedges (particularly purplenutsedge and kyllinga spp.Other miscellaneous broadleaf weeds
Winter Weed ManagementNot Overseeded
% ControlAnnual Bluegrass Control in a DormantBermudagrass1002 13 5 LSD ( P = .05)80Princep 1 lb ai/A6040Aatrex 1 lb ai/ARoundup Pro 1 lb ai/ACheck20030-Dec 5-Jan 3-Feb8 da 14 da 22 da (after Dec 22, 2003 app.)
% ControlCorn Speedwell Control with Atrazine andVarious Postemergence Herbicides10080Atrazine 2 lb ai/AConfront 1.5 pt/A6040200a d d cd d b d29-AprSampson County - 2005Millennium Ultra 2.5pt/ASpeed Zone 3.5 pt/ATrimec Classic 3.5 pt/AManor + NIS 0.5 oz/A+ 0.25%Check
Princep 1 lb ai /AAAtrex 1 lb ai / ARoundup Pro 1 lb ai / ATreated Dec 22, 2003 Photo Feb 5, 2004
% ControlEffect of Application Temperature on Henbit(Lamium amplexicaule) Control10095a806048b73a85b55 F air temp4068 F air temp2002 WAT 4 WATGlyhosate was broadcast applied (1 qt/a). Treatments applied 4-4 (55 F) or 4-5 (68 F).
TranXit GTA + NIS1 oz/acre + 0.25% v/vApplied Nov 30, 2004Photos Apr 12, 2005CheckAnnual bluegrass and lawnburweed
Certainty (left side)flazasulfuron (right side)Applied Nov 30, 2004 Photo Feb 24, 2005
Winter Weed Control - SummarySimazine applied from October toDecember is excellent.Sulfonylureas are good.Roundup is good where bermuda goesdormant if sprayed when warm.Dinitroanilines are good on <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong>but weak on broadleaves.
Dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum)
% Dallisgrass Control% Dallisgrass Control 1 YAIT1009080706050403020100Herbicide TreatmentsRev 2 fl oz/1000 ft2 fb Rev1WAITMSMA 1 fl oz/1000 ft2 fbRev 2 fl oz/1000 ft21WAITMSMA 1 fl oz/1000 ft2 fbRev 2 fl oz/1000 ft22WAITMSMA 1 fl oz/1000 ft2 fbRev 2 fl oz/1000 ft22WAIT fb MSMA 3WAITMSMA 1 fl oz/1000 ft2 (2apps)MSMA 1 fl oz/1000 ft2 (3apps)
MSMA fb Rev 2 floz/1000 ft 22WAIT fb MSMA3WAITPhoto: 12 WAIT
MSMA fb Rev 2 floz/1000 ft 22WAIT fb MSMA3WAITPhoto: 1 YAIT
Certainty 1.25 oz/A + MSMA 2 lb ai/A + NIS 0.25%applied May 2 and June 13, 2005 Photo June 27
BermudagrassBermudagrass has a high light requirementand does not grow well under low light orshady environmentsIncreased light intensity and daylengthincrease rhizome, stolon, and leaf growthDuble, 1996
Shade Tolerance of Various Turfgrasses (cont.)Warm-Season SpeciesSt. AugustinezoysiagrasscentipedegrassbermudagrassShade Toleranceexcellentgoodmediumvery poorBeard (2002)
Response of ‘TifEagle’ to Shade% Shade TurfQuality0928.46 a3.85 b% LateralRegrowth69 a34 bBunnel and McCarty, 2004
Bermudagrass - OverseedingTrend to hold perennial ryegrass too long inthe spring and overseed too early in the fall
Bermudagrass – spring transition (cont.) Biological indicator for greenup initiation62 F at 4 inch depthBeard (2002)
How Much Growth Does BermudagrassNeed (w/o ryegrass competition)?About 100 days (Observation)Anything less will lead to a gradual declineof bermuda over time
Spring Transition- What Happensto Bermudagrass?Plant Competition:Light – most plants compete for thisNutrientsH 2 OCO 2
Spring Transition- What Happensto Bermudagrass?Bermudagrass typically produces 2-3 shootsfrom each node. In overseededbermudagrass, the first shoot almost alwaysdies due to shade/competition. (Beard)Ryegrass removal/death will dictatesurvivability of bermudagrass.
