Riyadh - School of Architecture

ARCH 3424 2012-13, 2nd Term BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III (Environmental Technology)Assignment 1 – A design guide of designing in the designated climateSAUDI ARABIA - HOT AND ARIDCHAN DOI YAN 1155016786CHENG KAREN MAN LAI 1155016212LAM LONG TAT 1155009617LAM SUI SAN 1155015734WONG YEE MAN , OPHENIA 1155003126YEUNG HO YIN, GARY 1155011552Yu Ka Hang 1155016050

INTRODUCTIONTOPOGRAPHY OF SAUDI ARABIABasically, Arabia is located on a platform of ancient rocks with the highest part in the montainous west and dropping fromthe west to the east. A series of rock fissures forming big trough and valley produces the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden later.While on the eastern side,the Arabian Gulf coast is flatter. Layers of younger sedimentary rock are deposited which prodrucesvast oil reserves.RIYADHRiyadh is the captial city ofSaudi Arabia. The city is sized1600 square kilometers with apopulation of more than 5.8million. The name “Riyadh”comes from the Arabic wordmeaning a place of gardensand trees. As there are manywadis in the land, Riyadh hasbeen a fertile area in the heartlandof the Arabian penindulasince long time ago.Geographic coordinates: 25 00 N 45 00 E (24.1631° N, 43.6021° E)Source: CIA World Factbook - July 26, 2012Riyadh Latitude 24° 38’ N Longitude46° 43’ ENATURAL RESOURCESThere is a vast reserves of oil,gas and minerals in Saudi Arabia.Due to the topography andthe climate of the of the country,water is a scare resorce.The water is majorly drawnfrom four sources, includingthe surface water found in thewestern side of the country,ground water from aquifers,desalinated seawater and thereclaimed wastewater.

CLIMATESAUDI ARABIA,RIYADH - CLIMATE GRAPHSAUDI ARABIA - SUNRISE, SUNSET, DAWN AND DUSK TIMESAUDI ARABIA - SUN PATH DIAGRAMSAUDI ARABIA - SUNRISE, SUNSET, DAWN AND DUSK TIMES TABLE

SAUDI ARABIA - SOLAR ENERGY AND SURFACE METEOROLOGYNATURAL HAZARDAltitude; 635 m (2083 ft).• The average temperature in Saudi Arabia is 25.3 °C (77 °F).• The range of average monthly temperatures is 19 °C.• The warmest average max/ high temperature is 45 °C (113 °F) in July & August.• The coolest average min/ low temperature is 3 °C (37 °F) in January & December.• Saudi Arabia receives on average 106.5 mm (4.2 in) of precipitation annually or9mm (0.3 in) each month.• On balance there are 17 days annually on which greater than 0.1 mm (0.004 in)ofprecipitation (rain, sleet, snow or hail) occurs or 1 day on an average month.• The month with the driest weather is June, August, September & October whenon balance 0 mm (0.0 in) of rainfall (precipitation) occurs.• The month with the wettest weather is April when on balance 21 mm (0.8 in) ofrain, sleet, hail or snowfalls across 1 days.• Mean relative humidity for an average year is recorded as 24.5% and on amonthly basis it ranges from10% in September to 46% in December.• On balance there are 0 days annually with measurable frost and in Januarythere are on average 0 days with frost.Flooding is the most frequent natural disaster in Saudi Arabia. In the historyof natural hazard, 7 out of 10 of the most damaging natural disaster in thehistory of the country between 1900 to 2010.There is a reason for the flooding cause, rain is relatively scarce in somearea, and this lead to a major threat to Saudi Arabia, five are in Saudi Arabiaare under develop of the there proper drainage system in the country,also area in the lower ground and surrounded by mountains are anotherproblem that cause flooding. When rain fall onto the mountain or highground water run into the the city that with less develop drainage systemand lower ground with happen to cause flash flood.

HISTORY OF SAUDI ARABIAIn the 7th century, Saudi Arabia became the cradle of Islam as the founder of Islam, Mahammadwas born in Mecca.In the mid-18th century, imbued with the religious zeal of the Wahabbi Islamic movement,The Al Saud became aggressively expansionist.In the early 19th century, there is tribal warfare and Ottoman domination.Then Saudi Arabia found in 1932 by Abdul Aziz Al Saud.Over the following 150 years the extent of the Al Saud territory fluctuated.Five of his sons in succession have ruled Saudi Arabia as an absolute monarchyal participation.The reigns of Saud & Faisal: 1953-1975Khalid’s reign: 1975-1982Fahd’s reign: 1982-2005Abdullah’s reign: 2005 to the presentRELIGION IN SAUDI ARABIA AND ITS EFFECTS ON ARCHITECTUREISLAM (WAHHABISM IN SUNNI ISLAM)They believe that God is one and incomparable and the purpose of existence is to love andserve God. The religion is based on Quran and Wahhabism is an ultra-conservative branch,more fundamental. Islam is a simple religion. There are five pillars which they need to follow:the Shadatan, or two declarations that there is no god but one God and that Mohammedis his messenger; prayer five times a day at Mecca at specific times; fasting during the lunarmonth of Ramadan; giving of alms, a portion of one’s income, to the poor; and a pilgrimageto the Qaba for those who are physically and financially able.Abdul Aziz Al SaudKhalid bin AbdulazizAl SaudAbdullah bin AbdulazizAl SaudPRAYERSOne of the Five Pillars of Islam:Ritual prayers, called salah or salat, must beperformed five times a day.NameFajrZuhrAsrMaghribIsha’Prescribed time period (waqt)Dawn to sunriseAfter true noon until AsrAfternoon5&6After sunset until duskDusk until dawn6ISLAM ARCHITECTUREIslam is conceptually simple but complex withGod. It forbids the representation of the humanfigure in art and architecture. It only sees thewritten word. This is limiting. Yet, many of the architectsmade use of the calligraphy and decorativegeometry and this can always be seenin the Islamic art. The plan of the Islamic architectureis also featured with geometry. Someof the geometries can represent the five pillarsin the Quran or other religious icons. They areboth decoratively and structuraly beautiful.The PatternsMasjid diagram

SOCIAL BACKGROUNDPOPULATIONIn 40 years time, the population of Riyadh rose bymore than 10 times. In 1972, there were 500,000people and by 2012, there were 5,400,000, whichwas above 20% of the country population. Andthe number is expected to grow ever drasticallyin the coming years.CUISINENejdi dish Kabsa and Yemeni dish Mandi are themost common dish in Riyadh. Both of them aresome mixtures of spices, rice, meat, and vegetables.In Riyadh, 60% are Saudi people while 40% areforeigners such as Asia and Arab people. Peopleliving there (not only working) also come fromPakistan, India, Bangladesh, Yemen and Sudan.ECONOMYThe country’s economy is mainly based on petroleum.It owns one fifth of the world proven totalpetroleum reserves. This business contributes 75%of its budget revenues, 90% of its export revenuesand 45% of its GDP.DRESSPeople wear loose, flowing, but covering clothessuch as Keffiyeh, Agal, Thawb, Bisht and Abaya.SOCIAL HIERARCHYTribal Status Category1. Qabila: claim purity of descent Arab ancestors(nobility), usually tanning hides/ metal workers2. Khadira (non-tribal families): tradesmen, artisans,merchants, scholars3. Abd (slave)DAILY SCHEDULEBusinesses open from 8 am to 11 am, then closeuntil 4:30 pm and reopen until 10 pm. All shops,businesses and restaurants, etc., will close fourtimes per day for 30 minutes for prayer. Workweek is from Sunday to Thursday with Friday andSaturday as weekend.KeffiyehAbaya

ARCHITECTURAL BACKGROUNDMATERIALARCHITECTURES INFLUENCED BY RELIGIONMud and sun-dried bricksare widely used in thevenacular architecturebecause they can beeasily found in local andthey can provide insulationagainst heat and wind.1. Sun dried brick2. mud1 2Saudi Arabia is an islamic country. From many buildings, the religious ‘language’ can befound from the architecture in Riyadh. Mosque as the important religious building hassome common features of this kind of architecture:1. Minarets or towers2. A four-iwan plan with 1 major hall facing the holy Mecca and 3 minor halls3. Prayer niches are made on the inner wall facing Mecca4. Islamic geometric patterns,foliage and calligraphy are easily found5. Central fountain are made for prayers to clean themselvesVERNACULAR ARCHITECTUREMasmak fort was the most well-known traditional architecture in Riyadh, itwas built in the mid-17th century.The major materials are simple and local, which are clay and mudbrick. Thefoundation of the building is situated on the stone blocks.Moreover, the roof is covered withn painted palm-tree and ethel wood.It was a denfensive city wall of the kingdom and thus, only small windowand door were carved.1 53 4 3HISTORICAL EVOLUTION - MERGING OF RELIGION AND URBANCONTEXTThe Qasr al-Hokm District Development Programme was carried out in the 20thCentur to revitalize the central core of Riyadh. The project successfully strike abalance between old and new. The architects carefully consider the civic zoningand historical background and social traditions to recreate an appropriate spaceto fulfill all the requirements.

There was a great revolution on the place for worshipping. The mosque is nowset within the public area. The courtyards, arcades and prayer hall are kept. Thepublic space will be used to accomodated the overflow of worshippers. But domewas removed from the design cause the programme tended to focus on someessantial principles instead of stylistic form.The Adinistrative Palace and Justice Place are lined with the mosque by bridges.And the gate, tower and wall can provide a continuity to all separated element.A impressive advancement of the technology could also be seen. The columnarrangement of the mosque was inspired by the trucks of palm tree. Not only itcan define prayer rows, but also can support the flat roof. Natural lighting andventilation system are individually provided above each column head.1 2The facade took the form of the traditional architecture, but built with modernmaterial. The exterior material is limestone, with small rectangular opening likethose venacular architecture.The programme is undoubtely a significant evolution to the architecture of SaudiArabia. New technology wass revealed, at the same time social tradition ispreserved.1. Exterior of the Qasr al-Hokm complex2. Study of prayers’ gesture3. Grid of the column with palm tree structure system4. Conceptual drawing of the palm tree structure system5.Overflow of worshippers to public space3 4 5

DESIGN GUIDELINEOBJECTIVE \ ELEMENT1.HEAT AVIODANCEMinimize Heat Gain in FirstHand2.PASSIVETHERMAL TRANSFERBalancing & Taking Advantageof Dirunal TemperatureExtreme3.CONTROLLEDVENTILATIONSelective Screening andModificationWALLOrientationEspecially for elongated building(L>W), they should align to theEast-West axis, Ideally should tilt25deg. toward SE to avoid westernfacing. It is easier to shadethe envelope on North and Southbecause of high angle of sun.THERMAL MASSHeavily constructed (thick not less then 300mm)wall should be used, or even roof to provide a largeheat bank to store up daytime heat for nighttimewarming use. Exact setup depends on capacityand amount of time lag required, careful calculationis needed.*DefinitionThermal Mass is the ability of a material to absorb, store, then in a later time releaseit, to help maintain a more even temperature profile in a day. Good ThermalMass material depends on its heat capacity (kJ/m3K) and its thermal conductivity(W/mK). Example of good thermal mass include brick, earth, stone,and concreteCOLOURLight /reflective colour would minimize heat gainon exterior. For interior, cool/ bright colour wouldhelp light distribution and psychological comfort.While dark colour could be use on ground exposedonly in winter for heat gain, and also onspot where glare to interior would be problem.SHADING DEVICEDevices like louver could be adopted to protectbuilding envelope from excessive heat gain. East-West and North-South should use vertical andhorizontal system respectively for their sun angle.Design should ensure the device doesn’t adsorbtoo much heat to become a source of heat tothe building. Textured wall could work in similarways by self shading itself through profile.Compact VolumeMinimize building surface to volume(S/V) ratio to minimize surfacearea exposed to heat gain.ROOFROOF FORMBarrel vault or dome are idealplanform for max. surface area toheat dissipation and min. area forsolar exposure.DOUBLE ROOFProvide a ventilated air layer in betweentwo roof help bring awayroof heat gain. A more economicalternative is to use false ceiling toprovide that air gap. Effective airexchange in the gap is crucial.INSULATIONAddition of Insulation outside of thermal mass improvesthermal mass efficiency (fewer mass needed)although it is not a necessary. Both wall androof of building can adopt such treatment. Extralayer need to be provided to protect the externalinsulation.OPENINGSIZE & POSITIONOpening should be done in a wayto block out high angle sun at hotseason and admit low angle sunin cooler time.East and West opening shouldbe restrained, espeically the laterone.TRANSFORMABLEIf operation allows, opening canbe partly closed off in the dayand open up at night, by meanslike controllable cover. It will helpminimize admittance of too muchhot, dusty air in day and increasecross ventilation or radiation lossat night to cool down the building.Utilizing heat transfer potentialLIMITED, SMALL, HIGHIn hot-dry climate, air temperaturecan go above blood temperaturewhich renders ventilation at occupantlevel undesirable. Also thereis frequent harzard of Sand storm.Therefore opening should be keptto the minimum and small in size.High window is preferred to onlyfulfill need of air exchange.WIND TOWERWind Tower works in system of air intake and outake by differencein air pressure and temperature. The former is acheived when openingis either facing wind direction or opposing it to create intake andsuction respectively. Multidirectional wind shaft help system functionunder varies wind direction. Heating of the chimney enhance day exhaustand night air exchange to outside. Wind Tower could work withhumidifier to cool air through evaporative cooling

