Dr Hans-Joachim Schramm, Vienna University of Economics and ...
Dr Hans-Joachim Schramm, Vienna University of Economics and ...
Dr Hans-Joachim Schramm, Vienna University of Economics and ...
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Impacts <strong>of</strong> Deregulation onInternational Road HaulageAss. Pr<strong>of</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Hans</strong>-<strong>Joachim</strong> <strong>Schramm</strong>Institute for Transport <strong>and</strong> Logistics ManagementSecretary General <strong>of</strong> Verb<strong>and</strong> der Tarifeure (IVT), <strong>Vienna</strong>
European Road Haulage:Quarterly Figures EU27 (in Bio. tkm)Source: Statistics in Focus No. 12/2011 (update with Statistics in Focus 12/2012), based on Dataset road_go_ta_tottC.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 20122
EC/ITF/UNECE (2010) Illustrated Glossary <strong>of</strong> Transport Statistics,Luxembourg KS-RA-10-028-ENDefinitions According toEUROSTAT/ITF/UNECE (2010)BilateralCabotageCross-tradeC.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 20123
Deregulation <strong>and</strong>EU Enlargement Process• Before 1998 heavy restrictions in EU/EFTA.• After 1998 fully deregulated market for EU15 <strong>and</strong> EFTA,with CH cross-trade but no cabotage allowed after a fiveyear transition period.• 2004 first EU enlargement, 3-plus-2 year transitionperiod for cabotage except SI, MT <strong>and</strong> CY, most EUcountries enacted national cabotage rules.• 2007 second EU enlargement, again with a 3-plus-2year transition period for BG <strong>and</strong> RO (ending 2012).• Since 30/04/2009 cabotage allowed among EU25.• Since 15/05/2010 common cabotage rules.• Since 01/01/2012 deregulation in EU27 finalized.C.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 20124
Source: in tkm (2004=100) own calculations based onDataset ROAD_GO_TO_TOTTOverall Development <strong>of</strong> Bilateral,Cabotage <strong>and</strong> Cross-trade OperationsC.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 20125
Bilateral Transports byHauliers from EU27/EFTA Countries1999 m tkm % 2004 m tkm % 2010 m tkm %DE 45,651 16.65 DE 62,939 14.22 PL 89,260 20.17FR 41,975 15.31 ES 62,706 14.17 ES 59,415 13.43NL 41,005 14.95 NL 42,138 9.52 DE 52,848 11.94ES 35,066 12.79 PL 38,494 8.70 NL 27,423 6.20IT 24,465 8.92 IT 36,861 8.33 IT 25,289 5.71BE 17,250 6.29 FR 31,335 7.08 CZ 25,184 5.69UK 16,904 6.16 CZ 25,621 5.79 PT 17,878 4.04AT 15,653 5.71 BE 22,113 5.00 FR 17,138 3.87DK 12,276 4.48 AT 19,916 4.50 BE 13,919 3.15PT 10,991 4.01 PT 19,278 4.36 HU 13,785 3.11others 13,020 4.75 others 81,203 18.35 others 100,414 22.69Source: own calculations based on EUROSTAT Dataset road_go_ta_tottC.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 20126
Cross-trade Transports byHauliers from EU27/EFTA Countries1999 m tkm % 2004 m tkm % 2010 m tkm %NL 8,245 26.19 NL 10,748 17.16 PL 31,044 26.86AT 5,827 18.51 DE 6,566 10.48 CZ 11,341 9.81DE 4,355 13.83 AT 6,504 10.38 SK 9,415 8.15LU 3,436 10.91 PL 4,982 7.95 HU 8,186 7.08BE 3,338 10.60 BE 4,533 7.24 LT 8,141 7.04FR 2,957 9.39 CZ 4,339 6.93 NL 6,395 5.53ES 791 2.51 LU 4,303 6.87 DE 5,819 5.04PT 688 2.19 SK 4,022 6.42 BG 5,477 4.74IT 509 1.62 PT 3,398 5.42 SI 5,182 4.48DK 436 1.38 LT 3,382 5.40 PT 3,956 3.42others 902 2.86 others 9,867 15.75 others 20,615 17.84Source: own calculations based on EUROSTAT Dataset road_go_ta_tottC.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 20127
Cabotage Transports byHauliers from EU27/EFTA Countries1999 m tkm % 2004 m tkm % 2010 m tkm %NL 1,632 21.80 NL 2,871 19.62 PL 4,388 21.01DE 1,533 20.48 LU 2,262 15.46 NL 2,421 11.59LU 1,039 13.88 DE 1,944 13.29 LU 2,072 9.92BE 938 12.53 BE 1,816 12.41 DE 1,975 9.45FR 756 10.10 ES 1,031 7.05 ES 1,685 8.07IE 416 5.56 IT 847 5.79 BE 1,363 6.52IT 350 4.68 PT 708 4.84 BG 867 4.15ES 271 3.62 FR 624 4.26 PT 653 3.13AT 222 2.97 PL 506 3.46 AT 609 2.92DK 102 1.36 IE 505 3.45 CZ 545 2.61others 226 3.02 others 1,517 10.37 others 4,311 20.64Source: own calculations based on EUROSTAT Dataset road_go_ta_tottC.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 20128
Flags <strong>and</strong> Crews <strong>of</strong> Convenience<strong>and</strong> Evolving Firm ConstructsCross-country movements <strong>of</strong> transport operators like• Fully or partly relocation <strong>of</strong> company operations:<strong>of</strong>fshore tax havens for social <strong>and</strong> fiscal reasons.• Flags <strong>of</strong> Convenience (FOC) countriesas Host countries where trucks are registeredinstead <strong>of</strong> their home country.• Crews <strong>of</strong> Convenience (COC) countriesas low-wage, low-tax countries from wheretruck drivers are hired.Now new evolving firm constructs :1) Freight forwarding division in their home country2) Haulier division in FOC country still dispatched by 1)C.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 20129