What Is The Best Herbicide ToUse?KerbRevolverMonumentCertaintyTranxitManor
Rates (Based on 2002-05 Results)Kerb 1.0 lb ai/aRevolver 0.4 oz/M or 18 oz/aMonument 0.3 oz/a + 0.25% nisManor 0.5 oz/a + 0.25% nisTranxit 1 oz/a + 0.25% nisCertainty 1.33 oz/a + 0.25% nis
What Are The Issues WithHerbicide Use?Costs: varyHow fast do you want to kill it?Dead and dying ryegrass is notprettyHerbicides are mobile
What Is The Best Herbicide ToUse?All five are effective in removingryegrass (some also kill <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong>)The speed that they removeryegrass differs
Speed Of Kill with TransitionHerbicidesRevolver = Monument = Tranxit =Certainty are faster than Manor which isfaster than Kerb.
Speed Of Kill with TransitionHerbicides Revolver, Monument10-14 daysKerb21-28 days
Sulfonylurea Herbicide Effects on Quick TransPerennial Ryegrass Removal100806040Revolver 17 ozCertainty 1.33 oz*Monument 0.27 oz*TranXit GTA 1 oz*Manor 0.5 oz*Flazasulfuron 1 oz*20016-JunApplication date Apr 27, 2004
% ControlRemoval of Overseeded Perennial Ryegrass inBermudagrass with Herbicides10093a95a95aMonument 0.3 oz80TranXit 1 oz6054bcRevolver 17.4 oz4046bc45bcd39defKerb 1 lb ai20014hi2 WAT 4 WATRates are per acre applied June 2, 2003. Means within a rating date followed by same letter(s) are notsignificantly different (P=0.05). NCSU Turf Field Lab 2003.
Removal of <strong>Poa</strong> trivialisfrom an Overseeded Tifeagle Green10080678390 95 957585 88 636040200240% <strong>Poa</strong> Cntrl4 WAT0% <strong>Poa</strong> Cntrl6 WAT% Bermuda4 WATRev. 0.1 fl ozRev. 0.2 fl ozRev. 0.4 fl ozUntreatedNo significant differences in Turf Quality McCarty, Clemson, 2002
% ControlClumpy/Volunteer Ryegrass Control1008060402008395 97 9742100 100TranXit 1 ozTranXit 2 ozManor 1 ozRevolver 17 ozMonument 0.64 ozKatana 3 ozMcCarty (SC)DATTreated March 24
% ControlClumpy Ryegrass Control1008060403480837488959593for 4 fl ozfor 9 fl ozfor 18 fl ozManor 1 oz20000 0 02 WAT 4 WAT 6 WATRates are per acre applied 7-13-01.
Outline overseeded areas with 0.5 lbs ai/a of Barricade theday before overseeding!!!!
The best way to control clumpy ryegrass is to preventit from establishing in nonoverseeded areas
Barricade applied at 0.5 lbs ai/a the daybefore overseeding.
Cool-Season Grass Tolerance to SU Herbicides
To Reduce Tracking Risk Spray after traffic has left for the dayWater lightly (5 minutes) to remove dew.Should be done next morning prior totraffic.
Movement (ft)Movement of SU Herbicides and Kerb WSPFollowing Irrigation on a 28 o Slope54321Monument 0.33 oz/A*Monument 0.56 oz/A*Kerb WSP 3 lb/A*TranXit GTA 2 oz/A*Manor 0.5 oz/A*Revolver 17 oz/ACheck018-MarApplied Dec 16, 2003 beside perennial ryegrassIrrigation: 2.5” on Dec 17 and 0.5” on Dec 18
Nontreated
trifloxysulfuron 17.4 g ai/ha
trifloxysulfuron 29.5 g ai/ha
imsulfuron 35 g ai/ha
foramsulfuron 29 g ai/ha
metsulfuron 21 g ai/ha
pronamide 1.7 kg ai/ha
trifloxysulfuron 29.5 g ai/ha
trifloxysulfuron 29.5 g ai/ha
trifloxysulfuron 29.5 g ai/ha
Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus)
Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperuesculentus)
% ControlPurple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Control10096a8080b86ab86ab84abMonument .35 oz60402065cMonument .47 ozMonument .59 ozMonument .35 oz +Bueno 6 1.33ptManage 1.27 oz02 WAITImage 2.67 ptRates are per acre. Trial initiated 6-21. All treatments received sequential applied 8-2.
