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posed to frost on the certain thickness. Thus resulted bend durability of modeled ice isreduced due to reduction of effective cross-section of the natural ice which is takingplace as layers of a "cellular" design and weak adhesion of polythene with ice.At frosting through all layer thickness of modeling ice h m thickness is determined bythickness of a layer of particles. Change of parameters of destruction can be madechanging the size of granules. At negative temperatures adhesion of polythene with icemakes 70 … 190 kPa, that is quite comprehensible to large-scale models (λ=7 … 10).The variant when layers of granules are exposed to frost not on all thickness is appliedto small models, and on size δ . Using model of an ice cover of the described design itis possible to satisfy simultaneously the basic conditions of similarity, includingf=idem;ρ i ρ =idem; Fr =idem; σ4E =idem; ( gL )D ρ =idem,where f – factor of a covering-ice friction, ρ i – density of ice, Fr – Froude number, σ –strength of ice on a bend.Durability and elasticity of an ice cover thus is modeled by a thin layer of natural icewith the connections weakened by polythene, and resistance of fragments ice floes withpolyethylene granules. Experimental researches have shown, that diagrams of destructionof such ice z=f (w) up to critical values breach loadings zm and a deflection wp arepractically similar to diagrams of destruction of a natural ice cover.At recalculation of results of tests it is necessary to have in view, that mechanical propertiesof ice are modeled by thickness of the exposed to frost layer δ , and gravitationaland inertial properties the general resulted thickness of ice layer h m = h n / λ and the conditionf=idem satisfies. Thickness of composite construction ice is determined byweight of polythene particles mп and natural ice mi, accounting for unit of a surface of icecover S and their density. Thickness of the exposed to frost layer calculated on dependenceδ = ( m + m )( ρ S), where mп – weight of particles of the polythene connected toпппice. The density of the exposed to frost layer ρпis determined by method of hydrostaticweighing pieces of ice in kerosene, and their area S by planimetry.Composite construction modeling ice with stable characteristics is easy to prepare inopen pools during winter time, and fluctuations of temperature influence, basically, onlythe period of ice preparation. Thus productivity of work is few times higher in comparisonwith other known ways, for example, at air temperature -10 С the cycle of carryingout of experience makes 1 … 1,5 hours. Significant amount of models tests of differentships, including ice breakers, ice-breaker and ice-cleaner attachments, ships and platformson an air cushion which have shown good correlation with the natural data inqualitative and quantitative relations.CONCLUSIONIn the conclusion it is necessary to note, that use of the described methods of modelingof ships ice resistance assumes carrying out of regular experimental researches of destructionof a natural and modeling ice cover and accumulation of the data on destructionenergy.374
REFERENCE1. Goldshtejn R.V., Osipenko N.M. Mechanics of an ice cover destruction // Preprint N 200 / IPM ANUSSR. –- 1982. – 72p.2. Zuev V.A. Means of prolongation of navigation on internal waterways. - L: Shipbuilding, 1986. –207p.3. Zuev V.A., Gramuzov E.M. Interaction of ships with ice / Gorky Polytech Institute, 1988. – 89p.4. Zuev V.A., Gramuzov E.M., Dvoychenko J.A. Destruction of an ice cover / Gorky, 1989. – 86p.5. Ionov B.P. Gramuzov E.M. Ice passability of ships. – SPb: Shipbuilding. 2001. – 512p.6. Kashteljan V.I., Poznjak I.I., Ryvlin A.J. Resistance of ice to ship movement. - L.: Shipbuilding, 1968.– 238p.375
Page 1 and 2: 17th International Symposium on Ice
Page 3 and 4: 57.00056.000Elevation (m)55.00054.0
Page 5 and 6: (m 3 /s)50004000300020001000Hour 24
Page 7 and 8: Tailwater Elevation vs. DischargeOb
Page 9 and 10: REFERENCESBerger, R.C. and Stocksti
Page 11 and 12: consequences of the blocked up turb
Page 15 and 16: The position of the section of maxi
Page 17 and 18: The purpose of the tests was to def
Page 19 and 20: size of the flowing up particle is
Page 21 and 22: The combined usage of the umbrella-
Page 23 and 24: hτιj⎡∂(hu∂ ⎤i ) (hu j )=
Page 25 and 26: length was ≈800 m, its average wi
Page 27 and 28: Fig. 5. The ice thickness distribut
Page 31 and 32: the most appropriate automatic spil
Page 33 and 34: HPP turbines were not operating dur
Page 35 and 36: shown (Figure 4). Along the front c
Page 39 and 40: constant inclination. The channel s
Page 41 and 42: All temperatures are compared with
Page 43 and 44: Differance [ o C]5.004.003.002.001.
Page 47 and 48: Fig. 2. Grounded hummock by drying
Page 49 and 50: from each board, going from stem to
Page 51: consist in indemnification of the i

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