Some Empirical Evidencein the Case <strong>of</strong> Austria• Subsequent waves <strong>of</strong> surveys on behalf <strong>of</strong> the TransportDepartment <strong>of</strong> the Austrian Chamber <strong>of</strong> Commerce.• Semi-structured interviews with wide industry coverage.2003 2006 2009 2012Sample size 23 63 76 90Survey respondents 10 with more than 50own trucks operating26 with more than 20own trucks operating26 with more than 20own trucks operating22 with more than 20own trucks opratingSurvey coverage 5.2% <strong>of</strong> total truckfleet for hire or rewardabove 2 tons max. totalweight registered inAustria5.0% <strong>of</strong> total truck fleetfor hire or rewardabove 2 tons max. totalweight registered inAustria10.6% <strong>of</strong> total truckfleet for hire or rewardabove 2 tons max. totalweight registered inAustria4.7% <strong>of</strong> total truckfleet for hire or rewardabove 2 tons max. totalweight registered inAustriaTime frame covered 2001 to 2007 2004 to 2009 2007 to 2011 2012 to 2014C.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 201210
Amount <strong>of</strong> Trucks Being FlaggedOut by Large Austrian Road Hauliers2003 Survey2006 SurveyStudy 20032009 Survey2012 SurveyTrendSource: own calculations , 2013/14 are estimates by respondentsC.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 201211
Some Empirical Evidenceabout New Firm Constructs:Companies in Road Transport <strong>and</strong> Removal Services 2009# <strong>of</strong>enterprisesTurnover (inEURs)# <strong>of</strong>employeesAv. # <strong>of</strong>employeesAv. personalcosts (EUR)Grossoperating rate(%)Av. Turnoverper employeeGermany (DE) 34,790 318,775,000 357,579 10.3 24,900 18.6 89,000Austria (AT) 6,824 84,403,000 58,005 8.5 33,900 7.8 145,600Czech Rep. (CZ) 28,324 64,470,000 82,745 2.9 10,300 11.0 59,200- AT owned in CZ 48 1,984,000 1,916 39.9 11,000 5.8 101,700Hungary (HU) 17,080 35,578,000 64,368 3.8 8,900 13.6 55,300- AT owned in HU 50 17,810,000 2,569 51.4 15,400 5.4 69,200Romania (RO) 22,504 36,304,000 88,013 3.9 3,600 16.5 40,200- AT owned in RO 64 9,460,000 1,257 19.6 5,200 10.8 67,100Pol<strong>and</strong> (PL) 74,836 128,649,000 172,246 2.3 6,400 13.7 50,500Source: own calculations based on EUROSTAT, Database fats_g1a_08 <strong>and</strong> sbs_sc_1b_se_r2C.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 201212
Statements• Given the empirical evidence from EUROSTAT, adecisive impact <strong>of</strong> deregulation on European roadhaulage business cannot be denied.• All sorts <strong>of</strong> commercial international road trans-portoperations raised considerable since 1999.• The EU-Enlargements <strong>of</strong> 2004 <strong>and</strong> 2007 accelerateda shift from “old” to “new” EU member state hauliers.• Esp. Austrian Hauliers take advantage by choosingFOC <strong>and</strong> COC – but this may not come with a fullloss <strong>of</strong> business as they split up their companies in1) a freight forwarding division in their home country <strong>and</strong>2) a haulier division in FOC country still dispatched by 1)C.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 201213
Thank for your attention!Department for Global Business <strong>and</strong> TradeInstitute for Transport <strong>and</strong> Logistics ManagementNordbergstraße 15, 1090 <strong>Vienna</strong>, AustriaPalais Festetics, <strong>Vienna</strong>, Berggasse –where the Imperial Export Academywas founded in 1898DR. HANS-JOACHIM SCHRAMMAssistant Pr<strong>of</strong>essorT +43-1-313 36-5981F +43-1-313 36-716<strong>Hans</strong>-joachim.schramm@wu.ac.atwww.wu.ac.at/itlMain building at Augasse 2-6,WU´s premises since 1982C.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 2012New Campus in 201314
AppendixC.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 2012
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Supranational_European_Bodies&redirect=noSupranational European BodiesC.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 201216
