The Scottish Celtic review

the Celtic and Teutonic Languages.ll'^>along with Skr. garkard (flint) and Zend fraco (liail-stones), arereferred by Fick (Wort. ii. 54, to a base karkd (gravel), from root,kar (cf. Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 144). With these words are connectedLat. calx (the heel), calculus (a pebble), and Goth, hallus (a rock,a stone). Pictet connects also Gael, carraig (a rock). The fundamentalidea, according to Curtius, is hardness.30. Cluaiclh and 0. Eng. Mutter (pure).Cluaidh (the river Clyde), in 0. Gael. Cluad (cf. Ail-cluadc, therock of Clyde, now Dumbarton), has been connected by Stokes(Beitr. viii. 314), with Lat. cluere (to wash), Gr. K\v^ca (I wash),Goth, hlutrs (j^ure), O.H.G. hhUar (pure), N.H.G. lauter (pure),A.S. Jdutor and hluttov, 0. Eng. Mutter (pure). Literally, therefore,the Clyde signifies " the pure river " ' The common root isJdu (to wash).31. Cliil and ladder.0. Gael, clui (plur., nails) = *clovi is connected with Lat.clavus (a nail), clavls (a key, claudo (I shut), Gr. /cXe/-?, kXj;-'/-?(a key), for /cXaf-i-y, /cXei'-w (I close), Ch.-Slav. Uju-il (a hook, akey). With /cXeiw are connected icXelQpov KXrjOpov (bar, bolt), Lat.clathrl (plur., grate, set of bars); and with these we may connectO.H.G. Meitra, N.H.G. leiter (a ladder), A.S. Idaeder (a ladderl.Mid. Eng. laddre, Eng. ladder. The Mod. Gael, cleith (a stake)and cldithean (a bar or bolt) seem connected. Curtius (Gr.Etym. p. 149) gives sklu. as the root. Cf W. cloi (to lock, close).32. Cndimh and ham.Cndimh (bone), in 0. Gael, cndim = *cndmi, is connected withGr. Kvj'ifxtj (the shin, the shin bone), and is cognate with O.H.G.harania for hanma, M.H.G. hamme (the hind part of the leg), A.S.hamm for hanm (hack part of the knee), Mid. Eng. hamm andhamme (the inner or hind part of the knee, the thigh), Mod. Eng.ham. Cf. Ztschr. fur Vergl. Spr. xxi. 308.33. Cneadh and nit, nettle.Cneadh (wound, hurt), in 0. Gael, cned, seems connected withIce. hneit-a (to cut, wound), hnit-a (to strike), A.S. hnit-an (tobutt, gore), from stem hnita, to which Skeat refers Mid. Eng.nite, nyte, Eng. nit.Gr. kvIS>] (nettle), Kvl^-eiv (to scrape, to causeto itch) for Kvlojeiv, O.H.G. nazza (nettle), dim. nezzila (nettle),N.H.G. nessel, A.S. netle, netele, Mid. Eng. tietle, nettle, Eng.nettle, belong to the same root hiid = knad (to bite, sting,scrape).