% ControlPurple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Control1008091b97a99a85c74d74dMonument .35 ozMonument .47 oz60Monument .59 oz4020Monument .35 oz +Bueno 6 1.33ptManage 1.27 oz06 WAITImage 2.67 ptRates are per acre. Trial initiated 6-21. All treatments received sequential applied 8-2.
% ControlPurple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Control10080604020078bc85ab94a63d14 WAITMonument .35 ozMonument .47 ozMonument .59 ozMonument .35 oz +Bueno 6 1.33ptManage 1.27 ozImage 2.67 ptRates are per acre. Trial initiated 6-21. All treatments received sequential applied 8-2.69cd63d
Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus)
% ControlPurple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Control with Single Application1008091 a60402044 bMonument .56 ozManage 1.33 oz012 WATRates are per acre. All trts included 0.25% v/v NIS. Trial initiated 6-21.
Green Kyllinga (Kyllinga brevifolia) &False Green Kyllinga (K. gracillima)
% ControlFalse Green Kyllinga (Kyllinga gracillima) Control1008097 a87 abMonument .47 oz604020056 b18 WATManage 1.33 ozImage + MSMA .5 fb 2 lb ai
CertaintyActive ingredient: Sulfosulfuron75% Water dispersible granuleA preemergence and also postemergence systemicherbicide for use in high-maintenance turf, sod farmsand native grass sitesUse 90% active nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v
CertaintyWeeds ControlledSedge and Kyllinga SpeciesAnnual sedge spp. Cyperus spp.Purple nutsedge Cyperus rotundusYellow nutsedge Cyperus esculentusGreen kyllinga Kyllinga brevifolia
CertaintyWeeds ControlledAnnual and Perennial Grass SpeciesAnnual bluegrass <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong>Roughstalk bluegrass <strong>Poa</strong> trivialisBulbous bluegrass <strong>Poa</strong> bulbosaTall fescue Festuca arundinaceaVolunteer barley Hordeum vulgareJohnsongrass Sorghum halepense
CertaintyWeeds ControlledAnnual and Perennial Broadleaf SpeciesHenbitLamium amplexicauleCommon chickweed Stellaria mediaWhite cloverTrifolium repensShepherd’s-purse Capsella bursa-pastorisWild mustard Sinapis arvensisMayweed chamomile Anthemus cotula
CertaintyTolerant Turfgrass SpeciesBermudagrassCentipedegrassKikuyugrassSt. AugustinegrassZoysiagrass
CertaintyTolerant Native Grass SpeciesBluestem spp.: big, bushy, littleBuffalograssIndiangrassBlue oats and side oats gramaLovegrassSwitchgrass
% ControlPost Control of Heavily Infested <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong>With Sulfonylurea Herbicides10036 36 29 LSD ( P = .05)80Monument 0.33 oz*604020013-Jan 8-Mar 4-MayMonument 0.56 oz*Flazasulfuron 1.5 oz*Flazasulfuron 3 oz** 0.25% v/v NIS2 mo 4 mo 6 mo (after Nov 12, 2003 app.)
% ControlPost Control of Heavily Infested <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong>With Sulfonylurea Herbicides10036 36 29 LSD ( P = .05)80Revolver 17 oz604020013-Jan 8-Mar 4-MayTranxit GTA 1 oz*Certainty 1.33 oz*Certainty 2.66 oz** 0.25% v/v NIS2 mo 4 mo 6 mo (after Nov 12, 2003 app.)
