Education, Employment and Earnings of Secondary School-Leavers ...

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Table 1: Highest level of education achieved in Tanzanian population aged 25+Education level Male Female TotalNo education 15.1 35.7 25.7Incomplete primary 23.1 18.2 20.6Primary 46.9 38.6 42.6Junior secondary 8.8 4.1 6.4Senior secondary 3.4 0.8 2.0University degree 0.0 0.0 0.0Other 2.8 2.6 2.7Total 100.0 100.0 100.0Notes to Table 1:Source: Authors’ calculations from Human Resource Development Survey 1993.Notes: The proportions given in the table are weighted proportions from the survey that inflate theindividual level data to nationally representative figures.Table 2: Private Rates of Return – Summary of Estimates (%)Author(s) Year and source of Data Primary Secondary UniversityMason & Khandker (1997) 1991 – Labour Force Survey 7.9 8.8 §Authors’ own calculations 1991 – Labour Force Survey 1.4 8.7/9.8 10.8Knight and Sabot (1981 and 1990) 1971 and 1980 - Survey ofmanufacturing sector2.1 7.9 §Psacharopoulos and Loxley (1985)employees1982 – Tracer survey of1981 secondary schoolleavers§ 3.1 §Notes to table 2:(a) § denotes not applicable or not reported.(b) all rates of return are for wage employment in the formal sector(c) Differences in the rates of return reported from the 1991 Labour Force Survey are due todifferent methodologies. The Mason and Khandker returns are calculated using the fullmethod.(d) The authors’ own calculations are rates of return based on Mincerian regression models. Thesecondary education is disaggregated by junior and senior secondary, hence the two estimatesreported.(e) For comparability purposes the results reported in this table do not include adjustments to thereturns for ability etc.(f) The primary rate of return for Knight and Sabot is from Knight and Sabot (1981) and forsecondary from Knight and Sabot (1990)Table 3: Tracer Survey Response RatesMale Female TotalTotal Traced 510 455 965Interviewed 466 408 874Postal 7 9 16Parents 25 25 50Abroad 2 2 4Deceased 10 11 21Not traced 16 19 35Total sample 526 474 1000Response rate (%) 97 96 9735
Table 4: Interval Regression Estimates for Earnings Equation – EmployeesVariables (1) (2) (3) (4)Constant 10.606***(0.164)Cohort_90 0.116(0.118)Male 0.086(0.077)Muslim 0.136(0.088)Human Capital:Senior Secondary 0.275**(0.095)University 0.828***(0.162)0.009***(0.003)Training(months)Current Job Tenure 0.004**(months)(0.002)Job Location:Dar-es-Salaam 0.359***(0.115)Dodoma -0.383***(0.117)10.721***(0.165)0.163(0.121)0.064(0.079)0.168**(0.086)0.275**(0.092)0.823***(0.160)0.010***(0.002)0.004**(0.002)0.308***(0.115)-0.346***(0.112)EmploymentSector:Public § -0.138*(0.079)Health & Education § -0.229***(0.083)ParentalBackground:Father – SecondaryEducation10.528***(0.163)0.211(0.113)0.128*(0.078)0.173**(0.082)0.236***(0.090)0.716***(0.151)0.008**(0.002)0.004**(0.002)0.304***(0.111)-0.314***(0.112)-0.105(0.079)-0.192***(0.081)§ § 0.161*(0.085)10.602***(0.177)0.240**(0.109)0.212**(0.103)0.150**(0.079)0.170**(0.085)0.633***(0.147)0.007***(0.002)0.003(0.002)0.295**(0.123)-0.259**(0.115)-0.092(0.077)-0.177***(0.083)0.053(0.081)Father – Higher § § 0.519***Education(0.109)School Effects: No No No Yes0.358***(0.106)36
Page 1 and 2: Education, Employment and Earnings
Page 3 and 4: The structure of the paper can now
Page 5 and 6: Despite large absolute increases in
Page 7 and 8: nine studies reviewed for sub-Sahar
Page 9 and 10: It should be noted, however, that e
Page 11 and 12: history, current activity and incom
Page 13 and 14: In order to understand how the mode
Page 16 and 17: freedom for this test. In regard to
Page 18 and 19: where φ(·) denotes the probabilit
Page 20 and 21: 5.1 Earnings Equation - The Employe
Page 22 and 23: 4.8% per annum in the first three s
Page 24 and 25: confirm to some extent that unobser
Page 26 and 27: The ceteris paribus earnings for th
Page 28 and 29: [Table 7]The rate of return for a u
Page 30 and 31: 6. ConclusionsA key finding of our
Page 32 and 33: that the rates of return to educati
Page 34 and 35: Knight, J.B. and Sabot, R.H. (1981)
Page 38 and 39: Table 4 (Cont’d)SelectionCorrecti
Page 40 and 41: Table 5 (cont’d)Selection Correct
Page 42 and 43: Table A1: Variable DescriptionVaria

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