DESIGN GUIDELINEOBJECTIVE \ ELEMENT1.HEAT AVIODANCEMinimize Heat Gain in FirstHandGROUND COURTYARD PROGRAM DISTRIBUTE URBAN SCALEVEGETATIONIf possible, provide vegetationto buffer the building with thelandscape. Vegetation help reduceheat gain through shadingoff buildng and providing lessreflective, conductive surface.Xerophytes will be more climaticallysutiable choice.DEPTH-WIDTH RATIOGenerally D>W, shading off is paramount.MODIFIED MIRCOCLIMATEUse vegetation and moving waterin courtyard to modify element toa less extreme level for intake tointeriorLIGHTINGReduced plan depth will allowbetter natural lightingMINIMISE INTERNAL GAINDesign should minimize any internalheat gain through buildingactivities (e.g. cooking). Theseareas should be separated frommain buildingBUFFERING THE WESTNon habitable room (e.g. storage,toilet) should be located onthe western side of building toact as thermal buffer to habitedspace.GROUPED BUILDIINGHouses should have their East-West wall grouped together toprovide mutual shading to thesetwo most exposed orientation.RESTRAINED OPEN SPACEStreet should be narrow to minimizeheat exposure and take advantageof shading from building.Avoid large open space, outdoorspace should be shaded, compactand inward-looking, facingback harsh weather2.PASSIVETHERMAL TRANSFERBalancing & Taking Advantageof Dirunal TemperatureExtremeGROUND COUPLINGThe ground itself provides idealthermal mass to help balancethermal load in a building. Buildingshould maximize contactwith ground. By means includingusing heat absorbing material(e.g. stone, earth) for foundation;Floor with conductivematerial; or partly submergingbuilding into the ground.TRANSFORMABLEOpening of courtyard can becovered with large moveablecurtain or canvas which canchange opening size as timechange. Closing off in day to preserveground cool air and blockradiation, and open up at nightto maximize surface for night timeradiation coolingACTIVITY DISTRBUTIONNighttime activity area (i.e. Bedroom)should be located on upperlevel (benifit from nighttimecooling) or eastern side (shadedto cool down after noon)Daytime activity area (i.e. Livingspace) should be locatedon lower level (enjoy heat bufferfrom overhead structure in day)ornorthern/southern side of building(receive least radiation penetrationif shaded enough)Design may consider incorporatingsleeping in outdoor on rooftopin hotter dayCOMPACT SETTLEMENTSettlement should be grouped togetherin a compact form to minimizeheat gain or excessive heatloss in relation to exposed surfaceareaCOLSEBY SERIVCESServices and infrastructure shouldbe make within walking distancefrom people’s home to minimizetheir exposure to extreme heat inoutdoor, and also minimize needto provide wide, exposed road forvehicular traffic arise from that.3.CONTROLLEDVENTILATIONSelective Screening andModificationWATER BODYIf resource allows, use of waterbody at air intakes (e.g. windtower, in front of opening, insidecourtyard) will help cool air andraise humidity through evaporativecooling.EARTH TUNNEL COOLINGAir intake pipe can pass throughfew meters (1m~6m) undergroundwhere temperature ismore constant to mitigate temp.CROSS VENTILATIONShould take advantage of internalcourt to provide largeopening to intake modified mildair and work with exterior smallopening to cross ventilate.SEPERATED VENTILATIONInternal heat generating space andactivity should be separately ventilated.AIR FLOWStreet lane should be designedto facilitate air flow. Align to prevailingwind and narrow street tochannel wind when ventilationneed to be strengthen. Zigzagginglanes and narrowing widthwhen wind is too strong and needto be mitigated

REFERENCEIntroduction1.http://www.saudinf.com/get_news.phpHistroy and Social Background1.Saudi Aradia: A Country Studyhttp://books.google.com.hk/books?id=mrHn1lW_kSAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false2.Islamic Architecturehttp://homer.ceat.okstate.edu/3_Islamic_revised.pdf3.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia4.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia5.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia6.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RiyadhArchitectural Background1. “Symposium on Mosque Architecture, Volume 4”, Riyadh: College of ArchitecturePlanning, King Saud University, 19992. Cynthia C Davison, “Architecture beyond architecture : creativity and socialtransformations in Islamic cultures, the 1995 Aga Khan Award for architecture”,Wiley-Academy,19963. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calligraphyDesign Guidelines1.Passive Architecture Design Systems, Annexure 3, Eco-housing Assessment Criteria,IIEC, 20092.Climate Responsive Building- Appropriate Building Construction in Tropical andSubtropical Regions, SKAT, 1993, Section 3.2 Design for hot-arid zoneshttp://collections.infocollections.org/ukedu/en/d/Jsk02ce/3.3.html3.Green Buildings, Government of India Ministry of New and Renewable Energyhttp://ncict.net/Explore/HotDry.aspx#34.Tropical architecture in the dry and humid zones, Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew,19645. Climatically responsive energy efficient architecture: a design handbook v.1,Centre for Advanced Studies in Architecture, School of Planning & Architecture,1995

HOMEWORK IIKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Chan Doi Yan 1155016786

ARCH 3424 BUILD TECH IIIKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)SITEalong the coast of the Red Sea in Thuwal30 miles north of Jeddah5.5-million-square-footAddress: Economic Development and Research Park, Unity Blvd, ThuwalSaudi ArabiaYEAR 2006 - 2009LEED PlatinumKAUST is a university specialised in science and technology with programsto both male and female graduate and doctorate students. There is a masterplan (also by HOK) to support a new town of 12,000 people living inover 6.5 million sqf on a 3,200 acre space along the Red Sea and the campusis a part of it. campus was designed as part of a larger master plan (alsodesigned by HOK) .Chan Doi Yan 1155016786SITE PLANPROBLEM1. Intense sun and sand of the desert2. High humidity and high salinity of the marine site (with coral reef ecosystemthat need special protection)OVERVIEW

ARCH 3424 BUILD TECH IIIKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Land Use & CommunityThere are five design strategies:1. Compactness of the traditional Arabic city (to fight against the wind andsand)2. Social density of the souk (an open-air marketplace in Arab)3. The Bedouin tent’s (shelter from the sun)4. The traditional building method in Arabic houses with courtyards andventilation space with wind5. Mashrabiya’s ability to shade the sun and create beautiful patterns ofshade and shadow.Green StrategiesSupport for Appropriate Transportation- Design emphasize on human flow instead of automobile- Provide showers and changing areas- Provide parking area for bicycles- Provide easy access to public transportationPASSIVE DESIGNbuilding placement and orientationshadingdaylighting“Sustainable design is passive first,” saysDuncan Phillips of RWDI. “If we have to introducea system to solve something, it’sbecause we haven’t solved it passively.”Chan Doi Yan 1155016786Building orientations:- limit harsh eastern and western sun- cooling mechanism// prevailing Red Sea windsThe designed shadings:minimized the amount of exterior envelope exposed to the sunOther featuers:Chilled beamsheat recovery wheelssmart lighting controlslow-flow duct design1 Passive ventilation2 Local evaporation4 High-performance glazing5 Integrated shading8 High-performance roof1. Huge roof supported by branches-like columns covers the plaza.The roof system makes reference to Bedouin tent design which canblock the intense sun light and encourage airflow.2. Roof perforations which generate shadow patterns.Mashrabiya

ARCH 3424 BUILD TECH IIIKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)ENERGYBioclimatic DesignThe climate on the site is very harsh with high average temperatures andhumidity levels. Harsh morning and evening sun light shine from thenortheast and northwest. Shading and orientation can be made.The prevailing wind direction in the northern Red Sea is 6 m/s north-northwesterlythroughout the year. There is also wind coming directly from theRed Sea in a northeasterly direction.The compact floor plan allow natural daylighting strategies for all outdoorspaces and selected interior spaces to lower the lighting demand.Building orientations limit harsh eastern and western exposure and haveprevailing Red Sea winds to act as a cooling mechanism.Green Strategies• Solar Cooling Method- Orient the building properly• Non-Solar Cooling Method- Use siting and topography to enhance summer breezes• Photovoltaics- Use a photovoltaic (PV) system to generate electricityStructureExteriorCompleteMATERIALSChan Doi Yan 115501678621% of the material is recycled38% comes from within 500 miles of the siteMaterials including:Terra-cotta, stone, glass and stainless steel (shared set of building enclosure)As there is high salinity, architects cannot use much steel(highly corrosive)so they use precast concrete.They also use aluminium in shading of roof and special space-frame structures.Stone plinth:made of limestone quarried and crafted across the Red Sea, in EgyptGreen Strategies• Design for Materials Use Reduction- Consider the use of structural materials that do not need application offinish layers• Plan for Materials Longevity- Use materials and systems with low maintenance requirements• Materials and Wildlife Habitat- Use wood products from independently certified, well-managed forestsfor rough carpentry• Transportation of Materials- Use materials that are sourced and manufactured in the local areaThe roof of the KAUST is covered in large solar panels(solar-photovoltaic and solar-thermal panels)can provide 7.8% of the total energy required to operate thecampusComfort zone study

ARCH 3424 BUILD TECH IIIKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Water Conservation and UseThere are coral reefs and mangrove forests on site and should be protected.There is a 50-meter buffer zone built to limit development and constructionactivity within the coral and mangrove boundaries.There is a water treatment plant where the gray and black water is transportedand treated to tertiary standards then use for irrigation.Excess storm water is also treated before leaving and the run-off pollutionor sediment are captured, protecting adjacent coral reefs.• Development Impacts- Compact buildings to preserve open space and protect habitat- Minimize development impact area• Waterless Fixtures- Special waterless urinals• Landscape Plantings- Landscape with vegetation• Wastewater and Graywater Recycling- Design buildings to use treated wastewater for non-potable uses• Integration with Site Resources- Use light-colored pavement to reduce heat island effect- Integrate on-site wastewater treatment system with landscape design• Irrigation Systems- Recycle graywater for irrigation• Siting Analysis- Assess regional climatic conditions• Low-Impact Siting- Site development carefully to protect significant ecosystemsREFERENCESIndoor environmentThe solar towers create natural ventilation, while water and vegetated areacan help clean air introduced to the spine. The natural daylight gives spacescharacteristics and provides the ambient light necessary to significantlyreduce the lighting. There are sensors to change the shading for sun lightreduce energy use while increasing the productivity levels of occupants.Green StrategiesGreen Strategies • Visual Comfort and Light Sources- Provide illumination sensors• Ventilation and Filtration Systems- Design ventilation system to exchange both heat and humidity betweenincoming and outgoing airhttp://www.hok.com/design/service/landscape-architecture/kaust/http://www.archdaily.com/35800/http://www2.aiatopten.org/hpb/overview.cfm?ProjectID=1721http://inhabitat.com/interview-hoks-bill-odell-on-the-design-of-saudi-arabias-kaust-university-the-worlds-largest-leed-platinum-project/http://www.carboun.com/sustainable-design/kaust-a-sustainable-campus-by-the-red-sea/http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=5&C=709&P=1Chan Doi Yan 1155016786SOLAR TOWERS195-foot-tallGlazedventilating the courtyard spacesAs there are wet labs where chemicals and biologicalmaterials are tested, the particles can flowout the labs and buildings through the tower.It is like chimneys which the sun and wind worktogether to draw the air out.There are dampers located near the top to regulateairflow and prevent downdraft.Fans provide supplemental airflow under extremedemands.There is also a heat-recovery ventilation systemto provide fresh air.

