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Extending Seamless IP Multicast Edge-Coverage 91nodes, may be received by all neighbours and processed independently, creatingunnecessary paths.The MMARP protocol has been designed to avoid unnecessary generationof these messages. It includes a field in its header which facilitates the identificationof the node which actually triggered the sending of the control message;this allows ad hoc nodes to identify all the MMARP packets which are triggeredby a specific standard IP node, independently of the ad hoc neighbour whichactually generated it. Thus, ad hoc neighbours of standard IP nodes and intermediatead hoc nodes are able to detect these types of MMARP SOURCEand MMARP JOIN messages as duplicate and avoid the creation of unnecessarypaths.4 Empirical ResultsWe have set up an indoor 802.11b multicast wired-to-wireless ad hoc networktestbed to evaluate the feasibility of our MMARP-based seamless IP multicastapproach for wireless ad hoc access networks. Our target is to evaluate the benefitsof MMARP-driven infrastructureless ad hoc access networks when comparedto traditional single-hop wireless IP multicast in a realistic scenario.4.1 Testbed DescriptionAs it is shown in Fig. 3, the testbed consists of six x86-compatible PCs anda laptop. Different processor and memory configurations are used, since thereare not any specific hardware requirements. In fact, all of these PCs are able tosupport the workload of the experiments. Three out of the six PCs are actingas MMARP-enabled nodes running Red Hat Linux 7.2 with the 2.4.17 kernel.They have a Lucent 802.11b pcmcia card as unique NIC. The nodes labelled asWR (Wireless Router) and WWR(Wired-to-Wireless Router) are PCs runningFreeBSD 4.6 OS. The WWR node is equipped with two NICs, one of them beinga Lucent WaveLan pcmcia card to provide coverage for the wireless area, whilethe other one is a 100 Mbps Ethernet NIC. The Wired Router (WR) containstwo 100 Mb/s Ethernet NICs, one connected to the WWR and the other one tothe rest of fixed networks. The Sender and Receiver nodes are both running RedHat 7.2 with kernel 2.4.17. The sender is a x86-compatible desktop with a 100Mb/s Ethernet card whereas the receiver is a laptop PC equipped with a Lucent802.11b-compatible pcmcia wireless NIC. Wireless 2.422 GHz channel operatingat the maximum capacity of 2 Mb/s has been used for the experiment. We havepreviously checked that this channel was not occupied by any other equipment.All the WaveLan NICs are operated in ad hoc mode.4.2 Description of the ExperimentsTo assess the effectiveness of our proposal, we have performed two different tests:single-hop IP multicast and multihop ad hoc IP multicast. The former consists of
92 P.M. Ruiz et al.MIGAccess NetworkMMARP_3MMARP_2MMARP_1WWRWRSenderFig. 3. Topology of the testbedthe network depicted in Fig. 3, in which every MMARP node is switched off, sothat there is a dedicated IEEE 802.11b wireless link between the receiver and theWWR. The wired part of the network is running the PIM-SM routing protocolto create the multicast path between the source and the WWR, which acts as anIGMP designated router forwarding multicast datagrams to the receiver whenit joins the source.The multihop tests are exactly the same regarding the wired part of thenetwork. However, we deploy a self-organising ad hoc network extension withnodes running MMARP rather than a single-hop link between the receiver andthe WWR. The receiver joins the multicast source in the fixed network throughthis multihop access network.We use CBR traffic generator to measure the end-to-end bandwidth andpacket delivery ratio. This application generates UDP packets with a payload of900 bytes (i.e. 942 bytes including the IPv4 and UDP headers) which are thenaccounted at the destination. For each of the tests we have performed severalmeasurements at increasing distances (7m, 15m, 24m, 30m, 42m) between thereceiver and the WWR. At each distance, we have repeated the measurementsusing three different data rates of 100 packets/s (753.6 Kb/s), 50 packets/s (376.8Kb/s) and 25 packets/s (188.4 Kb/s) respectively. The results of the differenttrials are described in the next section.As expected, in our indoor scenario the performance depends not only on thedistance but on the node’s position as well. This is mainly due to random noisecaused by traversing walls, obstacles, etc. The results are calculated as the meanvalues over quite a huge number of measurements per experiment. In addition,the measurements are performed in the same positions for each distance. So,random noise is expected to be nearly the same in all the trials, not affectingthe validity of our experiments.4.3 Experimental ResultsTo be sure about the cause of the packet losses in our analysis, we empiricallychecked that there were not packet losses within the wired part of the network.So, all the packet losses perceived at the receiver will occur in the wireless partof the network.
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2
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Samuel Pierre Michel BarbeauEvangel
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PrefaceAd Hoc Networks are wireless
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Program CommitteeG. Alonso, ETHZ, S
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XTable of ContentsResisting Malicio
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2 H. Dubois-Ferrière, M. Grossglau
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26 P. Narayan and V.R. SyrotiukThe
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38 L. Qin and T. Kunzthese two prot
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3BerlinHeidelbergNew YorkHong KongL
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Series EditorsGerhard Goos, Karlsru
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Organizing CommitteeConference Co-c
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Table of ContentsSpace-Time Routing
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Author IndexAlonso, G. 104Bachir, A
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