% ControlPost Control of False Green Kyllinga WithSulfonylurea Herbicides10018 18 LSD ( P = .05)80Flazasulfuron 3 oz*604020Certainty 1.5 oz (1x)1.33oz (2x)*Monument 0.47 oz*Manage 1.33 oz** 0.25% v/v NIS01 Application 2 ApplicationsRated Sep 4, 2003: Initial application May 7, 2003
% ControlPost Control of Purple Nutsedge WithSulfonylurea Herbicides35 38 LSD ( P = .05)10080Flazasulfuron 2.25 oz*604020Certainty 1.33oz*Monument 0.47 oz*Manage 1.33 oz** 0.25% v/v NIS021-Aug4-SepInitial application May 8, 2003 followed by repeats
Rubigan Resistant <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong>32.0 uM - Susceptible32.0 uM - Resistant
Fenarimol Root Length 3DAIT1098765432100 0.13 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32uMFen ResFen SusLog. (Fen Res)Log. (Fen Sus)
Fenarimol Root Length 7DAIT201816141210864200 0.13 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 32uMFen ResFen SusLog. (Fen Res)Log. (Fen Sus)
Biology and Life CycleAnnual type: <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> ssp. <strong>annua</strong>Perennial type: <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> ssp. reptans
Annual Bluegrass Control in TurfAnnual biotypes are much more easilycontrolled than perennial biotypes
When does <strong>annua</strong>l bluegrass (<strong>Poa</strong><strong>annua</strong> ssp. <strong>annua</strong>) germinate?
Effects of Day/Night Temperatures and Photoperiod onAnnual Bluegrass GerminationTemperature ( o F)(Day/Night)Photoperiod(hours)Germination%55 / 35 8 6465 / 45 10 8475 / 55 12 8185 / 65 14 84Beard et al, 1978
Annual Bluegrass Control with Various Herbicides NCSUFaculty Club, 1997Ronstar 0.67G 2lb ai/aBalan 2.5G2.75 lb ai/a2124496591999795Aug. 13Sept. 12Oct. 11Nov. 13Barricade 65WP0.65 lb ai/a718988840 20 40 60 80 100% ControlRatings taken April 25, 1997
Velocity 30 grams ai/a, 3 apps. April 4, 2005
Velocity 45 grams ai/a, 2 apps. April 4, 2005
Velocity 30 grams ai/a + NIS (0.125%v/v), 2 apps. April 4, 2005
Nature’s Best 1 gal/a, 3 apps. April 4, 2005
Nature’s Best 1.5 gal/a, 3 apps. April 4, 2005
Nontreated April 4, 2005
Nontreated 4-4-05
Barricade 65WG 0.6 lb ai/a 8 WBO 4-4-05
Barricade 65WG 0.5 lb ai/a 8 WBO 4-4-05
Barricade 65WG 0.4 lb ai/a 8 WBO 4-4-05
Barricade 65WG 0.3 lb ai/a 8 WBO 4-4-05
Dimension Ultra 0.5 lb ai/a 8 WBO 4-4-05
Ronstar 2G 2 lb ai/a 8 WBO 4-4-05
Balan 2.5G 2.75 lb ai/a 8 WBO 4-4-05
Pendulum 60WG 2 lb ai/a 8 WBO 4-4-05
Barricade 0.4 lb ai/a 6 WBO 4-4-05
Barricade 0.3 lb ai/a 6 WBO 4-4-05
Balan 2.5G 2.75 lb ai/a 6 WBO 4-4-05
Dimension Ultra 0.5 lb ai/a 6 WBO 4-4-05
Balan 2.5G 2.75 lb ai/a 4 WBO 4-4-05
Rubigan 6 fb 6 oz/M 4 & 2 WBO 4-4-05
TranXit 25DF 1 oz/a + NIS 2 WBO 4-4-05
Revolver 0.19SC 0.4 oz/M 2 WBO 4-4-05
Monument 75WG 0.47 oz/a + NIS 2 WBO 4-4-05
Flazasulfuron 25DG 1.5 oz/a + NIS 2 WBO 4-4-05
Prograss 1EC 0.66 (11-22) fb 0.66 (12-13) lb ai/a 4-4-05
Prograss 1EC 1 lb ai/a (11-22) 4-4-05
Conditions That Promote <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> ssp. andBentgrass<strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong>BentgrassMoisture Wet ModerateSoil Conditions Compacted UncompactedCore Cultivation Decreases comp. Increases comp.N Fertilization High ModerateClipping Removal Decreases comp. Increases comp.pH 6.0 – 7.0 5.5 – 6.0
GrowthBentgrass and <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> GrowthBentgrassAnnual <strong>Poa</strong>Perennial <strong>Poa</strong>Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov DecMonth