HOMEWORK IIIDesign - Primary school in Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaChan Doi Yan 1155016786

ARCH 3424 BUILD TECH IIIDesign - Primary school in Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaChan Doi Yan 1155016786SITEMy site is chosen in the south west of Riyadh. It is next to the residentialarea and there are total 8 mosques nearby. I would like tohave a primary school in a cultral environment. The land is flat andwith not much traffic.INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECTThe school is designed with traditional form of Arabic architecture,with symmetry and the outside corridor with columns and shading.There is two outdoor playground next to the main building betweenthe wind towers. They are provided with traditinoal shadingand have tress as boundaries. Although this is a rural school, Iwould like to provide the school children with a cultural image ofthe school.CLIMATE OF THE SITERiyadh is in BWh (hot dessert climate) in Köppen climate classification. The place isexceptionally hot and maximum temperatures can be up to 45°C in the hot periods,ie summer time. In the cold period, the minimum temperature can be low to 3°C.Those are nght time temperature. The daily temperature fluation is great too, too. Itcan be up to 30°C fluctuation.

PLAN 1:200SYMMETRY OF THE DESIGNAs the traditional Arabic architecture is also in symmetrical proportion, I would liketo make it in a symmetrical way. This can also show the importance of the area andthe program.Chan Doi Yan 1155016786VEGETATIONThe trees in between thetwo wind tower is for theuse as a boundary. Alsoit act as some part ofthe shading for the playground.It also lowers theair temperature in theplayground and providemoisture.THE WATER SOURCEThere is two pool of water in themulti-funtional area as a coolingdevice and the students canwash their face and hands andcool themselves. This can lowerdown the temperature insidethe building.OUTDOOR CORRIDORThis corridor can act as a buffer zone for the buildingand for the children before they come inside. Thiscan act as shading for the inner parts so that we canhave larger windows instead of windows of a slit.THE MAIN CIRCULATIONThe main circulation is in the middle and there is anindorr multi-funtional area for holding events andact as a playground when the weather is not healthyfor a children to play outdoor.WIND TOWERWind tower can act as a coolant for the air beforepassing in the building effectively. For my design, Italso markes the boundary of the building.

SECTION 1:200LIGHT COLOURThe colour of the school is inthe colour of the mud, which isin light yellow colour. So it willnot absorb so much heat.THE LIGHT WELLIt maybe hot for buldings inarid places to have skylight. Yet,it will then be quite dark insodethe building. After consideringthe light issue I decided todesign a light well above themulti-functinal area so light canpass in and shine in the classroomalso.THE SHADING ABOVE THE PLAYGROUNDThere is a shading of Bedouintent’s above the playground. Itis a tradtional shading devicewhich is very effective for thespecific environment.Chan Doi Yan 1155016786FLAT ROOFThe roof is flat so that it canprovide a very large surface forcooling.THICK WALL AS THERMAL MASSThe wall of the school is verythick and the roof is verythinktoo. Also the ground is a bigpiece of thermal mass abovethe earth tunne. This can act asthe temperature control for theschool.THE EARTH TUNNELThe earth tunnel links with thewind tower for cooling the airfrom outside.

Chan Doi Yan 1155016786OUTDOOR VIEWINDOOR SHADINGSOUTH ELEVATION 1:250EAST ELEVATION 1:250CORRIDOR VIEW

CENTRE FOF EARTH ARCHITECTUREBASIC INFORMATIONArchitect: Kere ArchitectureLocation: Mopti, MaliClient: Aga Khan Historic Cities ProgrammeYear of Built: 2010Centre for Earth Architecture is a museum builtby the French architect Francis Diebedo Kerein Mali to serve two purposes for his client.One is to act as a visitor facility for the tourismindustry, and the other is to teach local peoplethe conventional construction skills with the aimof boosting local economic development throughtourism and employment.PROGRAM DESIGNThe visitor building is divided into three partsaccording to the needs of programs. Two of thevolumes are connected by a roof. The largestblock contains the main programs which servethe visitors, including several exhibition rooms,a café, and a store. The medium one is forthe local people to work and be trained. Thesmallest building are the supporting servicessuch as washrooms.For the landscape part, apart from thepublic space on the lake side, there is also apromenade along the top part of the dike.CHENG KAREN MAN LAI | 1155016212CLIMATE AND SITEThe Centre of Earth Architecture is located inMopti, a city in Mali. Mali is to the west of SaudiArabia and the city Mopti lies on the BSh climatezone of the Koppen map. For B zone, it meansdry climates with little rain, low humidity, dry airand hugh daily temperature range. Bs meansdry midlatitude climates which are semiarid, withcold winter and warm summer. And the letter hstands for hot and dry climates with all months ina year above 0 degree Celsius.MOPTIMALI

CENTRE FOF EARTH ARCHITECTURE CHENG KAREN MAN LAI | 1155016212Mopti’s temperature is around 15 to 31 degreeCelsius in winter and 26 to 40 degree Celsius insummer. Precipitation is quite high in especiallyJuly and August, while in other months, there islittle rain. Sun rises at around 5 to 6am in themorning and sunset is at around 5 to 6pm inthe evening. Summer wind mainly comes fromnorth and northeast, and winter wind comes fromsouthwest.The major characteristic of the site is that aninterior lake is at the back of the building, so thatit is made to be accessible for public use. Thereis also an existing mosque near the site.OrientationPASSIVE THERMAL TRANSFERThree blocks of the building are aligned and all Thermal Massorientated east-west to avoid direct and strong It has heavily constructed walls which are madesunlight.of compressed earth blocks to act as a goodN natural temperature bufferto absorb and store theheat and release it in the later time of the day toguarantee comfortable indoor temperature.RoofBig roofs are used to block the sunlight andprovide shading to lessen the heat beingabsorbed by the building.Grouped BuildingThe east-west walls of the three volumes aregrouped together so that they line up to preventtremendous heat gain from the sun.ColourLight and reflective colour is minimized onexterior to avoid heat gain. While in themuseum, cool and bright colour is usedfor interior to help light distribution andpsychological comfort.Ground CouplingThe contact with ground is maximized.Compressed earth blocks (heat absorbingmaterial) are used for foundation to raise thebuilding, in particular all the walls and barrelvaults.DESIGN STRATEGIESHEAT AVOIDANCEActivity DistributionWorkshop and training place is located in themiddle of the three blocks to avoid heat gainas the local workmen have to stay there for thewhole working day. On the other hand, visitorsdo not stay in the centre all day, but only a shortperiod of time. Therefore, it is not a big deal tolocate the museum part on the west.OpeningOpenings are on the north and south façadesonly so that sunlight does not go into themuseum in a direct angle. Indoor temperature isalso maintained in a comfortable level becauseof the openings.LightingBuildings are all one-story high so that naturallight can easily get in.

CENTRE FOF EARTH ARCHITECTURECONTROLLED VENTILATIONWind Tower And OpeningWind towers can work with intake and outtakeby difference in air temperature. Ventilationopenings in the walls and the vaults provide anatural low of air so that mechanical ventilationis not that necessary.IMPROVEMENTFor steppes climate, it is of utmost importanceto do better natural ventilation, free cooling andsolar control. In this centre, shading work is doneenough that there are big roof on every block.However, ventilation and free cooling work seemnot adequate with only the openings serving thepurpose. The following could be done to bettercoordinate with the environment.Wind ShaftWind shaft can help intake various directions ofwind so that wind from different directions cancontribute to the building’s ventilation throughthe shaft.CHENG KAREN MAN LAI | 1155016212OpeningIn hot-dry climate, air temperature can goextremely high which makes ventilation verydifficult to do. Therefore, openings should notbe so big and at low level like the way theyare at the centre. They should be kept to theminimum in size and at high level to preventheating and allow air flow. However, this isa museum which requires adequate but softlighting for the exhibitions. Small windows maynot be enough and some artiicial lights may beneeded.ShadingTwo roofs with metal frames and geometricalarrangements work well in reinforcing thebuilding's overall natural ventilation system whileproviding shaded outdoor spaces and creatingcirculation spaces.Earth Tunnel CoolingAir can pass through the pipe and gounderground where temperature is moreconstant to balance the temperature at acomfortable level. Especially when it is in hotsummer, air underground can help cooling theindoor.VegetationVegetation provides shading to reduce heatgain. The centre mainly uses big roofs to dealwith the strong sun but vegetation is not thefocus. The architect may concern using thevegetation more wisely.Bibliography: 1)http://www.archdaily.com/167094/centre-for-earth-architecture-kere-architecture/ 2)http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=17081 3)http://www.kerearchitecture.com/mali/mopti_esplanade-publique.html

A Primary School in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Cheng Karen Man Lai | 1155016212ClimateThe temperature in Saudi Arabia is very extremewith the minimum 3 degree Celsius in the winterand 45 degree Celsius in the summer. Onaverage, it records 15 to 35 degree Celsius.The sun in summer is very high with 90 degreesat noon, while it is lower in winter to warm theindoor place.There is only very little rain throughout theyear and the prevailing wind which comesfrom NE and SSE are not extremely strong.A Primary School in Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDesign ConceptThe education system in Saudi Arabiais generally criticized of the lack ofcreativity and the development ofentrepreneurship. Therefore, apart fromthe normal academic part, my schoolfocuses on art and sports development ofthe kids which can also be enhanced byteamwork.As it is a primary school, it ought to bevery simple in circulation so that the kidswill not so easy to get lost. The programsare arranged on the same level (with onlyone storey) to let the kids run around theschool without many troubles. They arealong two corridors as to make a simplecirculation as well as a shared playground.

A Primary School in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Cheng Karen Man Lai | 1155016212LibraryApart from the basic function of anordinary library that provides studentswith books and learning resources, italso stores some teaching materials.Moreover, when the classroom is not bigenough for class activities, the teacherscan lead the class to the library wherecontains suficient teaching supports.Storeroom/ArchiveThe storerooms serve as the back-up forthe hall the library to store the chairs,equipments, books and resources. Thearchive is placed next to the oficebecause the teachers may need to savethe teaching notes and look up for theprevious iles for reference.HallThe hall is mainly for assemblies andperformances that can contain notonly the students and staff, but also theparents and other external visitors. Whenthe weather is too hot or too cold, it canbe for other learning or extra-curricularactivities.PondThe pond can act as a humidiier of theschool and when the S, E or SE wind blows,air can be cooled can lower the averagetemperature of the school.ClassroomThe best orientation is east-west with 25degrees towards SE. The classrooms,which are the most important programin a school, are placed at the best orientationto avoid much heat gain andcapture the best wind.The classrooms are larger than thenormal ones for 20 students as they providespaces for them to take an afternoon napand certain storage spaces for beddingswithout moving the tables and chairs.Children can rearrange the classroomsettings according to different needs oflessons.CorridorThe corridor connecting the classroomsis wider than the other one as this is themain way for the children to run around.And this provides space for them to dowall painting. The corridors are a platformwhich is 60 cm high from the playgroundthat allows the kids to sit down and chat.PlaygroundThe playground is quite big for a primaryschool as it could be divided into twothat one is for sports activities and the otheris for dancing or martial art when theweather is suitable to do so. Otherwise,the activities will be moved into the hall.

A Primary School in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Cheng Karen Man Lai | 1155016212Thermal Mass - Adobe WallFor Saudi Arabia, which can go very hot and very cold, thermal mass isneeded to protect the kids from the extreme temperature. The walls arenormally 30cm thick and made of adobe, which is a local accessiblematerial that made from sand, clay, water, and some other organicmaterials. Its colour is usually bright sand yellow which can minimizeheat gain on exterior. Reinforcement can include manure, straw,cement, rebar or wooden posts. Some walls are even more thickeras to block the noise.Fans and A/C systemAs the hall and library are the spaces that require stable climate,double roof is not preferred. A/C system and fans are installedand used when it is necessary. Fans are also placed in ofice andclassrooms to regulate the interior climate.Earth tunnel CoolingFor the library and the hall, the air captured by the wind toweris transferred to the earth and cooled down to provide a coolerinterior environment for the big spaces. This system is alsoinstalled for the classrooms but it is not used when the directventilation can already work itself.

A Primary School in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Cheng Karen Man Lai | 1155016212Wind TowerA large multi-directional wind tower/ wind catcher is on the top ofthe library’s storeroom to capture both the NE and SSE wind andtherefore to provide ventilation for the classrooms using double roof.Double RoofTo enhance natural ventilation, a double roof for the ofice andclassrooms is proposed to let the NE and SSE wind to low. This maylet the hot sun heat go inside easily so that the classrooms are at thebest orientation to prevent such heat gain.The upper roof is made of metal panels and supported by woodenframes and structures. An insulation layer is added to prevent toomuch heat gain because of the metal (Insulated Metal Panels).OpeningsOpenings should be limited, high and small in Saudi Arabia toavoid overheating. Those for classrooms and library are more regularas to provide stable and ample natural light. Those for thehall are irregular to give an interesting atmosphere for themulti-functional space. To minimize the harm of sandstorm,openings should be installed with louvers.Referencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia#Primary_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_towerhttp://www.saudiembassy.net/about/country-information/culture_art/architecture.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecturehttp://www.mapsofworld.com/saudi-arabia/society-and-culture/architecture.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdobeArtiicial LightsNatural light may not be suficient with such a thermal mass(and sometimes it is not a sunny day), so artiicial lights areproposed in every functional room to provide necessary light for taskaccomplishment.

