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Space-Time Routing in Ad Hoc Networks 5If n D = null, or if forwarding fails, N buffers the packet and initiates a routerequest procedure.RREQ Processing. AnodeN initiating a route request procedure for destinationD sets the source distance and source time fields as for a DATA packet.The destination distance and destination time fields on the packet are set respectivelywith the values d D and t D from N’s routing table (with a suitableencoding when d D = ∞ and t D = ∞).AnodeN receiving from neighbor M a RREQ packet originated by S incrementsthe source distance of the packet and (possibly) updates its routing entryfor S according to the same procedure as for a DATA packet. N then verifies ifthe spatio-temporal distance of its routing entry to D is smaller than the sum ofS’s spatio-temporal distance to D and the distance traveled by the packet, andoriginates a RREP to M if this is true.Formally, if f(d D ,t D )
6 H. Dubois-Ferrière, M. Grossglauser, and M. Vetterliwill be scoped using a TTL mechanism, and will likely proceed according to anexpanding ring search. Expanding ring searches are used in many ad hoc routingprotocols; the specifics of this procedure are omitted here. We refer to [4] as anexample of a complete, practical STR protocol formulation.A final example relates to proactive operation of STR. The formulation givenhere is purely reactive, meaning that a route is only computed when it is requiredto send packets. However STR can also accommodate proactive, or hybrid proactive/reactiveoperation, whereby nodes proactively inform other nodes of someor all of routing entries. This is done using route advertisement packets, and aroute update decision mechanism similar to that used when receiving a regularpacket: if an advertised route is shorter in the S-T space than the one in thereceiving node’s routing table, then it overrides the existing route. We refer to[4] for a simple example of route advertisement operation in a STR protocol.Many schemes for controlling the proactive dissemination of routing informationare possible. For example, [5] explore schemes to adjust the relative amount ofreactive and proactive overhead. With STR another possibility would be to definea threshold value ω such that a node N proactively disseminates only therouting entries which satisfy f(d D ,t D ) 0. The second consequence is that the function fneed not be explicitly defined. For example, in the case of the GREP protocol(see Sect. 3), the ‘natural’ presentation does not define f explicitly, though ofcourse a function f resulting in the equivalent ordering can be defined.3 Three Instances of STRWe now give three instances of specific STR algorithms which provide a sampleof the wide range of protocols that fit under the STR umbrella.3.1 FRESH: FResher Encounter SearcHFRESH [3] is a simple route discovery algorithm using exclusively temporalinformation. Nodes keep a record of their most recent encounter times withother nodes. Instead of searching for the destination, the source node searchesfor any intermediate node that encountered the destination more recently thandid the source node itself. The intermediate node then searches for a node thatencountered the destination yet more recently, and the procedure iterates untilthe destination is reached. Therefore, FRESH replaces the single network-wide
Page 2 and 3: Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2
Page 4 and 5: Samuel Pierre Michel BarbeauEvangel
Page 6: PrefaceAd Hoc Networks are wireless
Page 9 and 10: Program CommitteeG. Alonso, ETHZ, S
Page 11 and 12: XTable of ContentsResisting Malicio
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Proactive QoS Routing in Ad Hoc Net
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Preventing Replay Attacks for Secur
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142 J. Zhen and S. SrinivasTraffic
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144 J. Zhen and S. SrinivasFig. 2.
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3BerlinHeidelbergNew YorkHong KongL
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Series EditorsGerhard Goos, Karlsru
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Organizing CommitteeConference Co-c
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Table of ContentsSpace-Time Routing
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Author IndexAlonso, G. 104Bachir, A
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