Treatments for <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> Control inBentgrassTreatment Timing DatePaclobutrazol0.25, 0.38, 0.5 lbsai/aCutless0.5 lbs ai/aEvery 4 wk 2-3 apps in fall +2-3 apps in spring(applied during activegrowth periods for bentgrassand <strong>Poa</strong>)Primo0.05 lbs ai/a
<strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> ssp. <strong>annua</strong> Incidence in BentgrassNontreatedPrimo 0.05Cutless 0.25TGR 0.25TGR 0.375TGR 0.5202436**747463* * Denotes significance from Nontreated0 20 40 60 80 100% <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> (May 25)All rates are lb ai/a Applications: 10-15, 11-12, 3-12, 4-13Quail Ridge, 1998-99
<strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> ssp. <strong>annua</strong> Incidence inBentgrassTGR 0.5TGR 0.375TGR 0.25Nontreated102121750 20 40 60 80 100% <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> (May 15)All rates are lbs ai/a applied every 4 wksApplications: 10-18, 11-15, 12-15, 2-8, 3-8, 4-20 Quail Ridge GC, 99-00
<strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> ssp. <strong>annua</strong> Incidence inBentgrassTGR 0.25TGR 0.125Nontreated926750 20 40 60 80 100All rates are lbs ai/a applied every 2 wksApplications: 10-18, 11-1, 11-15, 11-30, 12-15,1-6, 2-8, 2-22, 3-8, 3-23, 4-20% <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> (May 15)Quail Ridge GC, 99-00
<strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> ssp. <strong>annua</strong> Incidence inBentgrassTGR 0.25 lb ai/a +Banner Maxx 1 oz/MTGR 0.25 lb ai/a +Banner Maxx 4 oz/MTGR 0.25 lb ai/A +Sentinel 0.125 oz/MTGR 0.25 lb ai/A +Sentinel 0.33 oz/MNontreated6151419750 20 40 60 80 100% <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> (May 15)PGR applications: 10-18, 11-15, 12-15, 2-8, 3-8, 4-20Fungicides applied 2 wk after PGR application Quail Ridge GC, 99-00
Seedhead Suppression of <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> inOverseeded BermudagrassTrial initiated on 2-26-01; Sanford, NCTreatments sprayed with co 2 sprayerAt initiation, <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> was 1-9 leaf, 0-3 tillerstage
% Seedhead SuppressionInitiated 2-26-01; Proxy 2SL applied at 5oz/M; ratings taken 3-26-01Seedhead Suppression of <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> inOverseeded Bermudagrass1008060Nontreated402000 e36 c6 de25 cdProxy InitialProxy 1 WKProxy 2 WK
% Seedhead SuppressionSeedhead Suppression of <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> inOverseeded Bermudagrass1008081 a90 aNontreated60402000 e44 bcEmbark 0.05 lb ai/aInitial + 2 WKEmbark 0.125 lb ai/aInitial + 2 WKTrimmit 2 pt/a Initial+ 4 WKInitiated 2-26-01; ratings taken 3-26-01
Turf Quality (1-9)Seedhead Suppression of <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> inOverseeded Bermudagrass98765432107 a 7 a 7 a 7 aNontreatedProxy InitialProxy 1 WKProxy 2 WKInitiated 2-26-01; Proxy 2SL applied at 5oz/M; ratings taken 3-26-01
Turf Quality (1-9)Seedhead Suppression of <strong>Poa</strong> <strong>annua</strong> inOverseeded Bermudagrass98765432107 a4.9 b3.5 c6.8 aNontreatedEmbark 0.05 lb ai/aInitial + 2 WKEmbark 0.125 lb ai/aInitial + 2 WKTrimmit 2 pt/a Initial+ 4 WKInitiated 2-26-01; ratings taken 3-26-01
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