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Cartesian Ad Hoc Routing Protocols 2914.2 Location Verification SubsystemWhen an intermediate node receives a packet, it calculates the following:– its distance to the source r1 and to the destination r2– distance between source and destination 2c– major axis of the ellipse 2a =2c +2rIf r1 +r2 < 2a, the node is inside the transmission area and is to forwardthe packet towards the destination; otherwise it is to discard the packet.5 Supporting HardwareEach CARP node must be direction and location aware, in addition, it needs toselect the proper antenna(s) for packet transmission.5.1 Direction and Location Determination SubsystemThe Direction and Location Determination subsystem consists of two distinctunits.A Direction Unit, which is responsible for determining magnetic North tomake the node direction aware. A magnetoresistive sensor chip can be employedto act like an electronic compass [8]. The compass has a fixed orientation withthe antenna subsystem (described below) so that the direction in which eachantenna is facing is always known. The sensor gives a deviation angle of 0 ◦ whilefacing towards the earth’s magnetic North and the angle of deviation increasesas the antenna module rotates clockwise and resets after each complete rotation.The Location Unit is responsible for determining the location of the node.Any location detection system, such as GPS [9], can be used to provide thelocation co-ordinates.5.2 Antenna Selection SubsystemThis subsystem selects the proper antenna or antennas in the antenna moduleby taking the destination coordinates from the packet and the local nodeand direction information provided by the direction and location determinationsubsystem. The antenna module consists of four directional antennas with eachhaving a horizontal beamwidth of 90 ◦ and a vertical beamwidth of 180 ◦ .The appropriate antenna or antennas are then chosen as follows. First, theangle of inclination (θ) is determined with reference to the x-axis between thecurrent and destination nodes using their coordinates. Since a positive inclinationwith reference to the x-axis is required, 180 ◦ is added to θ if θ is less than 0 ◦ .Then the angle of inclination is conditioned to determine the direction of thedestination node. Next the angle of deviation of the compass is added to θ.Finally, θ is conditioned to be in the range from 0 ◦ to 360 ◦ .Once the final θ is calculated the selection of the antenna or antennas can bemade easily. When θ is a multiple of 90 ◦ , the two antennas on two sides of theangle are chosen.
292 L. Hughes, K. Shumon, and Y. Zhang6 Concluding RemarksThis paper described two of the Cartesian Ad hoc Routing Protocols. These areadaptive and connectionless routing protocols which:– restrict any flooding to within the transmission area.– reduce power consumption of nodes outside the transmission area, since theyare not involved in the communication.– reduce the number of nodes in the communication by dynamically adjustingthe transmission area and deploying directional transmission.In this paper, it has been assumed that the intermediate nodes have a uniformdensity between the source and destination; however, in a real networkenvironment, this may not be the case. For example, the number of intermediatenodes may appear to be dense, when in reality, there may be a peak aroundthe source or destination only. We are in the process of examining non-uniformnetwork densities with the OPNET modelling tool.References1. Ilyas, M., ed., The Handbook of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, CRC Press, Jan. 2003.2. Johnson, D.B. et al., The dynamic source routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks,IETF Internet Draft. http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-manetdst-02.txt,1999. Accessed 12 June 2003.3. Jiang, M. et al, The cluster based routing protocol (CBRP) for ad hoc networks,IETF Internet Draft. http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-manetcbrp-spec-01.txt,1999. Accessed 12 June 2003.4. Stojmenovic, I. and Lin X., Power-aware localized routing in wireless networks, IEEEInternational Parallel and Distributed Symp., 2000.5. Chang, J-H, and Tassiulas, L., Energy conserving routing in wireless as hoc networks,Infocom 2000.6. Hughes, L. et al, Cartesian Routing, Computer Networks, vol. 34, pp. 455 - 466,2000.7. Ko, Y.B., and Vaidya, N.H., Using Location Information In Wireless Ad Hoc Networks,IEEE 49th Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 1952-1956, vol. 3, 1999.8. Stork, T., Electronic Compass Design Using KMZ51 and KMZ52,http://www.semiconductors.philips.com/acrobat/applicationnotes/AN00022 COMPASS.pdf. Accessed 13 June 2003.9. Instant GPS, http://www.motorola.com/ies/GPS. Accessed 13 June 2003.
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2
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Samuel Pierre Michel BarbeauEvangel
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PrefaceAd Hoc Networks are wireless
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Program CommitteeG. Alonso, ETHZ, S
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50 M. Diha and S. Pierrethe propose
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Delivering Messagesin Disconnected
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Page 312 and 313: Table of ContentsSpace-Time Routing
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