Assignment 2- Case StudyEmergency NGO Pediatric ClinicNyala, Darfur, Susan, 2010 (680m A.S.L) / Architect: Studio TamassociatiKoppen Classification: BSh, Subtropical steppe (low-latitude dry/ about zero)Lam Long Tat 1155009617 Page1 of 3GeographyNyala is an important administrative town in Southern Darfur. It is relatedto the capital of the historical Daju empire and had been a key outpostfor British colonist. It is served by road, railway network and an airport.Darfur crisis in recent decades draw thousands of refugees to gather inthe southern part of the city.Local industries include textiles, processed food and leather goods. It alsohas its universityMajority of the population in the region is Arab and belief in Islam.NyalaNyalaClimate Background All data from Meteonorm weather record of NyalaPsychrometric ChartMost of the time hotter and wetter than comfort zone (Jul-Sep), but also has under-heatedseason (Nov-Feb). Comfort zone lies in 25-30 o C with R.H. at 20-60%Sun PathNyala78 oRefugee Camp in Nayala due to Darfur ConflictKoppen Classification-BSh- precipitation less than potential evapotranspiration,low-latitude climate without below 023C 70% 28C 50%25C 20% 30C 15%33 oNayala is located on 12.3 o N. Summersun at noon is at 78 o ; Wintersun at noon is at 33 o . For aroundone-third of time sun is from thenorth.showing cumulative frequency of weather situationPrevailing WindAugSepJulJAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DECDiurnal Temperature Range -large, around 10-15 o C, max. 40 o C, min. 10 o CJueOctMayAnnual Precipitation & days of precipitation -low total, manly in Jul-SepNovDecJanFebWeather range at different month in relation to naturally thermal comfort zoneMarAprSummerWinterPrevailing wind comes fromNE. Wind is for most of thetime too windy to be takendirectly. (can reach up to110m/s) Summer is fromSW, while winter is fromNE.

Design ConceptThe Design try to re-establish monumentalityin public building and provide social space.It is inspired by Arabic courtyard housingand construction, and the whole compoundis built around a large baobab tree whichbecomes the symbolic core.Shading DeviceLam Long Tat 1155009617 Page2 of 3Floor Plan/ Elevations/ SectionsOperationTreeWardClimatic Strategies (Heat Avoidance)Double Roof & ‘Jagharsch’ Brick VaultMetal RoofNumerous shading device made ofwoven bamboo are used in varies scale,from corridor shading screen to roomenclosingenvelope. This is the sametechnique of traditional fence systemsadopted by refugees in the city’s camp.This created the semi-outdoor foyerwaiting space that can be enjoyed asmeeting space despite the harsh weatheroutside.EntranceVent. ChamberJagharschLight Coloured ExteriorThis combination is acommon technique in Nyala.A Lowered brick tile vaultscalled jagharsch (‘arch’ inArabic), double end bearing,are made of local burntbrick. This is protected fromelement by a metal roof above.The two create a ventilatedair chamber to insulate thebuilding from roof heat gainand exhaust interior air. Thisalso compensate metal roofdisadvantage of noise underrain and brick shortcoming inrelative durability. Vault shapedroof also has the advantageof maximize surface area fordissipation of heat.Corridor BufferingThe predominatelywhite exterior helpsreduce heat gain onfacade. This is rathernew for such contextto use this strategyService corridor westof the clinic block helpsbuffer main space fromheat gain by addinga addition air spacebetween the westernfacade and the clinicwhich contain circulationthat can be hotter.

Climatic Strategies (Controlled Ventilation)Wind Tower and Underground Cooling-Hybrid Passive and Active StrategyWind Tower system comes fromIranian ‘badgir’ which air is takenfrom 8m high tower to basementthrough a labyrinth, where air reducespeed, cools down by earth thermalmass and deposit much of the dust.this is then treated by industrial-typewater cooler to further enhancethe effect before delivery. Even highstandard clinical area is half-naturalventilated in this way.This reduce air temperatureby 10C and 70% cost ofconventional ACLam Long Tat 1155009617 Page3 of 3ImprovementOptimal Orientation suggested by Weather ToolPotential to extend comfort zone by diff. passive strategiesInadequate wall thickness to have effective thermal mass1/ Building OrientationBuilding currently orient withlong side facing E-W, this significantlyincrease exposure tolow-angle sun. From Ecotectweather tool analysis, Optimumorientation of buildingshould face 187.5 o . At least itshould face the N-S.2/ Other Passive StrategyCurrently only natural ventilationand heat avoidance isutilized. More extensive use ofevaporative cooling in hot day,passive solar heating in coldday can be done to extend thethermal zone on the lower leftand right where ventilationdoes not cover3/ Thermal MassAlthough the building is currentlyusing masonry structure,the wall thickness is notoptimise to make a effectivethermal mass. Given that theclinic operate 24hrs, it is importantto keep the spacewarm in night-time too. Accordingto a guideline for Australia,min. thickness has to be300mm to be effective.4/ Compact VolumeAlthough the design claim totake reference to Arabic courtyardhouse, the proportion ofinternal space does not workin the way a of a climaticallyfunctional courtyard. It is tooopen too do any shading orcreate usable outdoor spacewith mitigated micro-climate(only the playground performbetter)Annual Accumulative Thermal Load on diff. Face of buildingWind Tunnel Test at Prevailing NE direction

Assignment 3- DesignSAUDI ARABIA - HOT AND ARIDLam Long Tat 1155009617POCKET OASES A Primary School in RiyadhNDesign Overview Floor Plan 1:200South Elevation 1:100

Lam Long Tat 1155009617Concept213Pockets of Oasis, Linked Up in Distinct VistasThis design tries to think about the highly enclosedliving space typical for this climate. The courtyardelement common in architecture of this climaticzone is extracted, and expanded from being a nodeinto a layer of space of its own by arranged, distinctvistas. It tries to see if building in this climate canalso a kind of semi-outdoor space where activitycan anchor in. This approach is motivated by spatialexperience in the more tropical climate and an ideathat the most memorable time during school lies inits public , shared part beyond individual room.1. Entry Porch 2. Central Courtyard 3. Inner Courtyard & Porch Rooftop PlaygroundMorning at the EntranceWayfinding at the Centre Playing in the Common Court Glimpse from the Classroom Evening play on the RoofNoonNoonEveningMorningDistinct Vistas Establish Character for Different Space- in which one move increasingly inward as the day goes, developing a use pattern and distinct spatial experience related to time of the day

Lam Long Tat 1155009617ProgramPocket Oases as the Anchors of OrganizationPrograms cluster around the two courtyard accordingto their nature and their relation with the entry,. Halland service space is on the more public western half,while the classrooms clusters on the more private easternhalf. The large volume of hall on the west serves asa climatic buffer to the rest of the building. South-orientedcourts caters for the short period of heating needduring winter months.146N7 899111252410939131Ground Level Plan 1:1001. Main Entrance/ Entry Porch2. Central Courtyard3. Inner Courtyard4. Porch of Inner Courtyard5. Assembly Hall6. Kitchen7. Ladies Washroom8. Gentlemen Washroom9. Classroom (6mx7.5m each)10. Staff Room11. Well12. Washing Area13. Stair to Rooftop14. Service Entrance

SectionsACBNALam Long Tat 1155009617Pocket Oases and Transitional SpaceIt provides opportunity to play around space between insideand outside, which enrich types of spatial experience in thisclimate, with small provisions to active these in-betweens(e.g. sitting bench at entry for public to gather, washing basin/well out washroom to celebratecool of water, porch surrounded by classroom for social during class break)CBOutsideInsideClassroom Porch Inner Courtyard Stair to roofSection B-B 1:100Waiting Area Bench Sitting Staff Room Central Court Washing Basin WashroomSection C-C 1:100Section A-A 1:100Classroom Porch & Inner Courtyard Classroom Corridor Central Courtyard Assembly Hall

Lam Long Tat 11550096171/ CourtyardsCreate microclimate pocketsClimatic StrategiesBased on Vernacular Technique and Material. A compactbuilding form that tries to be part of the local fabric2/ E-W Oriented MassMin. exposure to low angle sun3/ Site VegetationShade E-W and South facade4/ Roof ConstructionInverted Roof and Hordi Rooffocus on insulation5/ Double RoofVentilated air gap using false ceilingAccess to Modified Daylight and Air from Courtyards6/ Thermal Mass300mm thick adobe wall7/ Controlled OpeningMainly open to courtyard formitigated microclimateWind, Sun and Buffering with Site VegetationTypical Wall & Roof Construction Detail 1:20

Assignment 2 - Case StudyThe Palace of JusticeRiyadh, Saudi ArabiaGeneral Information of the buildingLocation: Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaArchitect: Rasem BadranYears of Construction: 1987-1991Lam Sui San 1155015734The Palace of Justice is a part of the urban renovation project in the citycentre of Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia.The aim of the architect is to create a focal centre which is capable ofconnecting various programmes, such as political, institutional, religious,community together.Cultural and historical context actively influence the design of the Palaceof Justice. The general image of the building is resemble to the vernaculararchitecture. It merges and collaborates with the urban context harmoniously.As it is located in hot and arid zone, some environmental strategies arenecessary to applied in order to deal with the climatic characteristics.Programmes:Grand Hall, auditorium, offices, royal majlesexterior public squareRiyadhClimatic characteristicsHot and dry summer(Highest temperature can reach 45 degree Celsius)Possible cold winter(Lowest temperature can reach 3 degree Celsius)Great diurnal range of temperatureModerate prevailing wind from North-eastPossible threat of dust stormLow relatively humidity and low rainfall

Assignment 2 - Case StudyEnvironmental Strategies with target parametersLam Sui San 1155015734Roof and wallThe exterior roof and walls of the Palace of Justice is mainly made of “mud-stone”. These thickwalls are good materials of insulation and therefore, can protect the interior from great heat insummer while chilly cold wind in winter and also at night.Passive solar design is an important environmental strategy of the building.In winter, concrete as thermal mass absorbs intense solar heat at daytime while release the gainthrough radiation, conduction and convection to warm the interior.In summer, concrete absorbs heat in surrounding environment and thus, cools the interior areas.In short, thermal mass helps maintain the interior temperature without serious fluctuation.Solar radiationTemperatureplan shows the using ofmaterials of floorsFloor and ceilingSimilar to the passive solar strategy of the wall. The ceiling is thermal mass with gypsum board andplaster cladding. Granite and marble are major materials for the floor then, the Heat interior absorbed can be by thermal Temperaturemasscool in the daytime.DayHeat absorbed by thermal massDayHeat released by thermal massNightOpeningsThe number,as well as the dimensions of the windows in the Palaceof Justice is limited. The design of the windows is similar to thetraditional one in the city.They are mainly in triangular shape and some are in rectangularshape. Limitation in size and quantity helps prevent excessive heatgain from direct solar light.Moreover, impact from dust storm is minimized. Also, privacy of theinterior spaces can be guaranteed with these limited, small andhigh windows.Solar radiationVentilationOpen space between massesLarge squares and courtyards are constructed for better ventilation.Narrow alleys with semi coverages found between differentprogrammes and large atrium spaces are also commonly foundwithin the building to promote ventilation.VentilationHeat released by thermal massNightElevation shows the small windows on wallsInterior view of window pattern

Assignment 2 - Case StudyLam Sui San 1155015734Solar radiationTemperatureHumidityVegetation and water bodyQuite a number of palm trees are planted in the squares. Greeneryis good for providing shading to people and lower the temperaturethrough increasing evaporation.Fountains in the squares and interior water pathfacilitate evaporating cooling and increasethe humidity of the building, bringing a morecomfortable atmosphere.Improvement1) Better utilization of the lighting and ventilation towerThe original use of the traditional tower in the region is to deal with the hot aridclimate, facilitate natural ventilation and lighting. However, the utilization of thetower in the building is rather limited to superficial idea of form.The tower is used to accommodate the air-conditioning machine. Vertical airconditioningduct is connected within the wall. Cables for artificial lighting is alsocombined to the duct.The original function for natural lighting and ventilation should be maintained.Solar radiationVentilation2) Installation of solar panelSince there is favourable climatic condition, for instance, great solar heat insummer, cloudlessness of the sky with limited rainfall, solar energy is a possiblerenewable energy strategy in the region.If solar panels are installed on the roof, the building can be more sustainable tothe environment.Solar radiationVernacular Arabian wind towerThe natural ventilation system of a wind towerRefernce:Justice Palace, Retrieved February 21, 2013 from http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=1230Architect’s record of Justice Palace, Retrieved February 21, 2013 from http://archnet.org/library/files/onefile.jsp?file_id=1135Architects presentation panels of Justice Palace, Retrieved February 21, 2013 from http://archnet.org/library/files/one-file.jsp?file_id=1136Technical review of Justice Palace, Retrieved February 21, 2013 from http://archnet.org/library/files/onefile.jsp?file_id=1134Green Buildings - The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy - Explore (2010). Retrieved March 23, 2013from http://ncict.net/Explore/HotDry.aspxSteele, J. (2005). The Architecture of Rasem Badran. UK: Thames & Hudson.Kultermann, U. (1999). Contemporary Architecture in the Arab States. USA: The McGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.