Community Authorizations<strong>and</strong> ECMT PermitsCommunity Authorization:• Hauliers who make international journeys for hire or reward withinthe EU must hold both a Community Authorisation <strong>and</strong> a St<strong>and</strong>ardInternational operator's licence which are issued by national roadtransport authorities.• Community Authorisation allows drivers to use a single permit for tripsbetween all EU member states. The Authorisation also allows transittraffic through EU member states <strong>and</strong> to <strong>and</strong> from non-member countries.ECMT Permit• Based on the European Conference <strong>of</strong> Ministers <strong>of</strong> Transport (ECMT)multilateral permit scheme for journeys between its member countries(about 44 at present).• ECMT permits may be used for journeys between these membercountries, including transit journeys whether laden or empty. They canalso be used for third-country journeys to other ECMT countries whichwould otherwise be prohibited under certain bilateral agreements.C.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 201217
Definition <strong>of</strong> Bilateral• Bilateral operations are regular international transportsbetween two countries performed by a haulier which truck isregistered in either country <strong>of</strong> departure or destination onbehalf <strong>of</strong> a Community authorization according to Regulation(EEC) No. 881/1992 within in the EU/EFTA area or an ECMTpermit within the ECMT area.Country AACountry BC.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 201218
Definition <strong>of</strong> Cross-trade• Cross-trade operations are international transportsbetween two countries performed by a haulier whichtruck is registered in a third country. This can be doneagain principally on behalf <strong>of</strong> a Community authorization oran ECMT permit with the later subject to certain restrictions.Country A Country B Country CCC.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 201219
Definition <strong>of</strong> Cabotage• Cabotage operations are defined as international transportswithin a host country performed by hauliers withtrucks registered in another country executed 'on atemporary basis‟ according to Regulation (EEC) No.3118/93. This initial imprecise term „on a temporary basis‟was clarified by EC (2005) <strong>and</strong> finally replaced favour <strong>of</strong>clear common cabotage rules with Regulation (EC) No.1072/2009 Art. 8-9 to be applied after 15/05/2010.Country ACountry BBC.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 201220
Source: www.developpement-durable.gouv.frNew Common Cabotage RulesReg. (EC) No. 1072/2009 Art. 8-9Max. 3cabotageoperationswithin 7 daysfollowing aninternationaljourney tothe country<strong>of</strong> arrival<strong>and</strong>…C.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 2012
Source: www.developpement-durable.gouv.frNew Common Cabotage RulesReg. (EC) No. 1072/2009 Art. 8-9…<strong>and</strong> 1cabotageoperationwithin3 daysafterunloadenentry.C.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 2012
Cross-trade by Haulier Countryin Mio. tkm 1990-201000005000Pol<strong>and</strong>CzechRepublicSlovakiaHungaryNetherl<strong>and</strong>s00005000LithuaniaGermanySloveniaBulgariaPortugal0000LuxembourgSpain5000AustriaBelgium01990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Source: own calculations based on EUROSTAT Dataset ROAD_GO_CTQ_TTLatviaRomaniaC.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 2012
Cabotage by Haulier Countryin Tsd. tkm 1990-201050000004500000400000035000003000000250000020000001500000100000050000001991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Source: own calculations based on EUROSTAT Dataset ROAD_GO_CA_HACC.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 2012Pol<strong>and</strong>Netherl<strong>and</strong>sLuxembourgGermanySpainBelgiumBulgariaPortugalAustriaCzech Rep.ItalySlovakiaHungarySloveniaIrel<strong>and</strong>FranceDenmarkSwitzerl<strong>and</strong>EstoniaLatviaLithuaniaSwedenFinl<strong>and</strong>24
Cabotage by Host Country:EU15 <strong>and</strong> EFTA in Tsd. tkm70000006000000500000040000003000000200000010000000199219911993199419951996Source: own calculations based on EUROSTAT Dataset ROAD_GO_CA_HACC.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 20121997199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010GermanyFranceItalyUnitedKingdomBelgiumSwedenSpainNetherl<strong>and</strong>sDenmarkAustriaGreeceNorwayFinl<strong>and</strong>PortugalIrel<strong>and</strong>
Cabotage by Host Country:EU12 in Tsd. tkm200000180000160000140000120000100000800006000040000200000200920082007200620052004200320022001200019991997199619951994199319921991Source: own calculations based on EUROSTAT Dataset ROAD_GO_CA_HACC.A.S.H. “Wise Men” report on EU’s internal market in road transport, Brussels 21/06/ 20122010Pol<strong>and</strong>CzechRepublicSlovakiaRomaniaHungaryLatviaLithuaniaSloveniaEstoniaBulgaria
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