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Mobile Agents for Clustering and Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 275Security is a major concern when working in mobile agents and MANETs. Thereare two types of security concerns: (1) protecting the agent from the agent server,which can be accomplished by devising a security policy that states what agents canand cannot do; and (2) protecting the agent server from the agent, which is almostimpossible. While several remedies have been proposed for protecting the agent fromthe agent server, how can we actually protect an agent from being killed by an agentserver? Fortunately, these security issues exist when working with mobile agentscompeting for a resource. When using mobile agents for clustering and routing,agents are cooperating to deliver a service.3.3 Performance MetricsMobile agents periodically examine the clustering parameters and make cluster sizeadjustments, perform re-clustering and monitor clusterhead quality. The clusteringarchitecture is evaluated using parameters such as cluster size, clusterhead changes,cluster membership changes, number of clusters, cluster splitting and merging. Eachmetric is investigated by varying network size, transmission range and node mobility.Our performance metrics for routing are packet delivery ratio, routing overhead andend-to-end delay.4 Conclusions and Future WorkIn this paper we have presented our proposed mobile agent-based method for clusteringand routing in mobile ad hoc networks. In this method, each node is equippedwith a Clustering Static Agent (CSA) and a Routing Mobile Agent (RMA). Theagents are used to collect and maintain routing and clustering information. Themethod can be used to improve the performance of clustering and routing operationsby using agents that support asynchronous, and therefore disconnected operations,and reduces the network traffic in MANETs. Parameters for the performance evaluationof clustering stability and routing performance were identified.Our future work includes the design and implementation of a mobile agent platformsuitable for MANETs. Once we build the platform, we plan to run experimentsto help us compare the performance of the proposed method with other methods.References1. Baker, D.J., Ephremides, A., Flynn, J.A.: The Design and Simulation of a Mobile RadioNetwork with Distributed Control. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2(1): 226-237, January 1984.2. Chen, G., Stojmenovic, I.: Clustering and Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. TechnicalReport TR-99-05, Department of Computer Science, SITE, Ottawa, June 1999.3. Chiang, C.-C.: Routing in Clustered Multi-hop, Mobile Wireless Networks with FadingChannel. In proceedings of IEEE SICON'97, pp.197-211, 1997.4. Corson, M.S., Ephremides, A.: A Distributed Routing Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Networks.ACM-Baltzer Journal of Wireless Networks, 1(1):61-81, 1995.
276 M.K. Denko and Q.H. Mahmoud5. Das, B., Bharghavan, V.: Routing in Ad Hoc Networks Using Minimum ConnectedDominating Sets (MCDS). In proceedings of 1997 IEEE International Conference onCommunications (ICC'97), 1997.6. Denko, M.K., Goddard, W.: Routing Algorithms in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks UsingClustering. In proceedings of the 13th MSc/PhD Annual Conference in Computer Science,University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, pp. 6-18, 1998.7. Gerla, M., Tsai, J.T.: Multicluster, Mobile, Multimedia Radio network, ACM-BaltzerJournal of Wireless Networks, 1(3): 255-265, 1995.8. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J.J., Mosko, M., Perkins, C.E.: A New Approach to On-DemandLoop-Free Routing in Ad Hoc Networks. In proceedings of the 22 nd ACM Symposium onPrinciples of Distributed Computing, Boston, Massachusetts, July 2003.9. Gray, S.R., Kotz, D., Cybenko, G., Rus, D.: D’Agent - Security in a Multiple-Language,Mobile Agent System. In Vigna, G. (eds.): Mobile Agents and Security, Lecture Notes inComputer Science, vol. 1419. Spring-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1998.10. Haas, Z.J., Perlman, M.: The performance of query control schemes for the zone routingprotocol. ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking, 9(4): 427-438, August 2001.11. Hou, T.-C., Tsai, T.-W.: An access-based clustering protocol for mobile multihop wirelessad hoc networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 19(7):1201-1210,2001.12. Jiang, M., Li, J., Tay., Y.C.: Cluster-Based Routing Protocol (CBRP), Internet-Draft,draft-ietf-manet-zone-zrp-02.txt, 1999.13. Johnson, D., Maltz, D.: Dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks. In Perkins,C.E. (ed.): Ad Hoc Networking. Addison Wesley, pp. 139-172, 2001.14. Kleinrock, L., Kamoun, F.: Hierarchical Routing for Large Networks: PerformanceEvaluation and Optimization, Computer Networks, 1(1): 155-174, 1977.15. Krishna, P., Chatterjee, M., Vaidya, N.H., Pradhan, D.K.: A Cluster-based Approach forRouting in Ad Hoc Networks. In proceedings of the 2 nd USENIX Symposium on Mobileand Location Independent Computing, pp. 1-10, 1996.16. Lange, D. B., Oshima, M.: Programming and Deploying Java Mobile Agents with Aglets.Addison Wesley, 1998.17. Lauer, G.S.: Packet Radio Routing. In Steenstrup, M. (ed.): Routing in CommunicationNetworks, Prentice Hall, pp. 351-396, 1995.18. LEAP: http://leap.crm-paris.com.19. Marwaha, S., Tham, C. K., Srinvasan, D.: Mobile Agent-based Routing Protocol for MobileAd Hoc Networks. Symposium of Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE (GLOBCOM 2002),2002.20. Perkins, C.E., Bhagwat, P.: Highly Dynamic Destination Sequenced Distance VectorRouting (DSDV) for Mobile Computers. In proceedings of SIGCOMM, pp. 234-244,1994.21. Sharony, J.: A Mobile Radio Network Architecture with Dynamically Changing TopologyUsing Virtual Subnets. ACM/Baltzer Mobile Networks and Applications, 1(1): 75-86,1996.22. Sugar, R., Imre S.: Adaptive Clustering Using Mobile Agents in Wireless Ad hoc Networks.Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Spring-Verlag, 2001.23. Walsh, T., Paciorek, N., Wong, D.: Security and Reliability in Concordia. In proceedingsof the 31 st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Science, vol. 7, pp 44-53,1998.
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2
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Samuel Pierre Michel BarbeauEvangel
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PrefaceAd Hoc Networks are wireless
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Program CommitteeG. Alonso, ETHZ, S
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XTable of ContentsResisting Malicio
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2 H. Dubois-Ferrière, M. Grossglau
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10 H. Dubois-Ferrière, M. Grossgla
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SAFAR: An Adaptive Bandwidth-Effici
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14 J. Doshi and P. Kilambiour proto
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16 J. Doshi and P. Kilambipacket th
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18 J. Doshi and P. Kilambibandwidth
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20 J. Doshi and P. Kilambi5 Simulat
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22 J. Doshi and P. Kilambiquery its
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24 J. Doshi and P. Kilambi4. David
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26 P. Narayan and V.R. SyrotiukThe
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28 P. Narayan and V.R. Syrotiuk2.2
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30 P. Narayan and V.R. Syrotiukrand
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32 P. Narayan and V.R. Syrotiukenti
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34 P. Narayan and V.R. SyrotiukDSRA
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36 P. Narayan and V.R. Syrotiuk7. A
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38 L. Qin and T. Kunzthese two prot
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40 L. Qin and T. Kunzsidered broken
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42 L. Qin and T. KunzP = Prdlog( )
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46 L. Qin and T. KunzFig. 5. Averag
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48 L. Qin and T. Kunz6. J. Broch et
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50 M. Diha and S. Pierrethe propose
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52 M. Diha and S. Pierre3. All proc
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54 M. Diha and S. Pierre3.3 Perform
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56 M. Diha and S. PierreCmip/Cprop0
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58 M. Diha and S. PierreThe tunneli
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Proactive QoS Routing in Ad Hoc Net
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62 Y. Ge, T. Kunz, and L. LamontFig
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64 Y. Ge, T. Kunz, and L. Lamontits
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70 Y. Ge, T. Kunz, and L. Lamontver
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Delivering Messagesin Disconnected
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Probabilistic Protocols for Node Di
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106 G. Alonso et al.A node discover
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108 G. Alonso et al.frequency alloc
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176 G. Calinescuof the UDG 2-hops a
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186 G. Calinescu7. Heinz Breu and D
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188 S.O. Krumke et al.desirable in
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192 S.O. Krumke et al.1. From the g
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194 S.O. Krumke et al.The following
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196 S.O. Krumke et al.1. Let α =6l
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200 S. PatilIDEA uses the concept o
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206 S. PatilAvg. Aggregate Energy C
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208 S. PatilTable 1. Probability of
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Page 307 and 308: Series EditorsGerhard Goos, Karlsru
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Page 312 and 313: Table of ContentsSpace-Time Routing
Page 314: Author IndexAlonso, G. 104Bachir, A
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