HISTOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SOLIFUGES ...

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Summary turn merge into to the genital chamber. All solifuges in common is a similar testes histology; the epithelium of the testes consists of a glandular part and a germinal part formed by somatic and sperm cells. Between the somatic cells, the spermatozoa are embedded. With only one exception, in all investigated males only mature spermatozoa were found suggesting that spermatogenesis is completed within an unknown period of time after the adult moult. The ultrastructure of the rather simple, aflagellate spermatozoa differs strikingly between the members of the different families. Within the families Ammotrechidae, Eremobatidae, Galeodidae, Karschiidae and Solpugidae the variation is relatively low. Within the Daesiida, Gluvia dorsalis exhibits extremely different sperm cells compared with other members of this family. Taking other morphological features into consideration it might be possible that the Daesiidae do not represent a monophyletic group. Mitochondrial genome The arrangement of genes of the mitochondrial genome of solifuges is rather conserved and widely corresponds to the gene arrangement of Limulus, which is believed to possess the most ancestral one among chelicerates. The only difference between the mitochondrial genome between Limulus and Nothopuga is that there is a non-coding region, located between the genes of tRNA Pro and nad1 and that the gene of tRNA Pro is located between the gene of tRNA Ser(UCN) and the repeat region, which is therefore rearranged with respect to Limulus polyphemus. Fossil solifuge The second specimen of a camel spider from Baltic Amber was described. Although it looks very similar to a specimen that has been described earlier, it cannot be assigned to a certain family, since important characters for determination are missing. Nevertheless it is an important finding from the Eocene providing new insights in the fossil fauna. Unfortunately, there are still no ultrastructural data on the families Cermoidae, Hexisopodidae, Melanoblossidae, Mummuciidae, Rhagodidae und Gylippidae. Therefore, the value of the potentially relevant systematic and phylogenetic characters described for the spermatozoa and arolia can only be evaluated in a limited way. Since the family Rhagodidae is at present be regarded to be the most primitive one, ultrastructural data from representatives of this family would greatly contribute to systematic and phylogenetic interpretations. 4
Zusammenfassung Solifugen stellen ein wichtiges Element der Fauna in trockenen und wüstenartigen Habitaten dar. Leider ist diese Tiergruppe bezüglich ihrer Morphologie, Ökologie, Physiologie, Systematik und Phylogenie bisher nur unzureichend untersucht worden. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, einen detaillierten Überblick über die Anatomie und Ultrastruktur zu geben. Vertreter dieser besonderen Tiere wurden mit Hilfe von licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Techniken untersucht, um nicht nur neue Erkenntnisse zu der funktionellen Morphologie zu gewinnen, sondern auch um bisher unbekannte, potentielle Charaktere für systematische und zukünftige phylogenetische Studien zu evaluieren. Tarsale Strukturen Bein I-IV Vergleichende rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zeigen deutlich, dass es Unterschiede der ersten Beine mit Bezug auf das Vorhandensein oder Fehlen von Krallen und Arolia zwischen den unterschiedlichen Familien gibt. Die Arolia der Laufbeine der Familien Eremobatidae, Galeodidae und Solpugidae weisen ein bestimmtes jeweils familienspezifisches Grundmuster auf und variieren innerhalb der Familien nicht besonders. Im Gegensatz zu diesen Familien, variieren die Formen der Arolia an den Laufbeinen innerhalb der Familien Ammotrechidae und Daesiidae stärker. Da die Arolia in keiner vorangegangenen Studie untersucht worden sind, könnten sie somit möglicherweise neue Charaktere für systematische und phylogenetische Studien liefern. Haftorgan Dieses besondere Organ liegt an der Spitze der distalen Tarsen der Pedipalpen und hat extrem adhäsive Eigenschaften. Der Ausstülpprozess wird primär durch ansteigenden Hämolymphdruck eingeleitet. Normalerweise ist dieses Organ in den Pedipalpen eingefaltet und mit zwei kutikulären Lippen bedeckt. Das Haftorgan besteht aus zahlreichen kutikulären Fibrillen mit aufgefächerten Spitzen, die auf einer netzartigen, flexiblen Basalplatte befestigt sind. Die Fibrillen sind mit einer dünnen, fragilen Epikutikula bedeckt. Bei Kontraktion eines Muskels kann das Haftorgan wieder zurückgezogen werden. Sensorische Strukturen und Nervensystem Medianaugen Die Medianaugen der Solifugen sitzen auf dem sogenannten Augenhügel des Prosomas. Die großen Linsen sind sphärisch und darunter befindet sich zunächst eine einfache, lentigene Zellschicht. Die darunter liegende Retina besteht ausnahmslos aus den Rezeptorzellen. Apikal tragen die Rezeptorzellen Mikrovilli, die die Rhabdomere bilden. Zusätzliche Pigmentzellen gibt es nicht. Die Pigmente sind innerhalb der Rezeptorzellen lokalisiert. 5
Page 1: HISTOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SOL
Page 5 and 6: Content Summary ...................
Page 7 and 8: Content 3.8. COXAL GLANDS .........
Page 9 and 10: Summary Solifuges (Solifugae, Arach
Page 11: Respiratory system 3 Summary Solifu
Page 15 and 16: Atmungssystem 7 Zusammenfassung Sol
Page 17 and 18: Acknowledgments First of all, I wou
Page 19 and 20: 11 Acknowledgements (DAAD) for trav
Page 21 and 22: 13 1. Introduction solifuges show c
Page 23 and 24: 15 1. Introduction Fig. 2. Adult ma
Page 25 and 26: 17 1. Introduction Fig. 3. Known bi
Page 27 and 28: 19 1. Introduction Fig. 4. Differen
Page 29 and 30: 2. Materials and methods 2.1. MATER
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Page 33 and 34: 25 2. Materials and methods Fig. 8.
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Page 39 and 40: Argentina 31 2. Materials and metho
Page 41 and 42: Namibia 33 2. Materials and methods
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Page 45 and 46: 37 2. Materials and methods A. deio
Page 47 and 48: 3. Results and discussions 3.1. FLU
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3.3.1.2. Daesiidae Biton striatus 5
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57 3. Results and discussions - Tar
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3.3.3.4. Galeodidae 63 3. Results a
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Claws of leg I Arolium leg I Claws
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3.4. MEDIAN EYES 3.4.1. Results 73
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3. Results and discussions - Median
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3.4.2. Discussion 3. Results and di
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83 3. Results and discussions - CNS
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91 3. Results and discussions - Mal
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3. Results and discussions - Alimen
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3. Results and discussions - Coxal
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3. Results and discussions - Respir
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3. Results and discussions - Circul
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3. Results and discussions - Female
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3. Results and discussions - Male r
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aggregation in testis aggregation i
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3.13. FOSSIL SOLIFUGE 3.13.1. Resul
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3. Results and discussions - Fossil
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3. Results and discussions - Mitoch
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4. Outlook Although the present wor
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205 5. References Alberti, G. and M
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207 5. References Bernard, H. M., 1
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209 5. References Cloudsley-Thompso
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211 5. References and functional ch
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213 5. References Coccinellidae) on
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215 5. References Ludwig, M. and Al
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217 5. References Muma, M. H., 1966
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219 5. References Remane, A., 1952.
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221 5. References Solter, L. F. and
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223 5. References marginemaculata C
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Publications IN PRESS Klann, A.E.,
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227 Contributions to scientific mee
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