Assignment 3 - DesignEnvironmental Village Junior SchoolRural Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaLam Sui San 1155015734Building type and programmesA village junior schoolwith 200 studentsone hall, a staff room and four classroomsPlayground and washroomsChosen SiteClimatic CharacteristicsThe chosen site is located in theSouthwest of Riyadhit is a relatively rural or sub-urban regionthe site is flat and largeRiyadhKoppen map: BWh Hot desert climateNearly whole country ofSaudi Arabiais located in this zoneExtremely hot summer, can reaches 45 °CPossible cold winter, can reaches 3 °CGreat diurnal range of temperatureLow rainfall and humidity throughout the yearVery high summer sun, about 90°spring and autumn are also high,about 65°winter sun is about 42°Slight to moderate wind from all directionPrevailing wind from Northeastand part of southeastPossible hazard of dust storm

Assignment 3 - Design Design Concept & Environmental Strategies - Start with orientationNLam Sui San 1155015734NOrientation is the most important decisionRectangular form along east-west axisLimits the surfaces of east and west facadesInput of a courtyard in the centreFacilitates stack ventilationDivision of two main massesFilling in the major programmesPlan is overall kept in rotational symmetryBalance of massesSetback of two massesCreates space for circulationPlan in someway is divided into three equal sectionsB410000 2000 600012 2756KeyN32 2A’ AB’1_Hall2_Classrooms3_Staff room4_Male washroom5_Female washroom6_Playground7_CourtyardPlan 1:20015000 15000 15000

Assignment 3 - Design Design Concept &Environmental StrategiesLight ColourThe major colour of the building is light and reflective as the material is mud brick for exteriorLight yellow-brownish colour of the vernacular architecture are borrowed to design the school.Light colour helps minimize heat absorption but fosters reflection and diffusion of light and heat.Moreover, the light yellow-brownish colour can provide psychological comfort.Lam Sui San 1155015734North Elevation 1:200Vernacular geometricopeningsThe image of the window isin simple geometry - squareand triangle.These windows are designedaccording to the localbuildings.They are simple but elegantand also functional.34004400South Elevation 1:200340034004400West Elevation 1:200 East Elevation 1:2004400Small OpeningsThe dimensions of the openings on the walls are limited.This design serves several important reasons.Small windows prevent the excessive heat gain from natural solar radiation throughthe openings.Also, in order to deal with possible threat of dust storm, the windows are small in size.Direct sunlightIndirect daylightView of classroom with soft lightingfrom geometric windowsLimited quantity of openings on east and south facadesThe quantity of the openings are moderate in the north and south orientation sincethey can help received more diffused sunlight for studying.However, the number of openings are much fewer on east and west facades.The quantity is responded to large range of solar angles.Limited quantity allows less direct solar glare to enter interior and thus, less heat gain.

Assignment 3 - Design Design Concept &Environmental StrategiesFlat roofThermal massThe use of thermal mass is a good strategy to deal with climatic zone that ischaracterised with large range of diurnal temperature and year temperature.It is also according to passive cooling strategy.With the utilization of thermal mass, the interior temperature can reach a stage with moreconstant and comfortable temperature.Thick walls with 400mm are built.The roof of the school is simply in flat that alike the traditional oneIt is economical and gives large surface for radiant cooling.Lam Sui San 1155015734In situ concrete / granite / marbleThe interior wall of the school is built with in situ concrete and some are clad with marblesand granite.Concrete wall can assist modifying the interior temperature by absorbing excessive heat.Heat is stored in the daytime while released at time.Marble and granite are two cool materials with low temperature. They can help givecool feeling to students studying in the rooms.day : absorption of heatnight : release of heatAerial viewMud brick and insulationMud brick is a traditional material as thermal mass in hot-arid region.Exterior wall is built with this material to absorb intense solar heat in summer while protect the interior from possible chilly coldwind in winter.Insulation layer as an additional layer help increase the efficiency of thermal mass.With insulation, the contact between in and out is limited and thus, interior can be more isolated and less affected by theextreme climate from outside.Wall detailleft_mud brickmiddle_insulation layerright_concreteSection A-A’ 1:200 Section B-B’ 1:200

Design Concept &Environmental StrategiesLam Sui San 1155015734Playground with palm treesPalm trees are adapted to the arid environment.The planting of a line of palm trees next to the playground provides shading forstudents and also facilitates evaporative cooling.Central courtyard with water body and vegetationThe arrangement of the central courtyard is possible for facilitatingventilation for the school.Air gains moisture and cools while passing through the vegetation andwater body.The temperature of the courtyard can be lower by certain degree Celsiusand also benefit to the adjacent rooms when the air flows in.Also, the palm trees in the courtyard provide shading.Covered passwayThe covered passwayconnected two majormasses and along theinward-facing facades givesshading to students andstaff.People can walk along theschool without being heatby the intense sunlight .Refernce:Green Buildings - The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy - Explore (2010). Retrieved March 23,2013 from http://ncict.net/Explore/HotDry.aspxThermal mass - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2013). Retrieved March 23, 2013 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_massClimate Responsive Building - Appropriate Building Construction in Tropical and Subtropical Regions3. Design rules 3.2 Design for hot-arid zones, Retrieved March 25, 2013 from http://collections.infocollections.org/ukedu/en/d/Jsk02ce/3.3.htmlNatural ventilation cross ventilation (2011). Retrieved March 25, 2013 from http://www.architecture.com/SustainabilityHub/Designstrategies/Air/1-2-1-3-naturalventilation-crossventilation.aspxPassive Cooling Systems for Hot-Arid Climate in Islamic Iranian Architecture Seyed Morteza Moossavi- Academia.edu (2013). Retrieved March 25, 2013 from http://www.academia.edu/1710606/Passive_Cooling_Systems_for_Hot-Arid_Climate_in_Islamic_Iranian_Architecture

Lam Sui San 1155015734I declare that the assignment here submitted is original except for source material explicitly acknowledged, and that the same or relatedmaterial has not been previously submitted for another course. I also acknowledge that I am aware of University policy and regulations onhonesty in academic work, and of the disciplinary guidelines and procedures applicable to breaches of such policy and regulations, ascontained in the website. http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/policy/academichonesty/Signature1/5/2013DateLam Sui SanName1155015734______________Student IDARCH3424Course codeBuilding Technology III(Environmental Technology)Course title

Assignment 2 – Case studies - Center of the Diplomatic QuarterWONG YEE MAN, OPHENIA 1155003126

Assignment 2 – Case studies - Center of the Diplomatic QuarterWONG YEE MAN, OPHENIA 1155003126SITE CONTEXTSITE SURROUNDINGFrom East to West sides, there is a double boulevards borderingthe central area. Along the boulevards sides are the sites ofdifferent embassies while Tunisian and Pakistani embassies islocated within the central area of the site. Besides,the boulevardis planted with palm trees and intersected by the perpendicularcollector roads. Centre of the site is branched to different residentialpaths.TOPORGRAPHYThe site is fairly flat following the slope of about 2% westwards.CLIMATIC FACTORSMICROCLIMATIC CONDITION-site configuration-effect of the 2 deep ravines to the Wadi Hanifa-hot and arid climate zone-temperature : max day time temp 46 ( ± 10C in summer, ± 25C daytime± 0C night in winter)-ventilation : strong wind causes temperature drop in the evening, byaround 10C in few hours.-low rainfall and it rains during October to March, average at 10mmper year.-wind speed : average max 10km/hr to average min 5km/hr, seasonalwinds carrying sand and dust may reach 60knots.PROJECT BACKGROUNDINTRODUCTIONThe Diplomatic Quarter is situated in theheart of the central area,8 kms north-westof downtown Riyadh, the capital city ofSaudi Ara bia. The block consists of a numberof community facility, including a FridayMosque, a government service complex,a central square accompanied with someshops, gardens, restarurant,etc.LOCAL ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERThe architect has taken reference from the urban architecture ofthe central areas of Saudi Arabia before making the design. Thisarchitecture is distinguised by its simple but functional form. Thickwalls, small openings of interior space, careful privacy managementand most importantly the climatic factors are the clues showing theconcern from the architect towards the design as these features arereally close to the site along Hanifa.However, this plan put more focus on the spacial planning as awhole big architecture while the local influences were taken as aminor consideration.HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDSaudi Arabia became the cradle of Islamsince the 7th century as the founder ofIslam, Mahammad was born in Mecca.Inthis project, some islamic traiditional patternswere examined the the design of theDiplomatic Quarter. The winding and linearpattern demonstrate how to comprises differectfunctions together with basic traditionalprinciples.right column (top to bottom): temperature, wind, sunpath. Middle (top to bottom) : sun duration table andgraph. left column (top to bottom) : water elementsin the Midan , site plan - dark area is the site.

Assignment 2 – Case studies - Center of the Diplomatic QuarterPROGRAMMINGWONG YEE MAN, OPHENIA 1155003126PROJECT BRIEF- Centre as a space which follow, guide, or even co-ordinate with the community’s growth in different stages.-Planning should be flexible which allows growth, change and adaptaion when needs appear-Spactial arrangement need to reflect the requirements and the complex nature of the central area.-Response to climate and topography should be in a manner reflecting the local architecture and landscaping character.-Distinct identity is created within a well-established functional and visual order.OBJECTIVES : TO DEVELOP A FULL RANGE OF CENTRAL FACILITIES IN WHICH IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF CULTURAL, RELI-GIOUS, COMMERCIAL AND BUISINESS NEEDS OF THE COMMUNITY CAN BE FULFILLED.CLIMATIC RESPONSEThe climatic design features are well demonstrated from simple form of the architecture with the thick wall and small openings. Other carefully consideredmatter are the natural and coolling effect of the atrium. Also, shopping arcades help to cool the Midan as well. Yet, the opening Midan is only planted with few plants atthe sides, which can be explained based on the practice of Saudis which commonly use of the centre at evening.1. ORIENTATION - align to the East-West axis, Tilt 25deg. toward SE to avoid western facing.2. FOUNTAINS AND WATER ELEMENTS3. GROUPING BUILDINGS -MUTUAL SHADING4. PLANTED ATRIUM AND COURTYARDS (right)Planted atrium and a number of courtyard are organised inside the buildings ofthe Government complex. This artium is served as a cooling spacewhich provides shades and good ventilation. It is a good area for staying andcontacting. In an aesthetic manner, outside massive walls with narrow openingmarks the inner life of the building as well.MUTUAL SHADING SPATIAL ORGANIZATIONCommunitiy facilities and the buildings are arranged to show the headedge along the boulevards.Buildings are grouped in a way to guild the inhabitants and the visitorscontinuously along a row of trees and the hard edge from outside whichdefines the urban public space and the semi-public and private spaces.This in turn create an interial spine in the central area.Level 1 planMutual Shading inside the complex Parking lot under Level 15. COMPACT SETTLEMENT TO MINIMIZE HEAT GAIN GATE-WAY (above)Buildings are built surrounding the Midan, the public square. Two tall minaretsare gate ways linked to the building block are welcoming the incomers with boulevardsall the way. Gateway designed as a small spaces under a street whichcan controp the mode of entry. Pedestrians can go through the grond floor whilemotor vehicles can get in the complex through the lower level.6. REDUCE PATH DEPTH / SHADING DEVICE TO REDUCE HEATGAIN SHADED ARCADES (above)Shaded arcades are designed as the basic circulation feature of the central block.These kind of shaded outdoor space are highly encouraged for the architecture inhot and arid climatic zone.

