Culture and Ecology of Chaco Canyon and the San Juan Basin

Estimates of Available Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 185Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 185The Chacoan People. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 185Population Estimates ....................................... 188Diet and Health .......................................... 192Great House and Small House Differences .............................. 196Architectural Studies .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 196Portable Items ........................................... 209Evidence for Ritual, Ceremony, and Cosmology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 218Construction andlor Closure Offerings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 218Possible Ritual Rooms and Practices ............................. 219Cosmology ............................................. 219Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2227. THE FINAL YEARS (A.D. 1140 TO 1300): ABANDONMENTS,FLUCTUATIONS, OR CONTINUITY? ............................... 225Past History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 225Chaco Project Research .......................................... , 231Archival Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 235Survey ................................................ 235Excavations .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 236Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2418. RELATED COMMUNITIES IN THE SAN JUAN BASIN ................... , 245Surveys of Outlying Communities .................................. " 245Research at Three Great House Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 255Guadalupe Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 256Bis sa'ani Community ...................................... 257Salmon Ruin ............................................ 258San Juan Basin Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 261Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2639. EXPLAINING PUEBLO SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ..................... " 267External Influences ............................................. 267Indigenous Development Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... " 272The Chaco Project Model ............................ . . . . . . .. 272Agricultural Surplus as the Independent Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 277Dual Social Organization .................................... 279Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ " 28210. HISTORIC PERIOD STUDIES ..................................... 299Chaco Project Results .......................................... " 303Survey ................................................ 303Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 311v