Assignment 2 – Case studies - Center of the Diplomatic QuarterBUILDING TECTNOLOGYSTRUCTURAL SYSTEMConstruction and TechnologyStructural System : Cast-in-site concrete construction of manolithic slap beam system.Foundations : Reinforced concreteInfill : Hollow concrete blocks, external insulationFacades and external finishes : Sprayed on stucco on metal lathFloors : Imported marble tiles for public spaces, local cement for other spacesCeilings : Imported suspended ceiling tilesRoofing: Insulated tiled roofsOthers: Imported metal space frames for building atriums.MATERIAL - LIGHT COLOR TO MINIMIZE HEAT ABSORBTIONWONG YEE MAN, OPHENIA 1155003126As mentioned, reinforced concrete is used in the framming with hollow concrete block used as the infil. Sprayed-onstucco is treated on metal lath to perform the texture and the feeling of traditional mud finishing facades. On the otherhand, imported marble tiles are used for the floor finish of the public spaces, including the Midan and the arcades. Whenlocal cement treating is used for other spaces. For the roof, insulated tiled roofs and suspending ceiling tiles are used.Last but not least, Metal spare frames system is used for the covering the atrium of the Government service building.MIDANMidan is located in a place where linked to the shop arcades. When people coming from Riyadh go to the Midan topray in the mosque, they can shop in the arcades and eat in the restaurants. It is more observation in Fridays prayertimes or in the evenings when open markets bring a lot of people.EARTH TUNNEL COOLING/ AIR FLOWAs seen from the section, a central and linear tunnel links all the services and utilities under the building complex. Thistunnel span as a long spine along the length of the site which is approachable from the parking level. Extra passagesare provided as neither traffic or perdestrians would interfere with each other.This kind of design can ensure coolingfor the activity space.ARCADE | WIND TOWER

Assignment 2 – Case studies - Center of the Diplomatic QuarterWONG YEE MAN, OPHENIA 1155003126COMMENTS AND EVALUATIONCOMMENTS1. Climative responding measures like shaded area, fountains and greeneries arecarefulling placed with the site.2. Refrencing the urban architecture, Najd, in generating new idea and principle is agood approach in designing modern architecture. It is a good way to respect the localand implementing new idea into the society.3. Workable performance created by the uniform and continous envelop.4. According to the report, the complex perform its function so well as becoming apride place for the local users.DRAWBACK1.Improvement can be made in the material selection. As most of the materials are imported from other countries, which consists of high carbon value which inthus not environmentally friendly. Local materials can be considered, such as mud wall treatment.It is an archievable local craftmentship.2.Though atrium space is designed to be well ventilated, the ceiling is treated with metal framing system and allows light to penetrate, it is thought that not as coolas expected. It is not an effective resting space.3.Lack of open public space. Other than the Midan is a open public space, similar size of space does not exsit in this complex. What happen here is a lot ofshaded circulation,but people are mobile in this kind of area. Also, under a hot sunny day, Midan is not a good place for people to stay or chat. Therefore, shadedpublic space with cover for communication is necessary but it is lack here.4.Interior space is majorly air-conditioned. Natural ventilation may be considered for a better design arrangement.5.There is not much consideration of the open market, including the facilitators, spacial arrangement. It is important since it is one of the major activities for theresidents living nearby. Programmes now are putting more focus on the tourists and prayers but not the residents which is not suitable for the design of a communityhub.Notes and Bibliography-Courtesy of architect. “Architect’s record of Hayy Assafarat: Landscaping and Al-Kindi Plaza” Time,http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=725(accessed 1989).-Courtesy of architect. “Drawings of Hayy Assafarat: Landscaping and Al-Kindi Plaza ” Time,http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=725(accessed 1989).-Al-Radi, Selma. 1994. Al-Kindi Plaza. In Architecture for Islamic Societies Today. James Steele, ed. London: Adademy Editions.-AlShaikh, Abdullatif, Zahir Othman and George Ward. 1985. The Diplomatic Quarter and Ministry of Foreign Affairs Staff Housing Project, Riyadh. In Large Housing Projects: Design, Technology, and Logistics. MargaretBentley Sevcenko, (ed). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture.-Al-Radi, Selma. 1994. Hayy Assafarat Landscaping. In Architecture for Islamic Societies Today. James Steele, ed. London: Adademy Editions

Assignment 3 – School Design - BRICKING ROCKWONG YEE MAN, OPHENIA 1155003126

Assignment 3 – School Design - BRICKING ROCKWONG YEE MAN, OPHENIA 1155003126SITE ORIENTATIONBRICKING ROCKMy site is in the western part of riyadh, which is a piece of open land surroundedby residential buildings . Main road Amr lbn Al As is on its westernside with some subroads extended enclosing the site.CONCEPT OF THE DESIGN - fissure as an entranceCRITICISM OF THE SAUDI EDUCATION SYSTEMToo Heavy Focus of the Islamic CultureThough Saudi Arabia is an Islamic country, it is criticized that theeducation nowaday put too much focus on the religion of the Wahhabi-controlledcurriculum. The concern is revealed in the reporton 2006 by Freedom House which concluded that ““the Saudi publicschool religious curriculum continues to propagate an ideology ofhate toward the ‘unbeliever,’ that is, Christians, Jews, Shiites, Sufis,Sunni Muslims who do not follow Wahhabi doctrine, Hindus, atheistsand others”.It is obviously not a good approach to praise your religion by belittlingothers’ believes, especially in teaching the children about itscountry’s culture. In fact, some studies issue the topic that this kind ofcurriculum would encourage lslamist terrorism. Therefore, the governmentstarted to invest money to modernise its teaching methodby making a more secular education.Moving forward without the loss of the identityIronically, Saudi Arabia is characterized by its strong religiousbackground, no matter in terms of its clothing, livestyle and alsoarchitecture. To me, it is not making sense to abandon its originalityof this countryand build a new one because that is precious.Therefore, in designing a school which can tell others that” Movingforward without the loss of the identity” will be my key sentence inmy design.And it comes out my idea of “ Breaking Rock”It is easy for you to see rock landscape in Saudi Arabia. Rock havefissures and cracks when it meets the change of the environment.But no matter how it evolves its form, the composition of it doesn’tchange. This is a kind of adaptation and movement towards thenature. To the rock itself , cracks unfold the beauty. My architecturewill express this beauty of the natural phenomenon as to introducethe new education system to this characterized country in 21century-SUNPATHThe building is basically orientated aligning to the East West Axis with alittle tilt to the south east direction. Due to the elongated form of the building,this kind of orientation can minimize the catching of light by the mainfascade of the building. On the other hand, the shading cast can cool downthe outdoor playground on the hottest month , from June to August.PREVAILING WINDIn riyadh, the prevailing wind is majorlycoming from NE and SSE direction. With thecorridor aligning in NE and SE axis, pressuredifference allows wind getting into the interior.Fissure as an entrance would be the start.

Assignment 3 – School Design - BRICKING ROCKCLASSROOMThe arrangement of classrooms is to encourage students to meet other during non-class period.When there is leisure time, open windows and doors facing towards the main corridor can actas a bigger mutual sharing and shaded space for the students from different classes.AFTERNOON NAPAlso, for the purpose of taking afternoon nap in this primary school, the classroom are designedto be a bit bigger than normal. whcih is 53.2 square meter. Students can enjoy a sufficient spaceto take rest when all the furnitures still remain in the classroom.Sleeping area per one student : = 2.36 sqm(53.2 sqm (total classroom size)/ 20 (kids no) - 0.3 (sqm of one desk area))WASHROOMWashrooms are in theWONG YEE MAN, OPHENIA 1155003126MAIN CORRIDORCorridor penetrates the whole school. It is a step andmiddle of the school, it mutual space which allows children to sit.and play. MorePRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTfacilitates the people from importantly, it is a semi open space with controlledusing from anywhere of the shading, including the canva, roof and also buildingschool.complex. Therefore, when the sun is too intense in theplayground , they can still enjoy the community area.Outdoor Classroomfountainside entrance 1wind towerfountainPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTHALL / STORAGE/WIND TOWERService space are arranged with of logicof the usage frequency. As the major heatsource from the exterior is from western andeastern sun, these space can act as a protectivebuffer layer to insulate the heat for othermore important space like the classrooms.From side to centre : (lane 1 ) Storage, Hall(lane 2) wind tower , staff roomElectricityOUTDOOR- PLAYGROUNDThere are two zones with vegetations on the two linear sides of the school. For the onewith trees, that is served as a more quiet shading space for the children to sit and read.And if the weather is good enough, outdoor class can be made there.StorageA/CA/Cfountainwind towerfountainHallwind towerfountainstaff roomwind towerplatformclassroom Aclassroom CWC FWC Mside entrance 2playground with grass padclassroom Bclassroom Cwind towerwind towerMain EntrancefountainWIND TOWEROpen to NE and SE to catchthe maximum wind.On the other side laid with grass pads is a place for more active activity. As children likeplaying on the floor. Grass pad is a good solution for not burning there skin. Because insaudi arabia, the flooring surface temperature would be too high to sit.0 2000 4000 6000 10000N

A/CA/CAssignment 3 – School Design - BRICKING ROCKAIR SPEEDA/C SYSTEMAir conditioning is provided in the hall. When whole school is using thisbig space, earth tunnel cooling is certainly not enough. Therefore, activecooling should be taken into account. Without destroying the aesthetic ofthe fascade, the machine is installed on the side of the storage, while wesome designed air exchange gaps like louvre in the storage room.PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTTEMPERATUREVENT CHAMBERVent chambers are for insulating the roof from heatgain. As the roof itself is a big heat absorber. Airchamber can act as an insulator to stop heating theclassroom directly. Also, fans and artificial lightingcan be installed in these ceiling as a servant space.PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTEARTH TUNNELThe earth tunnel is designed tocathch wind into the interiorby pressure difference of the airflor.WONG YEE MAN, OPHENIA 1155003126Vent Chamberexhaust air leave though windowsoutlet : classroom0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0pressure differencetunnel faninlet : main tunnel++++++++CLASSROOM SECTION 1-100PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTElectricityStoragePRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTfountainHallwind towerwind towerfountainOutdoor Classroomstaff roomwind towerfountainplatformclassroom AA/Cstoragestorageside entrance 1WC MWC Fside entrance 2playground with grass padHallfountainwind towerwind towerclassroom Bwind towerMain Entranceclassroom C0 2000 4000 6000 10000HallNfountainfountainVent Chambermain tunnelclassroomtunnel fanTEMPERATURE / AIR SPEED/ HUMIDITYCOOLING TOWER MECHANISM - detail explanationEARTH TUNNELDown to 2.5 m from the ground level , there is a earth tunnel. When the wind isreceiveded by the wind catcher. Air can flow under through under the groundand reach the classroom. After the cooled air comes into the main space, theexhause air can go away from the window openings.Layout of the Earth tunnel to the routine of classThere are totally six earth tunnels. Three is serving the classroom A, B and thehall. And three is serving classroom C, D and the staff room. To maximize thecooling effect for the users, each of the tunnel has its specific route to provide theair outlet under the seats of the children. Therefore, there is a recommendationfor the class funrniture arrangement and where exactly the kids sleep during restingtime.Ignam susdam faciuntias doluptatatVent ChamberwashroomMain TunnelVent Chamberclassroomtunnel fanPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODSECTION 1-200TUNNEL FANSince there is a long way for the air to travel along theschool , tunnel fans are put under each outlet station.Because one side of the fan can blow the wind to thespaces, on the other side, it can draw the blown in air.FOUNTAINFountain are placed in the positionthat can moisturize the air goinginto the earth tunnel. Therefore,even cooler temperature can bearchieved in the whole system.PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

A/CA/CAssignment 3 – School Design - BRICKING ROCKWONG YEE MAN, OPHENIA 1155003126METABOLIC RATEAs a school complex , which accomodateschildren who acquirehigher metabolic rate than adults,extra consideration in thinking theclimatic measure to attain a cooland comfortable environment areessential in saudi arabia. The graphshowing childrens under ten havemetabolic rate higher than any otherage, which is about 55W/sqm.PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTwind towerwind towerwind towerfountainfountainfountainSOLAR RADIATION / AIR TEMPERATURESHADING BY THE ROOF &ARABIAN CANVAMost of the main space are covered by the roof itself. Only part ofthe service space like the main corridor is not covered by the roofbut by traditional canva. Light is encouraged to enter the space bythe openings like window and skylight in the hall. Another pointto note is the roof is also adopting the use of thermal mass principleas to attain thermal comfort.( red : canva, yellow: open)ROOF PLAN 1-500VEGETATION ARRANGEMENTGreeneries placement is stragetized.One is the acoustic consideration in outdoor . Taller trees areplaced in the reading area of the building. Green pads areplaced on the playground side.Secondly, vegetation helps shading the hall area, which is acomparatively larger space and easy to accumulate heat underhot atmosphere. And putting plants and trees in the corridorcan help cooling the wind.ElectricityStoragefountainwind towerfountainHallwind towerOutdoor Classroomfountainstaff roomwind towerplatformclassroom Aclassroom Cside entrance 1WC FWC Mside entrance 2playgroundplayground with grass pSOLAR RADIATION / AIR TEMPERATURETHERMAL MASSMass is an important vocabulary of the architecture design . Under hot and aridclimate, thick layer of wall partition and evelope can help regulating the temperatureof the interior space.Theoretically, thickness of the thermal mass is not less than 300mm. But theschool here, as located in an open site, mutual shading is less possible. Thus,the envelope contacting to the exterior have 800 mm thick , while the partitionwall have 400 mm thick. To produce such thickness, it is proposed to use in situconcrete with the addition of mud in the concrete mixture, it promotes low costconstruction. Also, insulation is recommended as well.PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTSECTION 1-200PAINTED WITH LIGHT COLOURPainting the building with light color can effectively reflect the sunlight away. As light colour is a good radiation reflector.GROUND COUPLINGThe ground itself is a good thermal mass to balance the temperatureof the building. Built in a one storey linear shade, the contact area tothe ground is maximized. In saudi arabia , the surface temperatureof the ground is very high, therefore, I have submerged the buildingfor about 2000 maximum to ensure performance.

Assignment 3 – School Design - BRICKING ROCKWONG YEE MAN, OPHENIA 1155003126AIR SPEEDOPENINGSMAIN CORRIDORWindors openings are kept small so as to regulatethe natural lighting and ventilation. Andthe window frame is placed inside the buildingalso. As the window is deep due to the thicknessof the wall. Therefore, no extra device is neededto shield the light from outside. There will be acontrolled amount of sky light of the hall. Sinceto view it as a whole, without artificial lightling,the hall is the deepest and darkest space. Avoidingwasting too much energy for lighting, we putskylight on the top of the hall.PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTFRONT ELEVATION 1-500BACK ELEVATION 1-500PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTMERGING ENVIRONMENTAL MESURES INTO THE DESIGNWind tower is common in hot and arid climatic zone. It is always served as anadditional device rather being considered with the design at the very beginning.In this project, I tried to design the entire system as a whole. So that , peoplewon’t see an extra device ejected from the building. This is possible becauseof the site is an open land in the urban area. Therefore, the wind will not beblocked even when the tower is not really high.PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTCLASSROOMMODERN PERFOMANCE WITH TRADITIONAL LANGUAGEThe building suggests the main corridor as one of the major gathering space.Such design is to encourage communications inside school, which is one of thereformations in the education. Yet, quite a number of traditional design factorsare still suggested, like using the traditional arabian canva as the shading devicefor some part of the corridor and using concrete mixture with mud in the construction.Notes and BibliographyZUBIETA UNIVERSITY - http://www.zuniv.net/physiology/book/images/20-5.jpgSaudi Arabia - wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_arabiaBuilding and Environment Volume 41, Issue 3, March 2006, Pages 235–244 - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132305000405World Weather and Climate Information - http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Riyadh,Saudi-ArabiaDesign Guidelines in assignment 11.Passive Architecture Design Systems, Annexure 3, Eco-housing Assessment Criteria, IIEC, 20092.Climate Responsive Building- Appropriate Building Construction in Tropical and Subtropical Regions, SKAT, 1993, Section 3.2 Design for hot-arid zoneshttp://collections.infocollections.org/ukedu/en/d/Jsk02ce/3.3.html3.Green Buildings, Government of India Ministry of New and Renewable Energyhttp://ncict.net/Explore/HotDry.aspx#34.Tropical architecture in the dry and humid zones, Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, 19645. Climatically responsive energy efficient architecture: a design handbook v.1, Centre for Advanced Studies in Architecture, School of Planning & Architecture, 1995HALL

WONG YEE MAN, OPHENIA 1155003126I declare that the assignment here submitted is original except for sourcematerial explicitly acknowledged, and that the same or related material hasnot been previously submitted for another course. I also acknowledge that Iam aware of University policy and regulations on honesty in academic work,and of the disciplinary guidelines and procedures applicable to breaches ofsuch policy and regulations, as contained in the website.http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/policy/academichonesty/____________________________SignatureDate________________________29 – 4 - 2013____________________________Wong Yee ManName________________________Student ID1155003126_____________ARCH 3424Course code_______________________________________________BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III (Environmental Technology)Course title

Assignment 2 – Case studies - New Gourna Village, EgyptARCH 3424 l BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III l Gary, Yeung Ho Yin l 1155011552

ARCH 3424 l BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III l Gary, Yeung Ho Yin l 1155011552Location - New Gourna, EgyptArchitect/Planner - Hassan FathyDate - 1945 to 1948Century - 20thDecade - 1940sBuilding Types - residential, urban design anddevelopmentBuilding Usage - housing development, new townplanningEffect of Climate on Architectural FormIn the project of New Gourna, climate produces certain easily observed effects on architectural forms. In the case of theNew Gourna, the proportion of the window area to the wall area become less, as a response to solve the usually problemin warm area of over heat, people lives there are all trying to get away from the sun. Some other feature are also used, forexample, deep loggias, projecting balconies and overhangs casting long shadows on the walls of building are found.Notice, the gladded roof decreases in pitch as the rate of precipitation decreases. In hot countries, as u can see in the photo,the roofs become quite flat, in some areas provide a very comfortable area to relax.Hassan Fathy was against to build western techniques andmaterial, such as reinforced concrete and steel, which hebelieve that these type of technology it is inappropriate forEgypt climate.Building in Egypt built with reinforced concrete are likeMatchbox houses were too in the summer and too cold inwinter. The building in New Gourna village are encouragedto use ancient design methods and material, the ancientdesign methods influence his ideas a lot, craftsmanwere masters at constructing domed and vaulted roofs ofmud brick, which they also used for walls. The uses of thistype of structure are cheap, cool in the summer and thewall were heat store in the wall.New Gourna is a project that masterminded by Hassan Fathy, this is a projectthat try to re-housing the seven thousand people in Gourna, it is a villagethat built near the tomb of the nobles, in that area there are lot of oldhouse, since there is a part of the ancient cemetery of Thebes where it is nowLuxor of Egypt. This is a project that tries to combine the traditional techniques,materials and vernacular style, then carefully analysis how these factorbenefit generate an economic and ecologically sustainable building, so itwill ethos that was integral to the community that would occupy the village.After six year of hard work, the project was abandoned before complete, it isbecause due to bureaucratic backing problem among other. Villagers resistantto move from the start from the beginning, so the project was soon unsettledand many of this architecture have since been lost. But because of theeducation value of the project scheme and the knowledge and philosophiesembedded there, the project that have been overlooked for 60 years nowhelp been recently bring up by UNECO who is now beginning to preservethe remaining part of New Gourna.

ARCH 3424 l BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III l Gary, Yeung Ho Yin l 1155011552Hassan Fathy design dependedon natural ventilation, orientationand local material,traditional construction methodsand energy conservationtechnique, to do this he havecarry out ad detail studies ontemperature and the local windpatterns.Hassan Fathy did not believethat the local housing shouldnot be the same, since all thehouses are separated so the orientationand the environmentalcondition are different, so Fathyhave worked every building individualbase on the wind direction,sun angle and lot of otherenvironmental factor, so thatwill reduce the energy neededand provide the a comfortablespace. Like the diagram below,Fathy have carefully positionthe opening to control the ventilation.

ARCH 3424 l BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III l Gary, Yeung Ho Yin l 1155011552Fathy have shown that traditional techniques have the potential as genuine solutions to some contemporaryproblems. All the building built in New Gourna Village are built by local material, inmost case building in New Gourna Village baked mud bricks are being produce in a huge brickproduction yard that setup on site to supply the build with adjacent water supply, using the holesgenerated by the excavation of mud for bricks.The project have applied the ancient Nubian Vault technique, the ancient Nubian vault techniqueallow the vaulted roofs able to be built without timber framework and only used standard mud brickunlike usual. In New Gourna, it is location where wood is not an plentiful resource, in many casewhere arid regions harvesting timber can cause erosion, so in arid area using mud roof and will justnaturally solve the problem.The building technology used here is very simple, building vertical wall, brick position in angledarch, two ends of the arches connected to the vertical wall. Using this traditional way to constructbuilding in New Gourna Village, allow the local repair their own building, so since the last brick islaid the building is self-support.New Gourna is located in Upper Egypt, in the southern side of the country, in that region water is plentiful,but water cannot be transport directly from Nile. As form a water system have been taken centuries to carrywater to local. Although the water system have been developed but, but due to the local climate, the temperateheat up to 50 degrees in the summer and very little rainfall, so the building that are very appropriate tobuild with mud bricks.In the 20th century disease was a big problem, these diseases are passing on via water supplies, so one of theaims for New Gourna Village is to improve the water system, Fathy have put in feature like elaborate systemof canals and lakes, attempted to improve the condition.The hot climate and New Gourna is located in Upper Egypt, in the southern side of the country, in that regionwater is plentiful, but water cannot be transport directly from Nile. As form a water system have beentaken centuries to carry water to local. Although the water system have been developed but, but due to thelocal climate, the temperate heat up to 50 degrees in the summer and very little rainfall, so the building thatare very appropriate to build with mud bricks.In the 20th century disease was a big problem, these diseases are passing on via water supplies, so one of theaims for New Gourna Village is to improve the water system, Fathy have put in feature like elaborate systemof canals and lakes, attempted to improve the condition.The hot climate and plentiful of water benefit from the water system, sun- baked bricks become a perfectsolution to produces, so this become a key to material for the construction, also an improvement on themud brick are not need to fire with the traditional kiln, the fuel consumption and carbon dioxide outputhave been remove from the brick making process, so it is not a concern in the sustainability of the material.plentiful of water benefit from the water system, sun- baked bricks become a perfect solution to produces,so this become a key to material for the construction, also an improvement on the mud brick are not needto fire with the traditional kiln, the fuel consumption and carbon dioxide output have been remove from thebrick making process, so it is not a concern in the sustainability of the material.

Assignment 3 – School DesignARCH 3424 l BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III l Gary, Yeung Ho Yin l 1155011552

ARCH 3424 l BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III l Gary, Yeung Ho Yin l 1155011552ARCH 3424BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III(Environmental Technology)Gary, Yeung Ho Yin1155011552Site locationSite OrientationMy site is in the western part of riyadh, it issurrounded with lot of othee residential buildings. i have located my school at north east ofriyadh, the reason for that it is because i didsome study of where other school is there, thenorth east which happen to have less school.ShadingThe school have mainly three differentzone, the darkest part is veryenclose with lot of small and longwindow opening, the reason forlong window is because the sun is sohigh up, right on top of the building.When come out of the building thenwill be the playground with a massivetree in the middle, then to the outerpart is the part where there is a roofsupported by column the providea alternative eating area when theweather is good.KitchenThe kitchen is located at outer part ofthe building, separated for all mainprogramme, so that the heat producedby the kitchen will not transferedcause over heat the building.The site orientation is following on the sun path andthe wind rose, the winter wind is from south and thesummer wind from north east, the arrangement of theschool is base on the sun-path, the school have a internalplayground surround with other programme to provideshading.

WIND TOWERWind Tower works in system of air intake and outake by differencein air pressure and temperature. The former is acheived when openingis either facing wind direction or opposing it to create intake andsuction respectively. Multidirectional wind shaft help system functionunder varies wind direction. Heating of the chimney enhance day exhaustand night air exchange to outside. Wind Tower could work withhumidifier to cool air through evaporative coolingARCH 3424 l BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III l Gary, Yeung Ho Yin l 1155011552VENTILATIONIn the middle is a internalcourt to provide largeopening to intake modified mildair and work with exterior smallopening to cross ventilate.COMPACT SETTLEMENTSettlement should be groupedtogether in a compact form tominimize heat gain or excessiveheat loss in relation toexposed surface .areaTHERMAL MASSHeavily constructed are used the sand wall,which is thicker then 300mm, roof is providinga largeheat bank to store up daytime heat for nighttimewarming use.LIMITED, SMALL, HIGHIn hot-dry climate, air temperaturecan go above blood temperaturewhich renders ventilation at occupantlevel undesirable. Alsosaudi arabiafrequentharzard of Sand storm.Therefore opening should be keptto the minimum and small in size.High window is preferred to onlyfulfill need of air exchange.elongated OpeningOpening are done in a wayto block out high angle sun at hotseason and admit low angle sunin cooler time.East and West opening shouldbe restrained.

ARCH 3424 l BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III l Gary, Yeung Ho Yin l 1155011552KitchenThe Kitchen is seperated for the main building, to avoidthe kitchen heat up the building.A’HallThe hall is located ate the center, and designed to be multi function,, all classroom are connected to the hall so activite could hall there,when the outdoor is to hot to stay.VEGETATIONi am trying to provide vegetationto buffer the building with thelandscape. Vegetation help reduceheat gain through shadingoff buildng which provide providing lessreflective, conductive surface.B72B’Count-yardSince in saudi arabia is a very hotcountry, so to make it possible forpeople to stay outside a large tree islocated in the count yard for shading6541210133118Keys1. Hall2,3,4,5. classroom6.outdoor sitting7. kitchen8.boy toilet9.girl toilet10.office11.head master room12.count yard13liraryClassroomEach classroom have a exit for gooutdoor, so in a good day peoplehave class outside under theshelter.91librarythere is small book stogae next to the main entrance tocount yard, so people could have a opportunity to readoutdoor under the shade.Toiletthe Toilet are being design to havea very high ceiling will lot of smallopening on top for ventilation, sothe small will not stay.AScale: 1 : 200

ARCH 3424 l BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III l Gary, Yeung Ho Yin l 1155011552Shading for the internal count yard to provide outdoor activity inthe extreme hot climate, and diffuse lighting, to allow the groundheat up less.Wind tower for vetilation, butalso the same time provide lightingfor the hallVariation of different type of environment in thebuilding, so people have choice to chose where tostay.( indoor, outdoor count yard, and indoor outdoorspace the sheltered area.)Section AA’ 1: 100

ARCH 3424 l BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III l Gary, Yeung Ho Yin l 1155011552Cross ventilation for every classroom wind, toensure that the classroom will not over heatTo avoid too much sunlight expose to the side ofthe shelter tree are locatedthere, to reduce the amountof exposeture.Section BB’ 1: 100

ARCH 3424 l BUILDING TECHNOLOGY III l Gary, Yeung Ho Yin l 1155011552

Assignment 2 - Case Study:Salam Center for Candiac Surgery, Khartoum, SudanYU Ka Hang Ada 1155016050General InformationArchitects: Studio Tam associatiLocation: Soba (Khartoum), SudanProject year: 2007The Salam Center for Candiac Surgery is a health care center designed byStudio TAMassociati for a medical non-profit organization. Located in theSudanese desert, weather is hot and dry which shape the architecture into aclimatic responsive design which can provide a favourable condition to usersand save energy cost. In designing the building, climate and context are themajor factors considered by the architects.Background of KhartoumKhartoum is the capital and second largest city of the Republic of Sudan. Itis a developing city with an estimated overall population of over five millionpeople. Though it is undergoing a rapid development, people still threatenedby diseases like pneumonia, malaria.Climate studyLatitude:N 15° 33’ 0.3636” Longitude:E32° 31’ 56.0676”Climate Zone: BWhSudan is located in north Africa, featuredwith a hot and dry climate. In the norththere is a Nubian desert.Khartoum as one of the hottest cities inthe world, annual average temperatureis 37.1 °C. Temperature may sometimeseven higher than 50 °C in summer. Andthe percipitation is low. On average it isonly around 155mm.

Response to the Climate - Passive Cooling StrategyIn this design, the architects not only make use of high technologyto build up the so-called eco-architecture. With reference to thetraditional architecture, the use of material, building configurationand simple mechanism can reduce the use of air-conditioning. Theindoor temperature is successfully controlled to 18-24 °C which canfulfill to the requirement of the client.2. Thermal MassYU Ka Hang Ada 1155016050For insulation, the heavily constructed brick wall are of 58cm thick. Furthermore, the external walls are builtof multiple brick layers with air chambers in between. And with small opening of windows to minimize directsunlight to go indoor, and more high angle sunlight will be blocked.1. OrientationThe the long wings of the center is east-west faced and tilted a bit tothe SE direction to avoid western facing. This can reduce the heatsurface. And the placing of element also affect the heat gain. Thetwo storey tall and thick block element is SE facing to shade someof the sunlight.The two wings3. Double paned WindowThe double panel windows are installed to have better insulation and trap cool air. In addition, they can alsoarchive noise reduction.The strong blockelements

4. Vegetation6. Earth Tunnel Cooling and Sand TrapYU Ka Hang Ada 1155016050The outdoor area is full of greenery. Shrubs and trees were employedto provide sun shading, cool down the air and to mitigate the effects ofthe harsh climate.This is a simple mechanism to intake air to underground in order to mitigate the temperature. But in thesite, modification of the system is needed regarding sand and dust in the air.A 60 meters long cooling tunnel is built underground. And to filter the sand and dust, the tunnel was designedin a labyrinth way. Many pieces of sand trap are added in the tunnel. The sand traps are just likewall structure. When air pass through, these walls allow the sediment of sand and at the same time cooldown the air by slowing down its flowing speed. And at the end of the tunnel, the spray of cool water canfurther filter the finer dust and cool down the air. (*The spray of the cool water is supported by the solarpanels, which will be discussed in part 7) This simple system can filter the sand dust and cool down theair by 9°C.AIR DUCTEARTH TUNNELAIR FILTERING AND COOLING SYSTEMSOLAR PANEL5. Traditional Craftmanship - Inter-woven vegetation fiberAlthough walking on the outdoor corridor will have a higher possiblitiesto expose under sunlight, the employment of woven curtain. Becausethe cover of the corridor can only shade the high angle sun light, so thecurtains are added to shade the low angle sun light and the sun lightafter diffusion will be softer and provide enough natural light to indoor.The weaving technique is a tradition skill of bed construction, so theuse of this local craftmenship can save cost.7. Solar Panel900m2 of solar panels wereinstalled. Making use the naturalcondition of Sudan, 3 600 KWcan be generated without 1 gramof CO2 emission. Together withthe panel, there are copper tubesto heat up the water to 80-90°C.And there are also two chillingmachines supported by the solarenergy to cool down the water to7°C.(One of the purpose is to cooldown the air from earth tunnel)

Other Design Principle and ConceptYU Ka Hang Ada 11550160501. Creation of “Hollow” SpaceThe architects aim to create a hollow space by having a courtyard in the centerpart to separate the architecture from outside, which create a sense of security. And thecourtyard garden also create a cozy environment.2. An ethical languageThe architects want all users to feel “home”. All people will share their happinessregardless sex, race, colour or belief.Overview of the Climatic StrategyTo conclude, almost all the strategy applied on this design is simple. Without the use ofhigh technology, the operating cost and maintenance cost is much lower but with thesame or even better result than the design with high technology.DrawbackThough this is already a very all rounded design, but some improvement can still bemade:1. The courtyard is too wide. An ideal design should minimize the depth to width ratio.Conceptually, this can provide a cozy environment. But environmentally, the heat gaincould be increase with a wide courtyard.2. The shape and orientation is not in the best way to minimize the heat surface. Thehollow plan shape can only minimize the heat surface of the 2 wings, but the centerpart is not East-West oriented.The building could be design in a more simple and thin rectangular form in order toreduce heat surface and this is easier to orient.BibliographySalam Centre for Cardiac Surgery / Studio Tam associatihttp://www.archdaily.com/19061/salam-centre-for-cardiac-surgery-studio-tam-associati/Case Study for Health Facility Designhttp://www.massdesigngroup.org/framework/case-studies.html#salam-centre-for-cardiac-surgeryThe Salam Center for Cardica Surgeryhttp://www.salamcentre.emergency.itDOMUS, n. 912, March 2008:“Il cuore del deserto” by Francesca Picchi, pp. 20-27

Assignment 3: Design - Rural school in Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaYU Ka Hang 1155016050Design Concept - “Learning is Sharing”What is learning? To me, learning is a sharing. Everyone share their finding, then knowledge exist.However, in nowadays education is not sharing for many of us. Education can be a torture. Everyonestays in classroom, reading some boring textbook.ClimateRiyadh is located in BWh zone, featured with hot and dry weather. Because of its geographic location,storm dust often occur. Temperture is high though out the year and with high sun angle.I want to have a space which encourage sharing of knowlegde. The time staying in school shouldbe enjoyable. So my initial idea is to make the school as a place easy and favourable to meetyour schoolmates.The place will be connected by a main space, which everyone can go in easily, and happy to stayin.CultureRiyadh is greatly influenced by Islamic culture. Even in school, they have to pray and educatedabout Islam. Although the edcation of this religious arouse a lot of critic, but Islam is still followedby many people in Saudi Arabia. So my design will try to go for instead of against it.

PRODUCED BY AN AUPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT1/F Plan 1:250PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTYU Ka Hang 1155016050Elevation 1:250Section 1:250PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTG/F Plan 1:250

Spatial ArrangementYU Ka Hang 1155016050PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT- “Togetherness”The spaces are connected by the center courtyard playground. Children are notbounded in the classrooms. They can enjoy their school life by sharing. Those high usagespace such as classrooms, library are position to the long wings to let those spacebe more attched to the playground. The non-habitatble spaces, are position to the endas this position is more isolated.PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTExterior ViewPlayground ViewPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTHigher accessibilityMore isolated- The need of PrivacyUnlike western country, students in saudi arabia need to have absolute obedienceto their teachers. That’s mean in their culture, separation between teachersand students is needed. This is done by the level different.Staff AreaStudent Areainterior ViewUpper Floor ViewPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTSection 1:250

Climatic StrategyVegetation- Vegetation mainly placed outside the exteriorwall with opening. They can help to cooldown wind and shade part of the low anglesun light.Vent Chamber- This is a gap between the ceiling and thrroof. This can avoid the sun heat directly onthe roof and reduce the amount of heat gainofthe ceiling.YU Ka Hang 1155016050Exterior Wall- Thermal mass: The exterior wall thickness is600mm. This thickness can help block the heat andrelease it at the night time. In this building, doublelayer brick wall with air cavity would be used. Withthe same principal with the vent chamber, the cavitycan help insulate the building.- Material: Adobe brick is the facade material as it canbe found locally. And with this material, we can employlocal labour, which can save construction cost.- Colour: the wall will be painted in white as this colourcan better reflect away the sun light.Double Height for sunshading-Considered the high temperature in Riyadh, sunshading can be a way to reduce air temperature.The design of the 1/F not only for separating staffsand student, it can also provide more sun shadingfor tbe courtyard, which make the outdoor space isalso pleasant to stay.Openings- To exterior: In Saudi Arabia, storm dustoccur frequently so the size of the windowfacing out should be minimized.and also the small size window helped toshade the high angle sun and admit low anglesun to improve interior lighting.- To interior: The openings are larger causethey are less likely to be affected by the stormdust. The mirco-climate of the courtyard ispleasant to enjoy.Earth-air Tunnel- Because the openings are kept to smallto avoid the storm dust, the ventilation ofindoor is not enough. With the aid of earthair tunnel system, the situation could beimproved. The ground temperature is alwaysfavourable, so this system can cool down thewind by the use of ground temperture. Detailwill be explained in later page.Courtyard-Narrow: Unlike those ordinary courtyard,this courtyard is relatively narrow(4500mm)when compared to others. This is also dueto the reason of sun shading. The higher thedepth-width ratio, the more sun light can beshaded.-Mirco-Climate: Trees and water feature inthe courtyard to cool down air and circulatearound the building.Additionally, those trees can shade those highangle sun which cannot be shaded by thehigher building height.

Climatic StrategyOrientationConsidered the sun path, the building is oriented toEast-west axis, and tited a bit to SE. This can reducethe heat surface to east and west.Layout ArrangementNon- habitable spaces are positioned in the western side. These space can actas thermal buffer to habited spaces.YU Ka Hang 1155016050PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTWind Tower and Earth Air TunnelAs storm dust is always affecting the site, there cannot be too many openings.the limited amount of ventilation is not enough the make the indoor nicely ventilated.PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTHabitatble spacesNon-HabitatblespacesPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTPRODUCED BYPRODUCEDAN AUTODESKBY ANEDUCATIONALAUTODESK EDUCATIONALPRODUCTPRODUCTPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCTair ductPRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

I declare that the assignment here submitted is original except for source material explicitly acknowledged, and that the same or relatedmaterial has not been previously submitted for another course. I also acknowledge that I am aware of University policy and regulations onhonesty in academic work, and of the disciplinary guidelines and procedures applicable to breaches of such policy and regulations, ascontained in the website. http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/policy/academichonesty/____________________________ 1/5/2013Signature DateYU, Ka Hang_________________ 1155016050______________Name Student IDARCH3424 Building Technology III(Environmental Technology)Course code Course title